China in Revolutions from 1911 to 1949

Session 4

Table of Contents

I. Sun Yeh-sen （孙中山）’ Nationalist Revolution II. The Chinese Communist Revolution III. Alliance & Competition between the KMT and

the CCPThe First United FrontThe Second United Front

IV. The Civil War

V. Factors Led to the Victory of the CCP and Failure of KMT

I. Sun Yah-sen’s Nationalist Revolution Overthrow Manchurian Rule internally and drive imperialist powers externally

Three People’s Principles （三民主义 )1)People’s National Consciousness / Nationalism ( 民族主义）

2)People’s Rights / Democracy （民权主义）

3)People’s Livelihood / Socialism （民生主义）

Yuan Shikai vs. Sun Yeh-sen Yuan put an end to his life once he claimed to be an emperor

Sun Yeh-sen & Yuan Shikai孙中山 袁世凯

China was under control of WarlordsYuan Shikai and his emperor dreamNorthern Factions

Anhui cliqueZhili cliqueFengtian clique

Southern FactionsYunnan cliqueOld Guangxi cliqueSichuan cliqueNationalist army

Minor factions

II. The Birth of the Chinese Communist Party

The May Fourth Movement in 1919The Paris Conference in 1919President Wilson’s dilemma Lenin’s promise to return the land to ChinaThe model of the Soviet UnionEstablishment of the CCP in 1921 with the support from the

Cominturn ( 共产国际）

III. Alliance & Competition between KMT & CCPSun Yah-sen’s New Policies

United with the Soviet Union Reorganized KMT Established his own army

United with the CCP Allowed CCP members to join the KMT as

individuals rather than a partySupport workers and peasants

Sun passed away in 1925Chiang Kai-shek succeeded Sun and changed

Sun’s policy:

The First United Front and The North Expedition1924-1927

The First Split in 1927The purge committee ( 清党运动） in 1927 led

to the split of the alliance (4/12/1927), and a large number of communists were killed in Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou and Wuhan.

The Long March ( 长征） over 9000 kilometers from 1934-5. Red Army reduced from 87,000 to less than 10,000 when they arrived in Yan’an.

The Long March Route

Anti-Japanese War and the Second United Front

Japan occupied Northeast in 1931Japan invaded China in 1937The Rape of Nanjing Xi’an Incident The Second United FrontJapan lost in 1945

IV. The Civil War from 1945-1949F. D. Roosevelt’s grant strategy of the worldPatrick Hurley’s Mediation from 1944-45Gorge Marshall’s Mediation from 1945-47The Civil War between Chiang and Mao from 1946-

1949Competition between Washington and Moscow Three military campaigns from 1947-49Mao defeated Chiang and established the People’s

Republic of China in 1949

Three Military Campaigns 三大战役Three Military Campaigns

Liaoning-Shengyang Campaign in Sept. 12 to Nov. 2, 1948 470,000

Peiking-Tianjing Campaign from Nov. 29, 1948-Jan. 31, 1949

520,000Huaihai Campaign from Nov. 6, 1948—Jan.

10, 1949800,000

The Establishment of the People’s Republic of China

V. Factors Led to the Victory of the CCP and Failure of KMT

Mao’s policy to win peasants’ supportMao’s military strategiesKMT’s corruptionChiang’s failure in financial policy

IV. DiscussionWhat are Sun Yat-sen's Three People’s Principles

and three new policies of the Nationalist Revolution?

Why did Chiang Kai-shek change Sun's principles and policies?

What factors led to the birth of Chinese Communist Party?

What were Mao's political and military strategies which helped Mao won the civil war?

Thank you!

Questions?