chương 4 hoach dinh

8/2/2019 Chng 4 hoach dinh

1/45

Chng 4: Chc nng hoch nh

Khi nim v ngha ca HPhn loi H

Phng php HMt s cng c H ch yuTin trnh H


2/45

-Vch ra 3 mc tiu ca bn trong tnglai 5 -10 nm na

-Cn c vo u a ra k hoch

-Cn lm g t c iu


3/45

Khi nim H

-Hochnh l tin trnh trong cc nh quntr xc nh v lachnmc tiu catchc vvch ra hnh ngcnthittmc tiu.

- Hoch nh l nghin cu qu kh ra Qtrong hintiv cng vicphi lm trong tnglai nhmthchin cc mc tiu nh.

Bncht?


4/45

ngha ca H

-Hoch nh gip cho nh qun tr t duy c hthng v nhng vn trong t chc. Do , ngip t chc:

Ch ng i ph vi cc tnh hung qun tr C cc chnh sch, bin php nht qun Tp trung c ngun lc hon thnh nhng

cng vic trng tm ca t chc Phi hp cc ngun lc hp l, hiu qu.- Hoch nh lm tin cho cc chc nng khc


5/45

Phn loi

- Theo cp hoch nh+ Hoch nh v m+ Hoch nh vi m

- Theo phm vi+ Hoch nh ton din+ Hoch nh tng phn- Theo lnh vc kinh doanh

+ Hoch nh ti chnh+ Hoch nh nhn s+ Hoch nh mar


6/45

Phn loi

- Theo mc hot ng+ Hoch nh chin lc

+ Hoch nh chin thut- Theo thi gian+ Hoch nh di hn: >5 nm

+ Hoch nh trung hn: t 1 nm n di 5 nm+ Hoch nh ngn hn: Di 1 nm


7/45

Phn loi H

- H chin lcHoch nh CL l tin trnh xy dng cc

chng trnh s dng cc ti nguyn ca t

chcsao cho ph hp vi nhng c hi,hot ng c hiu qu trong thi gian di.- H chin thut

Hoch nh chin thut l hoch nh cchthc thc hin CL, cch x l cc tnhhung c th t c kt qu cao.


8/45

Hoch nh chin lc

CL cp cng ty(CL tng th)Bao trm ton b cc hot ng ca cng ty. => xcnh cc hot ng KD m cng ty s cnh tranh vphn phi ngun lc gia cc hot ng KD .

CL cp n v KD:Dnh cho tng lnh vc KD ring bit trong cng ty.

CL cp chc nng:p dng cho tng b phn chc nng ring bit. Mi b

phn chc nng c th l mt phng, ban hoc khu vchot ng.


9/45

H chin thut

Qu trnh ra Q ngn hn v chi tit, xcnh ni dung cng vic cn tin hnh, ngithc hin v cch thc tin hnh.

Nhim v: trin khai ngn sch hng nm ivi mi phng ban, la chn nhng phngtin c th thc hin CL ca t chc, v.v.

Hoch nh chin thut chnh l cc k hochhng nm, hng qu v cc tc nghip hngthng, 1 tun, 1 ngy lm vic, 1 ca cng tc.


10/45

- K hoch n dng+ Chng trnh+ D n+ Ngn sch- K hoch thng trc (thng xuyn)+ Chnh sch+ Th tc+ Quy nh

H chin thut


11/45

Cc tnh cht ca HCL v HCT

Tnh cht H chin lc Hchinthut

nhhngcaH

Thi gian thchin

Mi trng thc

hin

Mc tiu ra

Ton b

Di hn

Bin i

Ln, tng qut

Ngn hn

Cc b

Xc nh

C th, r rng


12/45

Cc tnh cht ca HCL v HCT

Tnh cht H chin lc Hchinthut

Thng tin H

Ktquthchin

Thtbinuxy ra

Khnngcangira Q

Tng hp, khng y

Lu di

Nng n,

c th lm ph sn

Khi qut vn

y , chnh xc

C th iu chnh

C th khc phc

Phn tch c th, t m


13/45

Phng php H

- Hoch nh t trn xung- Hoch nh t di ln

- Hoch nh bng cch trung ho haiphng php trn (hai xung mt ln)


14/45

Hoch nh t trn xung

- Cc qun tr vin cp cao nht xy dngkhohhotng cho cp mnh, sau gikhoch ny cho cpktip lm cnc xy dngkhoch cho cp mnh vcnhvy cho ncpthpnht


15/45

Hoch nh t trn xung

- uim: mbo tnh thngnht trong KH Givng cc nhhng v cngc vai tr iu tit

cacp trn ivicpdi

-

Nhcim: Khoch thng khng st vi thc t kh thc

hinc v phitin hnh iuchnhkhochthngxuyn lm mti tnh mc tiu catchc;

t kch thch tnh nng ng sng to ca cp di,hotngmt cch thng, km hiuqu.


16/45

Hoch nh t di ln

l vic cp di lm k hoch gi lncp trn, v cp trn xy dng k hochgi ln cp trn k tip v c nh vy cho

n cp cao nht


17/45

- u im

K hoch thng st vi thc t Pht huy tnh ch ng sng to ca cp

di, khai thc c nhng tim nng c s.- Nhc im Khng m bo tnh thng nht trong k

hoch, kh gi vng cc nh hng chung Lm suy gim vai tr iu iu tit ca cp

trn i vi cp di thng qua knh k hoch.

Hoch nh t di ln


18/45

H bng cch trung ho haiphng php trn

Vo cui nm trc ca nm k hoch,cp trn xy dng k hoch cho cp mnhv gi bn k hoch ny cho cp di.

Cp di cn c vo k hoch hngdn ca cp trn v cc cn c khc xy dng k hoch cho mnh v gi chocp trn xem xt, quyt nh Cp trn quyt nh v gi tr li cho

cp di t chc thc hin.


19/45

u im

m bo vic lp k hoch c thchin thng nht, gi vng cc nh hngca cp trn

Khng hn ch tnh ch ng sng toca cp di Lm cho k hoch st vi thc t hn.

H bng cch trung ho haiphng php trn


20/45

Mt s cng c H ch yu

Ma trn SWOT/TOWSMa trn BCG

Phng php s mng liQun tr theo mc tiu


21/45

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS

Ni dung v ngha ca ma trn SWOT/TOWSMa trn SWOT/TOWSgm 4 yu t chnh:

S: Nhng im mnh S (u im hay u th)

W: Nhng im yu (nhc im) ca DN. O: Nhng c hi (c may hay thi c) ca

DN. T: Nhng e do (ri ro hay nguy c) ca DN.


22/45

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS

im mnh

(Strengths)

im yu

(Weeknesses)

C hi

(Opportunities)

e da (nguy c)

(Threats)


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SWOT: xc nh nhng yu t ni b trc,cc yu t bn ngoi sau; yu t thun litrc, bt li sau trong tng bi cnh bn

trong, bn ngoi.

TOWS ch trng n ngha v bn chtca CL pht trin KD l to th cnh tranh

phn tch bn ngoi trc (TO), bn trongsau (WS); v trong tng bi cnh s cpn cc yu t bt li trc, thun li sau.

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS


24/45

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS

Bc 1:Lit k cc c hi chnh. Bc 2:Lit k cc mi e da ch yu

bn ngoi cng ty

Bc 3:Lit k nhng im mnh ch yu. Bc 4:Lit k nhng im yu tiu biu

bn trong cng ty.

Bc 5:Kt hp im mnh bn trong vic hi bn ngoi v xut phng n CLSOthch hp. CL ny pht huy im mnh tn dng c hi.


25/45

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS

Bc 6:Kt hp im yu bn trong vi c hibn ngoi v xutphng n CL WOthch hp.CL ny khc phc im yu bng cch tn dngc hi.

Bc 7:Kt hp im mnh bn trong vi mi edo bn ngoi v xutphng n CL STthchhp. CL ny li dng th mnh ca mnh i

ph vi nguy c e do t bn ngoi. Bc 8:Kt hp im yu bn trong vi mi e

do bn ngoi v xutphng n CL WT. CLny nhm ti thiu ho tc dng ca im yu vphng th trc cc mi e do t bn ngoi.


26/45

Ma trn BCG (Boston Consulting Group)

5

3

CAO THP

CAO

THP

th phn tng i (RMS)

Cao Thp

t lTng

TrngCath

Trng(MGR)

4

12

6 7

8


27/45

du hi (Question marks): Nhng SBU ny thng mic thnh lp, trn th trng c cc i th cnh tranhkhc dn u nn chng c th phn thp v tc tngtrng th phn cao.

ngi sao (Stars): SBU du hi cnh tranh thng li, n schuyn sang ngi sao. Cc SBU ny dn u th trng vitc tng trng th phn cao.

b sinh li (Cash cows): SBU ny c th phn cao nhngt l tng trng th phn gim xung di 10%.

ch ch (Dogs): SBU ny c th phn nh v t l tngtrng th phn thp thng li nhun thp, thm ch l.



28/45

Cng ty cn xc nh mc tiu, CL v ngn sch dnh

cho mi SBU. Cc CL c th:Xy dng.Mc tiu: tng th phn SBU, thm ch l t b nhng li ch

ngn hn t c mc tiu ny khi cn. CL ny thch hp cho ccSBU thuc du hi.

Duy tr.Mc tiu: gi vng th phn. CL ny thch hp cho cc SBU tt b sinh li nu nh chng tip tc to ra lung tin mt ln.

Thu hoch.Mc tiu: tng lung tin mt ngn hn, cho d c nh hngn di hn. CL nay lin quan n mt Q rt lui khi KD bng ccSBU du hi v ch ch. CL ny thch hp vi cc SBU yu km

b sinh li.

Loi b.Mc tiu: bn hoc thanh l (liquidate) cc SBU v cc ngun lcc th s c s dng tt hn cho mc ch khc. CL ny thch hpcho cc SBU du hi v ch ch khi chng nh hng xu nli nhun ca cng ty.



29/45

Phng php s mng li(s PERT)

Mng li PERT:L mt biu biu din tnh lin tc v miquan h ca nhng cng vic v s kin cn

thit hon thnh mt d n hay k hochtng th.


30/45

Cc yu t chnh trong s PERT

S PERT gm 4 yu t ch yu:

- Cc s kin (biu din bng nhng vngtrn) l nhng im m cc Q c a rahay nhng cng vic cn c tin hnh.

- Cc hot ng (biu din bng nhng mitn) l nhng cng vic cn c hon thnh di chuyn t s kin ny ti s kin khc.

- Ngi chu trch nhim- Thi gian hon thnh


31/45


32/45

ng gng:

L con ng c thi gian di nht xc nh di thi gian ca ton d n

Phn b cc ngun lc:

Chi ph v thi gian:


33/45

Cc bc trong tin trnh lp s mng li

Bc 1: Xc nh cc hot ng cn thc hin v ccmc.

Bc 2: Xc nh chui ca cc hot ng . Bc 3: Xy dng mng li. Bc 4: c lng thi gian hot ng. 3 loi thi gian:

Thi gian c tnh theo kh nng hin thc Thi gian lc quan nht Thi gian bi quan nhtPERT gi s c lng thi gian c hm PPXS beta thi gian k vng (Te) cho mi hot ng c clng (trung bnh trng s):

Te = (To + 4Tm +Tp)/6

Cc bc trong tin trnh lp s


34/45

Cc bc trong tin trnh lp s mng li

Bc 5: Xc nh ng gng bngcch cng thi gian c lng cho cchot ng trong mi chuiv nh r conng di nht.

Bc 6: Cp nht nhng tin trin cad n v iu chnh khi cn thit


35/45

Phng php s mng li(s PERT)

S PERT thng pht huy cao nht khi cc d n lnhng d n phc tp v i hi phi c s phi hpcht ch. N cho php lm gim thi gian v chi ph cad n trong trng hp:

D n bao gm mt tp hp nhng cng vic c xc

nh r rng Cng vic c th c bt u v kt thc mt cch c

lp. Cc cng vic c tin hnh theo mt trnh t nht nh

Hn ch: khng ph hp khi sn xut theo dy chuyn lprp khi c s chi phi ca tc my mc.


36/45

B3:Xy dng mng li- S kin ca d n c t tng ng vi n nh ca

mt mng, nh s ln lt t 1 n n, ngoi ra thmvo mng mt nh 0 (ng vi s kin khi cng) vmt nh n + 1 (ng vi s kin hon thnh).

- S kin i no (i = 1,, n) c th tin hnh ngay th vmt cung c mi tn i t nh 0 n nh tng ng.

- Nu s kin th i phi hon thnh trc s kin th j thv cung c mi tn i t nh i n nh j v t tn cungny l Cij.

- Nu s kin i khng cn hon thnh trc bt c s

kin no khc th v cung c mi tn t nh i ti nh n+ 1.- Gn cho mi cung mt s, bng s n v thi gian cn

thit hon thnh cng vic.


37/45

V d v s pert

Tn hotng

K hiu H lintrc

Thi hn H linsau

o mng o 3 mng

mng o mng 4 San nn,xy tng

ct v

san nn

San mng 3 Lp rui/x

Xy tng Tng mng 5 Lp rui/x

Lp rui/x Rui Tng,san nn

3


38/45

QT theo mc tiu (MBO )

Lvic QT hng n mc tiu nh (MBO).

Nhng li ch ca MBO QT tt hn:Lp k hoch phi nh hng ti kt

qu th k hoch mi c ngha. QT theo MBO buccc nh QT phi ngh n vic xy dng cc k hochnhm t kt qu ch khng ch k hoch cng tc,k hoch hot ng. t c mc tiu, nh QTphi suy ngh v cch thc v ngun lc cn thit tmc tiu. Mc tiu cn l cn c kim tra.

T chc c phn nh r:mi b phn c mctiu khc nhau, cch lm vic, chc nng hot ngkhc nhau.

Kim tra c kt qu:Do c mc tiu, cng tc kimtra c cn c.


39/45

Cc bc ca MBO

Nhng giai on ch yu Nhng bc i chnh

t mc tiu

1. Xc nh mc tiu di hn.

2. Th hin cc mc tiu ca doanh nghip

3. Xy dng mc tiu ca cc ngnh kinh doanh.

4. Xy dng mc tiu ca cc phn xngXD chng trnh hnhng

5. Xy dng k hoch hnh ng

T kim sot 6. Thc hin k hoch v tin hnh iu chnh sai lch

Duyt xt nh k

7. Kim tra cc cp c t mc tiu hay khng.

8. nh gi thc hin, nu cc kin ngh, cc gii php


40/45

Tho lun: a ra mc tiu CT

Tng thm 30%th phn vo nm 2012

Tng doanhs bn

ln mc2 triu USDvo nm 2012

Tng tngli nhun

ln 250.000USDvo nm 2012

Gim chi phsn xut trn

mi n vsn phm

Tng cngmt LLLc k nng

gim 5%

CPLtrn mi ladoanh s bnvo nm 2012


41/45

Tin trnh hoch nh

Xc nh MTCa t chcXc nh MTCa t chc

PT tnh hnhHin ti

PT bi cnhHot ng

Lp k hoch-Xy dng nhiuphng n

-So snh vla chn

Thc hin


42/45

Bc 1. Xc nh mc tiu cahoch nh.

Mi t chc qun tr thng c nhiu mctiu khc nhau.Mi mc tiu c xc nh c th v thigian thc hin v c th lng ho. thc hin cc mc tiu ny nh quntr cn phi ra v bit cch phi hp

gia cc k hoch. V vy cn xc nhmc tiu cho vn cn hoch nh.


43/45

Bc 2: Phn tch tnh hnh hin tica t chc.

Hin ti ca t chc c nhng im mnhv im yu g, i vi mc tiu hochnh cc tim lc ca t chc c p ng

khng, t c cc quyt nh cho phhp


44/45

Bc 3: Phn tch bi cnh hot ng cat chc

Bao gm c hi v ri ro c th gp phi,nhng mi trng kinh t x hi m tchc chu nh hng

Bc 4. Lp k hoch hot ng.Bao gm vic xy dng nhiu phng nkhc nhau chn phng n thch hp;So snh v sp xp th t u tin cc

phng n; Chn phng n t nht trin khai hnh ng.


45/45

Bc 5. Trin khai thc hin cc phng

n hot ng.Trong qu trnh thc hin cc yu t nh

hng tc ng lm nhng k hoch

xy dnh b sai lch, khng ph hp, vvy trong bc ny cc qun tr vin philinh hot i ph vi cc bt trc t bn

ngoi tc ng n

chương 4 hoach dinh

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