chuong 4 benh sth

CHNG 4

BNH SAU THU HOCH BNH HOCH

10/23/2009

Th.S Truong Thi My Linh

1

Harvesting, transport, marketing etc.

10/23/2009


2

Bnh sau thu hoch? Thng xut hin trong giai an gia thu hi v han thin sn phm, trong qu trnh bo qun , vn chuyn, ti ngi bn bun, bn l... L kt qu s ly nhim cc sn phm trc khi n c ch bin hoc n tay ngi tiu dng Bnh sau thu hoch thng thng xut hin

10/23/2009


3

Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Symptoms (triu chng) of PDsSoft rots and watery rot caused byGeotrichum, Rhizopus, Sclerotinia, Pseudomonas and Erwinia

Brown rots caused byPhytophthora, Monilinia, Botrytis etc

Dry rots caused bylargely Fusarium spp.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 4

Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and vegetables Infection timing (s ly nhim) and methods of PDsAttacks the actively growing plants and then develop on the crop in storageBotrytis cinerea on grapes, apples and pear Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on green bean

Infects the crop at early stage but remain latent and cause decay only when the crop ripen or when it has been stored for some timeBotryosphaeria dothidea on apples and pears Anthracnose fungus

Attacks the crops only after harvestPenicillium spp. on apples, pears, citrus fruits, garlic etc.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 5

Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Infection type (cac dang lay nhiem) of PDs Through intact surface : Anthracnose fungiThrough intact surface from adjoining diseased fruits/vegetables : Botrytis cinerea Through injury : Geotrichum, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Thieloviopsis etc.

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6

Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Wounds(injuries) is very important in PDsCac yeu to khang

Phan ng cua chu the

Ton thng

Vi khuan

Mam benh

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7

Causes of mechanical injuries Poor harvesting practices and handling Unsuitable field or marketing containers and crates,which may have splintered wood, sharp edges, poor nailing or stapling;

Overpacking/underpacking of field or marketing containers Careless handling, such as dropping or throwing or walking on produce and packed containers during the process of grading, transport or marketing

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Physiological injuries also predispose (dan en) fruits and vegetables to pathogens (mm bnh) Too low storage temperature Too high temperatures Poor ventilation( s thong hi) Volatile compounds( hp chat de bay hi)

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The forms of injuries Splitting of fruits or roots and tubers caused by dropping Internal cruising, not visible externally, caused by impact; Superficial grazing or scratches affecting the skins Crushing of leafy vegetables and other soft produceEach injury provide entry for penetration of postharvest pathogens10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 10

Injuries cutting through or scraping away the outer skin of produce Provide entry points for moulds and bacteria causing decay Increase water loss from the damage areas; Cause an increase in respiration rate and thus heat production

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11

Bruising( vet tham tm) injuries, which leave the skin intact (khong b ung cham) and may not be visible externally (ben ngoai) cause: Increased respiration rate and heat production Internal discoloration ( s oi mau) because of damaged tissues Off-flavor because of abnormal (khac thng) physiological reactions in damaged parts

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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CROPS MOST SUBJECT TO POSTHARVEST DISEASES

Fruits Temperate fruits : grapes Subtropical fruits : avocados, citrus fruits Tropical fruits : papayas, mangoes oranges Vegetables : cucumbers, lettuce, sweet melons

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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables

Post-harvest Diseases of Temperate fruitsFruit DiseaseBlue mold, Gray mold Anthracnose, Target or lenticel spot Bitter rot, Alternaria rot Black rot, White rot Mucor rot, Cladosporium rot Pleospora rot, Phomopsis rot Pink rot, Sooty bloth Fly speck, Brown rot Phytophthora rotTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 14

Apple & Pear

10/23/2009

Apple

Postharvest diseases of boxed apples10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 15

Apple

Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansusm

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16

Apple

Gray mold (moc xam) caused by Botrytis cinerea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 17

Apple

Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 18

Apple

Bitter rot (thoi dang) caused by Glomerella cingulata10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 19

Apple

Canker (thoi muc) caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 20

Apple

Heart rot(thoi trong tim) caused by Alternaria sp/Fusarium sp.

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21

Pear

Black rot caused by Botryospharia dothidea

10/23/2009


22

Pear



Post-harvest Diseases of Temperate fruits (Continued)FruitApricot (m), cherry, nectarine, peach, Plum (stone fruit) man

DiseaseBrown rot, Gray mold, Rhizopus rot Mucor rot, Blue mold, Alternaria rot Cladosporium rot Botrytis rot, Surface mold, Dothiorella rot Phoma rot, Phomopsis rot, Sclerotinia rot, Mucor rot, Blue mold, Buckshot rot Gray mold, Leak(l thng) or Rhizopus rot, Mucor rot, Anthracnose, Leather rot Botrytis rot

Kiwi fruitStrawberry(qua dau tay)

Table grapes

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24

Peach(qu o)

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 25

Peach


Peach

Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus arrhizus10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 27

Peach

Phomopsis rot caused by Phomopsis sp.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 28

Peach

Interior browning in low temperature storage10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 29

Kiwi fruit

Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 30

Kiwi fruit


Strawberry


Strawberry

Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 33

Strawberry

Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 34

Strawberry

Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora nicotiana10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 35

Strawberry

Powdery mildew (nam moc sng) caused by Sphaerotheca fumili10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 36

Strawberry

Crown rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 37

grape


grape

Phomopsis fruit rot caused by Phomopsis sp.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 39


Post-harvest Diseases of subtropical fruitsFruitAvocado

DiseaseDothiella rot, Stem end rot, Fusarium rot, Anthracnose, Phomopsis rot, Rhizopus rot Blue and green mold rot, Brown rot, Phomopsis stem end rot, Stem end rot, Alternaria stem end rot, Anthracnose, Sour rot, Sclerotinia rot, Trichoderma rot, Botrytis rot

Citrus fruit

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40

citrus fruits

Blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 41

citrus fruits

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 42

citrus fruits

Blue mold caused by Penicillium sp.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 43

citrus fruits

Brown rot caused by Phytophthora citrophthora10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 44

citrus fruits

Stem end rot by Diaporthe citri and D. medusae10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 45

citrus fruits

Black rot caused by Alternaria citri10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 46

citrus fruits

Sour rot(thoi chua) caused by Geotrichum candidum

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47

citrus fruits

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea

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48

citrus fruits

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 49

citrus fruits

Phoma rot caused by Phoma errtica

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50

citrus fruits

Phellomyces rot caused by Sclerotium citricolum

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51

citrus fruits

Decay caused by Fusarium spp.

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citrus fruits

Decay caused by Rhizopus sp.

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citrus fruits

Decay caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

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citrus fruits

Low temperature fruit injury from temperature above those freezing tissues.

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Post-harvest Diseases of tropical fruitsFruitBanana Mango Papaya Pine apple10/23/2009

DiseaseCrown rot disease complex, Fusarium rot, Anthracnose, Lasiodiplodia rot, Thielaviopsis rot Cerratosystis rot, Cigar end rot, Squirt disease Anthracnose, Stem end rot, Rhizopus rot Anthracnose, Phoma rot, Lasiodiplodia rot, Phytophthora rot, Alternaria rot Thielaviopsis rot, Fruit-let core rot, Yeast fermentationTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 56

banana

Anthracnose caused by Gloeosporium musarum

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mango

Anthracnose caused by Gloeosporium mangiferae

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mango

Stem(cuong) end rot caused by Diplodia natalensis

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papaya

Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata

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60

pineapple

Heart rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. nicotianae and P. palmivora

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pineapple

Core(loi) rot caused by Erwinia ananas

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62


Post-harvest Diseases of vegetablesFruitCarrot Celery (cn ty) Lettuce (rau dip) Melons (qu da)10/23/2009

DiseaseBacterial soft rot, Gray mold, White rot, Fusarium dry rot, Black mold, Crater rot Bacterial soft rot, Sclerotinia soft rot, Late blight Bacterial soft rot, White rot, Gray mold Sour rot, Rhizopus rot, Fusarium rot, Trichothecium rot, Botrytis rot, Lasiodiplodia rot, Gummy stem blight and black rot, AnthracnoseTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 63

carrot

Pythium rot caused by Pythium sulcatum

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64

carrot

Soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora

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carrot

Black rot caused by Alternaria radicina

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carrot

Southern blight caused by Corticium rolfsii

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67

Celery

Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora

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Celery

Late blight(tan rui) caused by Septoria apii

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69

cabbage


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cabbage

Black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris

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cabbage

Leaf spot (vet om) caused by Alternaria brassicae

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cabbage

Sooty spot( vet en mo hong) caused by Alternaria brassicicola

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cabbage

Downey mildew (nam moc sng) caused by Peronospora brassicae

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74

lettuce


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lettuce

Gray mold(moc xam) caused by Botrytis cinerea

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lettuce

Bacterial dry rot caused by Pseudomonas cicolii, P. malginalis, P. viridiflava

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melon

Fruit rot caused by Cepalothcium sp.

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melon

Brown rot caused by Fusarium solani, F. roseum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum

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melon

Gummy stem blight caused by Micosphaerella melonis

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melon

Decay caused by Diaporte melonis and Phomopsis sp.

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melon

Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

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watermelon

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium

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watermelon

Brown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici

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watermelon

Cottony rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

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Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables (continued)FruitOnion Potato Snap bean Sweet potato10/23/2009

DiseaseNeck rot, Bacterial soft rot, Smudge, Fusarium bulb rot, Black mold, Blue mold Bacterial soft rot, Ring rot, Late blight, Fusarium dry rot, Black scurf, Gangrene, Gray mold, White mold, Sclerotinia soft rot, Gray mold, White rot, Anthracnose Rhizopus rot, Black rot, Java black rot, Fusarium surface rotTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 86

onion

Basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae

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onion

Gray mold rot caused by Botrytis allii and B. cinerea

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onion

Black mold caused by Aspergillus niger

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potato


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potato

Tuber infected with Corynebacterium sepedonicum

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potato

Late blight of potatoes. Exterior and interior discoloration of tubers infected with Phytophthora infestans

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potato

White mold of potatoes. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of tuber

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potato

Fusarium dry rot infection of tuber (interior section)

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potato

Gangrene. Phoma exigua var. foveata infection of tubers

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potato

Rhizoctonia black scurf. Sclerotia of R. solani on tuber surface

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sweet potato

Fresh storage roots with black rot lesions(left and right), caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, and uninfected roots(center)

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sweet potato

Cross section of storage roots of the cultivar Jewel with symptoms of surface rot(left) and Fusarium root rot(right)

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sweet potato

Internal and external views of a fleshy storage root infected with Phizopus stolonifer

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sweet potato

Restricted end lesion induced by Diplodia gossypina on a fleshy storage root

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sweet potato

Punky rot caused by a Trichoderma sp. on a fleshy storage root.

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sweet potato

Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. on fleshy storage roots

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Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables (continued)FruitTomato Egg plant Pepper Cucumber10/23/2009

DiseaseAlternaria rot, Anthracnose, Buckeye rot, Gray mold and ghost spot, Sour rot, Fruit rot, Phytophthora blight, Bacterial soft rot Gray mold, Phytophthora rot, Brown rot, Sclerotinia rot, Phomopsis blight, Southern blight Gray mold, Rhizpus rot, Phytophthora blight, Bacterial soft rot Gray mold, Sclerotinia rot , Scab, Bacterial spot, Gummy stem blight, Phytophthora rot, Pythium rotTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 103

tomato


10/23/2009


104

tomato

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans

10/23/2009


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tomato

Fruit rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

10/23/2009


106

tomato

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum phomoides

10/23/2009


107

tomato

Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum

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108

tomato

Bacterial canker caused by Corynebacterium michiganense

10/23/2009


109

tomato


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110

tomato

Leaf spot caused by Alternaria tomato

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111

egg plant


10/23/2009


112

egg plant

Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora nicotianae

10/23/2009


113

egg plant

Brown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici

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114

egg plant

Brown spot caused by Phomopsis vexans

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egg plant


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116

pepper


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pepper

Stem end rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer

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pepper

Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici

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pepper


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pepper

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

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pepper

Mosaic caused by Tomato mosaic virus-P,-T,-OM

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122

cucumber


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cucumber


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124

cucumber

Scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum

10/23/2009


125

cucumber

Angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae

10/23/2009


126

cucumber

Gummy stem blight caused by Mycosphaerella melonis

10/23/2009


127

cucumber

Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora melonis

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cucumber

Pythium rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum

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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses

Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, biphenyl

Biphenyl

Mode of action : inhibition of sporulation Target diseases : most of post-harvest diseases of apples, citrus fruits

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Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, phenylphenolOH

O-Phenylphenol

Mode of action : inhibition of sporulation and germination of spores Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of apples, citrus fruits, stone fruits, tomatoes, cucumbers, gladioli, capsicums10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 131


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, dicloranN H2 Cl Cl

N C2

D ic lo r a n

Mode of action : protective (little effect on spore germination) Target diseases : Botrytis, Monilinia, Rhizopus etc. on stone fruits, berry fruit, vines10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 132


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, Captan

Biphenyl

Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of grapes, pome and stone fruits,vegetables pre-harvest sprayUsed on postharvest disease of pear sold domestically10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 133


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, sec-butylamineCH3CH2 H CH3 NH2

Sec-Butylamine

Mode of action : fungicidal fumigation Target diseases : citrus blue and green mold stem rot of orange gray mold on gladioli and chrysanthemus10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 134


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, sorbic acidCH3CH C H C H C H COOH

Sorbic acid

Mode of action : ? Target diseases : citrus blue and green mold stem rot of orange gray mold on citrus fruit10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 135


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, thiabendazoleH N N N S

Thiabendazole

Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of bananas, citrus fruits, pome fruits, onions, mangos, etc. blue mold, Bulls eye spot, gray mold, stem end rot10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 136


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, benomylO NCH H 4 9 H O N N COCH3

N

Benomyl

Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of grapes, pome and stone fruits, vegetables pre-harvest spray10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 137


Chemical treatmentPost-harvest Fungicide, thiophanate methylHS O N CNH COCH3 N CNH COCH3 HS O

Thiophanate-methyl

Mode of action : protective and curative, wound protectant Target diseases : wound pathogens on pruning cuts on tree10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 138


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, carbendazimH N N O NH COCH3

Carbendazim

Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : storage diseases of fruits

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139


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, iprodionO C N N Cl NHCH(CH3)2 Cl O

Iprodione

Mode of action : contactive fungicide with protective and curative action

(strong inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth)

Target diseases : postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 140


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, trifolineCl3C CHNHCHO N

N Cl3C CHNHCHO

Triforine

Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : Monilinia spp. on stone fruits

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Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, GuazatineH2N HN CNH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NHO NH NH2

Guazatine

Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : postharvest diseases of seed potatoes, citrus fruits and pine apples10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 142


Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, ImazalilN N C H2 C H O C H2C H Cl C H2

Cl

Im a z a lil

Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : Penicillium, Gloeosporium, Phomopsis Phoma spp. etc. of citrus fruit, banana, seed potatoes10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 143

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