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[email protected]中国科学院生态环境研究中心

China’s role in the management of

the global e-waste challenge

Jianxin Yang

Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,

Chinese Academy of Sciences

2008 WEEE FORUM CONFERENCE, 3-4, April 2008, Vienna.

Topics to be addressed

• Why will China be an important role in

WEEE management?

• E-waste flow in China

• Reuse of E-waste

• Recycling system of E-waste

• Policy and regulations concerned

• Conclusion


PCs sales history in China

Domest i c sal es of PCs

0. 00

4. 00

8. 00

12. 00

16. 00

20. 00

24. 00

28. 00

32. 00

36. 001992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

mill

ion


China’s EEE Product output in 2005

0. 0 20. 0 40. 0 60. 0 80. 0 100. 0

Col or TV set s

Ref r i ger at or s

Washi ng machi ne

Ai r condi t i oner

PCs

Pr oduct i on Expor t t o wor l d Expor t t o EU


E-Waste Categories in China

• Clear category list is unavailable

– Home appliances

– Personal computers and mobile devices

– Business electric and electronics

– Industrial EEE

– Others

• Current policy focus is on home

appliances and PCs

– TV, WM, AC, Ref, PCs


Framework of LCM of WEEE

Life Cycle Management of Waste

Domestic LCI Database

WEEEWaste

Imported

Product

Imported

Products

disposal

Industrial

Process

Final disposal Recycling

Recycling

abroad

Material extraction

and preparation

Material

Imported

CollectionReuse

Products

use


E-waste sources

E-wastes

imported

Domestic

E-wastes

E-Wastes

Original

equipment

manufacturers

Household and

small businesses

2.3 Mt

Large businesses,

institutions, and

governments

Illegal imported

20 Mt ??

Legal imported

10 Mt


Restricted imported waste and recyclers

wire, cable, mix metals, motor etc. Unit: Mt

Regi on

Recycl er s i n

2004

Li cenced

wast e %

Recycl er s

i n 2005

Bei j i ng 5 0. 075 0. 8% 5

Shanghai 21 0. 11 1. 2% 18

Fuj i an 21 0. 36 3. 8% 17

Hei bei 24 0. 32 3. 4% 25

Shandong 29 0. 17 1. 8% 33

Ji ansu 43 0. 25 2. 6% 48

Ti anj i n 46 0. 34 3. 6% 48

Zhej i ang 60 3. 25 34. 0% 104

Gudong 108 2. 61 27. 3% 109

Ot her s 123 2. 065 21. 6% 96

Tot al 480 9. 55 100. 0% 503


#

#

#

#

#

Beijing

Tianjin

Shanghai

Guangzhou

Hong Kong

Imported E-waste and recycling sites

Japan

Europe

USA


WEEE generation estimation model

Im

with

( ) : National sales of EEE of certain category in year t

: medium life-span of new product

( ) : National production EEE of cert

WEEE generation ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

N

n

NP

N n

N NP Ex

N t

ls

N t

t N t ls

N t N t N t N t

Im

ain category in year t

( ) : Imports of EEE of certain category in year t

( ) : Exports of EEE of certain category in year t Ex

N t

N t


WEEE generation estimated

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Year

PC

TV

Refrigerator

Wash Machine

Air Conditioner

Mi l l i on pi eces


Domestic E-waste Flow in China

Used electric or electronic

products (WEEE)

WEEE pool

Second-hand

Market

Sales to the

poor region

Temporary storage

at home or office

Manual

dismantling

Pile or landfillInformal

Recycling

Repair

ReuseResidualsValuable metals

or plastics

E-waste treatment

Peddler

Residuals

50%

30%

18%

12%

0.6%

7.2%

Residuals

? %

? %

Parts reuse4.2%

Reuse20%


Individual Collection network

• Lots of people involved (100,000 waste

collectors in Beijing).

• To door collection

• Buy from owners or traders

• Mixture of collection-disassembling-

component reuse


Collection system is real challenge

• To door collection (used by informal

recyclers)

• Return used appliance for new in shopping

• Manufacturing site collection

• Governmental institution collection pilot

• Community collection kurbsite


Three way of reuse

• Direct second-hand use, such as computers,

televisions, mobile phones, consumer

electronics etc.

• Use after repairing or refurbishing; such as

notebook computers, printers, scanners, hard

disks, cameras, air conditioners and copiers.

• Use some components or parts, such as memory

upgrades, main boards, and monitors etc, to

make „new‟ electronic appliances


Issues in E-waste reuse

• Flow direction: from the richer area and higher-labor cost region to the poorer and lower-labor cost region.

• The testing and certification organization or institution for used products is unavailable.

• The abuse second-hand market can make higher profit than normal market. e.g. used product was sold as “new product” after simple repair or modification, e.g. mobile phone.

• Some reuse of face-lifting product has caused serious security problem, e.g. used-CRT tube Television explosion, used motors.


Focus of Four Pilot Projects

• Tsingdao city– To Setup the collection network

– Constructing Hair Recycling Center (phase I: 200k sets: TV,AC,WM;final capacity 600k sets), combined with Tsingdao city hazardous treatment center.

• Zhejiang Province– To develop the disassembling/dismounting techniques and equipment.

– Constructing the Zhejiang Recycling Center(TV, Refrigeritor and PCB line), 15 tons of home appliance was recycled.

– Collection system model:

• EOL replaced with new in shopping center(33 hot spots in Gomei).

• Collecting center in Communities

• Beijing

• Tianjin


Recycling Flowchart in Tsingdao City

E-waste

Maunal

disassembling

Shatter/Crush

Sepreating by wind

and/or magnetic

Hazardous waste

Treatment Center

Metals

recovering

Incinarator

Landfill

Au, Ag etc

Fe,Cu, Al,

Glass etc.

waste heat

Plastic, Metals,

PCB

waste heat

resisuals

CFCs, Dust,


Dilemma of recyclers: cooking without rice

• Discarded yearly in Tsingdao city:

– 250k TV set

– 100k Refrigerator

– 100k Washing machine

– 150k PCs and others

• Recycling center has 200k capacity at

phase I.

• In 2005, less than 1000 home appliances

were collected by pilot project.


•Low collection cost

•Efficient underground network

•Mix reuse and recycling

•Low recycling cost without paying

for environment

Why formal recycler can’t beat informal sector


Cost analysis of Recycling of E-waste in China

Cost

Val ue af t er

r ecycl i ng

( VAR)

Benef i t wi t hout

r ecycl i ng cost

Payment

t o owner

% of VAR Tr anspor t

Cost

% of VAR

For i nf or mal r ecycl er s

TV set 80 53% 5 3% 150 65

Ref r i ger at or 120 60% 10 5% 200 70

Ai r Condi t i oner 120 60% 10 5% 200 70

Wash machi ne 60 50% 10 8% 120 50

PCs 120 80% 5 3% 150 25

For pi l ot pr oj ect r ecycl er s

TV set 156 780% 14. 5 73% 20 - 150. 5

Ref r i ger at or 165 96% 38. 7 23% 172 - 31. 7

Ai r Condi t i oner 308 308% 30. 8 31% 100 - 238. 8

Wash machi ne 115 288% 19. 3 48% 40 - 94. 3

PCs 150 75% 47. 3 24% 200 2. 7


Pollution from recycling of informal sectors

Dismantling

motors by

Burning

Making AL ingot by

open melting


Pollution from recycling of informal sectors

CRT Monitors PWB


WEEE recycling residuals in landfill site


Advantage of manual dismantling

Small aluminium

Large aluminum

Medium steel

Wire PVC/ Cu

Blank Cu wire

Nickel

Plastics

Brass

Magnets (strong)

HDD disks

C-black part?

Circuit boards

Waste

Cu/Fe

Mg

Stainless medium

Steel small

Brass screws

Screws stainless

Lead?


Law and Regulation of WEEE

Law of solid waste pollution prevention and control

Law of clean production promotion

-Regulation on the list of forbidden import goods

-Measures of prevention & control of the

pollution from WEEE

Management measures for prevention and

control of pollution of IT products

State Environmental Protection

Administration,SEPAissued on 27 Sept. 2007

in effect on 1 Feb. 2008

Ministry of Information

Industry,MIIissued on 28 Feb. 2006

in effect on 1 March 2007

MofCOM: regualtion of

collection and reuse

CNIS: Requirement and

Standard for WEEE

Administration ordinance on recycling and treatment of discarded

electric and electronic apppliances, public review since Sept.2004

National Development and Reform Commission,NDRC


NDRC’s policy points(1)

• Scope

– TV, Refrigerator, Washing machine, Air conditioner, Computer；

• Separate open collecting system

– The collection can be done openly by any bodies. The collected waste must be transited to authorized recyclers;

• Recycler Certification system

– Producer or other companies set up recycling and disposal system, must be certificated;


NDRC’s policy points(2)

• Responsibility of the interest party:

– Distributors has responsibility for WEEE collection, then transit to recyclers.

– Recyclers should take reuse and safely disassembling and disposal.

– Consumers should send the WEEE to collectors;

• A special National Funding will be launched for WEEE recycling

– Part of funding will be got from producers


Policy strategy is ambiguous : EPR

• Why No clear definition of EPR?

– Reuse makes product responsibility complexity

• Ministry and agency taskforce conflict

• Industry voice is weak, e.g. SMEs

• Who will pay, how much rate, how to use?

– PRO (producer responsibility organization )

– Government levy on the deposit for recycling

– Consumers pay part?


Conclusion

• The Pressure of domestic E-waste flow is

becoming heavier .

• The effective collection is the key factor for the

recycling industry for e-waste. Transit informal

sectors into formal sector is a challenge

• The policies and regulations associated with e-

waste should be drafted and issued urgently,

especially the recycling financial system.

• IPR is NOT suitable to Chinese situation


Thanks for your attention

Dr. Jianxin Yang

Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences.

P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.

Tel/Fax: 86-10-6284 9802

[email protected]

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