Chng 13: H THNG H CNH13.1 Gii thiu Chuyn bay thnh cng khng th khng nhc n giai on h cnh. Mc d phn ln cc landings c thc hin duy nht bng s quan st bng th gic ca con ngi, my bay thng xuyn phi h cnh trong thi tit i hi phi s h tr ca cc thit b k thut cc phi cng c th kim sot hoc cho h cnh t ng. Chng ny m t k thut h cnh v cc h thng k thut cung cp hng dn ngang v dc cc my bay tng i so vi ng bng c chn h cnh. Mt chuyn bay bnh thng bao gm cc giai on t ct cnh, bay cao v bay n cc vng tip cn ca im n v sau l giai on cnh. , my bay xc nh trung tm ng bng d nh tip t, sau lm mt phng php cui cng v h cnh vi sai s v tr ca mt vi feet mi trc khi tip t (Mc 1.5). Cc phng php tip cn v h cnh l giai on ri ro nht ca chuyn bay; khong mt na s v tai nn thm khc xy ra trong cc giai on bay trong hai phn ba l do sai st ca phi hnh on chuyn bay (Bng 13.1). 13.2 Hot ng km trong tm nhn hn ch: C nh hng ln trong dn s v qun s v kh nng nhn thy km trong giai on cui. Chng hn nh, hnh 13.1 cho thy rng kh nng nhn thy ti Gatwick Phi trng ca Lun n i hi theo tiu chun II c kh nng hot ng sut 115 ting ng h mi nm v tiu chun III sut 73 ting ng h mi nm trong gi hot ng chnh [ 2 ]. Trong nm 1992-1993, c tnh tit kim ca KLM 10.300.000 $ (USD) bng vic c th t n 500 chuyn bay Amsterdam (Schiphol) sn bay mc tiu chun III. Trong giai on 1996-2009, KLM c tnh chi ph $ 53.000.000 (US $) khi h cnh thnh cng my bay ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc, chng hn nh Crosswinds v hot ng bo ,nh hng ca thi tit s chi phi ln n cc hot ng h cnh c bit l hn ch tm nhn [4c]. Bng 13.1

Primary Causal Factor (% in phase)TotalHullsLost"TakeoffandClimb(15 )hCruise(60)Descent and InitialApproch(21)Final Approch and Landing (4)LoadandTaxi(NA)

All causes440145 (33)*'20 (5)88 (20)178 (40)9 (2)

Flightcrew27668 (25)5 (2)68 (25)133 (47)2(1)

Unknown7229 (40)5 (7)10 (14)26 (36)2 (3)

Airplane4026 (64)3 (8)3 (8)6 (15)2 (5)

iu kin kh tng bay bng thit b (IMC) l cc iu kin th hin di dng tm nhn, khong cch ti my, trn my v nhng tr s ny thp hn tiu chun ti thiu qui nh cho iu kin kh tng bay bng mt . Trong mt cuc h cnh, chiu cao quyt nh (DH) l chiu cao trn ng bng ti h cnh phi c hy b nu cc ng bng khng phi l trong tm nhn. Thng thng, tt hn cc h tr cc thit b k thut, thp hn l DH. T chc hang khng dn s quc t (ICAO) nh ngha ba loi kh nng hin th cho my bay h cnh dn s vi s tr gip ca mt h thng cng c h cnh [4c]:

Hnh 13.1 Cc giai on tm nhn thp ti cc sn bay ln Vng quc Anh(1972-1982)Tiu chun I: Quy nh chiu cao khng thp hn 200 ft; kh nng hin th khng t hn 2600 ft, hoc Runway trc quan Range (RVR) khng t hn 1.800 ft vi nh sng ng bng tip cn. Cc phi cng phi c ti liu tham kho trc quan cho cc ng bng ti DH 200-ft trn ng bng hoc hy b vic h cnh. My bay i hi ILS v thu marker n hiu vt qu yu cu khc i vi chuyn bay IFR di. Tiu chun II:DH khng thp hn 100 ft v RVR khng t hn 1.200 ft (350 m). Cc phi cng phi nhn thy ng bng trn DH hoc hy b vic h cnh. Thit b b sung tu bay phi thc hin bao gm thu ILS kp, hoc l mt my o cao radar (Phn 10.2) hoc mt my thu ni marker (mc 13.5.5) o chiu cao quyt nh, thit b ma xa (cn gt nc hoc ha cht). Mt h thng t ng iu tit cng c th c yu cu.Tiu chun III. c chia thnh: IIIA. DH thp hn 100 ft v RVR khng t hn 700 ft (200 m) c gi l-i khi nhn thy lin vi t; n i hi mt phi cng linh hot hoc mt mn hnh hin th head-up. IIIB. DH thp hn 50 ft v RVR khng t hn 150 ft (50 m) n i hi mt my li t ng v trin khai mt s t ng vi tc cao. IIIC. Khng nhn thy c. Khng DH hoc RVR gii hn.Tiu chun IIIC khng chp thun bt c ni no trn th gii vo nm 1996.13.3 CC MY CA LANDING13.3.1 TIP CNNgy v m h cnh c cho php theo quy tc bay bng mt (VFR) khi trn vt qu 1.000 ft v kh nng hin th ngang vt qu 3 mi, c nh gi bi cc thp kim sot sn bay. Trong thi tit gim, hot ng phi c conducted di Quy tc bay (IFR) [5e], An th tc tip cn IFR hoc l nonprecision (hng dn bn ch) hoc chnh xc (c hai bn v dc cc tn hiu hng dn). Danh mc I, hot ng II, v III l nhng th tc chnh xc, tip cn.H cnh tu bay theo IFR phi chuyn i t bay ng bay n tip cn cui cng dc theo ng trung tm ng bng m rng bng cch s dng cc th tc tip cn tiu chun c cng b cho tng sn bay [6], cao tip cn c measured barometrically, v cc chuyn bay ng chuyn tip c xc nh bi ban u v cui cng sa tip cn (IAF v FAF) s dng VOR, VOR / DME, TACAN (Chng 4), v cc cnh bo nh du (Phn 13.5.5). Ngoi ra vect radar c th c trao cho cc phi hnh on ca kim sot tip cn (Chng 14).T khong 1500 ft trn ng bng, mt tip cn chnh xc c hng dn bi cc chm i pht thanh c to ra bi cc ILS. My bay ln duy tr mt tc t 100 n 150 hi l trong gc dc theo ng ln bt u t FAF (nh du bn ngoi). Cc gc ln con ng c thit lp bi nhng cn nhc tr ngi-gii phng mt bng v ting n gim vi 3 nh l tiu chun dn dng quc t. T l bn ra l 6-16 ft / giy, ty thuc vo tc ca my bay v trn nhng cn gi ngc. Cc tiu chun ICAO [4a] xc nh rng cc ng ln s vt qua ngng ng bng cao t 50 n 60 ft. Nh vy, cc ng ln d chn cc b mt ng bng khong 1000 ft trc ngng ca, nh th hin trong hnh 13.3 [7] ,Khi my bay t cao ra quyt nh y quyn, lut php yu cu thy th on hy b vic h cnh tr khi n thy ng bng hoc n ca n. Lu rng mt DH khng c nh ngha cho mc IIIC. Hnh 13.2 cho thy cc tiu chun ICAO loi II v III m hnh chiu sng cho sn bay dn dng [4b], Cc thanh nh sng cung cp tn hiu phng v, roll-v-pitch cc phi cng. ng trung tm v cnh n tn hiu cung cp trin khai. Cc ng bng thng thng y nhim cho phng php tip cn chnh xc l 150 ft, rng di 8,0 n 12.000 ft.i vi mt tip cn khng chnh xc, mt cao gc ti thiu (MDA, 250-1.000 ft trn ng bng) c nh ngha di y m my bay c th khng h xung m khng tip xc trc quan vi cc ng bng. S la chn ca mt MDA ph thuc vo cc vt cn a phng, loi my bay, tr gip nh hng sn, v nh sng ca ng bng [5d].

13.3.2 The Flare ManeuverMy bay trn t lin khng c thit k chm xung thng xuyn ti6-16 ft/giy tc tn tn ti dc theo ng ln. Nh vy, mt c ng bng phi c thc hin gim t l ngi gc t hn 3 ft / sec khi tip t.Trong tip cn, cc gc ca vic ct cnh c duy tr mt gi tr m gy ra mt lc nng bng trng lng ca my bay, v tc c iu chnh mt l gian hng quy nh, thng 1,3 ln tc gian hng cng vi mt bin da vo tc gi bo co v ct . Ngn la i hi mt s lch thang my tng gc tn Aa to ra mt gia tc tr ln.~= Ac^_ pV^ m 2Vi Cia l o hm ca h s nng i vi gc ca cuc tn cng vi PV / 2 l p sut ng (Chng 8)A l din tch cnhm l khi lng ca my bayS tng tc ln lm cho vn tc dng mu gim.Vic gim tc ca mt chic my bay phn lc tiu biu trong qu trnh bng pht l 5% n 10% [7], tham kho [7] cho thy rng ngn la bt u cao bnh xe ca 30 ft cho my bay phn lc, theo yu cu cc phi cng li t ng hoc p dng cc lnh iu khin 2 giy trc (v lag do pitch trc qun tnh) v cc im quyt nh bng pht l 1 hoc 2 giy trc vn cn. Nh vy, t thi im cue bnh thng, ngn la c ko di trn mt khong cch 2500-ft ngang v 75-ft dc, nh th hin trong hnh 13.313.3.3The Decrab Maneuver and TouchdownTrong mt VCW gi ngc, s tip cn vi mt gc cua b, nh vy vector mt t tc ca n nm dc theo ng trung tm ca ng bng. mt tip cn tc bay Va v mt headwind VHW, ti li b = VCW / (Va - VF, w) \ b thng l t hn 5 DEG v lun lun thp hn 15 . Gn touchdown, my bay c th decrab, trt, hoc thc hin mt kt hp decrab trt c ng, nh c gii thch trong Section 13.4.3. Sau khi decrab, gi gy ra my bay bt u tri trn ng bng. i vi my bay ln, decrab thng xy ra 2-3 secprior chm xung. N phi xy ra tr gi yaw v cun ph c nulled, nhng khng qu mun dn n tc bn-drift ng hoc di di. Phiu bao gm: (1) h cnh ngc chiu gi b p cho yu t trt v (2) gi bnh li ngc li ngn chn my bay t bin v gi cho n bay vo cng nhm vi cc ng bng; trt c bt u t 200 n 400 ft trn ng bng. Ti liu tham kho [8] Bo co m phng cho thy rng cc phi cng s chu ng gc cun ln nh 3 di 100-ft cao nu tm nhn ny l t hn 700 ft, v ln n 5 nu kh nng hin th ln hn 1.200 ft. Nhiu tu vn ti ln c th khng cun hn 10 m khng ni bt mt u cnh hoc ng c trn ng bng. Ti liu tham kho [8a] tho lun v kh ng hc ca decrab chi tit. Phn 13.4.2 v 13.4.3 tho lun bng li t ng kp v decrab ngay trc khi bn thng. Cc kh khn c hi lng cho h cnh c th chp nhn c th hin trong Bng 13.2 [9].

13.3.4 Rollout and TaxiKhong 600 ft sau khi bnh chnh_ h cnh [7], mt chic my bay phn lc ln lm gim bnh mi ca n v sau hot ng nh mt phng tin mt t. N phi complete trin khai n trong ranh gii ca ng bng, tm mt li ra, v lm theo cc ng ln vo tp d. L kh nng hin th hot ng gim, cc yu cu movement mt t tr nn nghim trng hn. Mt s phng php hng dn my bay trn ng ln bao gm nhng iu sau y:tifying my bay v xe l mt vn , bi v cc radar khng c ch transponder.4. H thng Transponder da trn ly c v tr trn sn bay t transponder tr li ca my bay thm vn v tr vi n ng ln. Cc d liu gim st c chuyn n b iu khin.5. i pht thanh pht sng trn tu c ngun gc v tr v vn tc (v d, t GPS). Nu tt c cc xe c trang b nh vy, b iu khin mt t hiu qu hn c th ngn chn s xm nhp ca ng bng v va chm trn mt t.6. truyn miliwatt marker n hiu t ti tt c cc ngng ng bng s a ra mt bo ng bnh thng v m thanh trn boong bay ca bt k my bay m taxied vo mt ng bng hot ng. iu ny s lm gim kh nng ca mt phi cng b mt gy ra mt v va chm thm khc. l bt buc m chy v cu h xe c kh nng xc nh v tr my bay v hiu ha trn cc lnh vc trong tm nhn thp. Tu bay phi c chuyn n dc, nh cha my bay, cc khu vc bo tr, v ni tip nhin liu trong cc thi k-tm nhn thp h cnh. Ngoi tr trong cc hot ng qun s, mt gii hn kh nng hin th di y tn ti m hot ng my bay khng cn thc t v khng c kh nng di chuyn hnh khch v hng ha t cc phi trng. S cn thit cho mc III (c bit l IIIC) h cnh ca cc hng hng khng dn s c gn lin vi nhng kh nng h tr.13.4 H thng h cnh t ng cho php my bay ca hng hng khng tip cn chnh xc xung di, loi II phi c h thng h cnh t ng. Thit b m rng tm nhn nh dng c ch bo knh trc bung li my bay ci thin kh nng ca phi cng gim st cc phng php tip cn v c th thay th cho tip t t ng, t nht n loi IIIA. Trong nhng nm 1990 nhiu my bay- tu sn bay nh l MD-80, MD-11, A-300 Series, Boeing 757, 767, 111 c trang b h thng t ng tip t c chng nhn loi IIIA hoc IIIB [5b], Di DH, cho php khng phi l tip t bng tay cng khng phi l chy xung quanh t ng bi v cc nguy c tip xc mt t; h cnh phi tip tc.Nm 1967, cuc b hon ton t ng u tin c thc hin trong dch v hng khng hnh khch [10]. n v BLEU ca B Quc phng Vng quc Anh rt tch cc trong v sau Th chin II. Cc bin php khuyn khch kinh t m rng hot ng thng mi hng khng sau khi chin tranh cung cp ng lc cho pht trin h thng t ng tip t. Ngay c vi vic xc nhn my bay hng hng khng cho b t ng, DHS khng h xung di 100ft cho n khi tin cy v kh nng tht bi pht hin (tnh ton vn) ca my bay (v d, ng c y, iu hnh bay, t ng h cnh ) v hng dn mt t c chng minh v cc tiu chun thng nht.Trong thp nin 1970, Trident ca Anh v cc my bay M L-JOJJ (bao gm c cc h thng t ng h cnh ca h) c chng nhn cho loi Ilia trong doanh thu dch v s dng thng tin hng dn t ILS v t cc cm bin khc trn tu [11]. Nhiu my bay sau c chng nhn. Nm 1996, mc III hot ng l "t ng " da trn vic s dng cc h thng t ng tip t m khng cn can thip th im [5b]. Nhng loi c pht trin, c xc nh, v thng nht quc t mt cch chung chung cho php s i mi trong vic p ng cc yu cu.13.4.1 Hng dn v kim sot yu cuCc quy nh ca FAA cho mc II chnh [5a] i hi rng c ghp my li t ng hoc phi hnh on gi my bay trong khong ln hn 12 ft hoc 35 / amps (o bng ILS ng tm) ca cc ng ln t 700 ft xung DH 100-ft. iu ny tng ng vi mt li dc 38 ft (2-sigma) cao 700 ft v 12 ft (2-sigma) cao 100-ft trn mt ng ln 3 . i vi chng nhn loi III, cho php s phn tn cng c quy nh. Cc s phn tn chng minh nn c gii hn n 1500 ft chiu dc v chiu ngang 27 ft trn c s 2-sigma [5c].Song song vi vic ci thin chnh xc c s pht trin ca cc phng php c h thng tin hnh phn tch nguy him. Nh vy, ngoi cc khi nim hot ng, mc chp nhn ri ro cn phi c xc nh nh l im khi u cho mt phn tch ri ro ca h thng iu hng my bay v mt t. Ti n gin nht ca n, xc sut ca mt s kin thm khc trong mt cuc b loi III phi khng c ln hn l cho mt cch tip cn trc quan v h cnh [12]. T l tai nn lch s v c im ca my bay phn lc hin i cho thy t hn mt tai nn cht ngi xy ra trong chuyn bay 107 gi, do tt c cc h thng, mt s thng tho thun ca cc nh thit k ca tu vn ti dn dng. Do xc sut ca mt s kin thm khc do mt h thng con ring (v d, t ng h cnh) l gn gi hn vi mt s kin 109 chuyn bay- gi, mt khong thi gian m c th vt qu tui th hm i tch ly ca bt k m hnh giao thng vn ti.Thit b sn bay mc II, IIIA v IIIB, ch khc nhau mc pht hin li v s ti cu hnh t ng sau khi tht bi.13. Bo hiu dn hngTrong cch tip cn cui cng tng ln dc trong h thng t ng tip t c gim trong mt kiu nh theo chng trnh (gi l quy trnh khuch i ). Cm bin b sung phi cung cp nhng hng dn di y dc 100 ft.Trong nhng nm 1990, h thng h cnh t ng s dng chiu cao v chiu cao-tc d liu t ra-da o cao d tha (Phn 10.2), thng xuyn b sung vi cc d liu cm bin qun tnh, hon thnh din tp bo hiu ny. My o cao bng ra-da tm thp th c chnh xc danh ngha 1,5 ft (2 sigma) di 100 ft cao v 2% ca ton thang o cao cao hn (Phn 10.2.4). H c mt u ra ting n thp cho php cc ngun gc ca thng tin t l theo chiu dc. Cc ILS khng th pht trin thng tin tng t, k t khi nhn ln dc cung cp sai lch so vi ng ln zero-DDM m khng phi l mt cao khng i theo chiu rng ca cc nh v ng i / ng bng (Phn 13.5). Do , tnh chnh xc ca chiu cao my bay s dng cc lch ln ng v thng tin khong cch t mt DME im dng (Mc 4.4.6) l khng thc t. Cc lnh c bt u bng pht ti mt chiu cao bnh xe khong 75 ft, trc ngng ca ng bng. Tuy nhin, cc my o cao ra-da c th khng s dng c trc ngng do a hnh khng bng phng hoc bin thy triu. Thng thng, h thng t ng tip t b vo khong trng gia bt u ta sng v s khi u ca bo him o cao trn ng bng tri nha (chiu cao 50 ft) vi d liu t cc h thng qun tnh-chuyn hng trn tu (Chng 7).Vic bng pht l mt con ng tip tuyn hm m vi mt mt phng nm ngang mt vi feet di ng bng, m bo s tip t tch cc. Cc mong mun chiu cao-tc tip t c bao gm trong tnh ton ca cc tn hiu ch o, do im tip t v vn tc thng ng ti tip t l lp li. Mt lnh tc thng ng in hnh l (h / r + h + 2 ft / sec), ni h v h c o cao tc thi v tc cao [8b].13.4.3 S dn hng bnNm 1996, my nh v ILS p ng yu cu thc hin mc III h cnh v hng dn trin khai ti nhiu a im. Theo di ca my nh v c h tr bi hng bay (hoc ton b bnh li) bnh li, bnh li -t l tn hiu cung cp cho cc my li t ng (mc 2.7.3) v bng tc v tng tc d liu t cc h thng qun tnh trn tu. Trong hu ht cc phng php tip cn trong gi ngc, cnh my bay v cc im bay vo trong gi (hay gt) vector vn tc ca n theo di my nh v. Vic t c my nh v phi c ln k hoch gim khi ng bng c tip cn v b mt ca DDM khng i (Phn 13.5) hi t lm cho cc tn hiu bo li hn v nhy cm hn vi khong cch di di.Chic my bay nn chm xung vi trc dc ng trung tm ca ng bng trnh cc lc lng pha trn b phn h cnh. lm iu ny trong iu kin loi II v I, cc phi hnh on c th b trt hoc cua bng tay trc khi tip t. Trong tm nhn thp, khi h cnh hot ng c th c t ng tip t, trt v cua c c gii ha bng cch cho thang my v bnh li thch hp lnh cho li t ng khong 200 ft trn ng bang. iu ny thit lp nhiu li l cn thit, nhng khng nhiu hn khong 5 bnh li cho mt my bay thng mi in hnh, do lm gim cc gc cua c thnh lp trn phng php tip cn. Nu gi ngc l rt cao (trn khong 10 hi l) m gc bnh li vt qu khong 5 , mt c ng cua li c chn khong 15 ft trn ng bng ch trc tu bay trn ng bang. Cc vector vn tc phi nm trong 3 DEG ca trc ng bng khi tip t gi my bay trn ng bang. V d, mt 40-ft li tip t bn (FAA yu cu 3-sigma) v 3 mc li bn bay con ng c th gy ra mt my bay vi mt 20-ft h cnh- bnh rng ly lan li mt ng bng rng 150-ft trong khong 2,5 sec13.5 H thng thit b h cnhCc h thng cng c h cnh (ILS) l mt b su tp ca cc i pht thanh truyn dng hng dn my bay n mt ng bng sn bay c th, c bit l trong thi gian b hn ch tm nhn. Sn bay mt cao c th c trang b trn nhiu hn mt ng bang- Sn bay O'Hare ca Chicago c mt ILS ci t trn ng bng 12 nm 1996.Thng mi u tin c s dng trong nm 1939, ILS c s dng cho dn s tng ng hng I b t nm 1947 [13] v c chng nhn cho loi II (nm 1960) v loi III (nm 1970) hot ng ti nhiu sn bay ln. Khong 1500 ILSs ang s dng ti cc sn bay trn ton th gii vi cc sn bay M, chim hn 1.000 trong s ny. Nm 1996, gn 100 sn bay trn ton th gii c t nht mt ng bng chng nhn loi III. c khong 117.000 chic my bay trn ton th gii vi mt hoc nhiu ILS thu.S pht trin ILS trn ton th gii c h tr bi cc cng b tiu chun tn hiu ca T chc Hng khng dn dng quc t (ICAO, to ra vo nm 1944). Cc tiu chun ICAO v thc tin ngh (SARPs) [4a] cho ILS, ng k bi 180 cc quc gia thnh vin, chun ha cc tn hiu trong khng gian ca mt t thit b pht ILS, khng c vn m h ang sn xut, m bo tnh tng thch trn cc chuyn bay quc t. FAA v RTCA xut bn hng dn s dng cho cc thit b trong h thng ILS khng phn ca nc M m bo s ph hp vi tiu chun ICAO [18]. Ti chu u, C quan Hng khng Lin (JAA) v EUROCAE lm nh vy [31]. M thu c chun ha bng hng khng Radio, Inc. [32].Thng thng, mt ILS gm: ng-ten nh v l trung tm trn ng bng ngoi cui ngng cung cp dn hng bn dc ln, nm bn cnh ng bng gn ngng cung cp dn hng dc Du hiu cnh bo cch tip cn t ti cc v tr ri rc dc theo con ng; cnh bo cho phi cng ca s tin b ca h dc theo ng ln. gim st bc x , trong trng hp tht bi ILS bo i kim sot, c th ng xung mt loi I hoc II ILS, hoc chuyn sang mt loi III ILS my pht d phng (Hnh 13.2).Cng ngy, cc thit b o khong cch (DME) (Chng 4) nm vi ILS, v hin th khong cch trong bung li c s dng thay cho n hiu nh du.13.5.1. ILS tn hiu hng dnCc localizer, ln dc, v cc cnh bo du hiu lin tc ta sng, phn cc ngang, nng lng tn s v tuyn in. Cc di tn s hot ng l: localizer, 40 knh 108-112 MHz; trt dc, 40 knh 329-335 MHz; v cc cnh bo du hiu, tt c trn mt tn s duy nht l 75 MHz. Mt tn hiu nhn dng m Morse m thanh c truyn ti trn cc tn s localizer; mt knh thoi t thp iu khin cng c th c cung cp. Cc localizer, ln dc, v tn s DME c ghp ni nh vy , v d, mt ILS vi mt tn s 109,5 MHz ca localizer c dc tn s ln ca 332,6 MHz v c knh 32x cho DME, nu c ci t. Cp cng ny lm gim khi lng cng vic ca phi cng, v ch c tn s localizer cn c nhp vo iu chnh cc ILS v DME lin quan.Cc localizer thit lp mt m hnh bc x trong khng gian cung cp mt tn hiu deviation trong my bay khi my bay c di di sang hai bn t mt phng thng ng cha cc ng trung tm ng bng [18d]. Tn hiu sai lch ny s khin kim tri-phi ca mn hnh ngang-con tr (hoc iu hnh bay) ca phi cng v c th c ni vi h thng li t ng / my bay iu khin cho "kt hp" phng php tip cn. hnh thnh qu trnh localizer, mt sng mang RF c to ra trong cc my pht v iu ch bin vi ring bit 90 Hz v cc m bo 150-Hz to ra di bin bin equal- t 90 Hz v 150 Hz trn v di tn s sng mang. Ny "di bin sng mang vi-" (CSB) tn hiu c pht ra t cc mng localizer trong mt broadside "sum" m hnh cung cp bo him chung ca khu vc Tt nhin phng php. ng thi, mt s nng lng bin c tch ra t cc sng mang v chuyn giai on cung cp mt "di bin-only" (SBO) tn hiu. Cc tn hiu SBO c bc x t cng mt mng trong mt "s khc bit" m hnh, v v sc, c trng ca cc m hnh khc nhau, c lin kt vi cc ng trung tm ng bng. Cc thy ca cc m hnh khc bit (v do 90 Hz v 150 Hz-di bin) ang i din trong giai on hai bn ca ng trung tm null (Hnh 13.4).Kt qu cui cng l, trn ng trung tm, ni cc tn hiu SBO c nulled, ch bng cc di bin ca tn hiu CSB c pht hin v thu cung cp mt u ra "on-nhin". Hai bn ng trung tm, cc SBO bin tn hiu tng nhanh v unbalances cc di bin CSB nh vy m mt di bin 90-Hz s chi phi bn tri ca kha hc v mt 150-Hz bin bn phi. Tng iu ch tn hiu M c nh ngha l M = (A + B) / C, trong A v B l amplitudes ca trng t 150- v 90-Hz tn hiu tng ng, v C l bin ca cc tu sn bay [14], s khc bit v su iu ch (DDM) l (A - B) / C. Cc bin php ILS nhn tm quan trng ca DDM ny v u ra mt "deviation- t kha" tn hiu. Nh vy, qua con tr nhin lch (CDI) kim hoc Gim c chuyn bay lm "bay ngay" khi tone 90-Hz thng tr v "bay tri" khi tone 150-Hz chim u th.Cc tn hiu sai lch t l vi gc phng v thng ra 5 hoc hn hai bn ca ng trung tm. Cc tiu chun ICAO [4a] yu cu mt DDM ca 0,155 nguyn nhn y quy m lch kim v c gi tr DDM ny xy ra 350 ft hai bn ca ng trung tm ngng tip cn. Nh vy, vi chiu di ng bng khc nhau, chiu rng nhin gc t localizer s l 3 n 6 , nh thit lp bng cch iu chnh in bin bc x.Kt qu cui cng l, trn ng trung tm, ni cc tn hiu SBO c nulled, ch bng cc di bin ca tn hiu CSB c pht hin v thu cung cp mt u ra "on-nhin". Hai bn ng trung tm, cc SBO bin tn hiu tng nhanh v unbalances cc di CSB nh vy m mt di bin 90-Hz s thng tr bn tri ca kha hc v mt 150-Hz bin bn phi. Tng iu ch tn hiu M c nh ngha l M = (A + B) / C, trong A v B l amplitudes ca trng t 150- v 90-Hz tn hiu tng ng, v C l bin ca cc tu sn bay [14], s khc bit v su iu ch (DDM) l (A - B) / C. Cc bin php ILS nhn tm quan trng ca DDM ny v u ra mt "deviation- t kha" tn hiu. Nh vy, qua con tr nhin lch (CDI) kim hoc Gim c chuyn bay lm "bay ngay" khi tone 90-Hz thng tr v "bay tri" khi tone 150-Hz chim u th.Cc tn hiu sai lch t l vi gc phng v thng ra 5 hoc hn hai bn ca ng trung tm. Cc tiu chun ICAO [4a] yu cu mt DDM ca 0,155 nguyn nhn y quy m lch kim v c gi tr DDM ny xy ra 350 ft hai bn ca ng trung tm ngng tip cn. Nh vy, vi chiu di ng bng khc nhau, chiu rng nhin gc t localizer s l 3 n 6 , nh thit lp bng cch iu chnh in bin bc x.

NOTE: The phase angles f (^180) are relative to / the CSB signals\ Sum pattern: fc 90 Hz (ref) fc 150 Hz (ref)

Difference pattern ~ (right):- fc 90 Z180 Hz fc 150 zDHz\ Difference pattern\ (left):fc + 90 Z0 Hz fc 150 Z180 Hz

^j\\: \ Clearance ; V patterns

...i,. ...i \V .J...

Hnh 13.4 Tng hp v bc x khc bit m hnh cho cc qu trnh (CRS) v gii phng mt bng (CLR) tn hiu ca mt mng localizer hng.Cc tiu chun ca ICAO l tn hiu sai lch ton din c cung cp n 35 hai bn ng dy trung tm h tr thu hi ca qu trnh zero-DDM. Nu m hnh CSB localizer hp (v d, 5 n 10 ), gim s phn x t cc ta nh v cc my bay khc, h thng ny i hi cn c "gii phng" tn hiu cung cp vng ph sng 35 . Nhng tn hiu gii phng mt bng c b sung bng cch cung cp mt b th hai ca CSB v SBO tn hiu pht ra t mt mng ngn vi mt m hnh rng vng ph sng. Mt hai tn s phng php "nm bt nguyn tc" c th c s dng lm gim cc hiu ng nhiu trn tn hiu qa trnh do phn x tn hiu gii phng mt bng t, v d, nh cha my bay ln gc rng.Cc tn s ca hai hng RF c t cch nhau mt nh danh 8 kHz v c b p i xng v tn s trung tm knh. Hai b tn hiu (qu trnh CSB v SBO v gii phng mt bng v CSB SBO) nm trong 25- kFIz di thng ca ngi nhn v c pht hin. Mt c im c bn ca AM d tuyn tnh l, vi hai hng iu ch hin nay, cc thng tin qu trnh gii iu ch rt ng h (nh chp) cc tn hiu sng mang thm ch mnh hn. Ngi nhn khng kh, khi gn ng trung tm, nhn c hai tn s sng mang mi vi 90 v 150-fiz iu ch. Cc tn hiu gii phng mt bng yu phn nh vo cc khu vc nhin c nhn cng vi cc tn hiu tt nhin mnh hn v do c t nh hng n u ra my pht hin. bi v y "nm bt Nguyn tc " c th lm gim qu trnh g gh do phn x tn hiu gii phng mt bng theo h s 3-10, h thng hai tn s l cn thit hu ht cc sn bay ni h cnh ti thiu-ngch cao c mong mun. i vi loi IIIB v IIIC hot ng, tn hiu localizer c s dng dc theo ng bng c hng dn trin khai. Thit b mt t ILS c mua bi cc FAA vo gia thp nin 1990 l thit k ca hai tn s c th h tr mc II v III hot ng. chnh xc localizer yu cu h tr ba ILS loi hiu sut c th hin trong Bng 13.3 [4a]i vi cc tn hiu hng dn dc vi, dc ln trong hu ht cc kha cnh c th c coi nh mt localizer trn mt ca n. Phm vi bo him ti thiu ko di khong 10 hi l t ngng, 8 DEG hai bn ng trung tm, v ln n 5000 ft cho gc ng 3 danh ngha. Cho mt danh ngha Bng 13.3. ILS li hng dn cho php theo tiu chun ICAO (ft) Cng im dng tm tip cn .

Point Along Approach Center lineCategory ICategory IICategory III

ILSElementBias(Max)Bends(95%)Bias(Max)Bends(95%)Bias(Max)Bends(95%)

OuterMarkerGS12277121776577

(5 nmi)Loc.1362499324941249

MiddleMarkerGS151015686

(3000 ft)Loc.484333141514

InnerMarkerGS858343

(1000 ft)Loc.423729121312

Threshold*GSNS6'NS4222

(0)Loc.NSNS26111211

Main-GearTouchdown'^GSNSNSNSNSNSNS

Loc.NSNSNSNS1010

Lu : Cc gi tr c lit k bao gm tt c cc dung sai ng k cho cc tn hiu trong khng gian v cho ngi nhn trong khng kh, trong p dng vo qu trnh ng trung tm v trn cc ng ln 3 . Ngng khong cch localizer-to- c thc hin nh l 12.000 ft. Tt c cc gi tr c lm trn n s nguyn gn nht. "Trong cc hot ng ILS in hnh, s thin v c duy tr mt gi tr nh. * chnh xc c quy nh ngng cho tin o nhng khng c ngha hot ng. RNS = khng chun. Gi touchdown 2000 ft vt qu ngng. gc v chiu cao ngng ng bng, m rng tuyn ng ln chn b mt ng bng khong 1000 ft bn trong ngng (Hnh 13.2) [18E],Vic b tr bin l cho tn hiu 90-fiz chim u th trn cc ng ct h cnh v cc tn hiu 150-fiz thng tr di y (Hnh 13.5) [16]. Bin tn hiu tng i l nh vy m quy m ton lch kim v mt DDM = 0,175 tn ti 0/4 ( 0,75 cho ng ln 0 = 3 ) [4a]. cc gc cao Lnh vc th mnh tng i (phn trm) Hnh 13.5 m hnh chm dc ca mng ln dc null-tham kho. Ch s lch dc (VDI) kim c y quy m "bay ln" cho tt c cc chuyn khi hnh i xung vt qu 0/4 v y quy m "bay xung" khi hnh i ln vt qu 0/4 tng cao nh 30. ln dc chnh xc cn thit h tr ba loi hiu sut ILS c th hin trong Bng 13.3 [4a].

13.5.2 i Localizeri Localizer in hnh l 1 dy anten c c nh 600 n 1000 ft pha cui ng bng. Dy anten c t vung gc vi ng trung tm ca ng bng v tm ca localizer-DDM tt nhin l c sp xp vi ng trung tm ca ng bng m rng v 2 bn ( theo hiu) ( hnh 13.2). Localizer chiu di rng 40 n 130 ft v c gn 6 n 20 anten. Mt s Localizer nh hng v cung cp tn hiu iu khin cho c tip cn trn v tip cn di hng i din.Mc d c 3 th loi anten khc nhau c s dng, hu ht cc anten mi v hin i c cung cp bi U.S.FAA l anten log-periodic-dipole ( LPD ) n cung cp pht x n hng ( Uni-directional ??) ( Hnh 13.6 ). N di 9 ft, c th lp t vi dy cp chng (guy-cable) v c c tnh bng rng tt. Mi dipole c iu khin bi mt ng truyn cn bng bn trong khung nm ngang ( horizontal supporting structure which), ni cch khc c cung cp t mng li ph hp ti forward end ??. Hn na bn trong cu trc ny, ng truyn song song ly mu tn hiu t 7 dipole.

clearance signals (Tn hiu khe h) , ni i hi ( Chia ct 13.5.2 ), c th cung cp bi gin anten chia tch hoc, trong bn v phc no , c course and clearance signals ( tin trnh ln khe h tn hiu ) l pht x t vi phn t ca mt gin. Trm dn hng h cnh loi III vi thnh phn LPD c trnh by trong Hnh 13.7.

13.5.3 The Glide SlopeC nm loi gin Glide Slope khc nhau thng dng: ba trong s l h thng nh v hai cn li l khng phi. Gin Image ph thuc vo phn x t mt t theo hng tip cn my bay to thnh cc m hnh bc x. Ba h thng Image l cc h thng null-reference vi hai anten c chng ( gn ) trn ct thng ng cch 14 v 28 ft trn mt t, h thng sideband-reference vi 2 anten cao 7 v 22 ft so vi mt t; v h thng capture- effect vi 3 anten cao 14, 28, v 42 ft so vi mt t.Nguyn l hot ng ca mi gin Image l nh nhau. Mt gin 2 phn t (A two-element array) c hnh thnh bi CSB anten v hnh nh ca n bn di mt t. Chiu cao ca ng ten CSB c chn sao cho cc tn hiu trc tip v tn hiu hnh nh s thm v to thnh mt "tng hp" mu bc x. Tng t nh vy, cc anten SBO c t trn ct gin hnh thnh vi hnh nh ca n cung cp mt "s khc bit" m hnh bc x vi null gc glide-path mong mun.Bi v mi anten v Image ca n hnh thnh 2 phn t giao thoa k (interferometer). Nhiu bp sng c sinh ra trong gin bc x nm ngang. Do , lch khng (false null) tn ti 2, 3, 4 Nhng li li (steering error) hin th fly down 2 bn 2 "fly away ti 3 v "fly up 2 bn 4 (hiu g cht lin). n nh u tin l 5 (the first stable null), ni tn hiu li li ng ( steering signals ). Dc ng ca ng bay l n nh ( 15 deg cho 3 deg ng trt ) gip cho d phn bit t ng bay ng. ng trt ct h cnh tin cy nht, l capture-effect array (hnh 13.8) c thit k hy b cc tn hiu CSB di khong 1.5 gim nng lng phn x t cc a hnh cao di ng tip cn h cnh (approach course). cung cp mt tn hiu fly-up mnh, 1 tn hiu 150Hz c bc x di ng glide-path. B p tn s, v s dng to bng cc " capture principle " (Phn 13.5.2) gim nhiu do phn x ca tn hiu phn x t cc a hnh.Nh th hin trong hnh 13.9, b mt zero-DDM ca Image array l hyperboloid trn xoay c trc i xng l ct anten glide slope. Lu rng, do vic s dng cc anten Image, b mt zero-DDM ny khng m rng n mt t, mc d ngun gc ca nn tim cn ca n l gn di cng ca ct. Na gc ca hnh nn tim cn l 87

ca 3 glide path. Mt mt phng thng ng cha ng tm ca ng bng ct zero-DDM hyperboloid trong mt hyperbol c tim cn l ng glide path l tng. Bi v gin anten glide slope c b p (offset ??) t ng trung tm, zero-DDM ng ng mc l 1 : 3 ft bn trn ( ng thng ) tim cn glide path ti inner marker, 2 n 6 ft bn trn ngng ca 150ft ng bng v 15 n 23 ft trn ng bng i din ct glide slope

13.5.4 ILS Marker BeaconsMi i chiu mt chm dc hnh qut l khong +- 40 rng dc theo ng ln ca +- 85 vung gc vi ng dn (im na cng sut) rng. im nh du bn ngoi (OM) c t di Tt nhin phng php neaar im glide-path nh chn (khong cch nhau 4-7 hi l t ngng ca). n c iu ch vi hai tn s 400 hz m morse du gch ngang mi giy. im nh du gia (MM) c t gn cc im m mt quyt nh nh-cch tip cn s cn phi c thc hin cho mt loi tip cn th tc (trn 3000 ft ngng). im nh du gia c iu ch vi mt tn s 1300 hz cp dash-dot mi giy. im nh du bn trong (IM) c th yu cu mt ng bng chng nhn cho catrgory II v III hot ng v c t gn cc im m cc ng ln cao 100 ft trn ng bng (trn danh ngha 1.000 ft trc ngng ca). im nh du bn trong c su im sn bay chm cao 2-10 ft v khng gim st.13.5.5 My Thu- Cc h thng my thu trn my bay in hnh thng l : my thu chuyn i i, my thu siu ngoi sai c thit k bng hnh thc iu ch AM. Lc ra sau khi d ra 2 knh tn s khc nhau l 90 v 150 Mhz 2 tn s m trong hu ht cc mch in c bn c chnh lu v a vo micro ampe k mt chiu. Mt DDM ca 0,175, vi mt iu ch 90hz ln (tri tt nhin), cung cp 150 uA ca hin ti v lm lch kim vi gii hn quy m trn bn phi (ch o phi). bn phi thn my, iu ch 150-Hz chim u th vi mt lch kim tng ng bn tri. Vic b tr cho cc ng ln kim dc l tng t. Knh hin th kim emu-mun. Khi tip cn theo hng ngc li v pha sau Tt nhin, vng nhin kim c o ngc (nng t ng ngha l "ch o tri"),. Khng ln - tn hiu ng c mt pha sau kha hc. Cc my to - thu beacon l mt ming pha l tinh luyn nhn kim sot, c nh - iu chnh n 75Mhz. Hu ht u c b lc m thanh iu khin nh sng mu trong mt ch th bung li. Tus, ngoi cc nhc m thanh, cc du hiu bn ngoi dc hin th mu tm trn bng iu khin; im nh du gia bngmt n mu h phch; v nh du bn trong bng mt n trng. Cht ch hi ha cc tiu chun thit b trong khng kh v thng s k thut c sn xut bi RTCA v ARINC M v bi EUROCAE.

13.5.6 ILS LimitationsCc hn ch ln ca ILS l s nhy cm ca n vi mi trng. Ti cc tn s ILS hot ng, rng chm tia rt hp, cn thit trnh nh sng ng k ca mi trng xung quanh qu trnh tip cn, i hi cc cu trc mng l qu ln c thc t. S gim st chnh xc (chm un cong) do phn x t cc ta nh, a hnh, my bay trn khng, my baych, v cc phng tin mt t Vn ny c bit cng thng i vi cc mng nghing, ni gc ngng nng ca ng ln i hi m ng knh ln gim s phn x mt t p ng cc gii hn nghim ngt li ng gn ngng ng bng. Nhng phn x (a ng ) tn hiu trn vi tn hiu trc tip vo my bay v gy ra nhng khc cua trong ng ln (cc tn hiu nhn c l tng ca tt c cc nng lng tc thi khi n ng ten ca my bay, trong c phn nh, Hnh 13.12). Vic s dng cc mng hnh nh gip tiu gim kch thc vt l dc ln nhng i hi mt khu vc rng ln ca a hnh theo hng tip cn c cn h trong vng 1/4 bc sng. t c mc II v III hot ng, cc ng ln phi c t do un cong sc nt (mc d khng nht thit phi thng) xung n cao 50 ft (ngng), ni cho php 95% sai s + -4 ft c chia u gia thin v v cc thnh phn un cong (Bng 13.3).

- Khu thng ng nh cc nguyn t localizer ng ten in hnh to ra mt omni - m hnh thng ng hng. Phn x t my bay ct cnh (hoc thc hin mt cch tip cn b l) c th gy ra nhng khc cua ca + -20 UA, m vn tn ti cho ti chng 10 giy. un cong nh kt hp vi cc c tnh li ca localizer + - 22ft ngng ca ca mt ng bng di. C th di chuyn cc nhin ngoi gii hn ng bang .li bay ngoi c kim sot trong qu trnh hot ng cth bng cch tng khong cch gia cc my bay tip cn v vng khi hnh.-My bay v xe trn b mt sn bay, c bit l trn cc ng ln gn ng ten, c th phn nh tn hiu ILS v gy ra li ng k cng cc phng php tip cn ng dn. Kinh nghim cho thy rng cc li phn nh mt c th c loi b ch bi giao thng pro-hibiting cc vng nhy cm ca sn bay trong thi gian hot ng, tm nhn thp. Kch hot ca nhng "khu vc quan trng v nhy cm '' lm gim cng sut sn bay [5g]. Cc localizer l b nhiu sng t cc trm FM mnh m. y l mt vn c bit trong tc nghn Bc u, ICAO ban hnh stan-tiu cho ILS thu vi ci tin c FM sejection, sffective vo nm 1998.13.6 H thng h cnh bng song viba-Trong thi gian cui nm 1960, cc yu cu ca hng khng dn dng c d bo s vt qu kh nng ca ILS, cc dch v qun s M, trong hn mt thp k, pht trin h thng hng dn cch tip cn song vi ba h tr dep chin thut v hot ng tu sn bay (phn 13,8). trong nm 1974, ICAO g prooposals t cc nc thnh vin cho mt h thng hng dn mi replece ILS nh l tiu chun quc t v hng khng dn dng [4d].Thit k tm cch m gi li cc tnh nng mong mun ca ILS trong khi gim thiu nhng im yu ca n. Cc kin trc ng bng thng tr ca ILS c chuyn sang MLS, bi v nh cc phng php tip cn my bay h cnh trn ng bng, hiu s tuyn tnh (do sai st trong cc hng dn gc) lin tc gim, trong khi t l tn hiu-to-noise thng tng. My thu, trong giai on i hi kht khe nht ca cc chuyn bay gn mt t, chnh xc v tr lin tc minh imp v ni dung ting n thng c decreasting.im yu chnh ca ILS, n l s nhy cm vi mi trng (mc 13.5.6), v c bn s c loi b bi cc anten chm hp chiu rng m c th cht nh tn s microwace. Kt qu l, mt tiu chun duy nht, chnh xc, tng ng vi loi III ILS, c la chn cho MLS. Ngoi ra, tn s vi sng, thiu cc knh c sn, lm hn ch nhiu trin khai ILS trong khu vc th, s khng cn l mt vn .Nm 1978 ICAO ngh cc tia qut thi gian tham kho MLS pro-ro do autralia v cc quc gia thng. Nm 1985, ICAO adopled MLS tiu chun v thng qua mt qu trnh chuyn i t ILS n MLS bt u t nm 1998. Tuy nhin, vo ma xun nm 1995, nhn ra cc ng dng nh v v tinh h cnh chnh xc, ICAO ngh rng cc tiu chun cho c hai ILS v MLS nn ng v 15 n 20 nm ti, theo tiu chun M d on cho cc h thng h cnh da vo v tinh. Nm 1987, ARINC ban hnh mt c im k thut cho mt com bined ILS-MLS nhn [31].13.6.1 Format tn hiu.- Mt MLS c bn bao gm cc gc phng v v cc trm mt t c cao v mt DME thng thng nh v 3D v cc kha hc tip cn n 40 hai bn ng trung tm v 15 cao trn ng bng. mt MLS m rng c th bao gm mt back - trm azimuth cho i / nh - tip cn hng dn bn phi + - 40 ca ng trung tm, bo him tip cn cng thm + - 60 deg ca ng trung tm, v mt DME chnh xc hn.- Cc trm mt t MLS truyn c hai gc v chc nng d liu (tin nhn) vo mt trong 200 tn s trong khong t 5031,7 Mhz v 5190.7MHz. Mi chc nng truyn bt u vi mt on u nh phn c m ha theo kiu khc, c iu ch bng 2 pha. Thit lp cc giai on vn chuyn trong vic thu airbone gii m thng ip li ni u, cung cp mt m s tng quan 5-bit nh l mt tham chiu thi gian, v xc nh cc chc nng c truyn i. Li ni u c bc x t thp - t c, c nh - m hnh n ten gc phng v (Az) v cao (El) Trm m in vo cc khi bo him tip cn. V vy, t l bit li chp nhn c ca cc giai on khc bit - phm shift (DPSK) truyn ti 20 hi l gii hn xc nh cng sut my pht (khong 20W) cn thit trong cc trm mt t.

13.6.2 The Angle FunctionsCc yu cu cho vic m ha gc t l ph sng rng khp cc lnh vc c thc hin bng cch qut mt m hnh ng-ten thu hp. i vi Az anten, chiu rng chm tia ng-ten c th c la chn nh vy , khi my bay gn ng trung tm m rng, khng mong mun (multipath) phn x t nh cha my bay rng ln dc theo ng bng s n ng-ten trn khng sm hn hoc mun hn mong mun (trc tip-path) tn hiu. Tng t nh vy, i vi cc ng ten cao chc nng qut theo chiu dc, cc beamwidth ng-ten c la chn trnh nhiu t cc tn hiu phn x t mt t khi qut vi gc cao yu cu thp nht, Hnh 13.14. Lu rng phn nh nng lng c th n trc nng lng trc tip nu chm tia qut soi sng mt i tng gn trc khi n chiu sng cc my bay h cnh.MLS qun u vi ng-ten qut c hc s dng mt giai iu khc nhau m thanh (hoc mt chui xung) m ha cc gc tr trn m hnh qut chm tia. Cc c m tn (hoc m xung) iu ch trn cc tu sn bay RF, m i din cc gc tr tc thi, c pht hin khi cc m hnh chiu sng qut ca my bay MLS ng-ten (Phn 13.8.3). FAA thng qua khong thi gian gia cc on k tip ca tia khng iu ch nh l mt phng php hiu qu ca m ha gc. iu ny lm gim yu cu bng tn v tng thch vi cc cao (in t) gi qut. Trong h thng ny, cc gc m ha l mt hm tuyn tnh ca thi gian, nh sau:Q V(7o - t)9=2ni 9 l phng v hoc cao theo hng dn gc , V l vn tc qut (thng thng l 20 / msec), T0 l gi tr ca s khc bit thi gian ti mt phng ng trung tm dc (chc nng Az) hoc ti mt phng ngang qua trung tm giai on (El chc nng) trong mili giy, v t l khong thi gian trong mil-liseconds gia TO, v on FRO ca trng tm ca chm tia ti my bay. Mt nh dng gc truyn hon chnh c th hin trong hnh 13.15 [4a].Tc qut cao (20.000 / sec) cung cp khong 40 mu mi second ca d liu gc, mt t l cao hn mi ln so vi cn thit kim sot my bay. Lc t l cao ny ti u ra my thu c th lm gim ng k cc li gc do s can thip a ng v "ting n" cc ngun khc.Mt ng ten qut mng in t l mt mng ca bc x phn t vi mt mng li thc n kt hp chm tr tuyn truyn bin (v d, mt "phased array"). Nhng mng gy ra cc m hnh ng-ten xoay bi "giai on chuyn dch" (tr hon) cc tn hiu RF c cung cp cho mi phn t ta ra theo mt nh trctrnh t c lu tr trong b nh my tnh v c s liu ti thi im thch hp trong cc nh dng tn hiu, Hnh 13.16 [9] .Elevation chc nng cht lng theo hng dn dc l kh khn nht cung cp, do s phn x tn hiu lun hin din t mt t. Mt dc-pattern chiu rng chm tia ng-ten ca 2 hoc t hn l cn thit, trong trng hp khng tng a hnh di con ng tip cn, trnh s can thip t cc phn nh mt t t cc thy ln gc glidepath thp hn (v d, 2,5 ), hnh 13.14 b. Cc ng-ten cao MLS h tr mc II v III hot ng c rng chm tia theo chiu dc t 1,5 n 1,0 , to ra ti 5 GHz ca mng theo tng giai on 8-12 ft cao. Bi v thy bn m hnh thng ng c phn nh t mt t pha trc ca mng cao, cc ng-ten c thit k ngn chn thy bn 30 dB hoc nhiu hn di mc nh chnh-thy gc phn nh quan trng. Cc m hnh bn trong cc mng cao l mt fan hm m c nh hnh gim bt nh hng ca phn x t my bay ch ct cnh hoc t cc ta nh.Sau khi truyn li ni u, cc mng cao c qut t mc thp nht n cao nht gc. iu ny "TO-SCAN" bt u hi thp ngang v c th kt thc cao nh 32 DEG, mc d gii hn trn 15 DEG l in hnh ca nm 1996 thit k thit b. Vic qut tm dng mt thi gian ngn trc khi bt u "SCAN FRO-", tr li vi gii hn gc ngng thp [4a].Chc nng Azimuth Mt chc nng phng v cung cp hng dn bn trong cch tip cn ngnh (forward), v mt chc nng back-azimuth cung cp guidance bn trong khu vc khi hnh / nh-tip cn. Trong khi cc nh dng tn hiu trong hai lnh vc khc nhau, h l tng ng v mt nguyn tc v c truyn bi trm mt t tng t. Nhng thch thc theo hng dn phng v chnh xc l bao ph thp hn yu cu ng bng v s n p ca nhiu phn x t cc cu trc bn (v d, nh cha my bay ln). Mt chiu rng chm ngang-m hnh ca 2 DEG l thng tha ng cho ng bng di hn 8.000 ft; ng bng di hn thng i hi mt thy chnh 1-DEG, Hnh 13.14a. Cc mi quan h kch thc in v vt l ca khu l ging nh cc mng cao v tn s truyn dn l nh nhau. Bi v thy bn pattern bn c phn nh t cc cu trc gc rng, n p cc thy bn l t nghim ngt hn i vi cc mng cao. Nh vy, thy pha in hnh gn thy ln b suy gim 25 dB hoc nhiu hn so vi cc thy ln. Cc m hnh theo chiu dc ca mng gc phng v l mt fan hm m, hnh gc thp hn gim bin ca cc phn x t mt t v gc cao hn ngn chn cc phn x t overflying my bay.Sau khi truyn ti mt cch tip cn phng v hoc li ni u back-azimuth, cc mng azimuth-giai on c qut chiu kim ng h (nhn t pha trn) t ti thiu n ti a gc tr (v d, t "40 qua zero (trn ng trung tm) vi 40 deg ). Ngnh 80 y l TO-SCAN hn back-azimuth, mc d mt phin bn ca phng v tip cn c th cung cp mt khu vc 120 [4a]. Vic qut tm dng mt thi gian ngn trc khi bt u FRO-SCAN tr li vi gc phng v ti thiu.13.6.3 Cc chc nng d liuGing nh truyn gc hm, truyn d liu t bt u vi mt on u c cha mt m nhn dng cho mt "c bn" hoc "ph tr" d liu t. Sau phn m u, cc mc c xc nh trc cc d liu c truyn t cc anten li m u trong khong thi gian cho php, s dng cng mt DPSK m ha chng trnh, li ni u. Cc m ha khc bit cung cp sc khng tt can thip a, k t gii m hoc cc tn hiu trc tip hoc phn nh sn lng cc thng tin tng t, (tc l, thay i = 1, khng thay i = 0).Basic-Data Words Tm t c bn d liu cha thng tin v cc trm mt t MLS l cn thit cho hot ng ca MLS nhn [4a]. Mi t c cha 26 bit thng tin cng vi 2 bit chn l. Bao gm nhn dng c s, gii hn t l-theo hng dn, gc ln con ng ti thiu, di ng bng, v nh vy trong nhng li ny. Tt c MLS ci t phi truyn ti tt c tm ch c bn d liu.Auxiliary-Data Words Ngc li, s lng t ph tr d liu c m rng ph hp vi nhu cu a phng, v s lng d liu truyn c gii hn bi thi gian d tha c sn trong nh dng tn hiu [4a]. Mi t c cha 57 bit thng tin cng vi 7 bit chn l. Nhng li ph tr d liu c gii iu ch trong MLS thu v sn lng trc tip cho mt n v avionic (v d, mt mn hnh) hoc mt bus d liu. Nu a ch ca h thng in t trn tu hp c chun ha, tm bit thng tin u tin ca t c th l a ch ca cc h thng in t nhn c. Cc bit cn li c th bao gm thng tin t d liu thi tit waypoint ta cho mt (RNAV) th tc hi khu vc c th lin quan n ng bng ny [18b].

13.6.4 Aircraft Anten v ReceiversMt chic my bay ln (v d nh, B-747) c th c mt ng-ten trn khu vc bung li cho bo him v pha trc v mt thn di ui cho bo him v pha sau. Cc nh dng tn hiu phng v cung cp mt khong thi gian cho ngi nhn chn cc ng-ten vi cc tn hiu mnh hn. Ngoi ra, sng l vi sng c cung cp pha sau mi che radar mi trong mt s ci t (v d, trn USAF C-130) cho cc tip cn thc. My bay nh hn c th t c cc yu cu bo him bn pha trc 70 DEG ch vi mt ng ten n thng trn bung li. Cc ng-ten gn trn c th l cung khong 0.6-in. cao hoc trn my bay hiu sut cao, mt khe cm tun ra gn kt. Ni chung, cc MLS nhn khng c RF amplification; tn hiu vo my trn thng qua mt b lc c nh bao gm cc ban nhc MLS. Sau IF, cc preambles v t d liu c gii iu ch trong mt vng kha pha c ng lc la chn trong vic xem xt thi gian t l bit li v tn hiu thu mong mun. Ngi nhn gii m cc t c bn d liu s dng ni b v chuyn cc t ph tr d liu thng qua cc h thng in t xe but d liu. Cc phong b video to ra t ng TO-FRO cc chm tia qut c x l theo con ng khc o thi gian tri qua gia on dm v xc nhn chiu rng phong b v bin . S thng nht ca cc kim tra xc nhn s gia continuous mt quy t tin ngi nhn c th duy tr theo di s hin din ca gai ting n tm thi hoc cc tn hiu a ng.Tuy nhin, mt tn hiu lin tc ca bin ln hn so vi tn hiu c theo di s gim cc truy cp t tin v gy ra cc nhn th cc track cur thu v c c cc tn hiu ln hn sau khi s t tin l s khng. Nhn chung, thit k nhn MLS ang tp trung vo mt b vi x l. i vi loi II, III hot ng, ci t nhn kp hoc triplicated c yu cu (Mc 13.2).13.6.5 Mobile MLSQun i M devloped MLS di ng (MMLS) c vn chuyn bi mt nhm ba ngi n ng v c ci t trong mi 30 pht cho DME / P hoc cao trm azimuth- trn ng bng ln n 12.000 ft di [19]. Kt qu kim tra hot ng ban u thun li t c trong nm 1993, v h thng sn xut c th nghim vo nm 1995 (Hnh 13.17).Cc thng s k thut chnh xc cho cc MMLS c da trn Danh mc yu cu I v II ILS hn l trn (tc l, mc III) chun MLS chnh xc; Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu bc x ph hp vi cc nh dng tn hiu MLS. Nhng yu cu v chnh xc thoi mi c la chn cho php anten qut nh hn (vi rng chm tia rng hn) hn s l in hnh ca ci t vnh vin. Mc d khu ng ten c gim trng lng nh hn, hiu sut MMLS p ng cc tiu chun MLS tr cao di 100 ft.13.6.6 chnh xc DME (DME / P)Mt thit b o khong cch L-band chnh xc (DME) ( 100 ft ti ngng ng bng, 95%) c pht trin song song vi MLS tng chnh xc khi s dng phm vi MLS tnh ton v tr ba chiu ca my bay i vi ng bng (ch RNAV) [4a], (i vi mt m t ca DME thng thng, xem Phn 4.4.6.) cc transponder v thm vn thit k cho DME / P l hon ton tng thch vi DME thng thng (DME / N) nh vy m tip nhn ca DME tn hiu / P vi mt my thu DME / N ci thin chnh xc nhng khng nhn ra thc hin y .Ly ci thin chnh xc iu ny i hi mt xung nhanh hn tng thi gian tng chnh xc gy ra mt bng thng rng hn. N lm gim sc mnh transponder bc x v sc mnh c gii thiu trong cc knh L-band lin k [4a], Nhng cn dn cch xc nh hai phng thc hot ng, mt cch tip cn ban u (IA) ch s dng cc dng xung Gaussian ca DME / N v mt in thp hn li thc tip cn (FA) ch s dng mt xung composite vi mt risetime ngn hn, im ngng trc , v cc tiu chun Gaussian thi gian phn r [20], Nh vy, DME / P hot ng ch IA t ranh gii ngoi vng ph sng MLS 8 hi l tnh t anten DME / P, ni thm vn bt u thay i m xung khong cch hon thnh qu trnh chuyn i sang ch FA bng im 7 hi l.Thng thng, cc DME / P transponder nm vi trm tip cn phng v MLS nhng hot ng c lp trn cc tn s kt hp cng c s dng vi cc ILS (Phn 13.5.2). Dn DME thu c tiu chun ha bi ARINC [32a],13,7 V TINH LANDING H THNGNgay c trc khi h thng nh v ton cu (GPS) (Chng 5) c tuyn b hot ng ca Hoa K trong nm 1993, nhng n lc c thc hin s dng n tip cn v h cnh. Nhng n lc sau ny tham gia cc GLONASS ca Nga (Phn5.6) v c th dn n s kt hp ca GPS Glonass, v cc v tinh khc vo mt Navigation H thng v tinh ton cu (GNSS, mc 5.7).Mt khi nim gi l hot ng c bit Th loi I hot ng tip cn chnh xc S dng DGPS, da trn GPS khc bit (DGPS) k thut (chng 5.5.9), c pht trin, th nghim v chng nhn cho cc sn bay c th (mc5.5.9 v 5.5.10, v Bng 5.7). Cc kt qu th nghim ca DGPS rt c trin vng (Refs. [66-68] Chng 5). Tuy nhin, yu cu duy nht ca tip cn v h cnh cc giai on lin quan n tnh chnh xc, tnh ton vn v tnh sn sng (Mc 5.7.1) vi dn n s pht trin ca cc phng php GPS augmentation b sung, c tho lun trong phn tip theo.13.7.1 Augmentation ConceptsGPS c bn, m khng sa cha khc bit, khng th l phng tin ch yu ca iu hng cho tip cn chnh xc v h cnh hot ng do cc hn ch sau y:1. chnh xc. Cc li ng danh ngha l 150 mt, so vi require-ments khong 8 mt cho loi I, 4 mt cho mc II, v 1.3 mt cho mc III (phn 13.5.2, Bng 13.3).2. Integrity. Cc thit k GPS thiu mt h thng gim st c th cung cp nhng cnh bo kp thi ca cc t gy theo hng dn d liu trong vng 10 giy cho loi I, hoc t hn 2 giy cho loi III.3. C. S lng cc v tinh trong xem trong khong thi gian nht nh c th khng y .i vi phng php tip cn chnh xc khng chnh xc v loi I, cc hn ch nu trn d kin s c gim nh bng cch Wide Area H thng ca FAA Augmentation (WAAS, mc 5.7.3), m c pht trin vo nm 1996. WAAS c th c b sung bng GPS khc bit a phng (LDGPS) trm nm gn ng bng. C th, cc WAAS s gii quyt ba hn ch nu trn bng cch cung cp (1) GPS khc bit gia khu vc rng (WADGPS) sa li, (2) pht sng ton vn t (GIB), v (3) mt chc nng GPS khc nhau, t ba hoc bn a tnh v tinh cung cp sn c b sung hoc tin cy (Ref. [69] Chng 5 v [5F] Chng 13]. cc chi tit ca WAAS c m t trong Chng 5.7.3. h tr mc II v III h cnh hot ng, cc yu cu b sung i vi tnh chnh xc v theo di phn ng ln c th t c vi mt trm tham chiu GPS khc bit v mt cao tnh ton vn t-i-khng lin kt d liu nm gn ng bng h cnh, to thnh mt a phng khc bit GPS (LDGPS) cu hnh (chng 5.5.9). Hot ng LDGPS dn n hy gn nh hon ton li do lch thin vn v tinh, ng h b p, sn c chn lc, v i lu / tuyn truyn tng in ly, li ch yu l nhng li do s can thip a tn hiu v ting n ngi nhn. Cc trm tham chiu ng bng (c gim st thch hp) c th cung cp nhng cnh bo ton vn trong thi gian p ng yu cu ca 1-2 giy. Thm kh augmentation c th c cung cp bi cc WAAS, bi mt tiu chun thi gian chnh xc trn my bay, v bi pseudolites (Chng 5.7.1) nm dc theo con ng cui cng, tip cn hoc trn sn bay. Nm 1996, FAA M ang iu tra tnh kh thi ca mc II v Hot ng III DGPS [5F].13.7.2. Nghin cu vn :- tr thi gian ch d liu l 2s th khng th chp nhn c trong qu trnh h cnh ca loi 111. S cn thit cho vic hiu chnh chnh lch thng tin c truyn i bng sng v tuyn t trm mt t v qu trnh x l trn tu bay c th chm i so vi v tr gii quyt vi giy trc khi n c th sn sng cho phi cng v h thng iu khin chuyn bay; Delays c th c gim trong cc tnh ton mt t. tnh ton trn tu bay, trn thit k my thu( nh dch Doppler ca sng mang c th o vecto vn tc ca my bay trong khong thi gian ch) hoc bi vic trn gia d liu v tinh v qun tnh. Mt nh c lng( nh Kalman filter) c th kt hp d liu nh v lu vi lch s vn tc ca tu bay cung cp mt c tnh chnh xc v v tr hin ti ca tu bay.- Giao thoa sng v tuyn RF- Mc cng sut thp t tu v tr lm cho h thng h cnh da trn v tinh d b nh hng bi giao thoa sng RF v nhiu my thu nhiu hn qu trnh h cnh bng ILS v MLS. Nm 1996, nhng nh hng ny c nghin cu chuyn su.- Hiu ng a ng- Tn hiu v tinh phn x t a vt hoc nhng i tng mt t ti anten ca tu bay l nh, cho ng dn sng mang ca tu bay, nhng tn hiu phn x ti cc trm khc nhau l nh hn. Thit lp v tr tiu chun, tng t nh nhng khu vc gii hn pht trin sn bay nh ILS v MLS, c kh nng c yu cu m bm tnh ton vn13.6.CARRIER-LANDING SYSTEMS( h thng h cnh tu sn bay)13.8.1Description of the Problem( M t vn )- Tu bay hot ng tuwg cc tu sn bay ln, trong c khong 20 tu sn bay trn ton th gii, Mi kho d tr tu sn bay c t hn 100 tu bay v my bay trc thng. Nhng my bay ln thng v tu bay ct v h cnh ngang (VTOL) th c hot ng ti tu sn bay nh hn, c khong 300 trn ton th gii, C Xp x 1000 tu sn bay tng thch trn th gii, khong 2000 my bay trc thng hi qun v khong 250 tu bay VTOL (nm 1996, AV8 jump-jets).- M hnh boong tu( pha trn ca tu) h cnh ca tu sn bay di 600 ft rng 100 ft ( Hnh 13.18). im tip t chnh l 180 ft pha trc mc ngng ca ng bng ti trung tm ca khu vc thit b dy cp, ni ny di 120 ft v rng 75 ft. Hai hoc ba dy cp c ko ngang qua boong tu pha trc im ny v hai hoc ba ci ui tu ; nhng im ny cch nhau khong 40 ft . ng phun ca tu bay tip cn boong tu ca tu sn bay ti vn tc khng kh ln n 125 dm; Vn tc tng i ca ng phun vi boong tu l thp hn do gi qua boong tu bnh thng khong 30 dm- Phn tip cn , thng c gi l trt dc, nm trong mt phng thng ng cha ng bng trung tm v nghing dc 3.50 so vi im tip cn trn bin ( 4 0 so vi s di chuyn ca boong tu bay).My bay vt ngng ti mt on hook to ramp thng thong ti 11 ft v h cnh khong 1s sau khng cn phi chiu sng. Khitrt dc tc ca n t 10-13 ft/sec. Mt my bay c th c h cnh mi pht bi h thng h cnh t ng. Nhiu nh hai ln mi pht l thit b h cnh trong thi tit VFR. Boong tu nng ln mt cch thng ng vi tiu chun lch khong 4-5 ft., vi bnh tiu chun lch trung bnh l 2,30-50 , dc vi tiu chun lch trung bnh l 10, s chch hng( lch ng bng) vi mt tiu chun lch l 1,80 trong qu trnh my bay tip cn. Ph tn s ca s chuyn ng my bay ang c bn lun v mi lin h pha ca chng th hin qua hnh di. s nng ln 1 ft l nguyn nhn thay i 1 ft ngng thng thong v thay i 14 ft im tip t.- dc l nguyn nhn thay i 9 ft trong ngng thng thong v thay i 80 ft trong im tip t . nh hng ca s dch chuyn tu bay tc ng ti vn tc ti tip t. H cnh ban m trn boong tu ca tu sn bay l kh khn nht v nhim v nguy him trong ngnh hng khng- Gi mnh v gy ra chuyn ng v pha trc l nguyn nhn gy ra gi trn boong tu gia 20-40 dm; Tu c li ti ni c gi tng i lu lm nghing bung iu khin trn my bay . S dch chuyn pha trc ca tu h tr cho phi hnh on bi lm gim tc h cnh tng i ca boong tu, nhng n l nguyn nhn lm tri dy nhiu lon khng kh gy tr ngi cho vic h cnh. Vic di khng kh c th c phn chia thnh nhng thnh phn di y:+Di trng thi c nh nguyn nhn bi lin quan gi qua boong tu v tng trn xung quanh( island), gy ra ting di ti ngng v s trt h cnh. Thnh phn ngang v dc ca Di trng thi c nh cho mt sn tu bay Forrestal-class th hin hnh+ Di nhiu, do chuyn ng gc v s nng ln ca tu, trng hp thay i bt thng vi tiu chun dch chuyn trung bnh 2ft/s( chiu ngang) v 4ft/s( chiu dc) v di trng thi c nh. Nhng trng hp ny c th b qua mc ngng ui tu l 2000 ft Tu bay c ln vng ch h cnh trong khi ang mang theo nhng mu hng (chim) 8 n 12 hi l pha sau ti cao 4000 n 40000ftTheo s iu khin ca kim sot vin khng lu qua i pht thanh radar, chng c li vo qu o h cao t t cho n khi nm trong vng ph sng ca SPN-41 v SPN-46 (h thng cng c h cnh)Phi cng c tch ra khi vic phi gi nhng mu hng khi n qu o ny v c th bay theo kim hin th trn mn hnh bung li.

Figure 13.18 Canted-deck aircraft carrier showing installation of SPN-46/42, SPN-41, and FLOLS (courtesy of U.S. Naval Air Engineering Center).- nghing boong tu ca tu sn bay th hin qua c s SPN-46/42, SPN-41, v FLOLS ( tc phong ca trung tm k s hi qun hng khng US )

hoc c th th chuyn qua ch t ng cho h thng ACLS. Ngoi ra, phi cng cng c th c cung cp tn hiu t mt h thng ng knh quang hc c tn l "meatball," Hnh 13.19.Mt chic my bay thc hin tip cn tht bi t cao thp c gi l mt boiler . Bolters bay n mt im gi TACAN xc nh n th chuyn vi cc tu sn bay . Cc ACLS c kh nng h cnh mt my bay"Hands off," mang n cho Hi qun Hoa K kh nng hot ng trong iu kin tm nhn l 0-0. Nm 1996, ACLS c th h cnh mt chic F-18 xung ng h chnh xc hn so vi trung bnh 1 phi cng F-18 lm.Tuy nhin, trong iu kin bnh thng cc hot ng hng khng khng th tip tc khi tm nhn gim xung di \ to |.hi l hoc cao gim xung di 200 ftNgi iu khin khng sn lng ph thuc vo ACLS khi iu kin tm nhn ch cn 0-0, ngoi tr trng hp khn cp hay c chin tranh13.8.2Optical Landing Aids:( h thng n quang hc h h cnh)Trong nhng ngy u ca cc tu sn bay, tin ngi ra tn hiu hng dn phi cng h cnh bng cch mi tay s dng mt ci paddle. Tn hiu t LSO gm cc nh n mu v m thanh thoi . cc gng c c nh vo boong c s dng trong nhng nm 1950 h tr phi cng vo ng ct h cnh bng cch chiu mt hnh nh nh sng dc theo con ng.V s xoay vng ca bong nn, cc h tr l cc my con quay hi chuyn n nh. Nm 1968, cc tm gng bt u c thay th bng mt mng dc nm ng knh Fresnel (Hnh 13.19) cho cc phi cng thy mt im vng ("meatball") l ci di chuyn theo chiu dc tng i vi mt thanh ngang chiu sng mu xanh l cy. Cc mng c gi l " h thng h cnh ng knh quang Fresnel (FLOLS) [29]. rng chum tia ca mi ng knh l khong 5 mrad. Bi v nm ng knh c t cch nhau khong hn 3 ft, cc chum nh sng st nhau chng cho vt hn 1.000 ft, nn phi cng khng th d dng c tnh s d chuyn ca h trn hoc di cc ng h cnh t 2000-4000 ft. cc im mu vng ch a ra cc tn hiu dc.trc quang chnh ca h thng c servoed cun v di chuyn sn tu nhng khng nng ln, mc d phng php "b v tr tn hiu vng " c xut n l th m s chnh xc cho c 3 [25]. Gc ch ca ng knh s c iu chnh theo mt hm bc hai ca s nng ln theo cch tng t nh cc d liu t cc gc ACLS radar kim sot c b vo (Phn 13.8.3). s b sung ny ny khng c thc hin v "v tr tn hiu vng" thng c chia s bi hai my bay trn tip cn h cnh ng thi.13.8.3 Electronic Landing Aids (ch Aids ko bit dch nn c tiu l vy )Hai h thng h cnh in t c tm thy trn tt c cc hng my bay ln ca M. Cc ACLS lin quan n hai Radar Ka-band c qut theo hnh nn ging ht nhau (SPN-46 hoc SPN-42) t pha sau ca o khong 125 v 135 ft trn dng nc. H c th theo di hai my bay cng mt lc, v nu mun, c th tn hiu ng ln hng dn my bay li t ng . Mt cm bin c lp (SPN-41)s gim st cc phng php tip cn. SPN-41 bao gm mt my pht Ku-band v mt my thu khng kh / b x l. Cc my thu o chuyn v gc t ng trt.H thng t ng Carrier Landing C SPN-42 v k tha ca n, SPN- 46, l nhng h thng theo di radar khc nhau ch yu trong cc ng-ten. Hnh 13.20 cho thy mt trong nhng anten tn s kp SPN-46. SPN-42 c trang b thm vi mt parabol X-band nh khi cc cnh bo my bay c thm vo hn ch cc li gy ra bi "s chch hng" khng gian ca hiu ng da. C hai h thng radar pht ra cc xung ngn / a-band v nhn c tr li t mt n hiu X-band (APN-202 hoc APN-154) cng nh / TFL-band hiu ng da. Xung Radar, c iu ch bi cc chm tia hnh nn-qut, c pht hin bi b thu my bay v cc d liu c tr v cho cc radar trong cc hnh thc ca thi gian n v ngun ca mt xung t n magnetron X-band ca ngn hi ng. c tnh phm vi v gc c hnh thnh trn tu bng cch x l thng thng ca cc tn hiu X-band. chinha xc gc cnh ch yu l mt chc nng ca cc m hnh chm hnh nn qut / Ta-band (X-band nhn chm l tng i rng). Sai st trong chuyn xung chiu cao ca ng ln n ngn hi ng X-band c xu hng hy b trong b x l theo di radar.D liu c o bng h thng radar / n hiu c s ha v gi n mt my tnh ACLS trung tm ci m iu khin bng lnh dnh cho cc ch t li ca my bay trong ng rnh ph hp cho my bay bay xung ng trt. Cc d liu c truyn n my bay qua mt knh d liu UHF "Link 4"

Hnh 13.20 antenna SPN-46

[26]. Cc phi cng c cc ty chn ca vic kt ni my li t ng n cc ACLS, bay my bay t '' needles (dch l ci kim hoc hnh thp nhn)" c iu khin bng d liu ACLS, hoc l" talked down (ni chuyn xung) "bi mt b iu khin tu. Mt hng dn h cnh vi ACLS ging nh mt cch tip cn mt t iu khin trn mt t.[27] SPN-41 gim st h cnh c lp .H thng ny bao gm mt my pht Klc n c iu khin ring bit phng v v cao anten .Mc d hng ng b, cc anten chm tia hnh qut qut theo chiu ngang v theo chiu dc l n v ring bit .Mt phn x parabol nh, cung cp mt chm tia hnh qut ng m qut cc khu vc gc phng v 20 ; cui ca qut cc my pht c chuyn sang chc nng qut theo chiu dc ,chum tia hnh qut c hnh thnh bi mt ng-ten in t c hc dao ng phn cui ca mt thanh xon ngn .Ngi nhn my bay chuyn i cp xung pht AVband ngn IF v video. Khong cch gia cc cp xc nh phng v hoc cao chum tia, v khong cch gia cc cp gc ch nh ca mnh. D ch bin s dng thng tin trong bin c tnh gc phng v v cao my bay gc so vi ng trt mong mun, ci m sau li my nh v v kim ng lt h cnh trong my bay. Trn t lin SPN-41 c s dng cho khong cch chuyn ng qua li lc h cnh trong nhng nm 1980 v 1990.Hnh 13.18 cho thy v tr ca cc SPN-41 phng v v cao antennas trn tu. SPN-41 c chia s bi tt c chui h cnh cc my bay. ng-ten c n nh trong ln v mt sn nhng khng c b cho vic nng ln. K t khi n truyn ti nhng thng tin khng c nhiu v khng c lin kt d liu, cc SPN-41 khng th c s dng nh mt ACLS. Thc t ph bin l s dng SPN-41 tn hiu khong cch tng i di (20-30 hi l) cho s hng dn thu c ACLS. N cng phc v nh l mt mn hnh ca SPN-42/46 thng tin gc cho n khi tu bay ang trong vng 12 giy ca vic tip t.SPN-35 phng php Radar (PAR)chnh xc. Mt vi hng my bay c cnh c nh mang SPN-35 nh mt bn sao lu cho SPN-46 hoc SPN-42. Tuy nhin, cng ging nh trong hng khngthng mi, Pars t khi c s dng bi v chng ph thuc vo mt nh iu hnh c o to.Trong nm 1996, c hn 20 LHA, LHD, v LPH tu tn cng m ch mang SPN-43 (phng php gim st) v SPN-35 ci cch hnh chnh cho vic h cnh tm nhn thp ca my bay trc thng v my bay VTOL nh AV-8Harrier. Tm nhn thp khng chnh xc c th c thc hin vi TACAN (Chng 4).

13,9 XU HNG TNG LAI13.9.1 Pilot AidsNm 1996, mt s cng ngh ang c theo ui lm gim khi lng cng vic th im trong cch tip cn v h cnh hoc ci thin kh nng ca phi cng theo di mt h cnh t ng.H thng th gic nng cao, chng hn nh radar ch ng sng milimet (MMWR) v hng ngoi (FLIR) d th ng hng ti tng lai, c th to ra mt hnh nh nhn to ca ng bng v d kin n trn mt mn hnh hin th nhn ln . Pht trin MMWR tp trung vo 35 v 94 GHz ni truyn RF "windows" tn ti trong bu kh quyn. Cc tn s cao hn (3 mm bc sng) cho phn gii tt hn, nhng tn s thp hn (9-mm bc sng) i hi t in nng hn thm nhp vo ma. Ngay c nhng bc sng ngn, hn ch vt l hn ch rng chm ln khong 0,25 , m khng cung cp phn gii y ng bng ti cc gc ngng cn gp phi trong qu trnh c ng h cnh [4f]. H thng hng ngoi th ng vi bc sng gn 10 nm (10-5 mm) c phn gii y v c im xm nhp sng m hp l, nhng cc ngun nhit c th c yu cu dc theo ng bng ci thin tng phn ca cc ng bng vi a hnh nn. Phm vi ti thiu ca mt radar laser (200 ft nm 1996) c th t chi vic s dng n hng dn xe taxi.Camera hng ngoi (FLIR) kt hp vi head-up hin th (HUD, Chng 15) c tm thy trong mt s my bay hi qun. FLIRs c th nghim trn tu sn bay cho cc hot ng gim st trong thi tit r rng vo ban m nhng IR nng lng b hp thu gn nh tng t nh nh sng nhn thy trong sng m v ma.Hnh 13.21 cho thy mt 4 x 4 yu t 94 GHz mng mt phng tiu c ca cc yu t ng-ten / my d c ch to nh chp nh trn mnh ca GaAs (khong 1-in. Vung) [28]. Nu nhn rng mt gch nh vy l phi chng, 94 my nh GHz th gic v mt phng tiu c mng radar c th a vo phc v nh nhng h tr h cnh.Cc HUD, c pht trin bi cc dch v qun s h tr mt phi cng trong chuyn sang tn hiu th gic, c tm kim cc ng dng trn my bay my vn chuyn (Chng 15.3). N d n thng tin cm bin (dn ng,thi , v cm bin khc) v d liu c lu tr ng bng ln knh chn gi tp trung v hn, v vy m cc phi cng c th xem d liu v hnh nh chng ln nhn qua knh chn gi. Nm 1996, c quan chc chu u v M xc nhn nhiu my bay cho mc III hot ng A v hu ht cc mu knh bung li ca my bay Boeing, Douglas, v Airbus cho mc IIIB hot ng. Cc nh chc trch cho php mt HUD v mt my li t ng khng th ng thay th cho mt my li t ng khng hot ng.

Hnh 13.21 A 4 x 4 yu t tiu c 94 GHz mng my bay (lch s, Phng th nghim Nghin cu Hi qun M v Tng cng ty Westinghouse).13.9.2 Satellite Landing AidsC mt nhu cu cho chi ph thp, khng chnh xc v th tc ti sn bay hng I mt thp cc nc cng nghip pht trin v cc nc km pht trin trong c h thng ng cao tc v ng st v do ph thuc vo du lch hng khng. H thng v tinh nh v-c th s l gii php. Tng t nh vy nhu cu qun s cho chin thut h thng hng dn cch tip cn (bao gm h cnh trn tu) c th s c hi lng bi khc bit hoc k thut v tinh tng i (Mc 13.7). i vi h cnh tm nhn thp, mt mn hnh c lp l cn thit.Trong thi gian chuyn tip t trn mt t hng d da trn v tinhn, my thu trn khng a chc nng, kh nng x l ILS, MLS, v tn hiu dn ng GPS, s c s dng trong ngnh hng khng dn dng v qun s. Mt c tnh ARINC cho my thu a chc nng nh th l s chun b vo nm 1996. Hai cng ngh s h tr cc ng dng ca nh v v tinh cho cc hot ng tip cn chnh xc l cc thit b qun tnh chi ph thp hn v chi ph thp hn chnh xc (nguyn t) ng h.13.9.3. DN DNG TRN B MT SN BAY.Vic s dng cc h thng v tinh khc bit hng dn v gim st ln, khi hnh di iu kin tm nhn km s c p dng v ph bin rng ri m rng ti cc loi phng tin trong sn bay khc ch khng phi ch c tu bay ( v d: xe xng du, xe cnh st, hay cc phng tin khn nguy nh xe cu thng, cha chy). S kt hp ca LDGPS (Mc 5.5.9) v pseudolites (Mc 5.7.5) c kh nng cung cp mt gii php cho dn ng trn b mt sn bay v vn gim st.13.9.4. H CNH TU SN BAYVn thch thc ca vic p my bay ln (nng n 65.000Ib) trn nn tu ni nh hn 1000ft trong mi thi tit dn n h thng hng dn mi. S phi hp ca GPS tng i (chng 5), ng truyn d liu, v b cm bin trng thi gia my bay v tu c th cung cp c s cho h thng ACLS mi. Trong mi trng kh khn ca h cnh tu sn bay, cn mt mn hnh c lp, c th l phin bng k tip ca SPN-41 hoc SPN-46.

VN :13.1. Mt chic my bay c th no c th i chch 85ft ngang t tim ng bng m khng ra b mt ca ng bng. Gi s cc li c trit tiu, tnh ton lch sang bn cho php (1-sigma) nu hiu sut lch cho h thng h cnh t ng yu cu nguy c (xc sut) im chm bnh xung ng bng khng vt qu (3.10^-8)

13.1: s phn b chnh xc13.2. Tho lun v cc yu t lin quan n vic nng cao hot ng h cnh trn mt ng bng c th.?13.3.S chnh xc no trong iu kin tuyn tnh l cn thit cho vic nh v mt chic my bay vn ti ln ngng tip cn cho h cnh thnh cng vi tm nhn 1200 ft = 363m?13.4. Nhng yu t c th lm gim cht lng hng dn ca mt tn hiu ILS?13.5. iu g s ngn chn mt DME, kt hp vi mt ILS phc v mt ng bng c th, c s dng cho tip cn n mt ng bng khc?13.6. So snh cc gi tr ca phng php tip cn bng nh sng so vi n chiu sng ng bng cho mt phi cng c thc hin tip cn mc II trong thi tit ti thiu.13.7. Hy bin minh cho k vng sau nm 1997 cc i im ILS s dn t c s dng?13.8. gii thch v vic mt ta nh c kch thc cho trc nht nh s phn x hiu qu hiu qu hn (ton phn ) ca ln dc hoc tn hiu localizer.13.9. Gi s rng mt sn bay thm mt ng bng mi s c gn xng sa cha hn ng bng hin c. Gi nh rng tt c cc tiu ch tc nghn vt l s c p ng. i vi tn hiu radio hng dn, xc nh cc yu t phi c xem xt khi nh gi s ph hp ca cc ng bng mi?13.10. Xem xt tt c cc ngun li GPS, cc vn quan trng trong vic chn a im tham chiu mt t v cc trm gim st cho mt khu vc a phng (pseudorange) da trn h thng tip cn v h cnh DGPS l g?13.11. Mt ng-ten GPS c gn trn ct 2 mt so vi mt t. Tn hiu nhn c t cc v tinh mt gc thp. Cc ng-ten GPS s nhn c c cc tn hiu trc tip v mt tn hiu a ng t mt t bn di cc ng-ten. Gi s mt t phng nm hon ton di ng ten. tn s ca tn hiu GPS l 1.575,42 MHz. Hnh 13.11 cho thy gc ngng (thc t) v tinh trong mt khong thi gian quan st 10 sec.(a) Tnh (bng m/s) tc thay i ca s khc bit gia cc tn hiu trc tip v tn hiu a ng.(b) Tnh khong thi gian ca fading tn sp n: ; 503 (s)

Chng 1414. gii thiuMc ch ca vic qun l khng lu (ATM) l an ton.hiu qu.v chuyn ng nhanh chng ca my bay trong vng tri.N bao gm hai qu trnh chnh: kim sot khng lu v qun l lu lng giao thng.Kim sot c nhn Air (ATC) l dch v an ton tch chin thut c chc nng l ngn chn va chm gia my bay v gia my bay, a hnh v chng ngi vt.Qun l Giao thng thp (TFM) l qu trnh phn b lung giao thng cc ngun lc khan him nng lc (v d, n mt n cng sut sn bay hn ch).Cc yu t ch yu ca qu trnh ATM l khng phn.thit b dn ng, thit b.v dch v, sn bay v cc khu vc h cnh, biu hng khng, thng tin, dch v v cc quy tc, quy nh v th tc: thng tin thiu k thut v lc lng lao ng, bao gm c t bay.kim sot khng lu.qun l giao thng.v k thut vin c s 137. 18].Chng ny m t nhng yu t ca qu trnh ATM v gii thch cch chng tng tc thc hin mc ch ca mnh.14.1.1 Dch v cung cp khai thc tu bay Mt dch v chnh c cung cp bi ATM l m bo tch bit phng nga va chm gia my bay v ngn chn va chm my bay vi a hnh v chng ngi vt.Dch v qun l lu lng giao thng c thit k lu lng truy cp n cc ti nguyn cng sut o nh thu, va m bo rng mc khng an ton ca n tc giao thng khng pht trin v phn phi cc s chm tr chuyn ng lin quan cng bng gia ngi dng h thng.Tin tc hng khng c lin quan c cung cp c trong hnh thc biu v cc n phm v nh hin ti thi gian thc) thng tin truyn t cho ngi dng trc v trong sut chuyn bay. Cc thng tin thi gian thc cung cp bao gm cc quan st thi tit v d bo, iu kin tc nghn giao thng v s chm tr, tnh trng ca thit b dn ng v sn bay, v cc v tr v nh chuyn ng ca my bay khc trong vng ln cn. Cc dch v chnh thc l tm kim v cu h, l. thng bo ca cc t chc thch hp lin quan n my bay c nhu cu tm kim v cu h gip v h tr ca cc t chc ny trong cc hot ng tip theoDn ng l trch nhim ca ngi vn hnh my bay. Tuy nhin. kim sot khng lu gip my bay b mt v au kh trong vic xc nh v tr ca h v iu hng n ch63.999 flight14.1.2 Trch nhim Chnh ph Trong nc M.Cc Hng khng Lin bang (FAA l trch nhim thit lp cc quy tc v quy nh tnh khng phn s dng khc nhau v iu chnh nhng mc ch s dng; cho vic thit lp v vn hnh thit b dn ng; m bo vic cng b cc bng xp hng hng khng v thng tin cn thit cho s chuyn ng an ton v hiu qu ca my bay. v thit lp cc quy tc, quy nh. v th tc qun l kim sot khng lu v qun l lu lng giao thng. c quan ny cng chu trch nhim cho vic thit lp cc tiu chun ti thiu v thit k, xy dng, cp giy chng nhn. v duy tr ngh khng, sn bay cng nh xc nhn t bay [4]. Hoa K c mt h thng chung ATM trong ngha rng cc hot ng tng t p dng cho ngi s dng dn s v qun s v c FAA v B Quc phng (B Quc phng cung cp dch v ATM cho c ngi s dng dn s v qun s. trong nhiu lnh vc th gii, hu ht cc vng tri c dnh cho cc hot ng qun s m cc c quan qun s c thm quyn: authonties hng khng dn dng cung cp dch v cho ngi s dng dn s trong hnh lang hn ch SC dnh cho mc ch .Tiu chun thc hnh qun l giao thng hng khng quc t l trch nhim ca T chc Hng khng dn dng quc t (ICAO, m lin kt vi Lin Hp Quc v nm Montreal. Quebec, Canada Th tc khai thc tu bay v cung cp cc dch v ATM ae chun ha n mc cn thit m bo u n trn ton th gii. Ngoi ra. cc tiu chun k thut ph hp cho my bay. thit b dn ng. tin tc hng khng v cc bng xp hng, v cc sn bay c thit lp. ICAO khng cung cp dch v ATM trc tip n cc nh khai thcNc sp xp cc th tc v cc thit b ca h vi tiu chun ICAO c bn v hot ng hiu qu ca my bay quc t trong phm vi bin gii ca h. Kt qu l, thc hnh v th tc trn ton th gii ATM c vi s khc bit. Mt s khu vc c c s h tng c s mt t km pht trin hn so vi nhng ngi khc v hiu qu ca cc hot ng my bay au kh nh l mt kt qu (Phn 1.7). Tng cng s dng cc dch v da trn v tinh lin lc, dn ng, gim st s thc y cc dch v ATM tt hn trn ton th gii14,2 QUY TC BAY V T CHC VNG TRI14.2.1 Hnh nh va quy tcQuy tc bay trong chuyn bay hot ng theo mt trong hai b quy tc. quy tc chin u trc quan hoc cc quy tc c m. Quy tc chin Visual (VFR) khai thc c trch nhim trnh va chm vi nhng tr ngi, a hnh ANC my bay khc bng cch quan st trc quan cc mi nguy him v duy tr s phn ly trong hnh nh. V vy, iu kin tm nhn phi p ng ti thiu theo quy nh v my bay vn phi r rng v nhng m my. nhiu ca M khng phn, khai thc VFR khng cn phi lin h vi c quan chc nng ATM v khng ph thuc vo hng dn ca h. Chuyn bay VFR thng lin quan n my bay nh hot ng cho mc ch c nhn hoc doanh nghip.Navigation c th bng cch tham kho trc quan hn cho mt t v my bay iu khin thi ch c th da trn nhng chn tri t nhin c th nhn thy qua knh chn gi ca my bayT bay theo quy tc c chin u (IFR) phi c kh nng nh hng v kim sot my bay m khng cn tham chiu n mt cnh th gic bn ngoi kim sot khng phn Trong, cc phi hnh on phi hot ng ph hp vi hng dn nhn c t c quan chc ATV1, v cc c quan chc nng c trch nhim tch my bay t tt c cc my bay IFR khc. My bay IFR hnh phi c trang b vi cc ch s thi thch hp v thit b nh v khc khng cn thit trn my bay VFR. Hn na, cc phi hnh on chin u i hi phi o to v kinh nghim thm iu kin cho tt c cc cng c cn thit rating nh khai thc my bay Air Carrier gi Giy chng nhn hot ng phi tun theo quy tc bay c l614.2.2 Altimetry hiu c t chc khng phn v hi hnh trong cng ng ATM, n l cn thit bit lm th no o lng thi c thc hin bng my bay 171. Cc my o cao kh p (Chng 8) o pres khng kh tnh chc chn bn ngoi my bay v chuyn i p lc ny n mt cao, chn, da trn mt m hnh chun ca kh quyn thng qua ICAO [60]. Theo m hnh. nhit khng kh kh cn p mc nc bin trung bnh l 29,92 trong. thy ngn (IC13.2 hectopascals) v 15,0 C. tng ng. T l sai st nhit trong m hnh l 2,04 C trn 1000 mt t mc nc bin n 35.000 ft trn mcan SCA lcvcl. sau nhit khng i - 56,5 CCc my o cao kh p my bay cho php cc phi hnh on chuyn bay t p tham chiu p sut kh quyn bn ngoi o. Nu p sut tham chiu c iu chnh p lc thc t mc nc bin trung bnh, v t l nhit tri i ph hp vi m hnh chun ICAO, cc my o cao s cho thy cao ng ngha trn mc nc bin. Tht khng may. do c im v cc phong tro ca masse kh khc nhau c gy p lc mc nc bin trung bnh khc nhau trn ton th gii, v nhng p lc ny c th khng phi l i din ca khi khng kh trn cc vng t. Do . Dng c o cao c ci t trong cc trm mt t (v d nh cc sn bay v trm dch v bay) v ti Hoa K, thit lp c iu chnh o cao cho thy cao ng trn mc nc bin trung bnh ca trm A, phi hnh on cht ch hot ng di mc 18.000 ft s dng mc trung bnh trn bin thit lp c cung cp bi mt nh ga nm dc theo cc tuyn ng bay trong vng 100 hi l v v tr ca n. Cc kt qu o cao c c hin th cho phi hnh on c gi l cao c nu v l mt c lng tt v cao my bay trn mc nc bin mcan. Do . cao ch nh c th hin trong feet so vi mc nc bin trung bnh. c vit tt MSL. "Trn 18.000 ft MSL, t bay t my o cao ca h 29,92. thy ngn. Cc kt qu o cao c c gi l cao p. cao p c th hin nh mc git (FLS) trong hng trm feet s dng ba ch s. Do . F 1290 i din cho mt cao p ca 29.000 ft.14.2.3 Kim sot khng phnMt cu trc c bn ca h thng ATM l vic t chc khng phn thnh cc loi khc nhau v buc thnh lp 5 my bay hot ng qun trong mi th loi. Mc tiu l cung cp s t do ti a trong s dng cng cng trong vng tri ng thi m bo s an ton v hiu qu ca hot ng bay m khng phn c s dng nhiu hoc c yu cu h tr cc mc ch c bit nh hun luyn qun s.Trong vng khng phn c phn loi nh kim sot, iu hnh my bay IFR c yu cu nhn c s phn cng v cc dch v khc t chnh quyn ATM. Khai thc VFR c yu cu phi chp nhn dch v tch ATM trong mt s loi kim sot khng phn. Thng tin lin lc Ground to - air v h tr chuyn hng h tr cc dch v ny. Cc phn di y m t mt vi v d v kim sot khng phn. Cc chi tit khc c a ra trong thng tin ca Airman Manual Class A - Tch cc kim sot khu vc Hu nh tt c cc vng tri trn 50 bang ca M t 18.000 n 60.000 ft MSL c ch lp A.Tt c my bay trong Class A khng phn phi tun theo quy tc bay bng thit b, l, phi np k hoch bay IFR v hot ng theo khe h. Mt gii phng mt bng l y quyn cho mt my bay tin hnh di iu kin quy nh b thm quyn chu trch nhim ATM. Mc ch ca lp A l bo m tch bit cho tt c cc my bay hot ng ch ny trong tc my bay cao v VFR xem-v-trnh ues khng hiu qu khng phn cng ngh Class B-Terminal vc kim sot Class B tn ti xung quanh cc sn bay bn rn nht ca quc gia.Cc hnh dng chung ca lp B khng phn ging nh mt i ln - xung bnh ci trung vo cc sn bay chnh. S gia tng bn knh vi cao nh vy m my bay vn nm trong vng tri khi h ri vo hoc tro ra khi sn bay. Tt c my bay. cho d hot ng ca IFR hoc VFR, phi nhn c gii phng mt bng nhp khng phn v c quan lin quan chu trch nhim ATM tch tt c cc my bay bay cao tng t c lu gi t nht l 3 hi l ngoi. My bay trong vng 3 hi l ca nhau c tch ra theo chiu dc ca t nht 1.000 ft nu my bay boli l IFR, hoc t nht 500 ft nu mt my bay l FR v khc l VFR. My bay VFR c yu cu hot ng theo quy tc bay bng mt bao gm duy tr khong cch quy nh t cc m my. Khai thc IFR c u tin hn my bay VFR, v truy cp bi cc nh khai thc VFR c th b t chi nu nh c quan ATM tin hot ng VFR s tha hip an ton14.2.4 Khng kim sot c khng phnKhng kim sot c khng phn l khng phn m khng c ch nh l kim sot. Ti Hoa K. nht l khng kim sot c khng phn trong 1.200 ft ca mt t trong khu vc tha tht i. Chnh quyn ATM s khng cung cp cc dch v tch trong khng phn khng kim sot c. Khai thc IFR khng cn phi np k hoch bay v c th hot ng trong bt k iu kin tm nhn. Khai thc VFR di 10.000 ft MSL phi c mt tm nhn ti thiu ca mt o lut dm.

14.2.5 c dng khng phnc bit s dng khng phn c dnh cho mc ch duy nht, c bit l cc hot ng an ninh quc gia. Mt khu vc cm l th e khng phn xung quanh Nh Trng c ng ca hot ng my bay ti mi thi im. Khu vc b hn ch nh qun dy tn la h quang ng ca giao thng dn khi hot ng v m rng vo cc thi im khc. Lnh vc hot ng qun s (v d nh o to) wi chp nhn giao IFR nu nh c quan chu trch nhim ATM c th an ton cung cp dch v chia ly. My bay V phi c bit thn trng khi hot ng trong cc lnh vc hot ng hot ng qun s.14,3 NG HNG KHNG V TH TC14.3.1 Victor Airways v ng bay phn lcMt h thng ng hng khng lin bang (ng cao tc trn bu tri) c nh ngha bi phn 71 v 93 ca Quy ch lin bang M Aviation. Nh c minh ha trong hnh 14.1. hu ht cc ng hng khng c ngun gc v kt thc ti trm VOR (Mc 4.4.4). Mt vi ng h hp da vo cc cnh bo nondirectional (Mc 4.4.2) vn ang c s dngT nm 1200 ft trn b mt 18.000 t MSL, VOR - da trn ng dn kh c gi l chin thng ng h hp v s dng "v" nh mt tin t trong nh danh ca h (v d: V51) T 18.000 ft MSL n 45.000 ft MSL. tt c cc ng dn kh lin bang da trn Vrs arc und rcfcrrcd l vutes my bay phn lc. Cc tin t ca nh danh thc s "J" (c.g. J64).im chuyn i (COP) c xc nh theo ng hng khng cho bit ni cc phi cng phi iu chnh my thu chuyn hng c c hng dn kha hc t c s (v d nh VOR) trc thay cho mt pha sau. COP l bnh thng ti trung im gia cc c s nhng c th c ni khc nu cn thit do nhiu tn s v tuyn in, hn ch c s xc nh a im. hoc cc hiu ng khc. Nu mt cuc bo ng COP ti im gia ca ng th, v tr ca n c hin th trn bng xp hng hng khngMi VOR c ch nh hoc nh l mt thit b u cui VOR hoc nh l mt cao thp hay cao enroute VOR ga VOR c d nh s dng trong cc khu vc a phng, v d. h tr phng php c v th tc khi hnh. H c th s dng ch phm vi nh hn 25 hi l v c th khng c s dng iu hng trn ng i. Low-en- cao tuyn ng VOR c khi lng dch v m rng ln n 40 hi l t c s v c s dng ti v di 18.000 ft MSL cho gation navi trn victor ng h hp. Cao tude chuyn hng h tr VOR trn cc tuyn bay: khi lng dch v ca h c th ko di 200 imirumthe Tacility. Scryice khi lng ca VOR c kim sot nh m t trn hn ch hiu ng nhiu tn s gia cc trm mt t lin k rng ng th c xc nh bi hiu sut h thng nh v, tnh n li ti khon trong cc thit b trm mt t. sai st trong nhn my bayHnh 14.1. Biu hng khng cho thy chin thng ng h hp. v h thng hin th v li k thut bay.Li k thut trn my bay c cc li dch chuyn ngang ca my bay t cc ca khc dnh cho cc tn hiu sai lch nhin c to ra bi h thng nh v. i vi cc my bay t li. n th hin kh nng ca phi cng vo kha hc da trn hoc cc li hin th theo di cho. Ph cp 2 tiu chun lch tiu biu cho VOR / DME trong mi trng en-ng 19 DEG cho cc thit b mt t VOR v 3.0 deg cho ngi nhn khng kh DME ph cp li trm mt t l 0,1 hi l vi h thng in t cho php 0,5 hi l hoc 3R ca dy , gi tr ln hn. Theo gi nh rng chic my bay c iu khin bng tay. cc thnh phn xuyn theo di nhng tr cp chm sc k thut my bay l 2,0 hi l. Tng s li trong vic nh v my bay trn cc tuyn ng d nh c ngun gc ca s tin gc bnh phng cc li ny, coi nh l c lp 191.Nh c minh ha bng cc v d trong hnh 14.2A.VOR ng hng khng c chia thnh cc khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh v ph. Cc khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh l 4 hi l hai bn ca tuyn ng Centrelink ngoi tr khu vc m rng dc theo cc ng chnh xc h thng rt ra mt gc 4,5 hai bn ca ng trung tm khi COP l hn 51 hi l t mt trong nhng c s I10 ). H nhn thy khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi th 2 hi l ko di hai bn ca khu vc chnh, tr trng hp cc COP l hn 51 hi l t c s, trong c trng hp din tch th cp c bao bc bi mt gc 6,7 rt ra hai bn ca ng trung tmCng mi on ng hng khng gia cc c s, cao ti thiu en-l mt MEA c thnh lp m bo gii phng mt bng cc chng ngi vt v a hnh trong c khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh v ph. Ti cc khu vc min ni, gii phng mt bng tr ngi trong khu vc tiu hc phi c t nht mt nm 1000 lt. Khu vc th cp c nng ln trn v dc ln trn v ra ngoi t khu vc chnh. nh th hin trong hnh 14.2B. Nu tr ngi c th nh ra aTube khu vc ph. Cc MEAN c thit lp cao m bo tip nhn tn hiu iu hng y v bo him hng khng-i-t truyn thng. iu hnh bay IFR c phn cng cc cao bng hoc cao hn MEA.14.3.2 Cc tuyn ng ngu nhinNhiu my bay c navigation (RNAV) kh nng khu vc, cn c gi l chuyn hng tuyn ng ngu nhin. H thng dn ng trn tu xc nh v tr ca my bay v mt my tnh chuyn hng, thng c nhng trong h thng qun l bay (xem phn 14.5.7). thc hin cc tnh ton cn thit cho qu trnh t n im tip theo cch theo cc nguyn tc c m t trong Chng 2. (A waypoints ch n gin l mt v tr a l c nh c xc nh bi kinh lat tude v ca n). My bay c kh nng RNAV khng hn ch i du lch trc tip hng v hoc i t mt t da Vrs nh l my bay bay theo ng h hp. Xc nh v tr c th da trn iu hng trm tham kho 15 tn hiu nh VOR, DME, Loran-C, Omega, v GNSS (Chng 4 v 5) hoc mt kh nng t kim ch. nh mt n v quy chiu qun tnh (Chng 7).Tuyn ng ngu nhin thng lm gim khong cch gia cc gc bay v cc im n so vi hot ng dc theo ng hng khng victor lin quan v cc tuyn ng bay phn lc. Trong phc v phn tn v mt a l giao thng, do lm gim lu lng Ngoi ra, h n tc v tng cng nng lc giao thng ca th tc khng phn xy dng MOULES ngu nhin yu cu gii phng mt bng gp tr ngi cho cc hot ng nat FR c cung cp trong FAA Advisory Thng t 90-45 19]. Cc tuyn ng c xc nh da trn cc im cch iu l, c giao nm th tn pht m c. Khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh v ph c thit lp xung quanh ng trung tm ng. Sau ti thiu en-ng cao (MEAs) c thnh lp bng cch s dng cc tiu ch gii phng mt bng tr ngi p dng cho ng h hp Cc kch thc bn trong nhng khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi ph thuc vo chnh xc ca h thng nh v s dng. Trong trng hp ca VOR / DME, kch thc ph thuc vo khong cch vung gc ca cc c s t ng trung tm ng v khong cch dc theo tuyn ng t thi im tip xc (xem hnh 14.3)Tiu chun 14.3.3 Tch C ba kch thc ca tch bn, dc v theo chiu dc v ba b quy tc m bo rng tch tn ti radar th tc, v th gic. Th tc tch da trn my bay sau qu o bay ln k hoch trc sao cho tt c cc my bay trong khu vc s c tch ra y . Tin b trn my bay v tun th k hoch bay c theo di bi cc iu khin da trn cc bo co v tr nhn c t t bayHnh 14.3. Khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh v ph cho mt tuyn ng RNAV.Trong tng lai. cc bo co v tr c th c cung cp bi cc chc nng gim st ph thuc t ng (mc 14.5.3). Tiu chun tch bn v theo chiu dc (ti thiu) c da trn chnh xc ca h thng nh v trong my bay. Cc ti thiu thp dc theo cc tuyn da trn VOR / DME hn trn cc i dng, ni cc n v km chnh xc quy chiu qun tnh (IRUS) v Omega l phng tin duy nht iu hng n s ra i ca GPS (Phn 5.5) trn mt s my bay. V d. my bay procedurally tch ra cng cao v tc dc theo ng hng khng hoc ng RNAV cng s dng VOR DME phi t cch nhau t nht 20 hi l ngoi II 1 (Chng o)]. Trong khng phn ca i dng. my bay cng cao trn cng mt tuyn ng thng c ngn cch bi khong thi gian 10 pht, tng ng vi khong 80 hi l i vi my bay i du lch M10.85 ti FL350Dng nh l kt qu p dng tch ti thiu i vi tu bay qua qu o bay v tch bn cc tuyn ng v qu o bay chun tch Radar ph thuc vo chnh xc ca cc bo co v tr radar hin th cho cc b iu khin v do khong cch ca my bay t cc trm mt t radar . Ti Hoa K, cc radar tch tiu chun 3 hi l ti khu vc nh ga khi giao thng l trong vng 40 hi l ca cc trm radar v 5 hi l cho giao thng vt qu 40 hi l. Trong mi trng dc ng. l 5 nm bn di FL500 v 10 hi l trn [11, Chng 5Tch dc c p dng theo cc quy tc c nh cho my bay IFR hot ng trong khng phn c kim sot v cho my bay VFR 18. Chng 31. V d, my bay VFR bay v cc kha hc t gia khng v 179 . morc hn 3000 tt trn b mt, nhng di 18.000 ft MSL. bay ti hng ngn l (MSL) cng vi 500 ft c.g. cao 3500 ft. 5500 ft, v 7500 ft MSL). i din du lch trn bin giao thng hng VFR 1000 ft i (v d ut. 4500 ft. 6500 ft. V 8500 ft MSL). Giao thng IFR trong kim sot khng phn hot ng cao hoc bay bng ATM c giao nhng cao hng ngn nguyn feet (v d: 4000 f 12.000 ft, F1310) vi khong cch ti thiu 1000-ft ln n v bao gm FL290 v 2000 ft tch tiu chun nu trn FL. 290. Trong nm 1988 kt lun rng mt 1000-ft chun tch tical c th c thnh lp trn ton th gii gia FL290 v FI 410 t p t cc yu cu k thut khng hp l trn my bay.K hoch c bt u ti thi im thc hin cc tiu chun 1000-1 trong khng phn nng n i qua Bc i Ty Dng n nm 1996 21 th gic tch c th c p dng cho my bay 1FR bi mt b iu khin ngi l trong giao tip vi t nht mt trong nhng chic my bay v nhng ngi c th nhn thy c my bay v duy tr hnh nh tch hoc t nht l c vn bi mt trong nhng phi cng m c c th nhn thy cc my bay khc v chp nhn trch nhim cho vic duy tr th gic sepa khu phn. Bi v th tc trc quan c hiu qu gim tiu chun tch h c th y nhanh dng chy ca lu lng truy cp v tng c nng lc v khng gian v s linh hot ca hot ng bay. Chng thng c s dng trong khng phn ca thit b u cui cho v d, trong trnh t v khong cch gia cc lt. H c t ng dng trong mi trng en-tuyn ng ni chic my bay tc tng i cao.14.3.4 Th tc thiet b u cuiKhi iu kin cho php hot ng kh tng VFR (i Meteora visual iu kin logic, VMC. u tin p dng), t bay c th lm cho qu trnh chuyn i cho en-tuyn ng n cc khu vc khng phn thit b u cui v ng bng bng mt. Ngoi ra, mt phi hnh on c th tin hnh th tc tip cn c hng dn my bay vo ng bng trong khi mi trng m bo an ton thanh thi trn a hnh v chng ngi vt. Cc mi trng ng bng gm cc ngng ng bng v tr nh sng c ph duyt v cc du nhn din vi ng bng (Chng 13). Tng t nh vy. khi hnh trong VMC c th c thc hin trc quan khi iu kin kh tng khng cho php kh nng hin th cn thit cho VFR. c iu kin kh tng (IMC) p dng. Trong IMC, hoc khi c bu bi cc phi hnh on chuyn bay, gi khi hnh c thc hin theo th tc khi hnh c quy nh.Th tc c c thit k c bit cho cc ng bng cui lin quan. v sau xp v phn phi cho cc cng ng ngi dng 5, 12, 28, 36]. Cc tiu chun thit k cc th tc c c cung cp bi TERPS khng.Mt cch tip cn th tc c m t con ng my bay nn theo (gio trnh th tc) v cao c bay. Cc tuyn ng v cao c tham chiu n cc cng trnh, trang h tr cc th tc. trong c th bao gm VOR. VOR / DME. TACAN. VORTAC. NDB, Loran-C. VIRUS. ILS, cc localizer ch phn ILS. MLS. GNSS. radar tip cn chnh xc, v radar gim st sn bay. Radar phc v nh l mt tr gip iu hng khi mt b iu khin s dng h thng theo di v tr ca mt my bay tng i so vi cc chng ngi vt. termin, v cc ng bng v cc vn thuc nhm. tc . v / hoc hng dn cao hng dn my bay n mi trng ng bng. Th tc cch tip cn c cng nu ch ti thiu. trong c hai b phn- cao ti thiu m my bay c th h xung m khng nhn thy cc yu t ca mi trng ng bng v kh nng hin th ti thiu trn b mt ng bng c php khi tin hnh cc th tc, v d nh, kh nng hin th yu cu phi c t nht l hi l (Chng 13)Cc m t sau y ca mt th tc php c n gin minh ha nhng cn nhc quan trng trong xy dng ca h [5, 281. Nh th hin trong hnh 14.4 v 14.5. cc th tc c bn phn on.Hnh 14.4. gii phng mt bng tr ngi b mt cho mt th tc chnh xc phng php cHnh 14.5. Phng php cui cng v cch tip cn khu vc b b l. Cc on tip cn ban u bt u ti fix tip cn ban u (IAF). Trong hnh 14.4. ny SEG gp xut pht hng dn hc tch cc t mt trm mt t VOR. Khng chnh xc h thng VOR. bao gm c li k thut bay, i hi mt tr ngi khu vc bo r rng chnh m rng 4 hi l v mi bn ca kha hc mt th mt khu vc gii phng mt bng m rng sang hai bn tr ngi th 2 hi l v mi pha ca khu vc chnh.Nu bt k phn no ca phn khc ny l hn 51 hi l t VOR. cc khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi phi c m rng ph hp vi cc tiu ch en-ng VOR ng hng khng c m t trc y (Hnh 14.2). Cng phn khc cch tip cn ban u. gii phng mt bng tr ngi trong khu vc tiu hc phi c t nht 1.000 ft. Trong khu vc th cp. gii phng mt bng phi c t nht 500 ft ut trong cnh thon thng nht khng cnh bn ngoi. Cc phn khc trung cp bt u ti trung gian cho (F) v ko di n ina! cch tip cn ph hp (FAF). i vi mt th tc php ILS, IF c xc nh bi giao im ca qu trnh tip cn ban u v qu trnh localizerCng phn khc cch tip cn trung gian. my bay lm cho tc v thay i cu hnh chun b cho cc phng php tip cn thc. Chiu di ca on thng s gia 5 v 15 hi l, v cc khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi c rng cng ca cc khu vc ca cc on lin k. Vic gii phng mt bng ti thiu tr ngi trong khu vc chnh l 500 ft. Trong khu vc th cp. 500 ft gii phng mt bng UF phi l video pop cnh bn gim dn s khng cnh bn ngoiCc phng php tip cn phn khc thc th hin trong hnh 14.4 v 14.5 gi nh mt loi I ILS ci t gm localizer v lt trm dc hng cht lng, ti v cc cnh bo du hiu bn ngoi v bn trong. Xem Chng 13 m t chi tit ca thit b ILS.) Cc du hiu bn ngoi (OM) phc v nh l FAF nm im m mt chic my bay cao quy nh cui ca on tip cn trung gian chn cc SOPC ln. Chiu di ca qu trnh tip cn cui cng c quyt nh bi cao quy nh ti FAF v gc ln dc, m thng l 3 . Kha hc ni chung l di 50.000 ft trnNh th hin trong hnh 14.5. chiu rng ca khu vc tip cn cui cng l 1000 ft ti mt im 200 ft t ngng v m rng thng nht cho mt chiu rng ca 16.000 ti mt im 50.000 ft t u khu vc. Cc b mt gii phng mt bng phng php tr ngi cui cng l mt mt phng nghing c ngun gc ti ng bng p la cao tui 975 ft xung ng bng t im mt t ln dc ca nh chn v che chn khu vc tip cn cui cng. im mt t ln dc ca nh chn l im trn ng trung tm ng bng m phn m rng ng thng ca pe ln chn cc b mt ng bng. dc ca b mt gii phng mt bng phng php tr ngi cui cng l mt chc nng ca cc b mt Transitional gc ln dc cho ILS th loi I l my bay nghing vi dc 1 m rng ra bn ngoi v i ln t b mt gii phng mt bng phng php tr ngi thc. Cc tiu ch gii phng mt bng phng php tr ngi thc tng theo khong cch t ngng ng bng. (Chng 13 bao gm cc loi ll v III)My bay tip cn ng bng s dng mt th tc ILS c th h xung anh chiu cao quyt nh m khng trc tip thu cc mi trng ng bng. Nu khng t c cao quyt nh, phi cng phi tin hnh mt cch tip cn ng bng 15 th tc b l. i vi loi I ILS cch tip cn. chiu cao quyt nh c th khng thp hn 200 ft trn vng touchdown. Tr ngi 1f nh ra thng qua cc b mt gii phng mt bng phng php tr ngi cui cng, hoc l cc im mt t ln dc ca nh chn phi c di chuyn xa hn xung ng bng cho n khi cc ch li lm bin mt. lm gim di c th s dng cc ng bng IMC. hoc deci chiu cao ior cn huy ng cho gii phng mt bng ph hp. Nng cao quyt nh lm gim cng dng ca ng bng IMCPhn cui cng ca quy trnh tip cn l cc phng php tip cn phn khc nh N bt u ti thi im tip cn nh (MAP), l cc im trn Tt nhin phng php fina m chiu cao ca dc ln trn cc lin lc xung vng bng vi chiu cao quyt nh. Cc du hiu bn trong (IM) thng nm gn cc MAP Cc phng php tip cn phn khc nh ko di n mt im hoc sa cha ni mt trong hai cch tip cn ban u hoc en-ng gii phng mt bng tr ngi l t c. Mt kha hc phng php b thng l 15 nm di, v cc khu vc tip cn b qua l 8 hi l rng ti cc tr ngi cui cng tiu ch gii phng mt bng m bo rng mt chic my bay khu vc phng php b l leo vi mt gradient ca t nht 150 ft / hi l t MAP s khng va chm vi mt vt cn. Ngoi ra. nhng tr ngi c th khng thm nhp vo khu vc th m dc ln lc 12: 1 t khu vc tip cn b l 14.3.5 Tiu chun Departure v ArrivalsKhi hnh c chun SIDs) v cc tuyn ng n thit b u cui tiu chun (STARS) c cng b th tc FR cho vng gia thit b u cui v cc im dc ng khng phn. Mc ch ca h l m bo gii phng mt bng tr ngi cho i, n my bay. Cc bi ht quy nh c th ko di t 100 n 200 hi l t sn bay. Mt SID in hnh s hin th theo di p tip t sn bay tham chiu n cc c s pht thanh menu thch hp v cao ti thiu m ti cc phn on khc nhau c th bay 1281. Cc on ng xa trung tm c th cung cp nhiu hn mt con ng chuyn i sang cu trc ng hng khng enroute. Trong mt s trng hp, STARS chm dt ti cc bn sa li cch tip cn ban u v phng php tip cn c th c thc hin m khng vecturing. (A vector l mt hng dn tiu do mt b iu khin cung cp iu hng c hng dn. E g. R phi cho nhm 90 14,4 GIAI ON BAYMt chic my bay chuyn tip qua mt s giai on bay khi n di chuyn t mt sn bay qua khng phn thit b u cui cho mi trng dc ng v cui cng. khng phn thit b u cui ch v sn bay. Thit b u cui khng phn l khi lng ca khng phn thng ko di t mt t n 10.000 ft MSL khong cch 30 hay 40 nm t sn bay. Trch nhim qun l khng lu trong khng phn ny c giao cho mt c s kim sot tip cn. C nm lnh vc chnh ca trch nhim kim sot trong cc c s kim sot tip cn. B iu khin giao thng quan cung cp cc gii phng mt bng khi hnh trc khi phi cng trc khi my bay ri khi ca hoc bi u xe khu vc. B iu khin mt t m bo di chuyn an ton v nhanh chng ca my bay t cng vo n ng bng ct cnh v ct cnh vi dm u tin ca chuyn bay l thuc thm quyn ca cc b iu khin a phng. Sau b iu khin khi hnh chu trch nhim cho phn cn li ca chuyn bay ri khi khu vc nh ga. Nh cc ngh khng kh tip cn cc khu vc ga n, mt b iu khin phng chu trch nhim cho cc chuyn bay. Vic giao gii phng mt bng. mt t. v b iu khin a phng trong xe taxi thp t h theo di hnh ca phong tro trn my bay v gn sn bay. Ti cc sn bay chnh phc v bi radar. s ra i v phng php iu khin c trong mt c s kim sot tip cn rada (TRACON, trc y RAPCON). m thng nm bn trong ta thp bn di bung li. Nm 1996 trong chuyn tu khu vc M c thnh lp phc v sn bay mary trch nhim kim sot c phn cng v mt a l, v mi khu vc. hoc khu vc, c gn mt tn s VHF duy nht cho b iu khin th im truyn thng thoi radio.B iu khin mt t c trch nhim i vi ton b din tch chuyn ng ca cc sn bay, ngoi tr cho cc ng bng tch cc trong s dng cho ct cnh v h cnh. Cc ng bng hot ng l trch nhim, nhng ngi cng kim sot n v i khu vc nh ngoi u ca ng bng hot ng thuc thm quyn ca mnh. Phn cn li ca cc thit b u cui khng phn c chia thnh cc lnh vc i v n vi mt i ng iu khin hay b iu khin gn cho mi. Lnh vc thit b u cui c nhng trong en-ng khng phn, cng chia nh thnh cc ngnh. Trong mi trng trn ng, khu vc cao thp ko di t sn khng phn kim sot 18.000 ft MSL, ngnh cao- cao ko di t FL180 FL350. v cc lnh vc siu-cao- cao c thnh lp t FL350 FL500 137 Trong khng phn xung quanh nh ga ln, vng tri trn ng c th bao gm cc lnh vc n v i m giao din vi cc ngnh xut ter minal v khi hnh tng ng. Ti Hoa K, trn ng i khng phn c qun l bi b iu khin trung tm kim sot tuyn ng giao thng hng khng (Scctions 14.4.4 v 14.6.2)14.4.1 Pre-K hoch bayTrc khi khi hnh. phi hnh on yu cu mt cuc hp bo thi tit m t hin nay d bo thi tit vin tr dc theo tuyn ng d kin ca chuyn bay cng nh ni xut pht, ni n v sn bay d b. Thng tin thi tit ca li sut bao gm trn visibilities, gi b mt. gi trn cao. bt n, iu kin ng bng v cn bo hot ng. Thng tin cng c yu cu lin quan n dn ng hng khng lin quan mt thnh ph mt in. Tnh trng khng phn c lin quan c bit s dng, v tc nghn giao thng d kin v chm tr. Phi cng t nhn v cc t bay ca khng kh kinh doanh. ngh c c thng tin ny t cuc hp preflight FAA trm dch v chin FSS) hoc t dch v k hoch chuyn bay thng mi. Hng hng khng ln bo cho thuyn vin chuyn cc trung tm hot ng bay ti sn bay xut x.Cc phi hnh on chuyn bay sau pht trin cc k hoch chin m ni cho d cc hot ng s FR hoc VFR ard cung cp m s my bay (v d, N446L hoc Trung Airlines Flight 242); make my bay v m hnh (v d nh Boeing 737-400.), d kin tc bay v bay tht cao , ngun gc, ni n, sn bay d b; thi gian d kin khi hnh v thi gian d kin trn ng: cc tuyn ng quy hoch ca chuyn bay bao gm SIDs v cc ngi sao, cc nhin liu trn tu (v d, 5 gi, 40 pht): s lng ngi trn tu, mu sc my bay; v tn Cc thit b dn ng ca phi cng c ci t trn cc my bay v kh nng transponder (Phn 14.5.2) c th hin l tt. Cc m s nhn vin phc v c s dng bi cc phi cng v iu khin nh cc du hiu cuc gi trong thng tin lin lc v tuyn. Cc m t ca tuyn ng d nh ca cuc chin phi y v r rangIFR k hoch bay vng cung np FAA qua FSS. trung tm iu khin giao thng ng hng khng, thp S. v cc nh cung cp dch v k hoch chuyn bay thng mi. FAA nh gi tng k hoch bay. sa i n nu cn thit kt hp cc rng buc ATM (v d. nh tuyn cc my bay trn khng phn s dng c bit). v cc ca hng sa i k hoch bay cho n 30 pht trc gi khi hnh d kin. Ti thi im . k hoch bay c sa i trong cc hnh thc gii phng mt bng khi hnh trc khi gi n b iu khin giao thng quan trong thp sn bay m t cc chuyn bay s xut pht. Trong khi k hoch bay cho cc chuyn bay VFR khng cn chng c khuyn khch mnh m. Mc ch chnh ca h l thng bo cho FAA ca chuyn bay lm th tc tm kim v cu h c th c bt u trong trng hp tu bay ang qu hn ti thi im n ca n14.4.2 Khi hnhT bay hot ng ch FR gi b iu khin giao thng quan trn cc i pht thanh khong 10 pht trc khi thi gian taxi k hoch ca h. B iu khin hnh cc th tc khi hnh trc bao gm cc th tc khi hnh hoc SID. cc tuyn ng ca nh sng v cao c giao. cc tn s v tuyn lin lc vi cc b iu khin khi hnh. v m transponder my bay c giao