chuong 1 cong nghe fpga.doc

7/25/2019 chuong 1 cong nghe FPGA.doc

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Chng 1 Cng ngh FPGA..............................................................................................................1.1 Tng quan v FPGA................................................................................................................................................1.2 Qu trnh hnh thnh FPGA................................................................................................................................................

1.2.1 Gii thiu v FPGA................................................................................................................................................

1.2.2 Kh nng ng !ng "#a FPGA................................................................................................................................................

1.2.$ %& '( )* thu+,t v "" -"h )/0 trnh 3"................................................................................................................................................

1.2.4 %5u tr6" v 0h7n )8i FPGA................................................................................................................................................

1.2.9 %" ":ng ngh "h, t8 FPGA................................................................................................................................................

1.2.; %" thnh 0hi )8gi" )/0 trnh 3"................................................................................................................................................

1.2.? Kh>i @B................................................................................................................................................

1.2.C %D)) nh "5u hnh................................................................................................................................................

1.2.1E K,t n>i v i- ,t n>i................................................................................................................................................

1.2.11 HIa "hJn FPGA 0h h30 vi thi,t ,................................................................................................................................................

1.2.12 Qu trnh )/0 trnh FPGA................................................................................................................................................1.$ Tng quan v AL@%AL@P................................................................................................................................................

1.$.1 Gii thiu................................................................................................................................................

1.$.2 Ph7n )8i AL@%................................................................................................................................................

1.$.$ Qu trnh thi,t , AL@%................................................................................................................................................

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Chng 2 !NG "#AN NGN NG$ M % PH&N CNG VHD'.........................................2.1 M( i t3ng \ )iu................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.1.1 Ligna)................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.1.2 Yaria])D'................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.1.$ %8n'tant................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.2 %" iu \ )iu................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.2.1 @T v ^@T_Y`%TB................................................................................................................................................2.1.2.2.2 LTZ_HBG@% v LTZ_HBG@%_Y`%TB

................................................................................................................................................2.1.2.2.$ @RT`G`

................................................................................................................................................2.1.2.2.4 `AH

................................................................................................................................................2.1.2.2.9 BBH`AR

................................................................................................................................................2.1.2.2.; Kiu )it [

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2.1.2.2.? AAb................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.2.C L^TbP`................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.$ %h6 thc"h................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.4 %" t8n td "#a ng:n ng\ YOZH................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.4.1 %" t8n td )8gi"................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2.4.2 %" t8n td '> hJ"

................................................................................................................................................2.1.2.4.$ %" t8n td quan h

................................................................................................................................................2.1.2.9 ntit+

................................................................................................................................................2.1.2.; Ar"hitD"turD

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2.1.2.= M: hnh atae)8f................................................................................................................................................

2.1.$ %" 0ht ]iu tu ^88)D

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................................................................................................................................................$.9.2 Qui tp" >i ngu

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$.9.$ O- ^88)D v 8 h-................................................................................................................................................$.; L> hng )n nh5t v '> hng nh nh5t................................................................................................................................................

$.;.1 L> hng nh nh5t sMintDr-................................................................................................................................................

$.;.2 L> hng )n nh5tjMatDr-'................................................................................................................................................$.= %" ng "hun h:ng "hun................................................................................................................................................$.?j %ng H8gi" v L& w -"h................................................................................................................................................$.C................................................................................................................................................$.1E H/0 trnh vi YOZH................................................................................................................................................

$.1E.1 Mx YOZH "h8 "ng 2


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Z8 tcnh "h5t )/0 trnh 3" n[n "5u tr6" FPGA "l nh\ng i- h" ]it nh5t knh '8 viAL@%AL@P. Myt ]n thi,t , AL@%AL@P v "& ]n ) gi>ng vi ]n thi,t , n0 tr[nFPGA "h} h" nhau ( ""h t>i u h8 ]> trc h>i "h} knh "5u hnh "h7n v8 ra.... Z8l t- hiu v FPGA "l -yt vai tr quan trJng tr8ng qu trnh thi,t , AL@P 'd !ng":ng ngh FPGA.

1.2 "0) 45nh hnh 4hnh FPGA%" "hi0 in td ra ~i v ng+ "ng 0ht trin nhanh "hlng " v '> )3ng )n "h5t)3ng v tcnh nng )n t>" y. Myt hi "hi0 "ng -nh th thi,t , "ng tinh vi 0h" t0"ng ti- tng nh\ng 'ai 'lt )n. Rg~i ' thi,t , tu+ "l th "l "" 0hn m- v 'n u5t&n ) v -5t nhiu th~i gian "l th hng thng -i h8n thnh. Tr8ng th~i gian lng~i ' 0hi "h~ 3i h:ng th ti,0 t!" ":ng vi" "#a -nh )xng 0hc th~i gian v:c"h.

^(i th, -yt tr8ng nh\ng +[u " nh "ung "50 "hcnh tr[n thk tr~ng. Rh\ng nh "ung "50 n+ 8nhu "


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!ng 0h!" v! "h8 u+ nh5t ng !ng l - th:i. Y "" "hi0 FPGA thI" 'I x "ung"50 "h8 "" ' iu l.

1.2.1 G898 4h80 3 FPGA

%" thi,t ]k )/0 trnh 3" nli "hung u ) -yt )0 "" "hi0 a nng - tr8ng l ng~i

'd !ng "l th "5u hnh "h8 r5t nhiu "" ng !ng h" nhau. Myt tr8ng '> l ) PBMsPr8gra--a])D DajBn)+ MD-8r+ u5t hin i vi -yt x+ "" "ng B.PHZ "l $ ng "hcnh )

1 PBM sPr8gra--a])D DajBn)+ MD-8r+ t>" y "a8 gi thnh th50 y0h" t0 h:ng "a8 n[n "h} ng "h8 "" thi,t , " nh

2 PHA sPr8gra--a])D H8gi" Arra+ h "hu+n )inh h8t v -- 8 h&nng 3" vi "" thi,t , "l y 0h" t0 "a8 h&n.

$ PAHGAH sPr8gra--a])D Arra+ H8gi"GDnDri" Arra+ H8gi" )inh h8t "a8nhanh v r h&n '8 vi PHA.

Tr8ng '> l PAH ) -yt ng th:ng !ng "#a PHZ ]a8 gw- -yt -a tr/n -"h ARZ )/0trnh 3" n>i ti,0 vi -yt -a tr/n B "> knh. PAH -ang z" i- "#a " 2 0hi[n ]nMask & Fieldv nli "hung "h} ng "h8 "" -"h )8gi" &n gin. Y 'au tng "~ng'> "ng "h8 PAH ng~i ta tc"h h30 nhiu PAH )[n 1 "hi0 v 7+ Ing -a tr/n ,t n>i

Logic

Standard Logic ASIC

Programmable LogicDeice!ate Arra"

#$ll C$%tom ICCell&'a%ed IC

Sim(le PLD#P!ACom(le) PLD

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gi\a "" PAH vi nhau. T{ l hnh thnh n[n -yt ng "hi0 gJi ) %8-0)D PHZs%PHZ.

Ma'jPr8gra--a])D GatD Arra+ sMPGA ) -yt ":ng ngh -i 3" ng tr8ng ""-"h )8gi" " )n. Myt MPGA th:ng th~ng ]a8 gw- nhiu tran'i't8r ,0 thD8 "" hng"l th ,t n>i vi nhau thI" thi nh -yt -"h )8gi". Khi 'd !ng ng~i ta ' z" t

"" ,t n>i l gi\a "" ng h8z" tr8ng t{ng ng. Tu+ nhi[n ":ng vi" n+ vn 8 ""nh 'n u5t thI" hin. Mxi "h8 ti n- 1C?9 hi t/0 8n i)in gii thiu 'n 0h-FPGA gi~ 7+ -Ji ,t n>i gi\a t5t " "" thnh 0h )3ng )n "h5t )3ng. Rg+ "ngnhiu nh\ng ":ng ngh "h, t8 v "" t88) thi,t , "h8 FPGA ra ~i. R- 1CC4 FPGA"ha ti 2EK "ng RARZ 2 ng nh -yt -a tr/n "ng "l th )/0 trnh 3". LI h" ]it )nnh5t tr8ng vi" 'I !ng "" thi,t ]k FPGA ) h nng t8 ra -yt thi,t , )8gi" ngu+[n-u v thI" thi "h} "


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Tu+ nhi[n "" -"h )/0 trnh 3" u "l nh\ng i- "& ]n gi>ng nhau v ngu+[n )*h8t yng.

Onh 1.$ %5u tr6" "#a PHZ sa PBM s]

PHA "h8 0hm0 )/0 trnh 3" tr[n " -a tr/n ARZ v B. Onh 1.4 "h8 th5+ -yt PHA "l$ i- ,t n>i.K,t qu t{ "ng B n+ "l th ) knh. Tu+ nhi[n "" "ng B n|- tr8ng "" -a"r8"D)) 3" n>i vi e)i0je)80 v "" ]ywn [nh "l th "hJn tcn hiu ra. Ma tr/n ARZ "l "5u t8 t{ ``PBM.

1.2. CI0 45Jc EhKn lL+8 FPGA

FPGA , th{a r5t nhiu * t(ng thi,t , "#a "" 'n 0h- tr" l. Z8 l nhn v8 i,ntr6" "#a FPGA "l th th5+ )i nh\ng ht nh7n r5t quDn thuy" x t{ng u5t hin tr8ng ""-"h )8gi" "" "hi0 d )* tr" 7+. Tu+ nhi[n '> "h" nng -" y tc"h h30 hnng tcnh t8n "#a t{ng &n vk d )* tr8ng FPGA "l h" nhau. %l nh\ng ng FPGA- "" &n vk d )* "h} ( -" thI" thi "" h- )8gi" &n gin tr8ng hi ng h" )i )-yt t/0 h30 "#a "" PHZ. Y v/+ n,u 0h7n )8i FPGA thD8 c"h th" &n vk d )* th "l2 nhl- "hcnh 0h ]i,n nh5t ) "8ar'DjgrainD v einD grainD Onh 1.9.

C


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1 %8ar'DjgrainD "l -yt '> %H^ )n ng thI" thi -yt '> h- 0h" t0 "l+[u "i ng

2. FPGA "l "5u tr6" ng

$. PHZ 0h7n "50

4. LDaj8ejgatD

Hnh 1. PhKn lL+8 FPGA 4hOL 8n 45Jc 4ng 4hQ

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Onh 1.; Ph7n )8i FGPA thD8 &n vk d )*

1.2. C)c cng ngh ch 4+L FPGAOin na+ tr[n th, gii ang 0h ]i,n 4 ":ng ngh "h, t8 FPGA.

Cng ngh Static RAM (Xilinx) "" ,t n>i )/0 trnh 3" 3" " )/0 ](i ""tran'i't8r "ng tru+n h8z" "" ]y wn [nh v u 3" iu hin ](i "" LAM "D)).

u i- "h8 0hm0 "5u hnh )i -"h ng

Rh3" i- ung )3ng "hi0 0h! thuy" v8 ":ng ngh "h, t8 AM h:ng nknh "n AM "hi0thI" hin -yt "h" nng )8gi" n8 l ng~i ta ' thI" hin "hu+n -"h.

Z8 l "l th th5+ z" th "#a ":ng ngh n+ ) \ )iu ha+ gi trk "#a "ng x 3" n0v8 "" : nh ng+ t{ hi "h, t8 "hi0. Lau l tr8ng qu trnh 'd !ng gi trk tr8ng "": nh "l th ]k 8 h8z" n0 gi trk -i. oiu n+ "l ngha ) AM "hi0 "l th "5u hnh)i "h" nng. Tr[n "ng -yt "hi0 "l th thI" hin nhiu "h" nng h" nhau v """h" nng "l th r5t 0h" t0. Y v/+ AM "hi0 "h8 0hm0 ng~i 'd !ng ,t n>i nhiu"ng )8gi" n>i ti,0 nhau s8ut0ut "#a "ng tr" ) in0ut "#a "ng 'au thI" hin ":ng

RAW

BroadcomCalisto

BroadcomCalisto

ARM, MIPS TI, Motorola

Silicon Hive

Morphics

Tensilica, ARC

Chameleon

MathStar

MorphoQuicksilver

Improvli!ent"#$a%ri!&ilin!, Altera,Actel, Atmel

&ilin! 'irte! Pro,Altera !cali%ur

Bn ) lE

'ector Processor

Con(i)ura%le RISC

Con(i)ura%le Coprocessor

Coarse#)rained $P*A element

$ine#)rained $P*A element

RISC

"SP

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vi". Qu trnh "5u hnh )i ( AM "hi0 "h# +,u ) n0 \ )iu v8 : nh n[n r5t nhanh"h} tcnh ]|ng -i"r8 gi7+.

Onh 1.= Minh h8 v "ng ARZ v B tr8ng AM "hi0

Cng ngh Anti-Fuse (uic!logic" Actel) -yt antijeu'D hi ang ( trng thi tr( hng"a8 Oi "l th 3" )/0 trnh tr( v trng thi tr( hng th50 sha+ "n gJi ) trng thieu'D.

u i- r h&n '8 vi ":ng ngh AM -/t y tc"h h30 "a8 n knh ti[u th!nng )3ng ct

Rh3" i- "h} )/0 trnh 3" 1 )i n>i 'i)i"8n "> knh i n>i. A"tD) gJi nh\ng antieu'D "#a hJ ) "" thnh 0h


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Onh"h8 th5+ "5u tr6" "#a -yt antieu'D hu+,"h tn vi "h5t in -:i 8iDjnitriDj8iD sBRB n|- Dn gi\a )0 ]n n LiB 2)8i n )0 Li$R4 v 1 )0 -ng LiB2h".^ i )8gi" "5u hnh 3" s%H^ %8neiguraa])D H8gi" ^)8" h>i @B s@B^ v "" ,t n>i. Tr8ng l %H^ "ung "50 ""thnh 0hi gi\a "" i tr8ng FPGA.

Onh 1.1E -: t -yt FPGA "l 1 -a tr/n 2 "hiu "" h>i %H^ 3" ,t n>i vi nhau](i "" 7+ n>i ][n tr8ng. T5t " "" ,t n>i tr8ng u 3" 7+ Ing t{ "" 8n nth:ng qua i- "hu+n -"h )/0 trnh 3". %l 4 )8i ,t n>i "hcnh ]a tr8ng '> l 0h7n]it Ia v8 y i "#a "" 8n ,t n>i trI" ti,0 ,t n>i a nng ,t n>i i v ]u'.Rg8i ra FPGA "l "" h>i v8 ra "5u hnh v iu hin "" "h7n v8 ra n|- ( """nh "#a FPGA. T5t " "" thnh 0h


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Onh 1.1E %5u tr6" FPGA

1.2.7 :h-8 lLg8c lE 45nh c

Onh 1.11 -: t "" thnh 0hi thI" hin h- 4 t ( thanh ghi "l th 3" "hJn [nh - "ng "l th

thI" hin " $ tha8 t" tr[n. %" thnh 0hi - "ng "l th 0h>i h30 vi nhau thI" hin -yth- 0h" t0. T{ l "l th th5+ i,n tr6" "#a %H^ "l tcnh >i ng v nli "hung h


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Th:ng th~ng "" h- thI" hin 3" gJi ) HT sH88j0 Ta])D j h>i thI" hinh- v F)i0jF)80 th ) ZjFF ng thI" hin -yt "h" nng )8gi" n8 l h8z" &ngin ) h8t yng nh -yt AMBM ]nh th~ng "ha ]i,n.

Onh 1.12 HT 4


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Onh 1.1$ Kh>i )8gi" )/0 trnh 3" %4EEE `

1.2.U :h-8 RW

Oin ti FPGA x h tr3 r5t nhiu "h8 "" "hun ng8i vi. Th:ng qua "" @B ])8" '>)iu ][n ng8i ti 3" "" h>i d )* ][n tr8ng v "ng th:ng qua l a ,t qu rang8i. %" @B ])8" n+ "l th 3" )/0 trnh gia8 ti,0 vi "" thi,t ]k "hun h"nhau nh P%@j... vi iu in ) "" "h7n n+ 0hi "ng -" in 0. ^|ng ""h n+ng~i 'd !ng trnh 3" nh\ng rng ]uy" v8 nh\ng "h7n v8 ra "> knh - "l th tu* zt "h6ng ( -yt vk trc n8 l ha+ thi,t )/0 -" tcn hiu tu * s2.9Y $.$Y... "h8 "h7nv8 ra. %I" tcnh "#a wng hw "l th tha+ i 3" Onh 1.14.

Onh 1.14 %hJn tcn hiu wng hw tr" hi v8 h>i @B

mt ri[ng vi ~ng v8 "" h>i n+ "ung "50 2 0h&ng th" tcn hiu 3" tru+n trI"ti,0 ra "" ]y 0h/n d )* h8z" th:ng qua thanh ghi. Tcn hiu v8 th~ng 3" -p" vi-yt i8D "h>ng tnh in "h>ng qu ti ng v8. Lau l tcn hiu ti ]y - v8.Rgng in 0 "#a ]y - "l th )/0 trnh 3" t&ng thc"h vi "" -" in 0TTH %MBL. Mi ~ng v8 ra 3" "ung "50 -yt "h7n wng hw ri[ng v vi" "hJn

"h7n wng hw n8 ng "h8 "ng v8 ha+ ra "ng "l th )/0 trnh 3". Khi tcn hiu wnghw 'd !ng iu hin e)i0je)80 h8z" "h>t nl "


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Onh 1.19 Kh>i @B "#a %4EEE

o tcnh t8n 3" "hcnh " th~i gian d )* tr[n tcn hiu v8 0hi nh h&n 1EEn' vh:ng ]k tr:i. Tr:i ng. Rh v/+ "l th th5+ ""h>i @B "l 3" 'I ]8 v r5t t>t tr" "" 'I "> thu/t nhng "" nh 'n u5t vnhu+,n "8 vi "" h"h hng ) n[n ngn ng{a tr" nh\ng 'I "> l h:ng n[n 0hl-z" "h8 h>i.

o>i vi e)i0je)80 ( " @B ^)8" v H8gi" ^)8" u "l th~i gian tr nh h8t yng t>tn knh. Kh8ng tr ngpn n+ gi60 t>i thiu h8 " u5t ]i,n thi[n trng thi 8 wng hwg7+ ra tr8ng qu trnh d )* \ )iu. ^(i th, @B e)i0je)80 "l th 'd !ng wng ]y h8tcn hiu ][n ng8i "50 "h8 thi,t ]k.

o>i vi ~ng ra h>i @B "l - $ trng thi u5t tcn hiu ra trI" ti,0 h8z" th:ng quathanh ghi "l th 3" "5u hnh "h8 tcn hiu ra 8. o- n+ t&ng thc"h vi -"in 0 TTH %MBL HYTTH tu thD8 t{ng hJ FPGA. Tcn hiu t{ "h7n T ) tcn hiuiu hin $ trng thi iu hin h8t yng u5t \ )iu. Tcn hiu ra -p" h( %8))D"t8r"l th ]k 8 h8z" h:ng 8 "l th -z" knh ) $ trng thi s]|ng ""h "5u hnh "ngh8z" )Ia "hJn ]|ng "h7n T t>" y u5t "l th )/0 trnh 3".

1.2.X COll nh9 cI0 hnho>i vi ``PBM`PBM FPGA 7+ ) "" : nh "ha "5u hnh n|- thnh x+ 0h7ntn tr8ng "hi0 Onh 1.1;. %" 0hng nhiu t>t. Onh 1.1; i 7+ "h8 th5+ "5u tr6" "#a -yt "D)) gw- 2 ]y 8%MBL v 1 tran'i't8r tr~ng "l th J" h8z" ghi \ )iu. %" "D)) "h} ghi 3" hi angghi nh/n "5u hnh v "h} J" 3" hi ang )5+ )i th:ng tin "5u hnh. Tr8ng qu trnh

1=


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"hi0 h8t yng tran'i't8r ngpt th "D)) ' h:ng ]k tha+ i trng thi. %" "h7n ra ' n>i 5t h8z" in 0 Y"" vi "" tcn hiu "ng nh PHZ "l h th>ng "" ,t n>i 0h" t0. O th>ng n+ gw- nhiu)8i ,t n>i h" nhau a nng trI" ti,0 n>i i... 0h7n "hia thnh )- "" ti.

Gi\a "" ,t n>i n+ )i )i[n h vi nhau ](i nh\ng i- ,t n>i t8 n[n ~ng n gi\a"" h>i "h" nng "#a FPGA. Tu+ 0h" t0 nh v/+ nhng t5t " "" i- ,t n>i tr8ngFPGA u Ia tr[n -yt ngu+[n )* "hung r|ng ":ng ngh "l ) LAM ha+ antieu'D

Gi 'd r|ng nh Onh 1.1= "l 4 i ti i gw- nhiu~ng ,t n>i. Mi ~ng ,t n>i -ang tr[n -nh hng nghn i- ,t n>i vi ""~ng h". Th:ng qua "" i- 5+ tcn hiu ' 3" "hu+n -"h i t{ ~ng ,t n>in+ 'ang ~ng ,t n>i h".

Mi -yt i- ,t n>i ) 1 h8 "l hai trng thi lng v "pt. Khi h8 lng hai ~ngn>i ' th:ng nhau v ng3" )i hi h8 "pt hai ~ng n>i ' h( -"h vi nhau. Rhv/+ vi -i i- ,t n>i "l 2 trng thi 8 l "


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Onh 1.1= Rgu+[n )* h8t yng "#a i- ,t n>i

T/0 h30 "" i- ,t n>i tr[n -yt -a tr/n ~ng n t8 n[n nh\ng ~ng ,t n>i gi\atcn hiu v8 ra ( @B^ ti %H^ v gi\a "" %H^ vi nhau. %" ->i n>i n+ 3" thI"hin Ia tr[n ngu+[n tp" "h/0 2 i- n|- ( 2 )i n h" nhau >i vi ":ng nghAntieu'D th l ) hu ] )0 in -:i ""h in gi\a 2 )i vi ``PBM`PBM thl ) th:ng tran'i't8r... R&i t/0 trung "" i- "i gi\a 2 )i t8 thnh

-a tr/n "hu+n -"h sLfit"hing Matri n|- 0h7n tn tr8ng thi,t ]k.%l $ ng ,t n>i"hcnh Onh 1.1? 1.1C

1 K,t n>i trI" ti,0

2 K,t n>i a nng

$ K,t n>i i s"h8 "" ]u'...

Onh 1.1? Ma tr/n "hu+n -"h

:4 n-8 n


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:4 n-8 45[c 48E)i[n ,t "" %H^ h8z" @B^ nhau. R,u "" tcnh t8n 0h" h30 "i h30 th n[n 'd !ng "" %H^ nhau v ng "" )i[n ,t trI" ti,0 ](i"" )i[n ,t n+ ) nhanh nh5t.

:4 n-8 >8] qua "" L 'd !ng "h8 "" tcn hiu ,t n>i a trnh 0hi i ngangqua qu nhiu ]y 0h/n. Myt '> tcn hiu nh "h8 0hm0 ng in tr( m8 )[n "h8 0hm0

- $ trng thi... 0 !ng tr[n r5t nhiu %H^ h" nhau 8 l "i n+. K,tn>i i "ng gw- "" ~ng n|- ngang v J" "h+ u+[n qua hu vI" ,t n>i.

Onh 1.1C Hi ,t n>i tr8ng FPGA

1.2.11 '[ ch\n FPGA Eh] hE 98 4h84

Rg+ na+ FPGA ang 3" 0ht trin r5t -nh " v "h5t )3ng v "h#ng )8i. Mi -ytnh "ung "50 "l -yt ng 'n 0h- "#a -nh -ang nh\ng z" trng ri[ng ]it h"vi "" ng h". Mi -yt ng "hi0 h" nhau -ang nh\ng u nh3" i- h"nhau th/- "hc " v ":ng ngh "h, t8 "ng h" nhau 8 l "" t88) h tr3 thi,t ,"ng 0hi h" nhau 8 z" i- "#a t{ng h th>ng. Y th, - nhiu hi ng~i 'd !ng"i quan trJng v 0h" t0.

Khi )Ia "hJn -yt "hi0 FPGA thI" hin -yt thi,t , n8 l "h6ng ta " 'au

1 oa ra * t(ng v -yt ]n thi,t , )8gi" g)uD t{ l " )3ng 3" '> )3ng"" %H^ " 0h


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1.2.12 "0) 45nh lE 45nh FPGA

Qu trnh )/0 trnh FPGA thI" hin qua "" ]" nh 'au

1 Thi,t , ]|ng ng:n ng\ -: t 0h


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Hinh in AL@% tu thD8 ":ng ngh "h, t8 3" "hia )- $ "h#ng )8i @% zt hng t8n]y seu))j"u't8-' @% zt hng t{ng 0hng n+ "l nh\ng z" th r5t ri[ng ]it v +[u " trc thnh "" x+ v ' thi,t , "h} vi" t8 ra "" ,t n>i Iatr[n th vin "D)) 'n Onh 1.21 "l v "" "h&ng trnh %AZ.

22


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Onh 1.21 Thi,t , thD8 th vin "l 'n

RC lE 45nh c PHZ

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Qu trnh thi,t , AL@% thD8 nh\ng ]" 'au

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Onh 1.22 Qu trnh thi,t , AL@%

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