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CHNG 5 - KHAI THC V QUN L NG CAO TC

5.1 - ng cao tc v nh hng pht trin h thng ng cao tc ca Vit Nam

5.1.1 - Vai tr ca h thng ng cao tc trong mng li ng b

H thng ng cao tc cc quc gia pht trin ng vai tr quan trng trong h thng mng li ng b do kh nng c th p ng c nhu cu ca x hi pht trin v c ng, tnh kt ni, mc thun tin, an ton v an ninh. H thng mng li ng cao tc khi c pht trin hon thin trong mng li ng ni cung s to mt c s cho giao thng an ton, tin cy v bn vng, t b ph thuc vo iu kin thay i ca mi trng, kh hu.

H thng ng cao tc tuy khng chim t l ln v s km ng nhng thng thng, khi pht trin hon thin c th m nhn c lng vn chuyn kh ln. V d, mng li ng cao tc th ti Hoa K ch chim khong 2.4% tng chiu di ca mng li cc ng th, nhng m nhn n khong 20% nhu cu giao thng. Ngi ta v cc ng cao tc nh h xng sng ca h thng giao thng vn ti, v cn c mc phc v cao dng giao thng c thng sut v an ton.

p lc i vi h thng giao thng vn ti ngy cng tng cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t x hi v s gia tng dn s. Nhu cu i li ngy cng tng lm cho iu kin cc dng giao thng lun trng thi khng n nh, ch tc giao thng gia tng, chm tr xy ra vi tn sut cao hn v thi gian chm tr di hn, xung t nhiu v phc tp hn gia cc dng xe lm gim an ton. gii quyt cc nhu cu vn ti ngy cng tng, vic pht trin mng li ng cao tc hn ch xung t, c kh nng thng qua ln, m bo giao thng lin tc, thng sut m bo lng vn ti ch yu l mt tt yu i vi cc quc gia.

Mt h thng giao thng vn ti hiu qu cn c ba hp phn:

- Xy dng cc cng trnh h tng giao thng vn ti cn thit

- Bo tr h thng cc cng trnh h tng (nh l bo dng v xy dng li), v

- Duy tr nng lc khai thc ca h thng cng trnh bng qun l khai thc hng ngy.

Khai thc v qun l ng cao tc l thc hin cc chnh sch, chin lc v cc cng ngh ci thin cc c trng khai thc ca ng. Mc tiu ca cc chng trnh qun l ng cao tc l gim thiu ch tc v cc nh hng ca ch tc giao thng (nh l, chm tr i vi ngi s dng ng, s bt tin, mt an ton v nhim mi trng khng kh,...), ci thin an ton, tng cng tnh linh hot v cung cp cc dch v hot ng cn thit trong cc trng hp khn cp.

5.1.2 - Tm quan trng ca cng tc khai thc v qun l h thng ng cao tc

Khai thc v qun l ng cao tc gip cho mng li ng cao tc lun c thng sut v an ton, m bo cht lng giao thng, bao gm:

- Tnh c ng: kh nng i li gia cc v tr s dng tip cn a phng thc

- Tnh tip cn: kh nng mi c nhn khi tham gia giao thng c th gii quyt c cc hot ng kinh t, x hi trn vn

- tin cy, kh nng c th d bo: kh nng c th d bo cho nhng tay i c th nh hng n mc ch ca chuyn i, th hin tnh n nh (t c kh nng thay i), v s c sn v y ca h thng thng tin.

V mt l thuyt, cc vn v ch tc giao thng, an ton, tnh c ng, kh nng tip cn c th gii quyt bng vic tng kh nng thng qua ca ng (nh l tng s ln xe, xy dng thm kt cu cng trnh mi) v xy dng li cc cng trnh (nh m rng ln xe, m rng l, ci tuyn. Tuy nhin, cc gii php ny trong nhiu trng hp, khi cn nhc li ch kinh t v kh nng ngun vn, c th s khng thc hin c.

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Mt chng trnh khai thc v qun l mng li ng b ni chung v ng cao tc ni ring, vi mc ch ng cao tc lun m bo giao thng vi cht lng dng tt nht, cung cp mt dch v vn chuyn tin cy, n nh, an ton vi h thng thng tin cp nht v lun c d bo trc cho ngi s ng ng.

V mt cng ngh, h thng giao thng thng minh ITS (Intelligent Transport System) thit lp mi trng cng tc qun l v khai thc ng cao tc c bc pht trin tin b vt bc. Cc u im ca h thng l cng ngh theo di, truyn - x l s liu v truyn pht thng tin. H thng ITS cho php xc nh mt cch kp thi cc tnh hung c kh nng gy ra cc ch tc, cc iu kin khng an ton, gim tnh c ng,... v sau thc hin cc chin lc v cc k hoch thch hp gii quyt cc tnh hung v xc nh c thi hn gii quyt v d tnh cc nh hng ca chng n giao thng trn ng.

Cc p dng cng ngh mi em li cc nh hng tch cc i vi cng tc khai thc ng cao tc em n cc li ch nh l tng cng an ton giao thng, ci thin cht lng dng xe v gim chm tr giao thng. S liu theo di v chi ph v li ch trong vic p dng h thng ITS nm 2003 ti Hoa K nh sau:

Cc ch tiu nh gi h thng Gi tr nh gi

Thi gian i li Gim t 20% n 48%

Tc Tng t 16% n 62%

Kh nng thng qua ca ng cao tc Tng t 17% n 25%

Tai nn giao thng Gim t 15% n 50%

Tiu th nhin liu Gim 41% ti cc cng ch tc giao thng

Kh thi Gim lng kh thi HC hng nm: 1400 tn

Gim lng kh thi NOX hng nm: 1200 tn

5.1.3 - nh hng pht trin h thng ng cao tc ti Vit Nam

ng cao tc hin c ti Vit Nam chim t l rt nh, trong nhng nm gn y, mi ch c mt

s tuyn c xy dng: Lng - Ho Lc (30 km), Php Vn - Cu Gi (30 km), Cu Gi - Ninh

Bnh (54 km), v Trung Lng - Thnh ph H Ch Minh (70 km).

Mt s tuyn ang trong qu trnh xy dng v hon thnh: H Ni Hi Phng (105 km) , Ni Bi Lo Cai (285 km), H Ni Thi Nguyn (61 km), Thnh ph H Ch Minh Long Thnh Du Giy (55 km), Trung Lng Cn Th (95 km).

Quy hoch mng li ng cao tc Vit Nam c d kin theo 3 giai giai on: ngn hn (n nm 2015), trung hn (2015 2025) v di hn (t 2026), vi tng chiu di l 2,614 km bao gm c cc tuyn ng hon thnh l vi nh hng pht trin tuyn cao tc theo chiu dc t Bc n Nam; h thng ng cao tc khu vc pha Bc; h thng ng cao tc khu vc min Trung v Ty Nguyn, h thng ng cao tc khu vc pha Nam. Quy hoch trung hn n nm 2025 vi hai cm h thng l ng cao tc pha Bc, v h thng ng cao tc min Trung Nam B. Chi tit cho chiu di v d kin theo qui hoch c c th cho tng cm h thng c cho trong bng 5.1 sau y:

Bng 5.1 Quy hoch h thng ng cao tc Vit Nam n nm 2025

TT Tn ng

Chiu di (km)

hon thnh

Quy hoch ngn hn (2015)

Quy hoch trung hn

(2025)

I H thng ng cao tc khu vc pha Bc

114 724 333

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1 Php Vn - Cu Gi 30

2 Cu Gi - Ninh Bnh 54

3 Lng - Ha Lc 30

4 Ninh Bnh - Thanh Ho 63

5 Thanh Ho - Vinh 170

6 H Ni - Hi Phng 105

7 Ni Bi - Lm Thao 65

8 H Ni - Thi Nguyn 61

9 Lm Thao - Lo Cai 220

10 Hi Phng - Qung Ninh 40

11 Lng Sn - Bc Giang - Bc Ninh 118

12 Ni Bi - Mai Dch 23

13 Bc Ninh - H Long 110

14 Ninh Bnh - Hi Phng 82

II H thng ng cao tc khu vc pha Trung b v Nam b

70 794 579

1 TP H Ch Minh - Trung Lng 70

2 Du Giy - Ninh Thun 240

3 Ninh Thun - Nha Trang 79

4 Nng - Qung Ngi 140

5 TP H Ch Minh - Long Thnh 25

6 Long Thnh - Du Giy 30

7 Trung Lng - Cn Th 95

8 Bin Ho - B Ra 58

9 TP H Ch Minh - Th Du Mt 25

10 Th Du Mt - Chn Thnh 45

11 Bn Lc - Nhn Trch - Long Thnh 57

12 La Sn - Nng 70

13 Qung Ngi - Nha Trang 332

14 Tn Thnh - Rch Gi 125

15 Tp H Ch Minh - Mc Bi 52

TNG CNG 184 1518 912

Quy m ca mt s tuyn ng trong quy hoch c th hin sau y:

ng cao tc Nng - Qung Ngi d kin c xy dng theo tiu chun ng t cao tc loi A, vn tc thit k 120km/h. Phn ng ni vi quc l 1A c thit k theo tiu chun ng cp III ng bng vi vn tc thit k 80 km/h. Qui m ng

- Chiu rng nn ng: 26 m

- B rng mt ng: 14.5 m

- Cu to trc ngang: 4 ln xe x 3.75 m + di phn cch gia 2 m + di dng xe khn cp 2x3 m + di an ton 2 x 0.75 m

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Hnh 5.1 - ng cao tc Nng - Qung Ngi

ng cao tc Bn Lc - Long Thnh c im u l im giao gia ng cao tc thnh ph H Ch Minh Trung Lng v d n ng Vnh ai 3 (ti khong Km12+100 l trnh ng cao tc thnh ph H Ch Minh Trung Lng), im cui d n l im giao vi d n ng cao tc Bin Ha Vng Tu. D n c tng chiu di 57,8 Km, trong :

+ on thuc a phn tnh Long An : 2,7 Km

+ on thuc a phn thnh ph H Ch Minh: 26,4 Km

+ on thuc a phn tnh ng Nai: 28,7 Km

ng c thit k xy dng phn k theo hai giai on:

+ Giai on I: 04 ln xe vi tng chiu rng nn ng: 27.5 m

+ Giai on II (hon chnh): 08 ln xe vi tng chiu rng nn ng: 42,5 m

+ Cp thit k ca ng: ng cao tc loi A; Tc thit k: 120km/h ;

+ Cp ng t: cp 7 (theo thang MSK-64).

Cc cng trnh trn tuyn Gm 02 cu ln l Cu Bnh Khnh (cu dy vng vt sng Soi Rp), cu Phc Khnh (cu dy vng vt sng Lng Tu) tnh cao 55m, tnh ngang ti thiu 242m; 09 cu vt sng khc; 02 Cu cn qua khu dn c; 03 cu cn kt hp vt sng rch; 03 cu vt tuyn chnh nt giao; 09 cng chui dn sinh.

H thng qun l khai thc bao gm 06 trm thu ph; 01 trung tm iu hnh; 02 trm iu hnh; 02 trm dch v. Lp t h thng giao thng thng minh trn ton tuyn v h thng chiu sng, tng chng n.

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Hnh 5.2 - ng cao tc Bn Lc - Long Thnh

ng cao tc H Ni - Lo Cai nm trong hnh lang ng b Cn Minh - Hi Phng, c im u ni vi ng vnh ai III trn ng Bc Thng Long - Ni Bi v ng cao tc H Ni - H Long. Tuyn i qua H Ni v cc tnh Vnh Phc, Ph Th, Yn Bi, Lo Cai, kt thc ti huyn Bt Xt, ni vi ng cao tc Cn Minh - H Khu.

on cao tc t Ni Bi n Yn Bi thit k theo tiu chun ng t cao tc su ln xe vi chiu rng nn ng 34,5m, vn tc thit k 100km/h. on t Yn Bi n Lo Cai thit k theo tiu chun ng t cao tc bn ln xe, vi chiu rng nn ng 24m, vn tc thit k 80km/h.

Cng trnh ng cao tc H Ni - Lo Cai c b tr y h thng cng trnh ph tr ph hp vi tiu chun ng cao tc: h thng ng gom, nt giao ct khc mc, cng trnh bo m an ton giao thng, n chiu sng, trm in thoi vi mt 3km/trm, trm dng xe dc ng (13 trm), trm dch v.

ng cao tc H Ni - Hi phng ang c xy dng vi tng chiu di 105.5 km, tc thit k 120 km/h. ng c xy dng vi 6 ln xe + 02 ln dng xe khn cp vi chiu rng l 33 m. Chiu rng trung bnh ca nn ng khong 100m.

Cc cng trnh trn ng bao gm 06 nt giao khc mc; 09 cu ln; 21 cu trung; 22 cu vt; 124 cu vt v hm b hnh. Cu to mt nt giao khc mc trn ng c th hin hnh 5.3.

Hnh 5.3 - Cu to mt nt khc mc trn ng cao tc H Ni - Hi Phng

Hnh 5.4 l bn tuyn ng cao tc H Ni - Hi phng v s ha tuyn d n.

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Hnh 5.4 - Bn v s ha tuyn ng cao tc H Ni - Hi Phng

5.2 - Cc khi nim v nh ngha

ng cao tc

S tay nng lc thng hnh ng b Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) nh ngha ng cao tc l ng c di phn cch cc ln i ngc chiu, c kim sot ton b cc ng tip cn v c t nht hai ln xe ring bit cho mi hng. ng cao tc m bo dng giao thng thng sut (khng b gin on trong ton b thi gian). Cc ln xe ngc chiu c phn tch bng di phn cch vi cc cu to khc nhau ty thuc qu t dnh cho ng. Cc iu kin khai thc trn ng cao tc ch yu ph thuc vo mi quan h tng h gia cc li xe v cc xe trong dng xe, gia li xe v cc xe vi iu kin hnh hc ca ng.

Hng dn AASHTO (AASHTO Green Book) nh ngha ng cao tc l cc trc giao thng chnh c kim sot ton b cc ng tip cn. Cc ng cao tc c mc phc v v tnh an ton cao, mt lu lng xe ln chy vi tc cao. kim sot ton b cc tip cn, hng dn qui nh thit k giao ct khc mc i vi ton b cc tuyn ng cc cp khc.

Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng thng qua v cht lng khai thc ca ng cao tc bao gm:

Cc yu t bnh Bn knh ng cong bng ( cong)

Siu cao

Cc yu t trc dc dc dc

Chiu di on dc

ng cong ng - ng cong lm v ng cong li

Mt ct ngang S ln xe

Chiu rng ln xe

Tnh khng ngang

- Loi l ng v chiu rng l

- Loi di phn cch v chiu rng di phn cch

- Tnh khng n chng ngi vt

Cc yu t khc Mt cc giao ct khc mc

Cc nhnh ni v cc giao ct nhnh ni

Cc on trn dng

ch tc giao thng

Cc khi nim c bn v dng xe

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Cng dng xe l s xe qua mt mt ct ngang ca ng trong mt n v thi gian

Tc dng xe l qung ng xe i c trong mt n v thi gian, c th th hin qua tc dng xe trung bnh thi gian v tc dng trung bnh khong cch.

Mt dng xe l s xe c mt trn mt n v chiu di ng

Quan h c bn gia cc i lng trong dng xe c th hin trong hnh 5.5

Hnh 5.5 - Mi quan h gia cc i lng c bn trong ng cong

Cc phn tch c bn t hnh 5.5

- Cng dng xe c th bng 0 hai trng thi dng. Trng thi th nht, nh mt dng xe rt nh, ngha l khng c xe chy trn ng, s khng c xe no i qua mt mt ct ngang ng trong mt n v thi gian. trng thi th hai, khi m mt xe trn ng rt ng, tt c cc xe u dng li, s cng khng c xe no c th i qua mt ct ngang ng trong mt n v thi gian.

- gia hai im cc ny, cc c tnh ng ca dng xe s c nh hng ln nht. Cng dng xe tng ln, mt dng cng tng ln, nhiu xe trn ng hn, tc dng xe s gim i do nh hng tng h gia cc xe tng ln.

Khi nim c bn v ch tc giao thng

Bo co nghin cu ca Chng trnh nghin cu ng b Quc gia (National Cooperative Highway Research Program - NCHRP) s 398 vi ch nh lng ch tc giao thng xc nh bn thnh phn c nh hng tng h trong h thng ng b c ch tc:

+ Thi lng ch tc - khong thi gian ch tc nh hng n h thng giao thng

+ Phm vi ch tc - s ngi v xe c b nh hng bi ch tc v phn b a l ch tc

+ Mc ch tc - nghim trng ca ch tc (vi cc thng s lin quan nh l s ngi x s gi ch tc, tc trung bnh,...)

+ tin cy lin quan n s bin i ca ba thnh phn v thi lng ch tc, phm vi ch tc v mc ch tc.

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Thi gian mt mt c th c xem l c s nh lng cho cho ch tc giao thng. Tuy nhin, chm tr ngi s dng ng c th chp nhn c c th thay i ty thuc vi tng thnh ph cng nh vo v tr ca khu vc trong thnh ph v thm ch theo thi im khc nhau trong ngy. C mt phng php c th c s dng gii quyt vn ny ngha l xc nh hai nh lng, l ch tc v ch tc khng th chp nhn c

- ch tc giao thng c th hin l thi gian i li hay chm tr vt qu mc thng thng trong iu kin giao thng t do hay trong iu kin dng t xe.

- ch tc khng th chp nhn c l thi gian i li hay chm tr qu ngng c th chp nhn. Ngng c th chp nhn c th thay i bi loi hnh vn ti, phng tin giao thng, v tr a l, thi gian trong ngy. ch tc khng th chp nhn cn c a vo tnh ton yu cu cho mi hnh thc vn ti.

ch tc c th phn loi thnh ch tc thng xuyn v ch tc bt thng. ch tc thng xuyn xy ra khi yu cu tng ln vt qu nng lc hin c ca ng, thng lin quan n gi cao im, khi nhu cu i li t n kh nng thng qua ca ng cao tc, dng giao thng tr nn khng n nh, tc nghn gin on. Hin mng li ng cao tc ca Vit Nam ang trong giai on bt u c u t xy dng, cha c s liu c th v gi cao im v lu lng gi cao im trn cc tuyn cao tc. Tuy nhin, v d sau y (hnh 5.6) cho lu lng giao thng theo di trn Quc l 5 theo gi trong ngy hin nay c th xem nh m phng cho ng cao tc H Ni - Hi Phng khi a vo khai thc v ng thi i din cho cc tuyn ng cao tc ti Vit Nam.

ch tc bt thng bt ngun t vic gim kh nng thng qua trong khi nhu cu giao thng khng c bin ng. Loi hnh ch tc ny thng do ng tm thi mt hoc nhiu hn mt ln xe. Tc v cng dng c khi phc vi ln xe c m tr li v khi phc ton b nng lc. Nng lc phc v c th b gim do cc hin tng thi tit v cc s kin c th xy ra gn khi vc ng.

Hnh 5.6 - Lu lng giao thng theo gi trong ngy - Quc l 5

An ton giao thng

Va chm trn ng cao tc l s kin him xy ra, ngu nhin v thng do nhiu yu t nh hng khi mt hay mt s ngi mc sai lm khi gii quyt cc tnh hung giao thng trong nhng bi cnh mi trng giao thng nht nh. Cc va chm thng c th phn nh yu im ca mt

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hay mt s hp phn trong h thng mi trng ng b - xe - ngi li xe. V vy, kim sot cc kinh nghim tng kt c t cc va chm, xung t giao thng v s dng cc thng tin ny xc nh, lp k hoch, thc hin v nh gi cc hot ng giao thng ng n i vi ng cao tc l ht sc cn thit. C nhiu cch tip cn ci thin an ton giao thng v gim thiu va chm trn ng, vi hu ht trong s da trn cc phm vi qun l v khai thc ng cao tc, nh l cng ch thc hin lut ci dy an ton, lp t thit b chng va chm trn xe, chnh yu t hnh hc ca tuyn,..., nhng cc gii php khc, nh l ci thin tn hiu v chiu sng, ci thin nhm ca mt ng, lm thm l ng v cc ln ph, v d b cc chng ngi vt,... cng chnh l cc hot ng trong khai thc.

Nh c ghi ch trn, mc tiu chnh ca qun l v khai thc ng cao tc l gim ch tc giao thng, m gim ch tc giao thng chnh l gii php kim sot an ton. Nhng ch tc nh hng n an taonf ng b nh th no? Theo l thuyt c bn v mi quan h nh hng tng h, ch tc giao thng dn n vic tng mt xe c v lm tng kh nng xung t. ch tc cng lm gim tc ca xe, v nu c s va chm th lc va chm s nh lm gim mc nghim trng ca tai nn. Mt trng hp in hnh ca m hnh ny l khi nim va chm th cp - cc va chm xy ra do cc iu kin pht sinh t mt tai nn khc, khi m cc xe m lin hon khi mt xe dng t ngt.

Chi tit v quan h gia ch tc giao thng v an ton giao thng kh c phn tch mt cch r rng, tr nghim trng ca va chm gim i lin quan n tc thp hn trong iu kin tc chm. Da trn cc nghin cu hu hn thc hin, mt s kt lun mang tnh cht d kin c a ra:

+ Kh nng xy ra tai nn (nh l t l va chm trn s km lu hnh ca xe) c th tng ln khi ch tc giao thng tng ln.

+ C mt b phn thp hn cc va chm ca xe n chic, nh l xe b trt, ln trn ng hay va chm vi cc vt c nh,... trong cc iu kin giao thng tc nghn v t l cao hn cc xe va chm vi nhau.

+ Mc nghim trng ca va chm thp hn trong iu kin giao thng tc nghn do tc cu cc xe thp ti thi im va chm.

Ni chung, c th gi thit rng bt k vic ci thin khai thc no c th gim c ch tc giao thng s u lm gim va chm. Tuy nhin, mc nghim trng ca va chm nu xy ra s cao hn v t l cc xe tai nn n chic (xe t gy tai nn) s cao hn. Nh vy, c th thy cc vn c bn cn gii quyt v kha cnh an ton giao thng cho ng cao tc, c iu kin khai thc tt trnh ch tc, l c khong tnh khng ngang ln hn n cc thit b trn ng kt hp vi cc dch v cu tr y t khn cp. Hay ni cch khc, y chnh l quan im nh hng h thng xem xt n cc mt tng th ng cao tc trong mi lin quan n cc yu t nh hng cc kha cnh khc nhau.

Khai thc v Qun l ng cao tc

Khai thc v qun l ng cao tc l thc hin cc chnh sch, cc chin lc v cc cng ngh ci thin cc c trng s dng ca ng cao tc. Cc mc tiu ca cc chng trnh qun l ng cao tc bao gm gim thiu ch tc giao thng v cc nh hng ca ch tc giao thng, ci thin an ton v kim sot tnh c ng chung ca ng cao tc. Tp ch Thin nin k ca Hi ng khai thc ng cao tc ca TRB (TRB (Transport Rearch Board) Freeway Operations Committees Millennium Paper) nh ngha: Khai thc ng cao tc, trong khi nim chung nht, l mt chng trnh nhm gii quyt ch tc v cc nh hng c hi ca ch tc giao thng: chm tr, s bt tin, gim an ton v lm nhim mi trng khng kh.

Qun l giao thng trn ng cao tc nhm mc ch:

- Kt hp cc chin lc, cc chnh sch v cc h thng khc nhau vo cng mt chng trnh tng th

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- S dng cng ngh, cc h thng pht hin v xc nh (nh v), cc phng tin truyn thng, cc trung tm iu hnh giao thng, cc h thng thng tin vi li xe v chia s thng tin gia cc h thng vi nhau.

- Thc hin s phi hp v lin kt hot ng gia cc c quan qun l mt cch cht ch cung cp cc dch v khn cp, khi phc hin trng tai nn v iu kin khai thc bnh thng trong thi gian ngn nht c th.

- Trin khai v thc hin cc chin dch qun l linh hot v i khi c th gy tranh ci, nh l kim sot cc ng kt ni v s dng cc ln chim dng ln nhng to c hiu qu hp l trong khong thi gian cn thit.

- Hiu nguyn nhn v mc ca mt ch tc giao thng c th xy ra trn ng v cc vn v an ton, bao gm c cc vn ang xy ra ( gii quyt mt cch ch ng) v cc vn c th xy ra trong tng lai ( nh hng cho hot ng tip theo).

- Thc hin cc dch v rt ph bin v hiu qu nh l xe cu tr v i tun tra a khn cp cc xe c s c ra khi ng cao tc.

Qun l giao thng trn ng cao tc c th l ton b hoc nhiu hn cc hot ng nh lit k, vi mc ch l m bo mc phc v tt ng: gim ch tc giao thng, ci thin an ton v m bo tnh c ng. Mt s chng trnh chin lc v cc cng ngh lin quan n khai thc v qun l cao tc c trnh by tm tt sau y.

Ci thin cc cng trnh h tng

Khai thc v qun l ng bao tc bao gm ci thin cc cng trnh h tng trn ng cao tc mt cch kinh t nht. V d cho cc hot ng ny l lm thm cc ln xe ph, m rng cc ng kt ni hay mt phng n tng t gim thiu cc on tc c chai trn ng. Mt s cc hot ng ci thin cng trnh h tng khc nh l b sung cc bin bo, vch k ng, tm phn quang,... tng an ton giao thng v to iu kin thun li hn cho xe chy, v nhiu cc hnh thc khc.

Qun l tai nn giao thng

Qun l tai nn giao thng l cch tip cn c thit k pht hin, phn hi v thu dn cc xe b nn v hin trng tai nn hon tr nng lc thng qua ca ng mt cch nhanh nht. Cc tai nn giao thng, nh l cc va chm hay cc xe b hng lm gim nng lc thng qua ca ng do to cc ch tc nht hti v gim an ton giao thng. Tai nn giao thng chim 40% n 60% ton b ch tc giao thng trong cc vng th.

Mc tiu c bn ca ca qun l tai nn giao thng l phng hu qu gim nng lc thng qua khi c tai nn v khi phc nng lc thng qua ca ng cng nhanh cng tt, s dng cc gii php qun l v cng ngh gim s lng v mc ca cc ch tc cng nh l kh nng xy ra cc ch tc th cp. Cc chng trnh qun l tai nn giao thng thay i theo tng v tr trn ng, bao gm cc cng ngh v phng tin truyn thng pht hin nhanh tai nn, xc nh v tr xy ra tai nn v c cc phn hi kp thi nh l cc camera truyn thng; cc sensor pht hin v nh v xe; h thng bo khn cp qua in thoi 911; bo co qua truyn thng v bo co qua in thoi; cc h thng v qui trnh gi bo co nhanh khi c tai nn c gii php kp thi; cc i tun ng gm c xe cu h; i qun l tai nn chuyn nghip c th a ra cc phn ng nhanh khi c tai nn bao gm c thit b ph hp vi h thng thng tin chung.

Qun l ln xe

Khi nim qun l ln xe bao gm nhiu chin lc v k thut khc nhau v c s dng lu di. Khi nim c bn ca qun l ln xe l b tr cc thit b iu hnh lm tng ti a kh nng thng qua ca tuyn ng c sn. Cc khi nim qun l ln xe c th bao gm cc vn sau y:

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- Cc ln cho xe theo on (high occupancy vehicle - HOV) - khuyn khch nhiu ngi hn s dng cc loi hnh c sc ch ln v nh vy s c nhiu ngi hn s dng mt ln xe n.

- Ln xe vo trm thu ph trn ln xe cho on xe (high occupancy toll - HOT) - cho php cc xe mua ph s dng nng lc cc ln xe HOV, nh vy c th ti a s xe s dng cc ln xe HOV m khng lm gim tc ca cc xe trn ln xe HOV, c tnh n tin cy , v to thm ngun thu xy dng, bo tr, khai thc v cc nhu cu khc cho ln xe HOV.

- Cc tuyn ng thun nghch - cho php tng s dng cc ln xe khng theo qui nh thng thng khi lu lng giao thng trn mt hng ng hn nhiu so vi lu lng giao thng trn hng ngc li.

- Thu ph ch tc - thu qua trm thu ph hay mt loi hnh thu ph khc chuyn nhu cu i li t thi gian v ti v tr ch tc n cc gi hay ngy khc hay n cc ng hay ln xe khc khng b ch tc giao thng.

- ng (ln xe) ch dnh ring cho xe ti - va tng cng kh nng thng qua va gim xung t gia xe ti v xe con, lm tng an ton giao thng v gim cc nh hng ca xe ti nng n c trng ca xe con.

- Cc khu vc cng trng - cung cp ng di chuyn cho dng giao thng qua cc cng trnh xy dng, bo dng hay cc hot ng khc trn ng, v m bo an ton cho cng nhn trn cng trng v li xe.

Qun l ng kt ni

Qun l ng kt ni l p dng cc thit b iu khin, nh l n tn hiu, bin bo v cng kim sot lng xe i vo hay ri khi ng cao tc nhm t c cc mc tiu khai thc ng. Hu ht cc hot ng qun l ng kt ni c tc dng ci thin dng giao thng v an ton giao thng, do kim sot s lng xe vo v ra ng cao tc v m bo n nh cho dng giao thng nhp vo dng cao tc. Bng cc gii php ny, hot ng qun l kt ni gip cn bng nhu cu v nng lc thng qua ca ng cao tc, duy tr iu kin khai thc ti u bng cch gim cc vn c th pht sinh do ch tc giao thng, ci thin an ton giao thng cho cc tuyn ng ln cn ng cao tc v a ra gii php x l ting cho mi loi xe c th. Cc gii php qun l kt ni thng c thc hin cng vi cc chng trnh qun l ng cao tc khc to ra hiu qu khai thc v h tr thc hin cc mc tiu chung ca qun l giao thng.

Qun l kt ni vi ng cao tc c th c s dng kim sot tip cn i vi cc ng kt ni c la chn, nh vy s gii hn thi lng xe tip cn cc ng kt ni nay c th cm hon ton xe s dng ng kt ni. Cc gii php ny lm gim ng k hay thm tr loi tr cc kh nng xy ra va chm khi xe nhp hay ri khi ng kt ni, to dng s n nh trn cc on ng c th xy ra va chm.

Qun l kt ni c th kim sot cch xe nhp hay tch ng cao tc. V d, nu c mt on xe nhp vo ng cao tc s gy xo trn cho c dng giao thng chnh trn ng cao tc v dng giao thng trn cc ng kt ni v lm gim kh nng an ton khi nhp dng. Khi , s xy ra ch tc xung quanh v ti v tr nhp dng gia ng kt ni v dng giao thng chnh. Gii php qun l ng kt ni trong trng hp ny c th s dng kim sot dng xe i vo ng cao tc to dng vo n nh. Cng tng t nh vy, gii php qun l ng kt ni c th thc hin ti cc nt giao ct gia ng kt ni vi cc tuyn ng ln cn qun l dng ri khi ng cao tc. Cc gii php ny c th lm gim hin tng xp hng trn cc tuyn kt ni m c th ko di nh hng n ng cao tc, gip tng an ton v tnh c ng ca ng cao tc.

Ph bin thng tin

Ph bin thng tin cung cp thng tin m hnh khch cn c k hoch i li mt cch hiu qu trc khi khi hnh v trong qu trnh thc hin hnh trnh, h s s dng trnh cc on ch tc v iu chnh hnh vi tham gia giao thng. Thng tin ny gip hnh khch c cc la chn, h c

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th chn tuyn ng, chn phng tin i li, chn thi gian i li v thm ch c th chn im n. Hnh khch c th trnh c cc tuyn ng khng an ton hay cc tuyn ng ch tc, v d trong trng hp c hin tng thi tit bt thng. Cc thng tin trc chuyn di c th c ph bin bng cc website cng cng, cc bng thng tin in t, cc thit b truyn thng (cc thit b h tr c nhn, my nhn tin, in thoi di ng). Thng tin cho cc hnh khch/li xe ang trong hnh trnh c th c ph bin qua radio, cc bng tin in t thay i t ng (Changeable Message Signs) v cc h thng radio h tr ng b (HAR). Vi u im ca cng ngh truyn thng khng dy, cc thng tin cho hnh khch trn ng cng c th c ph bin bng cc thit b s dng cng ngh ny.

H thng giao thng thng minh ITS

H thng giao thng thng minh (ITS) l ng dng kt ni cng ngh in t, cng ngh my tnh, cng ngh truyn thng v cc thit b pht hin - nh v tin tin, lm tng tnh hiu qu v an ton cho h thng mng li ng. ITS bao gm cc cng ngh :

i. qun l v khai thc tt hn cc tuyn ng hin c, cc tuyn giao thng cng cng v h thng h tng ng st, lm gim mc ch tc v gii quyt cc vn v giao thng.

ii. to iu kin i li an ton v thun tin hn cho hnh khch

iii. chuyn ch hng ha hiu qu hn v m bo an ninh

Nu c s dng mt cch hiu qu, h thng ITS s m ra mt phng php mi cho vic qun l, khai thc, m rng, ci tin v nh hnh ha vic s dng h thng giao thng. ITS chng minh kh nng c th gii quyt c bn qun l khai thc ng cao tc. Kt hp vi cng ngh ITS, h thng qun l ng cao tc (FMS) bao gm h thng in, con ngi, cc thit b v cc chng trnh chin lc c s dng thc hin cc mc tiu ci tin trong khai thc mng li ng cao tc. Mt s cc hp phn ITS ph bin c m t nh sau:

- H thng thit b gim st v pht hin - Cc thit b ny thu thp thng tin v dng xe v v c trng ca ng cho php ngi vn hnh kim sot cc iu kin c th trn ng cao tc. Cc u cm bin in t c th thu thp d liu (lu lng, tc v thi gian xe chy), hay cung cp cc hnh nh qua camera. Cc s liu c thu thp h tr cc chc nng kim sot v ph bin thng tin, cho php ngi vn hnh can thip mt cch thch hp. Cc d liu cn c th c lu gi phc v cc phn tch v nh gi. Cng ngh cm bin cho th cho php h thng kim sot ng v cc iu kin mi trng nh iu kin thi tit v nhit mt ng. Cc thng tin v iu kin ng v mi trng thng c s dng quyt nh cc hot ng cn thit, s dng hiu qu cc ngun lc dnh cho bo dng sa cha ng.

- H thng my tnh v tch hp cc h thng - Cc h thng qun l ng cao tc ph thuc vo h thng my tnh vn hnh. Vic la chn nn phn cng v cc phn mm thch hp phc v cc chc nng nht nh, tch hp cc phn mm v phn cng ph tr thnh mt h thng hon thin, v duy tr h thng hon thin qun l mng li ng cao tc mt cch c hiu qu

- Trung tm qun l giao thng (TMC) - Cc h thng my tnh v cc phn mm ph hp, giao din ngi s dng v ngi vn hnh, giao din gia nhng ngi vn hnh v cc thit b, nhn lc h tr khc thng thng c lp t v vn hnh trong trung tm qun l giao thng, mc d chng cng c th c vn thnh thng qua mng li truyn thng m khng cn mt trung tm chnh thc. Trong mt h thng iu hnh, trung tm qun l thng tin ging nh b no trung tm iu hnh ton b cc hot ng trong khu vc.

- Cc h thng truyn thng - Vic khai thc hiu qu ton b cc chc nng c cp trn cn h thng truyn dn cc s liu, cc tn hiu video v tn hiu truyn thanh. Cc h thng truyn thng truyn cc s liu v cc tn hiu hnh nh, m thanh t hin trng n trung tm qun l giao thng, truyn cc lnh iu khin t trung tm n cc thit b hin trng,

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truyn s liu gia cc cp qun l, a thng tin n ngi s dng ng v cho php cc c nhn s dng ng c th lin h vi nhau trong mt khong cch nht nh.

Cc vn v th ch

Cc hp phn ca mt chng trnh qun l ng cao tc nh l cc chnh sch, c ch cp vn, cc chin lc, cc h thng v cng ngh, cc hot ng vn hnh,... nm trong cng mt khung th ch. Khung th ch bao trm a cp qun l, a chc nng v a phng thc, ngha l quyn a ra cc quyt nh v giao thng c phn b gia cc cp qun l khc nhau, nh l quc gia, vng, cc khu, cc trm ring r). Vic phi hp hot ng trong khung th ch v tch hp cc cng ngh, cc chng trnh tt cho kh nng ton th mng li giao thng quc gia c khai thc mt cch an ton v c tin cy.

- Tch hp k thut cho php cc c quan qun l v cc trung tm iu hnh giao thng ca h sn sng trao i, iu phi cc thng tin

- Tch hp khai thc l cc hot ng nh trao i thng tin kt hp vi vic to lp c s d liu thng tin cho ngi s dng ng, hoc v d nh thay i tn hiu n theo lng dng giao thng tng do iu phi t cc ng ln cn, hay cc iu chnh thch hp do cc s kin khn cp xy ra trn ng.

- Tch hp qu trnh l phi hp qu trnh lp k hoch xc nh cc hot ng qun l, khai thc v bo dng hiu qu.

5.3 - Cc chng trnh qun l ng cao tc

Thit lp chng trnh qun l khai thc ng cao tc

Hnh 5.7 th hin cc hot ng cn thit trong vic thit lp, kim sot mt chng trnh qun l khai thc ng cao tc S v cc bc thc hin th hin trong hnh v cn c xem nh l mt qu trnh c lp v ring bit trong qun l khai thc ng cao tc, bao gm: lp k hoch, k thut h thng, cu trc ITS khu vc v qun l s c. S dng hnh phu ny th hin hot ng vn hnh v qun l ng cao tc trong qu trnh lp k hoch vn ti phm vi rng (vng hoc quc gia) v mi trng th ch. S bt u vi bc c bn l xc nh phm vi chin lc, mc tiu v cc mc ch ca chng trnh, cc chin lc v mc tiu c s dng xc nh cc dch v cn thit, xy dng nn khi nim qui m ca cng tc khai thc vn hnh, sau xc nh c cc ch tiu c trng thc hin. Chng s dn n cc quyt nh lin quan n cng tc bo tr ci to, n h thng qun l v h thng nhn lc yu cu. T cc quyt nh ny, c s cho vic thc hin (thit b, h thng thit b) v cc hot ng vn hnh c tin hnh. Kt qu thc hin sau s c nh gi bng h thng kim sot cc ch tiu thc hin v nh hng tr li n qu trnh lp k hoch v ln chng trnh.

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Hnh 5.7 - Cc hot ng trong mt chng trnh khai thc, qun l ng cao tc

Lp k hoch

Lp k hoch cho cng tc giao thng vn ti cho mt vng l qu trnh c th ha k hoch tng th quc gia v trn c s xy dng cc k hoch di hn v ngn hn cho cc cp qun l. Sn phm ca bc lp k hoch l nh hng cc d n tng ng vi cc k hoch c lp ng vi cc kch bn pht trin. Thay v cho k hoch truyn thng ch tp trung vo cc d n u t c s h tng, h thng ITS s ngy cng c quan tm hn trong cc k hoch giao thng.

Chng trnh khai thc v qun l ng cao tc cn phi l mt phn tch hp ca qu trnh lp k hoch pht trin giao thng quc gia v giao thng vng. Chng bao gm cc quan im lm th no h thng giao thng vng vn hnh v lin kt tt vi cc h thng giao thng khc trong mi iu iu kin, khi nim lm th no h thng c th c vn hnh trn c s ca vng v lm th no c th thc hin cc thay i ci thin cc c trng ca h thng cng nh t c cc ch tiu nh gi h thng. Ngoi ra, chng trnh qun l ng cao tc (nh l cc cng tc ci to, cc h thng v cc thit b vn hnh) s cung cp thng tin cp nht k hoch giao thng v chng tnh ci thin giao thng. Mc tiu ca qu trnh lp k hoch giao thng l a ra cc quyt nh ng n cho u t cho cc dch v giao thng v cho h thng giao thng khu vc s dng ngn sch cng. Vic s dng chng trnh vn hnh v qun l ng cao tc h tr cho cc hot ng lp k hoch l mt bc quan trng trong xu th vn hnh ch o tp trung vo vic ra quyt nh ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch giao thng v cc chuyn gia giao thng

Mi trng th ch

Tm nhn, cc chin lc v cc mc tiu

Cc nhu cu v cc dch v tim nng

Khi nim khai thc vn hnh

Xc nh cc ch tiu c trng thc hin

Cc quyt nh (h thng qun l,

nhn s v cc hng mc thc hin)

Nhn vin vn hnh

Thit b

Cc hot ng

vn hnh

Cc thay i, cc ci tin

Lp k hoch giao thng vn

ti quc gia/ vng Mi trng th ch

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C mt s cc yu t v th ch c nh hng n cc yu cu v cc quyt nh i vi mt chng trnh vn hnh v qun l ng cao tc, bao gm:

- Tnh hnh chnh tr - tnh hnh chnh tr to nn bi cnh thc hin chng trnh vn hnh v qun l ng cao tc. Nhng ngi c nh hng n tnh hnh chnh tr thng li chnh l cc nh u t v ng nhin h lun mong mun t c iu h cn. Nh vy, iu quan trng l xc nh nhng iu h cn l g v h c th h tr n mc no cho iu m h mun t c. Hn na, mt s ngi tham gia vo vic to lp nn tnh hung chnh tr c th cng tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh, gy nh hng n chng trnh qun l ng cao tc v cc d n c lin quan. Khng nn xem tnh hung chnh tr l tr ngi ca chng trnh, m chm ch trong nhiu trng hp cn c th xem l yu t h tr chng trnh thnh cng.

- Kh nng tip thu cc ci tin v i mi trong kinh doanh - c mt s ngi c kh nng chp nhn cc i mi, cc thay i cn mt s ngi rt kh chp nhn cc thay i. Hu ht mi ngi thng trng thi trung gian, ngha l khng mong mun thay i hay i mi cch lm vic nhng cng chp nhn nu nhn thy thay i mang tnh tch cc. y l im mu cht cn gii quyt i vi h thng th ch nhn c s ng thun trong nhng bc t ph ca qun l khai thc ng cao tc.

- Thu ht u t vo cc gii php qun l ng cao tc - Cn phi cng khai cc thng tin v li nhun trong u t m cc chng trnh qun l ng cao tc s t c trong cng ng thu ht u t vo qun l khai thc ng cao tc.

- Lut v cc qui nh php lut - Lut v cc qui nh php lut lun l cc vn ch yu. Chng to lp nn cc iu kin m cc chng trnh khai thc qun l ng cao tc phi t c, cc gii hn v hnh lang php l cho cng tc vn hnh qun l ng cao tc.

Trong h thng th ch qun l khai thc ng cao tc, c th bao gm cc c quan, t chc sau y:

1. Cc c quan giao thng

+ C quan qun l cp Nh nc

+ Cc c quan qun l cp a phng

bao gm cc b phn: qun l giao thng, qun l cc cng trnh cng cng, qun l phng tin, qun l cc trm thu ph, cu - hm ln, cng bin, cng hng khng,...

2. Cc n v lp k hoch

+ Hi ng chnh ph

+ Cc t chc ph trch lp k hoch th

+ Cc n v ph trch lp k hoch vng

3. Cc t chc/ n v khc

+ Cng ngh thng tin

+ Qui hoch

+ Truyn thng

+ Php lut, php ch

4. Cc t chc kinh doanh vn ti

+ Kinh doanh vn ti hng ha v cc n v lin quan, v d nh cc cng ty vn ti hng ha v cc cng ty dch v a phng.

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+ Kinh doanh vn ti hnh khch v cc dch v du lch

+ Cc hng tc xi

5. Cc n v c lin quan khc trong vn ti

+ Cng ty du lch

+ S gio dc - hi ng cc trng hc

+ Hi doanh nhn a phng

+ S cng thng

+ Trung tm kh tng quc gia

+ Qun l mi trng, cht lng nc v kh thi

+ Qun l t ai

+ Hi/ cng ty cng ngh thng tin

6. Cc n v/ t chc an ton

+ Cc t chc thi hnh lut

+ Phng chy cha chy

+ Dch v y t khn cp

+ i x l cc cht c hi

+ Dch v bo khn cp (911)

S gio dc - hi ng cc trng hc

7. Cc n v/ t chc qun l giao thng qu cnh

+ Trung ng

+ a phng

8. Cc trung tm t chc hot ng vn ha, x hi

+ Cc trung tm t chc s kin

+ Cc dch v du lch tham quan, cc n v qun l danh lam thng cnh

9. Ngi tham gia giao thng

+ Ngi tham gia giao thng trong vng

+ Khch tham quan, du lch

+ Khch qu cnh.

10. Cc c quan dch v khc, dch v t nhn

+ Dich v bo co tnh hnh giao thng

+ Cc trm pht thanh, truyn hnh a phng

+ Cc c quan qun l nhu cu i li

+ Cng nghip vin thng

+ Cng ngh t ng ha

+ Trm thu ph t nhn

+ Cc c s cng nghip khc

Cc quan im, mc tiu v cc mc ch

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Quan im chung lin quan n mc tiu di hn ca chng trnh khai thc ng cao tc l m bo dng giao thng lin tc, tnh c ng ca ng bng mt h thng thng tin sn c v hiu qu. Quan im chung ny thng thng c xy dng t di ln, trn c s cc kin t cc n v, t chc c lin quan. Quan im chung ny ngoi vic lm c s cho vic thit lp cc mc tiu c th ca mi chng trnh khai thc qun l ng cao tc m cn nh hng cho th t yu tin ca cc mc tiu v ca mi chng trnh.

Cc nhu cu v cc dch v

y l hot ng u tin xc nh ng cao tc nn c vn hnh khai thc nh th no trong bi cnh hin ti. Cc nhu cu c th c xc nh t cc cuc tho lun vi cc bn c lin quan phi hp vi phn tch v nh gi v h thng th ch, cc tr ngi c th gp phi (ngun vn, nng lc i ng nhn vin, k hoch v cc thit b h tr). Cc dch v l cc cng vic c th thc hin tng hiu qu, an ton v thun tin cho mng li ng cao tc thng qua vic cung cp thng tin tt hn, p dng cc h thng qun l tin tin, cng ngh mi, tng nng lc thng qua, hng dn tt hn cho li xe, ci thin cc mi quan h trong h thng th ch v kim sot bo dng bo tr,... Mc u tin cho cc dch v s ph thuc vo quan im mc ch chung ca chng trnh v qua nh gi ca cc n v, t chc c lin quan.

Khi nim khai thc vn hnh

Khi nim khai thc vn hnh l ti liu chnh thc cung cp quan im nh hng ngi s dng ca cc chng trnh vn hnh v qun l ng cao tc, c thit k h tr phi hp vi cc n v/ t chc c lin quan v c c cc phn hi hu ch. Khi nim khai thc vn hnh cn c t trong mi trng th ch m h thng qun l ng cao tc c xy dng, vn hnh v bo tr.

- Cung cp phng php m t cc nhu cu khai thc ca ngi s dng ng, khng i su vo cc vn k thut chi tit

- Cung cp c ch chng minh cc tnh cht, c im ca cc chng trnh, h thng vn hnh v cc nhu cu khai thc ca ngi s dng ngi s dng c th xc nh c m khng cn c kin thc k thut.

- L ch cho ngi s dng by t cc mong mun, quan im m khng yu cu h phi lng ha hay s dng cc tiu ch c th th nghim c.

- Cung cp c ch cho nhng ngi s dng v cc c quan qun l th thin cc suy ngh ca mnh v cc chng trnh gii php. Trong mt s trng hp, c th c cc tr ngi v mt k thut v th ch, nhng cng c th c cc chng trnh gii php c kh nng chp nhn c

Xc nh cc ch tiu c trng thc hin

Cc ch tiu c trng thc hin to c s cho vic nh gi cc iu kin vn hnh h thng giao thng v xc nh v tr v mc nghim trng ca ch tc cng nh cc vn khc. Cc ch tiu ny xc lp c ch nh lng vn hnh mng li v c th s dng nh gi hiu qu vic thc hin cc chng trnh chin lc qun l ng cao tc v gii php ci thin. Mt kha cnh khc ca vic xc nh cc ch tiu c trng thc hin s cung cp v chia s s liu thc hin h thng t c gia ngi s dng ng v ngi qun l vn hnh.

Cc quyt nh lin quan n h thng

Trong giai on ny, vic xc nh s mc chi tit hn giai on Khi nim khai thc vn hnh v vic chng trnh qun l ng cao tc cn lm g. Giai on ny c th thc hin thng qua cc chu k tng h xc nh, xem xt v chn lc cc yu cu. im mu cht lin quan n giai on ny l a ra sn phm cui cng v b cc yu cu c mi ngi nht tr

Cc gii php thc hin

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Giai on ny bao gm vic xc nh mi yu cu trong chng trnh qun l ng cao tc, bao gm vic xc nh cc chin lc, chnh sch, hot ng, h thng v cc cu phn ca chng phi ph hp v p ng cc yu cu. Giai on ny c th bao gm mt s hot ng, nh l trin khai v nh gi cc phng n (tnh kh thi v k thut v v qun l, tnh tng thch v th ch, chi ph tng cng, cc tr ngi), v xem xt cc iu kin nh hng n vn hnh v bo dng (nh l nng lc v s sn c ca i ng nhn vin, mi trng, cc thit b sn c, nhu cu o to v ti liu). Vic nh gi cc phng n chin lc v h thng cu phn ca cc phng n nn c thc hin theo cc bc: d tnh li ch cho mi phng n, d tnh chi ph ton b tui th ca mi phng n, phn tch tnh tng tch v la chn gii php no cho cc gi tnh d tnh tim nng nht.

Mt chng trnh vn hnh v khai thc ng cao tc thng c thc hin thng qua cc d n ring r. Qui trnh thc hin cc d n cn phi c xc nh. u tin l xem xt cc k hoch giao thng vng, xc nh cc d n qun l ng cao tc c sp xp theo th t u tin ngn hn, trung hn v di hn. Mi d n qun l ng cao tc cn c nh gi theo tiu ch chi ph v li ch v nh gi cc vn v k thut v th ch c th c trong qu trnh thc hin.

Cc d n v cc xut s c thit k (chun b cc k hoch, tiu chun, d ton, ti liu hp ng,..) sau c thc hin, a k hoch vn hnh v khai thc ng cao tc thnh hin thc.

Cc hnh ng ca ngi vn hnh

Vic thc hin cc h thng v cc gii php vn hnh khai thc ng cao tc chnh l hot ng hng ngy ca ngi vn hnh. Cc hot ng ny s a n kt qu v c nh gi bng h thng kim sot thc hin v ng thi chng s nh hng n vic thc hin cc chnh sch, cc mc tiu, mc ch v nh hng tr li n qu trnh lp k hoch chin lc

Chng trnh vn hnh v qun l ng cao tc l mt qu trnh lin tc, chu nh hng ca cc thay i v iu kin vn hnh ca a phng, trnh cng ngh, ch v cc bin i chnh tr, iu kin cung cp ngun vn. D trn cc kt qu nh gi, chng trnh vn hnh ng cao tc c th c m rng v a l hay v chc nng v cc chin lc/ chng trnh c th c ci tin, cp nht.

Cc d n

Cc d n l cc hot ng ring r ca mt chng trnh vn hnh qun l ng cao tc cng vi cc chnh sch, cc qui trnh v cc hot ng khc. Hu ht cc chng trnh vn hnh qun l ng cao tc phi hp vi cng ngh ITS, nhng khng ch gii hn trong vic s dng cng ngh ITS. Ngha l nhiu d n vn hnh v qun l ng cao tc s bao gm vic pht trin, thit k, thc hn v m rng cc h thng s dng cng ngh v cc phn mm tin tin.

K thut chng trnh

Trong bo co k thut Xy dng cc h thng giao thng thng minh cht lng thng qua k thut h thng c nh ngha:

K thut chng trnh l phng php m nh n chng ti xy dng c cht lng cho cc h thng phc hp. N s dng b cc tin ch qun l v k thut phn tch cc vn v xut cu trc trong pht trin h thng. N tp trung vo vic m bo cc yu cu c xc nh mt cch y v m bo rng h thng c xy dng tha mn cc yu cu. N m bo rng cc h thng l cc ngi my c mc linh hot tha mn cc nhu cu thay i trong khi khai thc h thng. N gip qun l cc d n ng theo k hoch v chi ph d kin.

K thut h thng gip thc hin bn hot ng ch cht c nh hng n thnh cng ca cc d n vn hnh v khai thc ng cao tc, l:

- Xc nh v nh gi cc phng n theo cc tiu ch: tnh kh th v mt k thut, tnh kh thi v mt chi ph v tnh kh thi v k hoch thc hin. Tnh kh thi v mt k thut th hin vic liu c th xy dng, bo tr v vn hnh mt phng n h thng. Tnh kh thi v

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chi ph xem xt liu c th xy dng, bo tr v vn hnh mt phng n h thng trong phm vi ngun vn c c. Tnh kh thi v mt k hoch xem xt liu c th xy dng dc phng n h thng trong khung thi gian cho php.

- Qun l tnh khng chc chn v cc ri ro cho cc h thng - d kin cc tnh hung c th xy ra trong tng lai v cc gii php. K thut h thng tp trung vo ba kha cnh qun l ri ro: xc nh, phn tch v gii php.

- Thit k cht lng h thng - y chnh l xc nh cc yu t c th c nh hng n cht lng, tnh phc tp v kh nng c th xy ra v gii php.

- Kim sot cc vn qun l c th xy ra

Hnh 5.8 - Cc bc lp h thng theo m hnh ch V

Hnh 5.8 - K thut h thng theo m hnh ch V

Nh c cp, mt trong nhng hot ng ch cht ca k thut h thng l qun l ri ro, cho php xc nh cc vn tim tng, nh hng ca chng i vi kt qu ca d n. Phiu cu hi c xut trong bng di y c lit k cho mi bc trong s m hnh ch V s c h gip xc nh cc vn tim tng.

Cc bc thc hin Cc cu hi chnh

Phn tch nhu cu - Cc vn ca hin trng vn hnh v khai thc ng cao tc l g? - Cc yu cu m d n ITS cn p ng? - xc nh c cc nhu cu mt cch r rng v mang tnh cht

tng hp cha? - Cc t chc, c nhn lin quan n d n ITS c nm c mc tiu

v cc tiu ch ca d n khng?

Khi nim vn hnh khai thc

- Khi nim vn hnh c ph hp vi cng trnh khng? - xc nh c nhng ngi s dng h thng ITS cha? - Ngi s dng s tng tc vi h thng ITS nh th no? - Khi nim vn hnh khai thc ny khc vi tnh trng hin ti nh th

Khi nim vn hnh khai thc

Cc yu cu chung

Cc yu cu chi tit

Thit k tng th

Thit k chi tit

Thc hin

Th nghim - nh gi

Xc nh cc h thng con

Chp nhn h thng

Vn hnh - Bo tr

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no?

- Nhng ngi s dng c hiu c vai tr ca h thng ITS hay khng?

- phi hp vi cc c quan s b nh hng bi h thng ITS hay cha?

Cc yu cu - Cc chc nng c th ca d n ITS l g? - Mi chc nng c xc nh chi tit cha? - Giao din ca ton b h thng c xc nh cha? - Giao din ca ton b h thng c xc nh mt cch r rng

hay cha? - c trng c th lng ha ca h thng xc nh c cha? - Cc yu cu c xem xt bi tt c cc t chc/ c nhn c lin

quan hay cha? - Cc yu cu ca h thng sn c c xem xt hay cha? - Cc yu cu v tin cy v kh nng c th bo tr c xem xt

hay cha? - Yu cu no cn phi ly kin ca ngi s dng chng trnh v

ngi s dng ng? - Nhu cu v an ninh ca h thng c xem xt cha?

Cu trc h thng Cc cu phn ca ITS l g?

H thng ITS ny ph hp vi h thng ITS ca khu vc nh th no?

Cu trc h thng hin ti (khu vc hay d n) c da trn cu trc ITS quc gia hay khng?

Phn b cc yu cu Yu cu thuc cu phn no ?

S phn b cc yu cu cho cc cu phn h thng c hp l hay khng?

phn b xong cha?

C yu cu phn b li hay khng?

Thit k chi tit Cc chi tit tha mn yu cu hay cha?

C kh nng xy dng c cu phn hay khng?

Cc giao din c thnh cng hay khng?

Cc chi tit c chng minh bng ti liu cha ?

Cc yu cu c xc nh cho cc chi tit cha?

Thc hin (bao gm tch hp h thng)

K hoch tng th xy dng h thng ITS?

K hoch chung v phn giai on theo nng lc?

D n ITS c th hon thnh trong phm vi thi gian v ngn sch theo k hoch?

Cc yu t con ngi c xem xt cha?

Kh nng c th bo tr ca h thng c nh gi cha?

Cc hp phn v nng lc hin c c c s dng hay tch hp hay cha?

Th nghim Lm th no bit th nghim thnh cng hay khng?

Tt c cc chc nng quan trng c nh gi thng qua th nghim

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khng?

Cn phi th nghim khu vc no v ti sao?

Cc th nghim y c ln k hoch, tch hp cc giao din hay cha?

Chp nhn h thng c cc thng s r rng cho vic hon thin h thng cha?

Tt c ngi s dng ng vi cc thng s cha?

Khch hng c hi lng vi h thng khng?

c ti liu cho tt c ngi s dng v vn hnh bo tr cha?

Vn hnh v bo tr Chi ph tng th cho h thng, bao gm o to, vn hnh v bo tr c nh gi cha?

xc nh n v no s bo tr h thng ?

c k hoch bn giao v cp nht h thng?

c k hoch cho cc nhu cu pht sinh hay cha?

5.4 - Kim sot v nh gi thc hin

Kim sot v nh gi thc hin l thit lp cc ch tiu v theo di cc ch tiu trong cc bc thc hin vn hnh khai thc ng cao tc. Cc ch tiu c thit lp phi tha mn cc yu cu:

- C th tnh ton c: cc c quan qun l cng ngy cng chu p lc cao hn ca cng ng v kh nng qun l r rng, minh bch v c th tnh ton c. Cc ch tiu kim sot v nh gi ny phi th hin c vic cc ngun lc c phn b theo ng cc u tin cn thit.

- Hiu sut: cc ch tiu kim sot nh gi ph hp vi mc tiu qun l, gip i ng nhn vin qun l vn hnh tp trung vo cc hot ng c u tin, nng cao hiu qu hot ng

- Hiu qu: cc ch tiu kim sot nh gi c th gip c c quan qun l t c cc mc tiu tt hn qua qu trnh lp k hoch, m bo ci thin mi quan h tng h gi cc mc tiu qun l v nhng ngi vn hnh h thng hay cng ng s dng ng.

- Kh nng d dng trong vic truyn thng tin v th hin thng tin: cc ch tiu nh gi thc hin cn c thit lp thun tin cho th hin thng tin v ph bin thng tin n cc c quan lin quan v ngi s dng ng

- R rng: cc ch tiu nh gi thc hin cn th hin r mc ch ca cc hot ng, cc chi tiu ca c quan qun l, th hin tng r rng trong cc mc tiu ca cc hot ng lp k hoch, ln chng trnh v cc khon u t vo h thng giao thng

V d sau y l cc ch tiu kim sot v nh gi thc hin i vi cng tc lp k hoch vn hnh khai thc ng cao tc:

Tnh tip cn c

- Thi gian i li trung bnh t im xut pht n im n

- Chiu di hnh trnh trung bnh

Tnh c ng

- Cc thi gian i li t im xut pht - im n

- Tc i li trung bnh

- S xe * qung ng i li (VMT) vi mc ch tc

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- Thi gian mt mt v chm tr do ch tc

- Mc phc v hay l h s lu lng/nng lc thng hnh

- (S xe * s gi i li) hay (s xe * qung ng i li)/ngi

- (s ngi* qung ng i li) (PMT)/ (S xe * qung ng i li) (VMT)

- Chm tr/ tn*chiu di

- PMT/ ngi

Pht trin kinh t

- Chi ph kinh t ca cc v va chm

- Chi ph kinh t ca thi gian mt mt

- Phn trm cc h bn s, bn l, cc trung tm thng mi c phc v bi cc tuyn ng khng c hn ch xe nng

Cht lng cuc sng

- Thi gian mt mt do ch tc

- S tai nn trn VMT hay PMT

- Lng kh thi gy nhim mi trng

- nh gi ca hnh khch v an ton v cht lng cuc sng khu vc xung quanh ng

- Phn trm dn s b nh hng bi ting n trn ngng qui nh

Mi trng v tiu th cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin

- Lng kh thi gy nhim mi trng

- S ngy trong nm chu nhim khng kh

- S nhin liu tiu th trn VMT hay PMT

- S v tai nn c cht thi nhim mi trng

An ton giao thng

- S v tai nn trn VMT, trong nm, cho n v cc chuyn i hay cho n v khi lng hng ha vn chuyn

- S lng cc v tr c xc xut xy ra tai nn cao

- Thi gian trung bnh gii quyt cc tai n

- H s ri ro tai nn

- kin ca hnh khc v vn an ton

- Phn trm mt ng c nh gi l tt hay tt ln

Hiu qu khai thc (ca h thng v c cu t chc)

- Chi ph cho dch v khai thc h thng giao thng

- T s Chi ph/Li ch

- Chi ph trung bnh cho 1km ln xe c xy dng

- Thi gian i li t im xut pht - im n

- Tc i trung bnh

- Phn trm cc d n c nh gi tt

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- T s gia lu lng/nng lc thng hnh

- Chi ph trn mt tn*km

- S hi lng ca hnh khch

Bo tr h thng

- Phn trm VMT c cht lng chy xe km

- Phn trm din tch mt ng hay cc cu iu kin km hn tiu chun

- Tui th cn li

- Chi ph bo tr

- H s gh gh ca mt ng

V d kim sot v nh gi mc c ng ca h thng ng cao tc, c th ngh s dng cc ch tiu sau y:

Sut i li (pht/km) = thi gian i li (tnh bng pht)/ chiu di on (tnh bng km)

Sut chm tr (pht/km) = Sut i li thc t - Sut i li c th chp nhn c

Tng thi chm tr (xe - pht) = thi gian i li thc t (pht) - thi gian i li c th chp nhn c (pht)*lu lng xe

Thi gian i li chp nhn c l tng thi gian xe i c qua on c tnh ton trong iu kin mong mun. Thi gian ny thng thng c tnh ton vi gii hn tc cho php, hoc cng c th tnh ton s dng tc ngng bt u ch tc theo mc tiu khai thc c ng ca ng.

Cng trn c s cc yu cu c bn ca cc ch tiu nh gi thc hin, c th thit lp c ch tiu nh gi thc hin cho cc hot ng khai thc vn hnh ng cao tc khc nhau thc hin cc chc nng ca qun l khai thc ng, nh l chng trnh kim sot tnh c ng; chng trnh bo dng mt ng; chng trnh thu thp s liu thnh lp h thng c s d liu ng; ... Cc ch s ny sau khi tnh ton xc nh c th th hin trong cc bo co di cc hnh thc khc nhau: bng, biu , s ,... d dng cho vic ph bin thng tin

V d trong hnh 5.9 di y th hin tn s xut hin ch tc (tng ng vi mc phc v F), tng ng vi lu lng xe/ln/gi, c theo di lin tc theo gi trong ngy. Vi s theo di lin tc, c kh nng ph bin, ng thi c kh nng lu tr, ngi s dng c th d dng xem thng tin hin ti, hoc ly thng tin ti thi im cn thit.

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Hnh 5.9 - Theo di ch tc giao thng theo gi

Mt v d khc trong hnh 5.10 th hin s ch tc giao thng trn mt tuyn ng theo trc dc trong ngy.

Hnh 5.10 - Theo di ch tc giao thng theo di theo trc dc ca ng

Khng b cn tr, gn tc cho

php

Bt u b cn tr, gn tc

cho php

B cn tr nhiu hn

B cn tr rt nhiu

Khi nh gi hiu qu ca vic p dng gii php kim sot kt ni ngi ta c th s dng ch tiu tn s ch tc v ch tiu (lu lng xe/gi/ln), nh th hin trong biu hnh 5.11, i vi on tuyn cao tc Eastbound SR-520

Phn

tr

m

ch t

c (

%)

L

u l

ng x

e (x

e/l

n/g

i)

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Hnh 5.11 - nh hng ca kim sot kt ni n lu lng thng qua v tn s xut hin mc phc v F (ch tc giao thng)

5.5 - Ci to ng

Ci to ng trong qun l khai thc bao gm hai lnh vc chnh: ci to v c trng vt l ca ng v ci to v hnh thc qun l i vi cc hng mc ca ng.

Ci to c trng vt l ca ng bao gm:

- M rng ng chnh

M rng ng c th thc hin bng cch thm ln xe, ngha l cung cp thm ln xe trn mt s on ng nht nh m bo gii phng cc on c hin tng ch tc. M thm ln xe ph m bo cn bng lng giao thng trn ng v mc phc v ng u trn ng cao tc. Chiu rng ca ln xe ph cn c b tr bng vi ln xe chnh.Mt v d v m rng b tr ln xe ph ti on c cc im tip cn lin tc th hin trong hnh 5.12. Ngoi ra, c th m thm ln chuyn tc hoc ln leo dc.

M rng ng cng c th thc hin vi vic khng thm ln xe tng nng lc thng qua ca ng v m bo an ton. Vic m rng ng thng ph thuc vo bn knh ng cong, loi xe tnh ton v tc .

- Ci thin cc on trn dng hp l (dng tuyn, chiu rng, chiu di)

- Ci thin nhnh ni hp l, ph hp vi gii php kim sot kt ni

- Ci thin tnh khng ngang, m bo xe chy an ton vi tc cao

- Ci thin kh nng chng trn trt ca mt ng

- B sung ln thot khn cp, la chn v tr, on c hng tuyn v dc dc ph hp.

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Hnh 5.12 - M rng, b tr ln xe ph trn ng cao tc

5.6 - Ci thin h thng vn hnh khai thc ng

Thit b iu khin giao thng

Cc yu cu ca h thng thit b iu khin giao thng

- Tha mn cc yu cu iu khin giao thng

- C kh nng thu ht s ch bng cc hiu lnh

- Truyn t thng tin n gin v r ngha

- Hiu lnh tn trng ngi s dng ng

- ngi s dng ng c thi gian phn ng

Bin bo giao thng tnh

Bin bo giao thng tnh bao gm bin hiu lnh, bin cm, bin bo nguy him v bin ch dn, ngoi ra cn c bin ph. Mt v d v s lp t bin ch dn trn ng cao tc th hin trong hnh 5.13

Sn k ng

Hnh 5.13 - Bin ch dn tnh dng s trn ng cao tc

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Vch sn k ng dng ch hiu lnh, dng h tr bin bo v cc thit b khc, dn ln giao thng v cnh bo giao thng. Hnh 5.14 th hin vch sn k ng trn ng cao tc.

H thng chiu sng v cc thit b khc

5.7 - Qun l v kim sot nhnh ni tip cn

Qun l nhnh ni tip cn l s dng cc thit b iu khin nh l tn hiu n, bin bo v cc cng kim sot s xe vo v ra khi ng cao tc nhm cc mc ch:

- Ci thin an ton giao thng

- Ci thin tnh c ng ca ng

- Ci tin tng, quan im ca cc c quan v cc nhn vin qun l giao thng

- Gim nh hng n mi trng

- m bo tha mn mc tiu m bo dng giao thng n nh khi i vo v ra khi ng cao tc.

Qun l nhnh kt ni ph bin theo bn phng php sau y:

- Thit b m ti nhnh kt ni

- Cm ti nhnh kt ni

- Thit k s ng c bit

- Gii quyt im cui nhnh kt ni

Thit b kim sot t ng ti nhnh kt ni

Thit b kim sot t ng ti nhnh ni hot ng nh thit b m s dng tn hiu giao thng, c lp t trn nhnh kt ni kim sot dng xe i vo ng cao tc. Bng cch kim sot s lng xe nhp vo ng cao tc, dng xe trn ng cao tc s n nh hn, tng thm hiu qu khai thc nng lc thng hnh ca ng cao tc. Thit b ny hiu qu p dng cho cc v tr cn quan tm n ch tc v an ton giao thng ti cc im c th dc theo ng cao tc. V d v lp t thit b kim sot t ng ny c th hin trong hnh 5.15

Hnh 5.14 -

Vch v h tr dn hng ln tch

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Hnh 5.15 - Thit b t ng trn nhnh ni kim sot xe i vo ng cao tc

- lp bn ng (nh tri) - lp trn cao (nh phi)

Ca kim sot nhnh ni

Ca kim sot nhnh ni nh hng ln n dng ra v vo nn thng khng s dng lm gii php di hn. Tuy nhin, c th s dng tt ca kim sot theo cch tm thi, ngha l ch yu l m v ch ng khi c s kin c bit: tai nn giao thng, thin tai, ... Hnh 5.16 l nh chp ca kim sot nhnh ni ng cao tc

Hnh 5.16 - Ca kim sot nhnh ni ng cao tc

Nhnh kt ni iu khin cho cc loi xe ring

Nhnh kt ni c bit c xem xt p dng cho mt loi hay cc loi xe tng an ton giao thng, ci thin iu kin dng xe v khuyn khch nhng cch x l c bit ca li xe. Nhnh kt ni c bit bao gm:

- Cc ln trnh HOV

- Cc nhnh dnh ring cho HOV

- Nhnh dnh ring cho cc loi xe cp cu, xe phc v xy dng,...

Mt dng nhnh kt ni c bit th hin trong nh hnh 5.17

Hnh 5.17 - Nhnh ni cho ln HOV

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Kim sot nhnh kt ni c x l ti cui nhnh

y cng l mt hnh thc kim sot i vi cc loi nhnh ni c bit, trong cc trng hp nh sau:

- M rng nhnh ni - lm tng nng lc thng hnh, tng thm kh nng lu tr, cung cp thm ln xe cho trng hp cn thit nh ln trnh xe cho cc loi phng tin cng cng c sc ch ln (xe HOV) trnh hng xe trn nhnh ni

- Nhnh phn lung cho cc dng giao thng

- Nhnh t iu chnh thi gian tn hiu - gim chiu di xp hng ca xe trn nhnh, trnh nh hng n dng xe chy sut trn ng chnh

- Hn ch r

- Ci thin yu t hnh hc

- Ci thin cc thit b an ton trn ng (bin bo, vch sn,...)

kim sot nhnh kt ni, cc c quan qun l ng cao tc phi chun b cc iu kin thc hin, vn hnh h thng, bao gm cc hot ng:

- Thit k - lp t h thng - cc thit b nh mch in t, n tn hiu, bin bo, cc bin iu khin t ng,... cn c lp t theo ng thit k iu khin nhnh kt ni

- Ci t phn mm - phn mm c s dng thit lp h thng thng tin ti hin trng, cho php ngi vn hnh c th iu khin v kim sot c. Cc h thng cn c lp t hon chnh v th trc khi a ra lp t ti hin trng

- Thu thp s liu - Cc s liu cn thit cho iu khin nh: lu lng giao thng, thi gian thng hnh v cc thng s thch hp khc cn c thu thp, phn tch v m hnh ha thc hin phng n kim sot nhnh tip cn.

- Chy th - tin hnh chy th m bo cc thit b theo di, h thng thng tin, cc thit b hin trng v phn mm iu khin hot ng bnh thng.

5.8 - Qun l ln xe

Qun l ln xe l gii php lm tng kh nng thng qua ca ng, tng an ton giao thng v tng hiu qu ca cng tc qun l vn hnh ng cao tc. Cc gii php qun l ln xe bao gm:

- Bin bo tnh

- Bin bo in t (dng tin nhn, thay i cp nht thng tin thng xuyn)

- Tn hiu iu khin ln xe

- Thit b iu khin giao thng tm thi

- Cc tn hiu hn ch, cm

- Cc tn hiu khuyn khch

Cc phng n kim sot ln xe nh sau:

- Ln xe ti

- Ln xe dnh cho on xe (ln xe HOV)

- S dng ln xe hp v l ng

- Cc ln tm lu thng hai chiu

- Ln thun nghch

- Ln xe vo trm thu ph (t ng) v cc thit b iu khin

- Kim sot v khuyn co tc

- Kim sot cng trng

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Ln thun nghch cn c vo s thay i lu lng xe theo hng iu chnh mt cch t ng. V d v vic s dng ln xe thun nghch gim bt lu lng giao thng hng cao im c th hin trong hnh 5.18

Hnh 5.18 - Lu lng hng cao im c gim nh nh ln thun nghch

Cc ln xe thun nghch trn ng cao tc thng c p dng cc on mt ct ngang phn chia cc ln ce ring bit, thun nghch c p dng trong cc thi im trong ngy c nhu cu giao thng ln. Mt v d v s b tr ln xe thun nghch th hin trong hnh 5.19

Hnh 5.19 - S b tr iu khin cc ln xe trn ng cao tc - b tr ln xe thun nghch

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m bo qun l ln xe trn ng cao tc, h thng bin bo in t kt ni h thng iu khin giao thng thng minh l cng ngh cn thit. ng thi, cn p dng mt s cng ngh v thit b khc nh cng ngh lp t v d b barie tm thi. Hnh nh trong hnh 5.20 l thit b lp t v tho d barie tm thi.

Hnh 5.20 - Cng ngh lp t v tho d barie tm thi trong qun l ln xe

Thit b lp t cho ln vo ti trm thu ph t ng (xem hnh 5.21) hot ng theo nguyn l sau y;

Hnh 5.21 - Cng ngh lp t v tho d barie tm thi trong qun l ln xe

H thng thu ph t ng trn ng

- Xe tin vo trm thu ph, trng tn s radio (RF) pht ra t ng ten kch hot h thng thu pht tn hiu

- H thng thu - pht pht tn hiu tr li ng ten mt s thng tin c bn

- Cc thng tin c chuyn t ng ten n c s d lliu trung tm

- Nu tnh ton c hiu chnh xc, tram thu ph s tr tin trn ti khon tr trc ca li xe

- Nu trm thu ph c ro chn, ro chn t m

- n xanh bt li xe i qua. Mt s ln xe c dng tin nhn l ph c tr vo ti khon ca li xe.

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5.9 - Qun l s c tai nn giao thng v s kin khn cp

Qun l cc s c, tai nn giao thng v cc s kin khn cp nhm mc ch pht hin v gii quyt nhanh chng cc tai nn, c gii php thch hp iu khin giao thng khi c s c khn cp. Cc li ch c th nh lng c t h thng qun l tai nn giao thng bao gm:

- Tng t l sng st ca cc nn nhn tai nn giao thng

- Gim chm tr, n tc giao thng

- Gim thi gian gii quyt tai nn

- Gim nhim mi trng khng kh

- Gim kh nng xy ra tai nn th cp

- Tng an ton cho nhng ngi cu h, cho cc nn nhn tai nn v cho cc li xe khc

- Nhanh chng a ng vo hot ng li.

Cc bc chnh trong qun l tai nn giao thng bao gm: pht hin, xc nhn, ra quyt nh, gii quyt hu qu v a ng vo s dng. Trong khong thi gian ny, cc gii php qun l hin trng, qun l giao thng v cung cp thng tin c p dng.

5.10 - Ph bin thng tin

5.11 - Trung tm qun l giao thng

5.12 - Thit b theo di v pht hin

5.13 - Tch hp vng

5.14 - Truyn thng