Chng 4. ti nguyn thin nhin

15.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.2Ti nguyn rng 5.3Ti nguyn t 5.4Ti nguyn nc5.5Ti nguyn bin v ven bin5.6Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng

25.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.1.1Khi nim ti nguyn sinh vt Ti nguyn sinh vt bao gm tt c cc loi ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt v cc dng sng khc tn ti trong sinh quyn.

35.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.1.3Hin trng a dng sinh hc a dng genGen hoang di 45.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.1.3Hin trng a dng sinh hc a dng loi VN l 1 trong 10 trung tm DSH cao nht th gii, c t l cc loi c hu ca khu vc v quc gia cao nht trong cc nc ng Dng Pht hin thm cc loi mi Tc tuyt chng ca v c xng sng, chim, th cao hn 100 1.000 tc tuyt chng t nhin55.1Ti nguyn sinh vtThc vt: 12.000 loi c mch 7.000 loi nh danh2.300 loi dng lm lng thc thc phm, thuc, thc n gia sc, t si, nguyn vt liu700 loi cy thuc 6Thng p c Lan hi75.1Ti nguyn sinh vtng vt:275 loi th800 loi chim 180 loi b st 80 loi lng c 500 loi c nc ngt >2.000 loi c bin 5.500 loi cn trng

8

9G li hng ta Cng 10Su u 11Cu li Bo gm 125.1Ti nguyn sinh vtCc loi thy sinh thy sn B bin di 3.260 km h thng ao h sng sui

1.300 loi v phn loi thc vt thy sinh8 loi c bin 650 loi rong 600 loi phiu sinh thc vt 135.1Ti nguyn sinh vt 9.250 loi v phn loi ng vt 470 loi ng vt ni 6.400 loi ng vt y> 2.000 loi c 5 loi ra bin 10 loi rn bin 10 loi th bin

14

155.1Ti nguyn sinh vt Cc loi c nguy c tuyt chngDo hu qu chin tranh, do tc pht trin kinh t nhanh ti nguyn sv b suy gim

Mt s loi b tiu dit: t gic, b tt, hu sao, heo vi, c chnh nht 365 loi v phn loi ng vt trong tnh trng him, c nguy c b tiu dit 365 loi v phn loi thc vt trong tnh trng him, c nguy c b tiu dit 16

175.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.1.3Hin trng a dng sinh hc a dng h sinh thiSinh i ng ru vng cc Sinh i rng gm cc thm thc vt chnh: rng l kim, rng rng l n i, rng rm nhit iSinh i nh ni cao Sinh i tho nguyn Sinh i savan Sinh i sa mc Sinh i thy sinh185.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.1.2Gi tr ca a dng sinh hc a dng sinh hc bao gm a dng gen, a dng loi v a dng h sinh thi.a dng sinh hc l c s m bo khp kn chu trnh sinh a ha, to cn bng sinh thi, bo v mi trngcung cp ti nguyn thin nhin v cc gi tr thm m, tn ngng, gii tr cho con ngi l c s cho nn vn minh nhn loi pht trin195.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.1.4Nguyn nhn suy gim a dng sinh hc Khai thc qu mc, bt hp l, hy dit cc h sinh thi khng kp ti to, phc hi, hon nguyn nhim mi trng, tai bin, s c mi trng t nhin hay nhn to cht/khng hong h sinh thiBin i ca kh hu ton cu Tc ng a dng ca con ngi ln cc h sinh thi t nhin205.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.1.5Gii php bo v a dng sinh hc mc quc gia Thnh lp cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc vn Quc gia bo v cc HST c bit Bo v cc loi qu him v c nguy c tuyt chng Khai thc v s dng hp l, khoa hc cc gi tr DSH, bao gm c a dng gen, loi v h sinh thi21Cy ch ngn nm Vn Quc Gia Cc Phng

225.1Ti nguyn sinh vt5.1.5Gii php bo v a dng sinh hc mc quc tCng c v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit nh l ni c tr ca cc loi chim nc (RAMSA, 1971)Cng c v bo v di sn vn ha v thin nhin th gii (HERITAGE, 1972)Cng c v bun bn quc t cc loi ng, thc vt c nguy c tuyt chng (CITES, 1973)Cng c v bo v cc loi di c hoang d (BONN, 1979)Cng c v bo tn a dng sinh hc (CBD, 1992)235.2Ti nguyn rng

245.2Ti nguyn rng

255.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.1Khi nim v phn loi L h sinh thi vi cc loi cy g chim u thC kh nng thit lp mt iu kin mi trng ring

265.2Ti nguyn rngRng c DSH cao nht trong cc HST trn cn Phn loi theo chc nng, c 3 loi Rng phng h Rng c dng Rng sn xut

275.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.2Vai tr ca rng trong t nhinTo ra, duy tr v bo v DSH, l ni cho cc loi ng vt Tch t, chuyn ha nng lng mt tri thnh ha nng, cung cp O2, tiu th CO2, lm sch bu kh quyn Cung cp g cho dn sinh v nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip, khai m, ha cht, y hc Bo v t, chng xi mn, to vi kh hu tt

285.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.2Vai tr ca rng trong t nhin (2)iu ha ch dng chy, phng h u ngunCung cp cc gi tr cnh quan, thm m, du lch L i tng cho nghin cu khoa hc L c s to ra v bo tn vn ha a phng

295.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.3Hin trng khai thc rng trn th gii

305.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.4Nguyn nhn suy thoi rngLy t lm nng nghip Khai thc ti nguyn rng (g, lm sn ngoi g) qu mc v khng hp lTrng cy kinh doanh c sn Chy rng (t nhin/nhn to) Mt din tch rng cho cc hot ng pht trin KT-XH: khai khong, xy dng khu dn c, khu CN, ng giao thng, nh my thy in nhim MT lm gim cht lng ti nguyn rng

315.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.5Cc gii php bo v v pht trin ti nguyn rng Bo v nguyn mt s khu vc rng c bit c gi tr Khai thc s dng hp l ti nguyn rng Hn ch nhim mi trng Phng chng chy rng Trng v bo v rng Hn ch, thay i m hnh tiu th v gim lng ph g rng325.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.5Cc gii php bo v v pht trin ti nguyn rng (2)Pht trin kinh t, xa i gim ngho, c bit l cho cc cng ng a phng c rng Hp tc quc t, h tr ngun ti chnh bo v rng cho khu vc cc cng ng ngho, cc quc gia ang pht trin, n b nhng thit hi kinh t lin quan ti hn ch khai thc rng thuc lnh th ca h v mc ch sinh thi mi trng. 335.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.5Cc gii php bo v v pht trin ti nguyn rng (3)Vn bn quc t quan trng nht v rng l Tuyn b cc nguyn tc v rng (1992), ku gi qun l rng bn vng. Cc nc tha thun v nguyn tc l mi nc c quyn khai thc ti nguyn rng ca mnh, nhng phi m bo khng gy thit hi cho cc quc gia khc. 345.2Ti nguyn rng5.2.6Ti nguyn rng Vit Nam

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355.3Ti nguyn t5.3.1Khi nim chung t t ai

t l ti nguyn ti to (c kh nng t phc hi mu m v cc tnh nng thch hp duy tr s sng)

365.3Ti nguyn t

375.3Ti nguyn t

385.3Ti nguyn t5.3.2Hin trng s dng ti nguyn t trn th gii - t nng nghip- t tim nng nng nghip cha c a vo s dng do c nhng yu t hn ch nh kh hu khc nghit, t dc, phn, mn, thiu nc .- Vn gia tng dn s?- Ti thiu t nng nghip bnh qun u ngi l 0,26ha/ngi . Thc t: chu : 0,19ha/ngi (nh vy, mc thiu ht t nng nghip Chu l kh ln).395.3Ti nguyn t5.3.2Hin trng s dng ti nguyn t trn th gii Nhng h qu mi trng ca vic s dng ti nguyn tKhong 2/3 din tch t nng nghip trn th gii b thoi ha (xi mn, ra tri, sa mc ha, chua ha, mn ha th sinh, nhim mi trng, khng hong HST t)Thoi ha t nguy c gim 10 20% sn lng lng thc th gii trong 25 nm ti 405.3Ti nguyn tNguyn nhn thoi ha t:Chn th qu mc (34%)Ph rng (30%)H.ng sn xut nng nghip (28%)Khai thc ci g (7%)Cng nghip ha (1%)415.3Ti nguyn tNguyn nhn thoi ha t: trong t nhin Xi mn do nc (56%), do gi (28%)Nguyn nhn ha hc (12%)Nguyn nhn l hc (4%)Nguyn nhn no l ch yu gy thoi ha t trn th gii?425.3Ti nguyn t5.3.4Cc gii php bo v ti nguyn t Khai thc t hp l theo ng cc nguyn l sinh thi hc Dng nhiu cht hu c khp kn chu trnh sinh a ha v nui dng h sinh thi t Hn ch s dng cc ha cht c hiCanh tc hp lCi to t gip tng ph ca t 435.3Ti nguyn tC quy hoch s dng t nhm s dng hp l, c hiu qu v bn vng ti nguyn t, phng chng cc qu trnh gy suy thoi v nhim t Chng xi mn : kt hp cc k thut canh tc, trng rng c cu cy trng ph hp, xen canh gi v, to lp che ph t, gim dc, di ca sn dc bng cch to vt cn, trng cy theo ng ng mc gim tc dng chyC chin lc ng ph vi cc nguy c hoang mc ha t ai 445.3Ti nguyn tS dng hp l ti nguyn nc C cc gii php ti u gip phng trnh, gim nh cc tc ng xu ca thin tai

455.4Ti nguyn nc5.4.1Khi nim v c im chungVai tr ca TNN?Ti nguyn nc c kh nng ti to v lng v v cht?Phn b TNN?Ti nguyn nc mang tnh lu vc v phi hnh chnh?Mc dng nc?Nhu cu dng nc?Nguyn nhn khan him ngun nc cp trn th gii hin nay?

465.4Ti nguyn nc5.4.1Khi nim v c im chungVai tr ca TNN?Ti nguyn nc c kh nng ti to v lng v v cht?Phn b TNN?Ti nguyn nc mang tnh lu vc v phi hnh chnh?Mc dng nc?Nhu cu dng nc?Nguyn nhn khan him ngun nc cp trn th gii hin nay?

Nguyn nhn:Ngun nc t nhin khan him do phn b khng ng u theo khng gianBin trnh nc theo thi gian khng ng pha vi bin trnh nhu cu s dng.Cht lng nc khng ph hpp lc dn sQun l yu km cc ngun ncThay i cc m hnh kh hu

475.4Ti nguyn nc5.4.2Ti nguyn nc ca Vit Nam

Trang 133-138485.4Ti nguyn nc5.4.3H qu mi trng n ti nguyn nc H qu ca vic khai thc s dng nc khng hp l: nhim nc do x thi vo cc ngun nc, bin i cc iu kin hnh thnh dng chy v iu kin cn cho qu trnh t lm sch suy thoi, khng hong MT, bin ng kh hu ton cu, ph v cc quy lut t nhin chi phi cc qu trnh nc v dng chyCn kit ngun nc v khng hong h sinh thi 495.4Ti nguyn ncH qu ca vic s dng cc h cha nhn to, o lp, thay i mng li v mt dng chy, chuyn hng dng chy: Thay i cn cn nc khu vc, thay i ch nc, thay i cc qu trnh t nhin trong thy vc nh vn chuyn ph sa, lu thng sinh vt, xi bi b sng v ven sng, ca bin , thay i phng phc tiu th nc, tng mc dng nc. Nhiu trng hp nhng thay i ny gy suy thoi, nhim h sinh thi, cn kit ti nguyn.

505.4Ti nguyn ncH qu ca vic xy p, k, cu cng, no vt trong sng: Cn tr cc qu trnh t nhin ca dng sngThay i ch thy lc trong sngXy p lm choH sinh thi lng h b hy dit hon ton Nhiu on sng h lu xi l bt thng Gim sn lng c vng ca sng ven bin Gim tc b tin ra bin Gim cht lng h sinh thi rng ngp mn

515.4Ti nguyn ncKhai thc nc ngm qu mc gy: St ln mt t Tng dng ko theo Thay i cu trc cc tng t Tng nguy c nhim ngun nc ngm

525.4Ti nguyn nc nhim mi trng tc ng n nhiu dng sng trn th gii, e da kh nng cp nc cho nhiu cng ng dn c v h sinh thi Ma axid gy hy dit cho cc khu rng, h sinh thi, h nc v cc thy vc khc Dng nc bn gy dch bnh v tnh trng sc khe suy yu cho ngi Nc l, nc c khong cao dng ti tiu s lm mn ha t, suy thoi tNc nhim dng canh tc, nui trng s nh hng n nng sut v s an ton ca sn phm

535.4Ti nguyn nc5.4.4Gii php s dng, qun l v bo v ti nguyn ncCc bin php qun l pht trin v s dng ti nguyn nc theo lu vc sng Cc bin php s dng ti nguyn nc trong kh nng ti to v khng lm tn thng cc iu kin cn cho kh nng ti to v lng v v chtT chc quy hoch cc hot ng pht trin trn b mt lu vc mt cch khoa hc, ph hp, trnh mi bt li ti MT v ti nguyn ni chung. 545.4Ti nguyn nc5.4.4Gii php s dng, qun l v bo v ti nguyn nc- TNN sng a quc gia cn c qun l bi cc y ban c bit, c thnh phn l i din ca tt c quc gia trn lu vc, hot ng theo nguyn tc cng chia s mi quyn li v ngha v lin quan ti TNN, qun l v x l tt cc loi cht thi, khng chng gy ONMT.- Trong chin lc ng x vi TBMT lin quan n nc, iu quan trng l phi d bo chnh xc, hnh ng kp thi, hp l v khoa hc nhm hn ch ti a thit hi 555.4Ti nguyn nc5.4.4Gii php s dng, qun l v bo v ti nguyn nc- Xem nc l mt loi hng ha thc y cc qu trnh ti s dng v s dng hp l, tit kim TNN.Trong nng nghip c c cu cy trng hp l, ph hp vi iu kin t nhin. Nng cao thc cng ng trong s dng, qun l v BVTNN 565.4Ti nguyn nc5.4.4Gii php s dng, qun l v bo v ti nguyn ncLut v chnh sch qun l ti nguyn nc- Ban hnh cc chnh sch, php ch v qun l nc thch hp: y l bin php mang tnh cht php l, thit ch v hnh chnh p dng cho vic s dng v phn phi ti nguyn nc, m bo pht trin bo v ti nguyn nc. - Tng cng cng tc hng dn, tuyn truyn lut ti nguyn nc.- Tng cng cng tc tranh tra, kim tra v x l kp thi cc ngun gy nhim ti nguyn nc.

575.5Ti nguyn bin v ven bin5.5.1Khi nim chung 5.5.2Hin trng v tnh hnh khai thc ti nguyn bin 5.5.3Ti nguyn bin Vit Nam

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585.5Ti nguyn bin v ven bin5.5.4Tc ng ca con ngi n ti nguyn bin nhim bin v i dng do X thi trc tip trn bin Cc cht thi t t lin ra bin qua cc ca sng v vng ven b Cht nhim t kh quyn lng ng trn bin v bin i kh hu ton cu lm tn thng cc qu trnh t nhin trong bin S thay i thnh phn v tnh cht mi trng lm cho HST bin thay i theo chiu hng bt li nh xut hin hin tng to n hoa, to c

595.5Ti nguyn bin v ven bin nhim du ch yu t s c giao thng, gin khoan v ng dn du gy trn du ra bin. Suy thoi ti nguyn sinh vt do Phng thc nh bt bt hp l, s dng cng c, ha cht hy ditMi trng b nhim nh hng n iu kin sng ca sinh vt thy sinh

605.5Ti nguyn bin v ven bin5.5.5Gii php cho cc vn v ti nguyn bin Gii php phi mang tnh ton cu, vi mc tiu c bn l : Ngn chn x trc tip /gin tip cht nhim xung bin Khai thc s dng hp l ti nguyn bin trn c s qun l tng hp i b

615.5Ti nguyn bin v ven bin5.5.5Gii php cho cc vn v ti nguyn bin Cc hnh ng mang tnh a phng:Thc hin tt cng tc gio dc mi trng v pht trin kinh t, xa i gim ngho cc cng ng t thc hin vic khai thc ti u, bn vng ti nguyn, bo v cht lng mi trng v cc HST c th ven bin. 625.6Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng5.6.1Ti nguyn khong sn Ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam 80 loi khong sn Phn b khng tp trung M ln: than, du m v 3.500 m nh v im m Khong sn chnh: Du, Kh Than , than nu, than bn St , apatit, vng

635.6Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng

645.6Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng5.6.1Ti nguyn khong sn Cc vn v mi trng trong khai thc, s dng ti nguyn khong sn Tng li lm b mt tri t, nh hng xu n cnh quan, tng b ri ca t tng dng chy v nhim dng chy, nhim khng kh, tng tch t cht thi rn vi khi lng ln Tng mc ph rng gii phng mt bng v ly g chng l, gii phng mt bng mt rng, mt ni c tr cho ng vt v nh hng xu n s hnh thnh dng chy

655.6Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lngPht tn cht nhim ra mi trng Vn chuyn khong sn gy nhim theo trc ng giao thng Ch bin s dng khong sn gy nhim t, nc, khng kh v cn kit ti nguyn

Suy thoi, nhim mi trng tc ng xu n ngi lao ng trc tip v c dn, h sinh thi trong khu vc.

665.6Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng5.6.1Ti nguyn khong sn Gii php chung cho cc vn mi trng ti nguyn khong sn Khong sn l loi ti nguyn khng ti to s dng hp l, tit kim, p dng cc bin php ti ch, ti s dng Mt s loi ti nguyn ang c nguy c cn kit tm kim cng ngh thay th ph hp

675.6Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lngKhc phc cc h qu MT trong khai thc, vn chuyn v ch bin ti nguyn: ci to b mt t, trng rng trn nhng din tch m khai thc,

S dng cc cng ngh khai thc ti u khai thc hiu qu v gim thiu tc ng mi trng 685.6Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng5.6.2Ti nguyn nng lng

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69Cu hi n tp Cc cp ca a dng sinh hc ? Cc nguyn nhn gy suy gim a dng sinh hc? Cc gii php bo tn a dng sinh hc ? Cc nguyn nhn ca tnh trng suy thoi rng hin nay trn th gii? Cc gii php no bo v v pht trin ti nguyn rng? Vit Nam c cc chng trnh, chnh sch no t mc tiu nng che ph rng ln 43% vo nm 2010?Cc h qu mi trng ca vic s dng t trong thi gian qua trn th gii ? Cc gii php bo v ti nguyn t ?

70Cu hi n tp H qu mi trng ca vic khai thc s dng nc khng hp l l g ?H qu ca vic dng cc gii php cng trnh trong sng (nh p, k, cu cng ) hay no vt n ti nguyn nc l g ?Theo em, ti nguyn bin v ven bin trn th gii hin ang b suy thoi bi nhng nguyn nhn no? Gii php chung cho cc vn ti nguyn bin l g?

71Cu hi n tp Cc vn v mi trng no c th pht sinh khi khai thc, s dng ti nguyn khong sn ? Gii php no cc vn v khai thc ti nguyn khong sn?

72Questions and Discussion

73