clases desg epis iii - raul gomez - 1999

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Clases teóricas de la materia Estructura Psíquica Individual del Sujeto III del año académico 1999 cuyos objetivos y fundamentación se centran en acercar a los alumnos de dicha materia a la lectura de los historiales clínicos que Sigmund Freud fue publicando y utilizando como engarce para la construcción de su Psicoanálisis. Es un recorrido esclarecedor sobre las relaciones y diferencias entre los tres cuadros clínicos principales: Neurosis, Perversión y Psicosis.

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Page 1: Clases Desg EPIS III - Raul Gomez - 1999

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E~csj ldmc jcpckjc~ d id lg}zc~gd jc c}zc msdj~f) msdkjf jc}psç} zfjd }s fn~d uc`f}tsc çi pidkzcd tsc id iscbf iid`djd ’kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud‐ jcpckjc jc id lg}zc~gd+ E~csj jgmctsc ci ickbsdac nä}gmf c} id lg}zc~gd w if jc`ä} }fk jgdicmzf}+ _c~f ck c}zc `f`ckzf pd-~cmc~ tsc ci pidkzcf esc}c mfkz~d~gf) c}zd c} skd d~zg`dôd e~csjgdkd `sw dsjdq pd~d mfk-}cbsg~ ci c}zdzszf jc `cmdkg}`f p}àtsgmf pd~d id lg}zc~gd+ Ckzfkmc} jc c}zc msdj~f di tscçi iid`d ’~cp~c}ckzdmgfkc} fn}c}gud} w efngd}‐ ,zfjf askzf' ud d jcegkg~ ci `cmdkg}`f+ Eà- ack}c tsc ci `cmdkg}`f kf ud d zckc~ b~dkjc} ud~gdmgfkc} pd~d if tsc jc}psç} ud d tsc-jd~ mf`f `cmdkg}`f pd~d id} kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud} w tsc ud d jc}d~~fiid~ d if id~bf jcizgc`pf+ E~csj jgmc tsc if tsc fms~~c c} tsc ldw skd ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk tsc c} gkmfkmgigdnicpd~d id mfkmgckmgd+ C}zf jc id gkmfkmgdngigjdj mfk id mfkmgckmgd c} `sw g`pf~zdkzc ck cipd~djgb`d e~csjgdkf pf~tsc ldnid jci mfkeigmzf) c}zä pidkzcdkjf sk mfkeigmzf ckz~c id mfk-mgckmgd w fz~f c}z~dzf p}àtsgmf+ ]c p~fjsmc id }cpd~dmgýk ckz~c id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk w ci decm-zf mfkmf`gzdkzc) pf~tsc E~csj pd~d c}zc `f`ckzf wd ldnàd pidkzcdjf tsc skd ~cp~c}ck-zdmgýk zckgd tsc c}zd~ }g f }g dmf`pdôdjd pf~ if} decmzf}+ Kf}fz~f} pfjàd`f} pck}d~ ckc}zd çpfmd e~csjgdkd tsc id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk c~d if mfkmcpzsdi ,id gjcd' w ci decmzf if ckc~-bçzgmf tsc id dmf`pdôdnd+ Ckzfkmc} wd pidkzcdnd id }cpd~dmgýk ckz~c id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk wci decmzf) w ci decmzf ud d ugkmsid~}c `cjgdkzc sk edi}f ckidmc mfk fz~d ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk+ C}-zd kscud ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk tsc zgckc sk decmzf tsc kf ic mf~~c}pfkjc ud d jcuckg~ fn}c}gud+C}zc c} ci `cmdkg}`f tsc E~csj pf}zsid ck c}zc `f`ckzf pd~d c}zc msdj~f tsc iid`d’~cp~c}ckzdmgfkc} fn}c}gud} w efngd}‐+E~csj jgmc ckzfkmc} tsc id lg}zc~gd jcpckjc jc c}zc msdj~f w tsc zgckc ci `g}`f `cmd-

kg}`f ld}zd sk pskzf w jc}psç} md`ngd8 zd`ngçk ck id lg}zc~gd ldw skd ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk gk-mfkmgigdnic pd~d id mfkmgckmgd w tsc zd`ngçk }c p~fjsmc id }cpd~dmgýk ckz~c id ~cp~c}ckzd-mgýk w ci decmzf) if jg}zgkzf c} ci `cmdkg}`f tsc }gbsc c}zc decmzf) dtsà ci decmzf gkc~ud}f`äzgmd`ckzc) w d c}zc `cmdkg}`f E~csj if iid`d mfkuc~}gýk8 pf~ c}f ldnid jc lg}zc~gdjc mfkuc~}gýk+ Fnugd`ckzc dtsà ci zc~`gkf jceck}d c} skf }gkýkg`f jc ~cp~c}gýk) eàack}ctsc ldnid jc }cpd~dmgýk ckz~c ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk w decmzf) w tsc c}zc decmzf }gbsc sk md`gkfjgec~ckzc `gckz~d} tsc id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk mdc d if gkmfk}mgckzc) c}zf c} if tsc }f}zgckczd`ngçk ck 4743 ck If Gkmfkmgckzc) ck zýpgmd w jgkä`gmd jc Id ^cp~c}gýk) czm+Fz~d jc id} mf}d} tsc ckmfkz~d`f} ck c}zc zc|zf c} tsc kf pscjc sngmd~}c dtsà d id kcs-~d}zckgd) pf~tsc ck ciid cecmzgud`ckzc kf ldw `cmdkg}`f p}àtsgmf) pf~ c}f id} }dmd jcimd`pf jc id} kcs~f}g}+

E~csj c}m~gnc c}zc zc|zf ck d}fmgdmgýk mfk N~csc~) pf~ if zdkzf ci zc|zf }f}zgckc dibskf}cic`ckzf} tsc }fk `ä} jci }cbskjf tsc jci p~g`c~f+ _f~ sk idjf E~csj ~cmfkfmc di mf-`gckqf jci zc|zf sk jc}msn~g`gckzf jc Adkcz ,p}gtsgdz~d' tsc pd~d çi c~d c|mcpmgfkdi) c}zfc~d tsc id md~dmzc~à}zgmd jc id lg}zc~gd c~d skd c}mg}gýk jc id mfkmgckmgd) E~csj ud d jcmg~tsc d pd~zg~ jc c}zd c}mg}gýk }c bckc~d id m~cdmgýk jc b~spf} p}àtsgmf} }cpd~djf}) tsc kf

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zgckck d}fmgdmgýk mfk fz~f}) f }cd) if gkmfkmgckzc+ _c~f jc pd}f Adkcz jgmc tsc c}zd md~dm-zc~à}zgmd mckz~di }c jd ck id lg}zc~gd mf`f ~d}bf f~gbgkd~gf) f }cd) id lg}zc~gd c} lc~cjgzd~gd+E~csj jgmc tsc çi mfgkmgjc mfk tsc ci ~d}bf mckz~di c} id c}mg}gýk jc id mfkmgckmgd) pc~fc}zf kf c} ~d}bf p~g`d~gf) }gkf }cmskjd~gf) if tsc ic jd d id lg}zc~gd sk c}zdzszf jc djtsg-~gjd) c}zc c} sk b~dk pidkzcf ~cufismgfkd~gf pd~d c}zd çpfmd) wd tsc kf c~d bckçzgmd) }gkfdjtsg~gjd w djc`ä} zckgd `cmdkg}`f p}àtsgmf+_c~f jc}psç} jc c}zf ,~d}bf jc N~csc~' pidkzcd id} mid}gegmdmgfkc}+ Ci pidkzcd z~c} zgpf}jc lg}zc~gd1

4' Lg}zc~gd lgpkfgjc>' Lg}zc~gd jc ~czckmgýk=' Lg}zc~gd jc jceck}d

4' Mfk}g}zc ck tsc ci pdmgckzc ~cugud ci dzdtsc lg}zç~gmf ck c}zdjf jc lgpkf}g}+ C} skdlg}zc~gd m~cdjd `cjgdkzc id lgpkf}g}+ E~csj uckàd pf}zsidkjf tsc if tsc }c m~cdnd ckc}zdjf lgpkfgjc kf }c pfjàd d~zgmsid~ mfk cic`ckzf} jc id ugjd jc}pgc~zd) pf~ if zdkzfd}à id lg}zc~gd }c~àd sk }gbkf ck zdkzf tsc c} dibf tsc `sc}z~d dibf) kf sk }àkzf`dpf~tsc diià ldw skd z~djsmmgýk) pf~ if zdkzf E~csj if jc}md~zd+

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igjdj jc jc}md~bd w c}zd g`pf}gngigjdj zgckc tsc uc~ mfk skd }gzsdmgýk c|zc~gf~ di }sac-zf) ckzfkmc} c} sk decmzf tsc tscjd ~czckgjf ck skd pd~zc jci msc~pf+ Fnugd`ckzc c}-zf zd`pfmf zgckc udif~ }gkzf`äzgmf) }gkf tsc c} sk }gbkf w ldw skd esc~qd c|zc~gf~ tscc} if tsc c}zä p~fufmdkjf tsc c}zf fms~~d+ _f~ if zdkzf c}zc zgpf zd`ngçk tscjd jc}zc-~~djf+

=' Dtsà }c pscjc uc~ ci udif~ }gkzf`äzgmf jci }àkzf`d) f }cd c}zd z~dk}dmmgýk) c}zd ef~`d-mgýk jc mf`p~f`g}f mf`f pidkzcd E~csj) f }cd tsc ldw sk `cmdkg}`f) tsc c} ci tscjcegkg`f} dkzc~gf~`ckzc+

Ck ci zc|zf E~csj `d~md id kcmc}gjdj jc jgec~ckmgd~ zdkzf id} ’~cp~c}ckzdmgfkc} fn}c}gud}w efngd}‐ w id ’lg}zc~gd‐ jc id} ’p}gmf}g}‐8 ci jcegkc ci `cmdkg}`f jc id} p}gmf}g} w if ldmc dpd~zg~ jc sk msdj~f tsc id p}gtsgdz~àd iid`dnd ifms~d dismgkdzf~gd+ E~csj jgmc1 dmä zd`ngçkldw skd ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk tsc c} gkmfkmgigdnic pd~d id mfkmgckmgd) pc~f c}zd ~cp~c}ckzdmgýkc}zä ckz~d`djd mfk skd pf~mgýk jc id ~cdigjdj+ Ci wf }c jc}p~ckjc jc id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk) askzf mfk id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk }c jc}p~ckjc zfjd c}d pf~mgýk jc id ~cdigjdj) w }c mf`pf~zdmf`f }g kskmd lsngc~d iicbdjf d id mfkmgckmgd+ Dmä zckc`f} ud~gf} cic`ckzf} gkzc~c}dk-zc}) pf~ sk idjf c} id p~g`c~d ucq tsc E~csj ldnid jc `cmdkg}`f jc id p}gmf}g} ck c}zf}zç~`gkf}) jc}psç} ud`f} d ckmfkz~d~ pd~d id p}gmf}g} zç~`gkf} mf`f ~cmldqf) czm+C}zc `cmdkg}`f c} ci tsc `ä} }c p~c}zd d id jcegkgmgýk jc ef~mis}gýk ck zç~`gkf} idmd-kgdkf}+ C}zf c} `ä} tsc sk }g`pic ~cmldqf) }c~àd mf`f fe~cmc~ic pf~ cac`pif sk `dzc ddibsgck w tsc zc jgbd kf tsgc~) pc~f }g di ~dzf c}d pc~}fkd jgmc ’kf esg}zc mdpdq jc mfkug-

jd~`c sk `dzc‐ id mf}d md`ngd+ C}zf c} zfjf if tsc pidkzcd pf~ dlf~d d mc~md jc id p}gmf-}g}) edizdk `smlf} dôf} pd~d tsc çi jc}msn~d tsc c}zd ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk c} id md}z~dmgýk+_f~ fz~f idjf çi ugkmsid p}gmf}g} mfk ~cdigjdj8 tsc id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk c}zd ckz~d`djd mfkskd pf~mgýk jc id ~cdigjdj) f }cd tsc ci }saczf ~cmldqd id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk w ~cmldqd skdpf~mgýk jc id ~cdigjdj) c}zf c} `sw g`pf~zdkzc pf~tsc ci uàkmsif p}gmf}g}-~cdigjdj ckE~csj kskmd }c pgc~jc) dsktsc çi zfjduàd kf pscjc jcegkg~ id ~cdigjdj ,~cdigjdj p}àtsgmd'+Id fz~d msc}zgýk tsc ic pc~`gzc iscbf d Idmdk s}d~ ci zç~`gkf ef~mis}gýk) tsc ci pidkzcdtsc c} sk zç~`gkf z~dàjf jci md`pf jci jc~cmlf) ef~mis}gýk1 }spfkbd`f} tsc ldw sk asg-mgf) ckzfkmc} id jceck}d zgckc sk pc~àfjf jc p~c}ckzdmgýk jc p~scnd}) ck ci zgc`pf ck tscegkdigqd c}zc pidqf w ci gkgmgf jci asgmgf ci dnfbdjf ckmsckz~d `ä} p~scnd} g`pf~zdkzc}) çikf id} pscjc s}d~+ C}zd} p~scnd} tscjdk ef~misàjd}) tsc tsgc~c jcmg~ c}zf) tsc c}d}

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jc}psç} kf pscjc fms~~g~+ Ckzfkmc} c}zd} p~scnd} kf }fif tsc esc~fk ~cmldqdjd}) }gkftsc djc`ä} kf c|g}zgc~fk kskmd) kf pscjck }c~ kf`n~djd}+C}zc c} ci gkgmgf jc id pdzfifbàd e~csjgdkd) id jgug}gýk ckz~c p}gmf}g} w kcs~f}g}8 jckz~f jc idp}gmf}g} E~csj ~c}pczd id jgug}gýk miä}gmd ckz~c pd~dkfgd w c}tsgqfe~ckgd) w jckz~f jc id}kcs~f}g} jf} msdj~f}1 id} ’~cp~c}ckzdmgfkc} fn}c}gud} w efngd}‐ w id} ’lg}zc~gd}‐+ Edizd zf-jduàd pd~d c}zd çpfmd id gkmis}gýk jc id} pc~uc~}gfkc}+

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Mid}c GG 

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mf`f kcs~f}g} dmzsdic}) ck fpf}gmgýk d id} kcs~f}g} jc jceck}d}+ _c~f zfjduàd ck c}czc|zf kf if ldmc) }g ngck wd jgmc tsc id} kcs~f}g} dmzsdic} kf zgckck `cmdkg}`f jc jceck-}d+ Ck ci dôf }gbsgckzc d id c}m~gzs~d jc c}zc zc|zf tsc c} jci ‗7: E~csj c}m~gnc fz~f tsc }ciid`d ’Fn}c}gfkc} w efngd}‐ ck c}c zc|zf if tsc çi ldmc c} }cpd~d~ ci msdj~f di tsc iid`d-nd ’~cp~c}ckzdmgfkc} fn}c}gud} w efngd}‐ ck jf}) pf~ sk idjf pidkzcd id} fn}c}gfkc} w pf~ci fz~f idjf id} efngd}) w eàack}c tsc zfjduàd kf ldnid jc kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud}+ Dlf~d ldnidjc fn}c}gfkc}) ci zç~`gkf kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud ud d dpd~cmc~ ck 4<75+ Dmä ldnid jc fn}c-}gfkc} w efngd}) pidkzcd tsc c} kcmc}d~gd c}zd jgec~ckmgdmgýk pf~tsc ldw jf} cic`ckzf}tsc as}zgegmdk id kcmc}gjdj jc }cpd~d~if}+ _f~ sk idjf ci `cmdkg}`f tsc ic} ud d jd~E~csj w pf~ ci fz~f idjf ci decmzf+ Ck ~cidmgýk di `cmdkg}`f jgmc E~csj) ck id} fn}c}gfkc}c}zd`f} ck ci md`pf jc id }s}zgzsmgýk8 }s}zgzsmgýk ck ci }ckzgjf jc tsc d skd ~cp~c}ckzd-

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Ci pf}zsid tsc ldw efngd} tsc fpc~d~àdk mf`f `fjcif) mf`f pf~ cac`pif id dbf~defngd+Ck c}zc zc|zf djc`ä} gkz~fjsmc sk kscuf msdj~f miàkgmf tsc c} id ’kcs~f}g} jc dkbs}zgd‐+C} sk msdj~f tsc kf zgckc `cmdkg}`f p}àtsgmf w kf if jcegkc mid~d`ckzc) if gkz~fjsmc pd-~d jcmg~ tsc id} efngd} c}zäk jckz~f jc c}zc msdj~f) f }cd tsc id} efngd} mf`f msdj~f mià-kgmf pc~zckcmc~àdk d sk msdj~f `ä} d`pigf tsc }fk id} kcs~f}g} jc dkbs}zgd+ _c~f jgmctsc id efngd }g zgckc `cmdkg}`f p}àtsgmf) tsc çi jcegkgý) w id kcs~f}g} jc dkbs}zgd kf zgckc`cmdkg}`f p}àtsgmf+ Ckzfkmc} jgmc tsc ck ~cdigjdj id efngd c} ic ~cp~c}ckzdkzc p}àtsgmfjc id} kcs~f}g} jc dkbs}zgd tsc kf zgckck `cmdkg}`f p}àtsgmf+ Kf zgckck `cmdkg}`f p}à-tsgmf pc~f zgckck sk ~cp~c}ckzdkzc p}àtsgmf tsc c} id efngd+ Ck c}zc dôf c}m~gnc zd`ngçk’Kcs~d}zckgd w kcs~f}g} jc dkbs}zgd‐ dmä if tsc çi ldmc c} sk pidkzcf gkzc~c}dkzc }fn~c idczgfifbàd w id }gkzf`dzfifbàd jc id} ’kcs~f}g} jc dkbs}zgd‐ w jc id ’kcs~d}zckgd‐ w jc}psç}

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tsc nä}gmd`ckzc id jgec~ckmgd }c ckmsckz~d ck tsc id} kcs~f}g} w id} p}gmf}g} jc jceck}dzgckck `cmdkg}`f p}àtsgmf `gckz~d} tsc id} kcs~f}g} dmzsdic} kf zgckck `cmdkg}`f p}à-tsgmf+ C}zf c} if mckz~di w pf~ if zdkzf id} jc}zgc~~d jci md`pf jc c}zsjgf jci p}gmfdkäig}g})w pf~ if zdkzf kf id} ud`f} d ckmfkz~d~ d if id~bf jc }s fn~d+_c~f jgmc E~csj tsc id} mds}d} }fk mf`skc} zdkzf ck id} kcs~f}g} w p}gmf}g} jc jceck}dmf`f ck id} dmzsdic}) w }c z~dzd jc }smc}f} `cjgdzf}) jc id gkedkmgd) `gckz~d} tsc ck id}dmzsdic} }fk }smc}f} gk`cjgdzf} f }cd jc id dmzsdigjdj+C}zc pidkzcf jc c}zd} mds}d} }c|sdic} if iicudk d ef~`sid~ pf~ p~g`c~d ucq id p~g`c~ zcf~àd

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 Id md~dmzc~à}zgmd mckz~di ck id lg}zc~gd c} ci jc}jfnid`gckzf ck id eskmgýk jci pdj~c) jgbd-`f} tsc id lg}zc~gd }c pscjc }f}zckc~ }g }c }f}zgckck c}zd} jf} uc~}gfkc}+ _c~f c}zf kfc} zfjf) kf }fif }c }f}zgckck c}zd} jf} uc~}gfkc} }gkf tsc }c jd sk `fug`gckzf jc skd dfz~d) c}zf if ckmsckz~d E~csj ck `smlf} md}f}) pc~`dkckzc`ckzc ~c`d~mdk skd jc c}zd}uc~zgckzc} pd~d jc}psç} `f}z~d~ id fz~d) c} mf`f tsc ldw sk `fug`gckzf+ C}zf c}zdldnidkjf jc tsc id lg}zç~gmd gjcdigqd) gjcdigqd) gjcdigqd w jc}psç} `sc}z~d id pc~uc~}gýk+Ck c}zc }ckzgjf }g ~c`d~md p~g`c~f id uc~zgckzc jc pdj~c gjcdi) f }cd tsc ldmc fpc~d~ id

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zgckzc `d}msigkd f dmzgud w tsc msdkjf skf }gbsc skd jc c}d} jf} iàkcd} kf pscjc dndk-jfkd~ ci z~dndaf ld}zd kf dimdkqd~ id fz~d w z~dndad~ mfk id fz~d pf~tsc jc if mfkz~d~gf ci}àkzf`d kf }c ud d `fuc~+ ]g pck}d`f} c}zf ck Jf~d pfjc`f} pck}d~ c}zf tsc mg~msidmf`f id mf~~gckzc lf`f}c|sdi ldmgd id ]~d+ H kf }c~àd fz~d mf}d tsc c}zd uc~zgckzc dmzgudjc id edkzd}àd w tsc kf zckj~àd udif~ jc skd mf~~gckzc lf`f}c|sdi }gkf mf`f id uc~zgckzc

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dmzgud tsc E~csj jcnc~àd ldnc~ dkdigqdjf askzf mfk id fz~d ,ckd`f~djd jci ]~+ H'+ Ck ~cid-mgýk d c}zf jc id z~dk}ec~ckmgd tsc E~csj msc}zgfkd) Idmdk c}m~gnc ’Gkzc~uckmgýk }fn~c idz~dk}ec~ckmgd‐+ Çi ldmc skd udif~dmgýk jci z~dndaf e~csjgdkf w `d~md sk c~~f~ jc E~csj+ Iftsc jgmc Idmdk c} tsc }gc`p~c tsc sk pdmgckzc ugckc d dkäig}g} z~dc sk jc}d~~fiif jc uc~-jdj) }s uc~jdj) w ldw tsc zf`d~if d}à) c} id uc~jdj }fn~c c}zc }saczf) c}zc jc}d~~fiif jcuc~jdj zgckc tsc }c~ cke~ckzdjf mfk skd gkzc~uckmgýk jci dkdig}zd+ C}zd gkzc~uckmgýk ud dp~fjsmg~ skd `fjgegmdmgýk ck if tsc ci pdmgckzc z~dàd w ud d bckc~d~ sk kscuf jc}d~~fiif jcuc~jdj+ If tsc ldmc tsc }c p~fjsqmd c}zc kscuf jc}d~~fiif jc uc~jdj d pd~zg~ jc id gkzc~-

uckmgýk jci dkdig}zd c} if tsc Idmdk iid`d id p~fjsmmgýk jc skd gkuc~}gýk jgdiçmzgmd) gkuc~-}gýk ck ci }ckzgjf jc tsc }c jd uscizd dtsciif tsc z~dc ci pdmgckzc) w jgdiçmzgmd pf~tsc }c~c}pfkjc mfk skd p~cbskzd d dtsciif tsc jgmc ci pdmgckzc+ Dkdigqdkjf ci md}f Jf~d) Id-mdk kf} ud d `f}z~d~ tsc E~csj p~fjsaf jf} gkzc~uckmgfkc} `sw g`pf~zdkzc} tsc pc~`gzgc-~fk kscuf} jc}d~~fiif} jc uc~jdj) pc~f tsc ic edizf p~fjsmg~ skd zc~mc~d) tsc jc ldnc~idp~fjsmgjf lsngc~d iicbdjf d if mckz~di ck Jf~d tsc c~d id p~cbskzd lg}zç~gmd+ C}z~f c} iftsc Idmdk msc}zgfkd w tsc E~csj kf iicbý pf~ cic`ckzf} tsc zckàdk tsc uc~ mfk çi `g}`f+4± jc}d~~fiif jc uc~jdj1 Jf~d iicbd w ugckc mfk sk jc}d~~fiif jc uc~jdj8 `g pdj~c zgckc ~c-idmgfkc} mfk id ]~d+ H w pf~ c}zf wf `c ucf ckz~cbdjd di ]~+ H+4± gkuc~}gýk jgdiçmzgmd1 if tsc ldmc E~csj c} skd gkzc~uckmgýk tsc eskmgfkd mf`f p~g`c~gkuc~}gýk jgdiçmzgmd) çi ic jgmc ¶Tsç c} if tsc zgckc tsc uc~ s}zcj mfk zfjf c}zf6 C}zd p~g-

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Mfk}sizd} }fn~c ci zc|zf jc Idmdk X+++P pc~f pd~d ~cdigqd~ id mfkjgmgýk jc c}zc dmmc}f) kf ld mfkzdjf }gkf mfk ci ñkgmf c|pc-jgckzc tsc) }cbñk kf} `sc}z~d id G`dbf f~gbgkdi) ic fe~cmc skd dpc~zs~d ldmgd ci fnaczf) d}dnc~) ci mf`pdôc~f `d}msigkf di msdi id} jgec~ckmgd} jc cjdjc} ic pc~`gzc gjckzgegmd~}c ckc}d ckdackdmgýk p~g`f~jgdi ck id tsc ci }saczf }c ~cmfkfmc mf`f wf+++C}zf c} pf~tsc Idmdk ldnid jc skd gjckzgegmdmgýk di ]~+ H tsc E~csj kf zf`d w tsc Idmdkid zf`d mf`f skd gjckzgegmdmgýk jc zgpf kd~mg}g}zd tsc ic pc~`gzc jc dibskd `dkc~d ci ~c-mfkfmg`gckzf d pd~zg~ jci fz~f jc }s p~fpgf wf) pc~f d }s ucq jc }s p~fpgf jc}cf+ Id gjckzg-egmdmgýk tsc jc dibskd `dkc~d pc~`gzc d Jf~d dibf jci fnaczf jc jc}cf tsgc~c `d~md~)pf~tsc ciid dpd~cmc mf`f fnaczf jc jc}cf jc H) w `cjgdkzc c}zd gjckzgegmdmgýk pscjc ~c-mfkfmc~}c ck c}c isbd~+

Msdkjf wd c}zd ldnidkjf jc z~dk}ec~ckmgd jgmc+++ ¶Tsç c} ckzfkmc} gkzc~p~czd~ id z~dk}ec-~ckmgd6 Kf fz~d mf}d tsc iickd~ mfk sk ckbdôf ci udmàf jc c}c pskzf `sc~zf+ _c~f c}zcckbdôf c} ñzgi) psc} dsktsc edidq) usciuc d idkqd~ ci p~fmc}f+

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Idmdk pidkzcd tsc id z~dk}ec~ckmgd }s~bc ck skd jg`ck}gýk g`dbgkd~gd w tsc mf`f zdi}gc`p~c c} sk ckbdôf w pidkzcd tsc ci }saczf }gc`p~c ,zfjd jc`dkjd c} skd jc`dkjd jcd`f~' pf~ if zdkzf c}zd jc`dkjd jc d`f~ zd`ngçk c|g}zc di gkgmgf jci dkäig}g}+ Msäkjf c`-pgcqd ci dkäig}g}) msdkjf c}zc mf`gckqf }c jd jckz~f jc id jg`ck}gýk g`dbgkd~gd jc idz~dk}ec~ckmgd w zgckc tsc pd}d~ d }c~ skd z~dk}ec~ckmgd }g`nýigmd+ If tsc Idmdk jgmc c}tsc ck sk p~gkmgpgf mf`f ci }saczf }spfkc tsc ci fz~f }dnc }fn~c }s }se~g`gckzf) c}zf c} iftsc ldmc }s~bg~ id z~dk}ec~ckmgd ,}f}zckc~ sk }saczf }spsc}zf }dnc~' w tsc pscjc jd~icskd ~c}psc}zd w ldw }gc`p~c sk p~g`c~ `fug`gckzf jfkjc di dkdig}zd c} mfifmdjf ck sk

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pgf} gjcdic}+ Mf`f mfk}cmsckmgd }g c}zc c}pdmgf tsc c} ci gjcdi mf`f eskmgýk jci }spc~wýzgckc jgegmsizdjc} ck }s mfk}zgzsmgýk) ckzfkmc} ci }spc~wý zgckc `ä} esc~qd pf~tsc c} skc}pdmgf tsc pgc~jck if} gjcdic} w bdkd ci }spc~wý) pf~ c}f pidkzcd`f} tsc ck id kcs~f}g}fn}c}gud ci }spc~wý c} `sw esc~zc+ C}zf }c~àd if mckz~di ck ~cidmgýk d id eskmgýk jc pdj~cck id} kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud}8 id edizd jc }f}zckg`gckzf jc gjcdic}) ci pdj~c kf }f}zgckc gjcd-ic} w c}zf ldmc jgegmsizf}d id gjckzgegmdmgýk d c}zf} gjcdic} w pf~ if zdkzf id mfk}z~smmgýk jcip~fpgf gjcdi+ Idmdk jgmc ck ci lf`n~c jc id} ~dzd}) jgmc tsc c}zd mfk}cmsckmgd jc tsc kfldwd gjcdic} pdzc~kf} p~fjsmc skd ediid ck id mdjckd gjckzgegmdzf~gd) kf skd ediid ck idgjckzgegmdmgýk) }gkf skd ediid ck id mdjckd gjckzgegmdzf~gd jcngjf as}zd`ckzc d c}zd edizd ckif} gjcdic} pdzc~kf}+ ,Ci `gzf gkjgugjsdi jci kcs~ýzgmf' E~csj kf ldnid jc skd gjckzgegmdmgýkediigjd }gkf jc skd ediid ck id mdjckd gjckzgegmdzf~gd w c}zf c} if tsc pc~`gzc }f}zckc~ tsc

id} gjckzgegmdmgfkc} ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud }fk `sw pfmd} w msdkjf }c ifb~dk }fk `swesc~zc+ ]g kf}fz~f} pck}d`f} id eskmgýk jci pdj~c c}pcmàegmd`ckzc ck ci lf`n~c jc id} ~d-zd}) uc`f} tsc c}zc pdj~c zgckc jgegmsizdjc} mfk }s} gjcdic}) pf~ cac`pif) ci pdj~c jc c}zclf`n~c d`dndk d skd `sac~ pfn~c) pc~f kf c~d mfkuckgckzc) ckzfkmc} }c md}d mfk skd`sac~ ~gmd d pd~zg~ jc sk gkzc~md`ngf1 ’wf zc jfw `g jgkc~f) uf} `c jd} sk lgaf‐8 f }cd tsc

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eàack}c tsç b~duc tsc c} id lg}zf~gd jc c}zc }saczf) çi }s~bc d pd~zg~ jc sk pdmzf+ Ckzfkmc}uc`f} tsc c}zc pdj~c d pc}d~ jc d`d~d d skd `sac~ pfn~c }c md}d mfk skd `sac~ ~gmd)pf~ if zdkzf kf ldw sk gjcdi jc d`f~ ,ediid'+ _f~ fz~f idjd ldw fz~f pskzf jfkjc c}zf }c uc)ci pdj~c `gckz~d} c}zdnd ck ci cac~mgzf mfkz~dc skd jcsjd tsc kf c} pdbdjd+ Dmä zckc`f}fz~d ediid) kf ldw sk gjcdi jc lfkc}zgjdj) ck ~cdigjdj kf }c }dnc }g }c if jcufiugý f kf) pc-~f ck ci }saczf tscjd gk}m~gpzd mf`f kf pdbdjd w c}zf c} if g`pf~zdkzc+ F }cd tsc }c ucmid~d`ckzc tsc ci pdj~c zgckc skd g`pf}gngigjdj pd~d }f}zckc~ c}zf} gjcdic}) pf~ if zdkzfldw skd g`pf}gngigjdj jci lgaf pd~d gjckzgegmd~}c) w c}zf bckc~d skd jgegmsizdj pd~d tsc ci

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Mid}c U 

X+++P ud`f} d uc~ fz~f cic`ckzf tsc E~csj z~dndad mf`f skd md~dmzc~à}zgmd g`pf~zdkzc tsc}c ugkmsid mf`f skd mfkjgmgýk pd~d id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud) pc~f kf sk jczc~`gkdkzc tsczgckc tsc uc~ mfk id egadmgýk+ E~csj pidkzcd tsc id} egadmgfkc} }fk mfkjgmgfkdkzc} ck id} c}-z~smzs~d} miàkgmd}) w pd~d id} kcs~f}g} ug`f} tsc id egadmgýk }c p~fjsmc ck id cufismgýk p}g-mf}c|sdi ,ck id iàkcd jc cufismgýk jc id igngjf') ck ci md}f jc id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud `d~mdskd egadmgýk d id czdpd }äjgmf-dkdi+ C}zd egadmgýk jc dibskd `dkc~d ud d ldmc~ tsc E~csj

pidkzcc pf~ sk idjf ci lcmlf jc tsc c|g}zd ç}zd egadmgýk w di }c~ id ed}c }äjgmf-dkdi id ed}cmc~mdkd d id gkzck}gegmdmgýk jc id d`ngudickmgd) ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud c}zc mfkeigmzf jcd`ngudickmgd c}zd dizd`ckzc gkzck}gegmdjf+ Id d`ngudickmgd c} skd md~dmzc~à}zgmd `sw g`-pf~zdkzc ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud ugkmsidjd mfk c}zd egadmgýk+ C}zf ud d zckc~ mfk}cmsck-mgd}) pf~ sk idjf id igbdqýk jci }saczf mfk ci pdj~c) ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud E~csj pidkzcdtsc di c}zd~ gkzck}gegmdjf c}zc mfkeigmzf jci jc}cf jc }sp~c}gýk jci pdj~c c} `sw esc~zc)pc~f pd~dicid`ckzc dpd~cmc mfk `smld esc~qd id uc~zgckzc c~ýzgmd mfk ci pdj~c ,uc~}gýkkcbdzgud jci Cjgpf - esc~zc jc}cf c~ýzgmf ldmgd ci pdj~c w d id ucq sk esc~zc jc}cf jc }s-p~c}gýk jci pdj~c'+ Ck ci lf`n~c jc id} ~dzd} }c uc pf~ sk idjf c}zc jc}cf jc `sc~zc jcipdj~c tsc ldnàd }s~bgjf ck çi jc}jc `sw mlgmf ,jc}cf jc skd kgôd' uc~zgckzc mfkz~d~gd,msdkjf ci }saczf jgmc tsc msdkjf c}msmld id zf~zs~d jc id} ~dzd} pgck}d gk`cjgdzd`ckzc

tsc c}zf psjgc}c }smcjc~ic di pdj~c) edkzd}àd jc jc}c }c|sdi mfk ci pdj~c'+_f~ fz~f idjf fz~d mfk}cmsckmgd tsc zd`ngçk E~csj z~dndad ck ’Jscic w `cidkmfiàd‐ c}msdkjf pidkzcd tsc ldw jg}zgkzd} ef~`d} jc ~cdmmgfkd~ dkzc id pc~jgjd jc sk fnaczf w jg}-zgkbsc sk jscif tsc ci iid`d kf~`di jc skd `cidkmfiàd+ Ck id `cidkmfiàd ldw skd gkzck}geg-mdmgýk jci mfkeigmzf jc d`ngudickmgd w id cicmmgýk kd~mg}g}zd jc fnaczf+ _c~f zd`ngçk pidk-zcd sk pskzf gkzc~`cjgf tsc }c~àd ci jscif pdzfiýbgmf w jgmc tsc c}zc c} sk c}zdjf gkzc~-`cjgf pf~tsc mf`pd~zc md~dmzc~à}zgmd} mfk if} jf}1 mfk id `cidkmfiàd if tsc mf`pd~zc c}c}zd gkzck}gegmdmgýk jci mfkeigmzf jc d`ngudickmgd) pf~ if zdkzf if pidkzcd mf`f sk jscifnd}zdkzc zàpgmf jc id} kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud}+ E~csj pidkzcd tsc kf ldw ~cbg}z~f jc id `sc~zc)pc~f ck ci jscif kf~`di }c gk}m~gnc ci `sc~zf) ck id `cidkmfiàd c}zf kf }smcjc pf~ c}f ci}saczf ~cmfk}z~swc ci fnaczf pf~ uàd jc id gjckzgegmdmgýk pd~mgdi) pc~f d zfjf} if} ~d}bf} jcifnaczf) w ci fnaczf tscjd mf`f uguf+ Ck ci md}f jci jscif pdzfiýbgmf kf }c gk}m~gnc di`sc~zf mf`f `sc~zf) pf~f zd`pfmf tscjd }gk c}zd~ `sc~zf) f }cd tsc }c gk}m~gnc mf`fsk c}zdjf gkzc~`cjgf ,id jg`ck}gýk jci c}pcmz~f' c}zf c} nd}zdkzc mf`ñk ck id kcs~f}g}fn}c}gud+ Ck ci lf`n~c jc id} ~dzd} }c uc mid~f pf~tsc ci }saczf ldnid jci pdj~c mf`f }gc}zsugc~d uguf) çi }c ckzc~d jc tsc c}zd `sc~zf jc}psç} jc ud~gd} }c}gfkc} ,zd`ngçk ci ~g-zsdi jci c}zsjgf w id `d}zs~ndmgýk' Ck id `cidkmfiàd eckf`ckfifbgmd`ckzc ci }saczf }cls`giid) kf zgckc uc~bùckqd jc jcmg~ id} mf}d} tsc jgmc jc çi) }g d c}zf ic ns}md`f} sk mf-~~cidzf ck }s dpd~dzf p}àtsgmf ckmfkz~d`f} tsc ci fnaczf c}zä gkmf~pf~djf di wf w tsc ç}zcc}zä jgugjgjf ck skd gk}zdkmgd m~gzgmd w tsc skd }c cke~ckzd d id fz~d w tsc gkmis}f skdpscjc iicbd~ d id cig`gkdmgýk jc id fz~d ,}sgmgjgf `cidkmýigmf' Ck ~cdigjdj kf c} }sgmgjgf)

}gkf d}c}gkdzf pf~tsc }c c}zä `dzdkjf di fnaczf tsc c}zd gkmf~pf~djf+Ck ci jscif pdzfiýbgmf ck `f`ckzf} }c ~cmfkfmc tsc id pc~}fkd `sc~zd wd kf c}zä pc~fldw `f`ckzf} tsc kf) c}zä gk}m~gpzd ck sk c}zdjf gkzc~`cjgf) w c}zf c} zàpgmf ck id} kcs-~f}g} fn}c}gud}+C}zd md~dmzc~à}zgmd }c ugkmsid d c}zd egadmgýk d id czdpd }äjgmf-dkdi w d id d`ngudickmgd+Fz~f cic`ckzf tsc c}zä ck ~cidmgýk mfk c}f jc id ~cidmgýk jci kcs~ýzgmf fn}c}guf mfk di-bskf} cic`ckzf} mf`f ci jgkc~f) pf~tsc E~csj pidkzcd ck 474> id c|g}zckmgd jc id} cmsd-mgfkc} }g`nýigmd} ,}fk gbsdijdjc}' tsc ldmc tsc jczc~`gkdjf} zç~`gkf} }cdk pd~d ci gk-mfk}mgckzc z~dzdjf} mf`f }gkýkg`f}) w pf~ c}f c} `sw g`pf~zdkzc tsc msdkjf dpd~cqmddibskf jc c}zf} zç~`gkf} skf ~d}z~cc ldnc~ }g c}zäk ck }s}zgzsmgýk jc dibñk fz~f zç~`gkf+_idkzcd tsc c}zd ctsgudickmgd }c mfk}zgzswc d pd~zg~ jc skd 4± ctsgudickmgd tsc id ugkmsid

mfk id p~fnic`äzgmd cjàpgmd+ Ci jgmc tsc msdkjf id kgôd dz~dugc}d ci Cjgpf ck p~gkmgpgf cifnaczf c} `dj~c) pc~f msdkjf jc}msn~c tsc esc lcmld gkmf`piczd ~cmid`d pf~ c}zf w }cjg~gbc di pdj~c+ Ciid }dic ns}mdkjf dtsciif tsc ic edizd pc~f msdkjf jc}msn~c tsc kf if udd pfjc~ zckc~) mf`pck}d c}zf `cjgdkzc id cidnf~dmgýk jc skd cmsdmgýk pckc0kgôf) dpd-~cmc ci jc}cf jc sk lgaf mfk ci pdj~c) jc}psç} c}zf }c ~cp~g`c w tscjd ci jc}cf jc lgaf+

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C}zd cmsdmgýk pckc0kgôf dpd~cmc dpd~ckzc`ckzc ck id `sac~) tsç pd}d mfk ci ud~ýk) pf~-tsc E~csj jgmc tsc dpd~cmc ck zfjf} if} }saczf}+ C}zf }c ~c}sciuc pf~tsc E~csj pidkzcdtsc ci Cjgpf c} z~dk}gkjgugjsdi) z~dk}msizs~di w ci lgaf c} lgaf jc id `dj~c) fnugd`ckzc c}zdcmsdmgýk zd`ngçk dpd~cmc ck ci ud~ýk+D c}zd cmsdmgýk }c ic db~cbdk fz~f} zç~`gkf}+ Ck id} p~g`c~d} c|pc~gckmgd} }c|sdic} ck idgkedkmgd id} zcf~àd} tsc }c }f}zgckck c} tsc if} kgôf} kdmck pf~ ci dkf di gbsdi tsc if} c|-m~c`ckzf}) pf~ if zdkzf gkzc~ugckc sk kscuf zç~`gkf tsc c} c|m~c`ckzf w }c mf`piczd pc-kc0kgôf0c|m~c`ckzf+ C}zf kf }c mgc~~d dlà pf~tsc ci c|m~c`ckzf ud djtsg~g~ fz~f udif~)

pf~tsc c} dibf `sw p~fpgf jci gkjgugjsf w c} dtsciif mfk if tsc ci }saczf ud d jc dibskd`dkc~d b~dzgegmd~ d id} pc~}fkd} d id} tsc tsgc~c+ C} jcmg~ tsc zgckc sk dizf udif~ w jc}-p~ckjc~}c jc c}zf c} sk dmzf jc d`f~) pf~ if zdkzf c}zf tscjd pc-kc0kgôf0c|m~c`ckzf0~cbdif) ci ~cbdif tsc ci mlgmf fe~cmc d tsgckc} if msgjdk+ D c}zf }cic db~cbd fz~f cic`ckzf pf~tsc ci p~g`c~ ~cbdif tsc ci mlgmf pscjc udif~d~ mf`f zdi c} cijgkc~f tsc ic jdk di Mlgmmf pd~d tsc ldbd }s} mf`p~d}1 pckc 0 kgôf 0 c|m~c`ckzf 0 ~c-bdif 0 jgkc~f+Eàack}c tsc ck c}zd }c~gc c}zä c|m~c`ckzf) di ldnc~ skd egadmgýk d id ed}c }äjgmf-dkdi ç}zczç~`gkf w zfjf} }s} ctsgudickzc} mfn~dk skd }gbkgegmdmgýk `sw g`pf~zdkzc+ _f~ if zdkzf pf-jc`f} pck}d~ tsc ldw sk uàkmsif }gc`p~c `sw pd~zgmsid~ ck id} kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud} mfk cijgkc~f) E~csj jgmc tsc skd jc id} md~dmzc~à}zgmd} jc id pc~}fkdigjdj jc c}zf} }saczf} c}

 as}zd`ckzc dud~gmgd+ Gkmis}f di ckz~d~ ci jgkc~f ck ~cidmgýk mfk ci c|m~c`ckzf `smld} uc-mc} dpd~cmc mf`f if }smgf) id ~c}g}zckmgd d zfmd~if f ldmc~ mfk çi zfjf sk p~fmc}f jc ig`-pgcqd+ W c}zf }c jc}pidqd d fz~f} fnaczf} w }c z~dk}ef~`dk ck p~fnic`äzgmd}) pf~ cac`pifzfjd} dtsciid} mf}d} tsc zfmdk zfjf ci `skjf) czm+E~csj z~dndad fz~f pskzf mckz~di ck if} msdj~f} miàkgmf} w c}zc c} ck ~cidmgýk di jc}cf+ Ckid lg}zc~gd pidkzc ci jc}cf mf`f gk}dzg}ecmlf) pd~d id} kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud} kf jgmc kdjdc|piàmgzd`ckzc ck ~cidmgýk di jc}cf) pc~f Idmdk zf`dkjf ci pidkzcf tsc }c u ck id fn~d jcE~csj pidkzcd tsc ci jc}cf ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud dpd~cmc mf`f g`pf}gnic) jc jfkjcpfjc`f} pck}d~ c}zf ck E~csj1 çi jgmc pf~ cac`pif ck ci Eczgmlg}`f jgmc tsc ck id kcs~f-}g} fn}c}gud ldw jf} ~cp~c}ckzdmgfkc}1 id jc id md}z~dmgýk w id tsc gkzckzd ldmc~ tsc idmd}z~dmgýk kskmd ldwd c|g}zgjf) pc~f kf }fk id} jf} gkmfkmgckzc}) id gkmfkmgckzc c} id ~c-p~c}ckzdmgýk jc id md}z~dmgýk pf~tsc wd jgag`f} tsc }g ldw kcs~f}g} c} pf~tsc ldw ~cp~c-}gýk jc id md}z~dmgýk+ Id p~cmfk}mgckzc c} id fz~d mf~~gckzc) c}zf ud d ldmc~ tsc ci }saczfgkzckzc pf~ zfjf} if} `cjgf} pf}gnic} cugzd~ id md}z~dmgýk) kf ckmfkz~d~}c mfk ciid) pc~f kf}c tsgc~c ckmfkz~d~ pf~tsc }dnc tsc c|g}zc+ Fnugd`ckzc zfjf if tsc c} jci f~jck jci jc-}cf ~c`gzc d id md}z~dmgýk) ckzfkmc} ci }saczf gkzckzd tsc ci jc}cf }cd g`pf}gnic) ckzfkmc}ldw g`pf}gngigjdj jc zfjf if tsc zgckc tsc uc~ mfk ci jc}cf+ Kf esc E~csj tsgçk if pidkzcdd}à) pc~f pc~`gzc }f}zckc~if) mfk c}zd gkzck}gýk jc ldmc~if g`pf}gnic kf} ud`f} d ckmfk-z~d~ ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud mfk ci `fkzdac jc sk `fkzýk jc `cmdkg}`f}) zfjf} c}zf}`cmdkg}`f} zgckck sk fnaczguf mf`ñk tsc c} cugzd~ ci ckmsckz~f mfk id md}z~dmgýk) pf~ ifzdkzf cugzd~ zfjf dtsciif tsc }c ckmsckz~c jckz~f jci f~jck jci jc}cf+ Ci kcs~ýzgmf fn}c}g-

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w }dmd id pgcj~d) czm+ ^cdigqd~ ci dmzf ck c}zc }saczf zckàd tsc uc~ mfk g~ sk pfmf `ä} diiäjci pdj~c) pf~tsc dlà c}zdnd id p~flgngmgýk jci pdj~c8 çi kf ic p~flgnàd d id `dj~c) icp~flgnàd d id `sac~ pfn~c+ C}zf c~d if ediigjf jc id eskmgýk pdzc~kd8 kf pfjàd p~flgng~ d id`dj~c pf~tsc kf c~d fnaczf jc }s jc}cf) }gk c`nd~bf dibf jc id p~flgngmgýk ldw }gkf kf}c~àd skd kcs~f}g}+ C} skd p~flgngmgýk ediigjd) pf~ c}f skd md~dmzc~à}zgmd jc id kcs~f}g}

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fn}c}gud c} sk c|mc}f jc edigmgqdmgýk+ Ci pdj~c zd~jàd`ckzc gkz~fjsmc ci mf~zc w ckzfk-mc} ldw skd ~cidmgýk gkmc}zsf}d jci }saczf mfk id `dj~c) pf~ `dwf~ zgc`pf jci tsc jcnc-~àd ldnc~+ Ldw sk c|mc}f jc mfifmdmgýk jc c}zc lgaf ck ci isbd~ jci edif pf~tsc ci pdj~ckf gkzc~ugckc }gkf zd~jàd`ckzc+ Idmdk jgmc tsc ck id pf}zc~bdmgýk ldw skd }dzg}edmmgýkpf~tsc if tsc tsgc~c cugzd~ ci }saczf c} ci ckmsckz~f mfk id md}z~dmgýk) pc~f }g pf}zc~bd cickmsckz~f mfk id md}z~dmgýk c} pf~tsc }dnc dkzgmgpdjd`ckzc tsc id md}z~dmgýk fms~~gý)}c dkzgmgpd di ckmsckz~f mfk c}zd pf}zc~bdmgýk) pf~ c}f jgmc id pf}zc~bdmgýk mfkiicud kc-mc}d~gd`ckzc skd }dzg}edmmgýk+

]c uc ck E~csj pc~f kf c}zä kf`n~djf) ci tsc if kf`n~d c} Idmdk w c} id jcb~djdmgýkjc jc}cf d jc`dkjd1 ci kcs~ýzgmf fn}c}guf c} sk }saczf di tsc ic ckmdkzd tsc ic jck ý~-jckc} w }gc`p~c }c id} gkbckgd pd~d tsc }cd `dkjdjf+ C}zf c} d}à pf~tsc }g ci fz~f icpgjc w çi }c ctsgufmd ckzfkmc} id msipd kf c} jc çi) c} jci fz~f tsc ci `dkjf `di+ Gkmis-}f msdkjf zgckc tsc zf`d~ jcmg}gfkc}) if mfk}sizdk mfk zfjf ci `skjf) w }g zgckc mf`f}saczf skd gjcd jc if tsc tsgc~c f kcmc}gzd) }c id} d~~cbid pd~d tsc ci fz~f }c ldbd md~-bf) w ckzfkmc} }gc`p~c zgckc d tsgçk msipd~+ ]c c`pcôd ck c}msmld~ jc`dkjd} pd~d kfc}msmld~ ci jc}cf) w c}zf pf~tsc ci jc}cf ~c`gzc d id md}z~dmgýk+ Ck ci lf`n~c jc id} ~d-zd} c}zf zd`ngçk }c uc ck id }gzsdmgýk ck id `dkgfn~d jci cac~mgzf msdkjf ci pgc~jc if}ickzc}) ci mdpgzäk m~sci ic jgmc ldw tsc jcufiuc~ic ci jgkc~f di zckgckzc D) ci }saczf }c fi-ugjd jc id zf~zs~d tsc zgckc tsc uc~ mfk }s jc}cf w }c c`pcôd ck ms`pig~ id jc`dkjd+

]c tscad jc}psç} pc~f }c id} gkbckgd pd~d tsc zfjf ci `skjf ic pgjd+ Ci fn}c}guf }cpfkc }gc`p~c ck ci isbd~ jc ugmzg`d) c} `sw }c~ugmgdi+ ]gc`p~c fe~cmc pd~d tsc ci fz~f icpgjd w d}à nf~~d zfjf if tsc zgckc tsc uc~ mfk }s jc}cf+ Ci fn}c}guf uguc msc}zgfkäkjf}c}g c} f kf lf`f}c|sdi) pc~f c} skd jsjd tsc c}zä c}z~smzs~djd as}zd`ckzc pd~d kf gkuf-ism~d~}c ,jc}cf d if} lf`n~c} f d id} `sac~c}1 kf }ç) ckzfkmc} kf jc}cf kdjd'+ _f~ c}fmsdkjf Idmdk c}z~smzs~d id} p~cbskzd} ck id} kcs~f}g} w jgmc tsc ck id lg}zc~gd id p~c-bskzd c} pf~ id `sac~) zd`ngçk jgmc tsc ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud id p~cbskzd c} pf~ idjsjd) }g }fw lf`n~c f `sac~) c}zfw uguf f `sc~zf) id p~cbskzd ~c`gzc }gc`p~c d id udmgid-mgýk pd~d ~cmldqd~ ci jc}cf+ Mdjd ucq tsc ci }saczf }c pidkzcd skd jsjd c} pf~tsc c}zäpf}zc~bdkjf ci dmzf+,Idmdk' nf~~d`gckzf jci }saczf1 ci kf`n~c if pfkc Idmdk pc~f ci `cmdkg}`f if ckmfk-z~d`f} ck E~csj8 kf tsc~c~ dpd~cmc~ mf`f }saczf jc jc}cf) ck zdkzf md}z~djf) ckzfkmc}ck ci fn}c}guf c} `sw mf`ñk tsc }c nf~~c) jc}dpd~cmc mf`f }saczf+ C}zf }c uc ck idmiàkgmd pf~ cac`pif msdkjf ci fn}c}guf ugckc d }c}gýk) ugckc mfk dibsgck) zfjd} id} }c-}gfkc} ldnid jc sk d`gbf jgec~ckzc) pc~f ad`ä} dpd~cmc çi diià+ Mfk c}zd gkzckmgýk c}`sw mf`ñk tsc ci }saczf }c mf`p~f`czd d ldmc~ ud~gd} mf}d} ci `g}`f jàd d id `g}`dlf~d) w ck jcegkgzgud kf ud d kgkbñk idjf+Dksidmgýk1 c}zc `cmdkg}`f if z~dndad E~csj) }fk if tsc ç iid`d id} dmmgfkc} ck jf}zgc`pf}) ck jfkjc ldw sk 4± zgc`pf ck tsc id dmmgýk }c ~cdigqd w sk >± zgc`pf ck jfkjc}c dksid ci cecmzf jc c}zd dmmgýk+ C}zc >± zgc`pf c} if tsc `d~md id dksidmgýk+ Ck cilf`n~c jc id} ~dzd} }c uc di pfkc~ w }dmd~ id pgcj~d+ C}zc >± zgc`pf `d~md ci jc}pidqd-

`gckzf jc if tsc ci }saczf ~cdi`ckzc tsg}gc~d) tsc c} jc}ldmc~ if} cecmzf} jc id md}z~d-mgýk) mf`f kf pscjc jc}pidqd d if tsc }à pscjc+Mfkz~fi1 c}zc zgckc tsc uc~ mfk tsc ci }saczf ck ~cdigjdj if tsc tsg}gc~d mfkz~fid~ c} idmd}z~dmgýk w mf`f kf pscjc ldmc~if) mfkz~fid if tsc ç}zd d }s dimdkmc1 tsc c} zfjf f~-jckdjgzf) tsc kf ldwd }smgcjdj) czm+ _f~ c}f id ~cidmgýk mfk if} ~cifac}1 çi tsgc~c mfkz~f-id~ ci zgc`pf) w kf pscjc) pc~f if gkzckzd zfjf ci zgc`pf+ Ck ~cdigjdj ck zfjd} id} kcs~f-}g} ldw sk gkzckzf jc mfkz~fid~ if} cecmzf} jc id md}z~dmgýk) kf zdk gkzck}f} mf`f ck idkcs~f}g} fn}c}gud) pc~f }gc`p~c ldw sk gkzckzf) pf~ dlà kf mfkz~fi) pc~f pf~ if `ckf} skgkzckzf jc d~~cbif ,p~cpd~dzguf} pd~d }dig~) }c z~dzd jc d~~cbid~ pc~f kskmd ic bs}zd mf`fic tscjd'Dg}id`gckzf1 zd`ngçk c} z~dndadjf pf~ E~csj) }c ugkmsid mfk id dksidmgýk w mfk ci mfkz~fi)

zgckc tsc uc~ mfk ci zc`f~ jc mfkzdbgf w ci zc`f~ jc mfkzdmzf+ C}zf }c ~cidmgfkd mfk iddkdigqdj) ci dg}id~}c jc zfjf if }smgf+ C}zf fnugd`ckzc zd`ngçk zgckc tsc uc~ mfk id md}-z~dmgýk+^cdigjdj g`dbgkd~gd mfk ci fz~f1 c}zf c} sk pidkzcf c}z~gmzd`ckzc idmdkgdkf+ Fz~f p~g`f~-jgdi) bckc~di`ckzc id `dj~c+ Skd ~gudigjdj ck id tsc ci dkdig}zd zgckc tsc msgjd~}c jc kf

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ckbdkmld~}c) pf~tsc ci }saczf }c tscad jc tsc kf pscjc dudkqd~ pf~tsc ci fz~f kf ifjcad) c}zc fz~f tsc c} id `dj~c f ci pdj~c) pc~f ci }saczf }gc`p~c jgmc tsc msdkjf }c`sc~dk dlà ud d ldmc~ zfjf dtsciif tsc kf pscjc ldmc~ dlf~d+ _c~f ci zc`d c} tscmsdkjf }c `sc~ck mf`f tscjd ck c}zc c}zdjf jc jscif pdzfiýbgmf zd`pfmf pscjc ~cd-igqd~ kdjd) ci fz~f kf ic pc~`gzc c}zd} mf}d}+ Ck ci lf`n~c jc id} ~dzd} }c uc mid~d`ckzcck id pf}gmgýk jci pdj~c+Msipd1 tsc E~csj pidkzcd tsc ci ldnc~ jc}cdjf id `sc~zc ldmc tsc msdkjf ~cdi`ckzc}c p~fjsmc }c gk}zds~c id msipd tsc ic }gbsc g`pgjgckjf if `g}`f tsc dkzc}1 }g dkzc} kf

pfjàd dudkqd~ pf~tsc c}zdnd ci pdj~c dlf~d kf if pscjc ldmc~ pf~tsc c}zd gk}zds~djd idmsipd) w c}zf }c ugkmsid mfk sk ~d}bf `sw mf`ñk tsc c} id f`kgpfzckmgd jc pck}d`gck-zf}1 ci }saczf m~cc tsc }g çi pgck}d dibf) c}zf fms~~c w d}à iscbf }c gk}zds~d id msipd+ Ckci lf`n~c jc id} ~dzd} }c uc zd`ngçk mfk ci pck}d`gckzf w ci jc}cf jc id `sc~zc jci pd-j~c ,}g ucf skd `sac~ jc}ksjd `g pdj~c `f~g~ä'Cigp}g}1 E~csj if jcegkc c}pcmàegmd`ckzc ck ci lf`n~c jc id} ~dzd}) kf ldw fz~f zc|zf cktsc if z~dndac) pc~f if pidkzcd ck ~cidmgýk d id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud+ Ci jgmc tsc c} sk `c-mdkg}`f jc jcef~`dmgýk pf~ f`g}gýk) f }cd tsc ci }saczf f`gzc skd pd~zc jc skd e~d}c wid e~d}c tscjd jcef~`djd w tsc if tsc ci dkdig}zd jcnc ldmc~ c} z~dndad~ pd~d mfk}cbsg~gkzc~pfid~ if} edizdkzc} jc c}zd e~d}c+ Ck c}zc }ckzgjf skf jc if} cac`pif} c} jfkjc cilf`n~c jc id} ~dzd} jcmàd tsc dpd~cmàd sk pck}d`gckzf tsc c~d ’wf zckbf skd ~cidmgýk

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}fid} pf~tsc ci }saczf }dnc mfk}mgckzc`ckzc tsc c}zf kf zgckc }ckzgjf+ Id} p~ämzgmd} ~cig-bgf}d} zgckck sk }ckzgjf) pc~f c}zc }ckzgjf `smld} ucmc} c} jc}mfkfmgjf pd~d id bckzctsc p~dmzgmd id ~cigbgýk+ Zd`ngçk c}zf }smcjc ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud ck jfkjc id mc~c-`fkgd dpd~cmc mf`f }gk }ckzgjf) }gk c`nd~bf zgckc `smlf }ckzgjf) pc~f c}zc c} jc}mfkf-mgjf pf~ ci }saczf+ _c~f c}zc c} sk }ckzgjf tsc ldw tsc jcucid~+

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X+++P jceck}d} 4± w >±1 ck 4<75 msdkjf E~csj ldnid jc if} pc~àfjf} ck id p~fjsmmgýk jc ck-ec~`cjdj) pidkzcd jf} pc~àfjf} jc id jceck}d+ Id jceck}d p~g`d~gd mf`f }cbskjf pc~àfjf,}disj dpd~ckzc' w ci msd~zf jfkjc pidkzc id} jceck}d} }cmskjd~gd} jfkjc wd dpd~cmc idckec~`cjdj+ Id jceck}d p~g`d~gd }fk if} ~d}bf} jc md~ämzc~ w tsc kf }fk ckec~`cjdj),`f~digjdj) jsjd) czm+' id jceck}d }cmskjd~gd c} pf~ sk e~dmd}f jc id jceck}d tsc c} skdd`pigdmgýk jc if} pd~dpczf} w tsc mf`f wd c} skd ckec~`cjdj }c jd mfk `dkgec}zdmgýk

}gkzf`äzgmd+ Msdkjf z~dndad ck 4743 if} zc|zf} `czdp}gmfiýbgmf} pidkzcd tsc id jceck}dp~g`d~gd }c~àd skd mfkz~dgkuc}zgjs~d tsc }c ic fpfkc d id} ~cp~c}ckzdmgfkc} tsc tsgc~ck}dig~) c}zf g`pigmd `fjgegmdmgfkc} ck dibskd} }gzsdmgfkc} jci }saczf ,jgmc if `g}`f') `gck-z~d} tsc id} jceck}d} }cmskjd~gd} zckj~àdk tsc uc~ mfk c}zd} ~cp~c}ckzdmgfkc} tsc jc}-psç} jc c}zd} jc}egbs~dmgfkc} mfk}gbsck ci dmmc}f w ckzfkmc} if tsc dpd~cmc~àd }c~àdkfz~f zgpf jc jceck}d}) wd kf }c~àd g`pcjg~ }s }digjd) }gkf dmf`fjd~id}) w pf~ c}zf }c ugkms-id mfk if} }àkzf`d}+Id ~cp~c}gýk }c~àd ci `cmdkg}`f f~gbgkd~gf w tsc id }cpd~dmgýk ckz~c ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk wdecmzf c} sk `cmdkg}`f jceck}guf) gkmis}f ck if} p~g`c~f} zc|zf} jc E~csj id ~cp~c}gýkc}zdnd pidkzcdjd mf`f sk `cmdkg}`f jc jceck}d) jc}psç} c} msdkjf djtsgc~c ci c}zdzs-zf jc ’ci `cmdkg}`f‐8 }gbsc }gckjf sk `cmdkg}`f pc~f dlf~d ci p~gkmgpdi+

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id gkedkmgd+ Çi }c }ckzàd ck `ckf} mfk ~cidmgýk d c}zc lc~`dkf ,c}msmld d id} gk}zgzsz~gmc}'C}zc c}zd~ ck `ckf} ck ~cdigjdj c} fz~d }gzsdmgýk mf`ñk ck id} kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud} w c}z~d}idjdjd d fz~d} }gzsdmgfkc}+Mfn~dk `smld g`pf~zdkmgd ck }s lg}zf~gd }s} gk}zgzsz~gmc}) pf~tsc zgckck sk pdpci p~fzdbý-kgmf ck id ugjd }c|sdi jci }saczf+Ck msdkzf di `fzguf jc mfk}sizd uc`f} ci `dkgegc}zf) çi jgmc tsc c}zdnd icwckjf sk ign~fjc E~csj) w tsc diià ldnàd ckmfkz~djf mf}d} tsc ic fms~~àdk d çi) w tsc pf~ c}f }gkzgý c}zdkcmc}gjdj) `smlf zgc`pf jc}psç} ic jgmc d E~csj tsc ck ~cdigjdj çi gnd ck ns}md jc skmc~zgegmdjf `çjgmf tsc if ldngigzd~d d ~cdigqd~ zfjd id `dkgfn~d tsc ci tsc~àd+Ck ~cidmgýk d if tsc E~csj pidkzcd ck ci lg}zf~gdi ldw mgc~zf} pskzf} tsc }fk `ä} g`pf~zdk-zc}1 zgc`pf} jc p~fjsmmgýk jc ckec~`cjdj+

4' pidkzcf jc id }c|sdigjdj jci }saczf1 }c pidkzcdk uguckmgd} }c|sdic} dmzgud} w pidmckzc-~d} jci }saczf mfk id} gk}zgzsz~gmc} ,dmzgud'>' }gkzf`dzfifbàd p~g`d~gd ,~d}bf} jc md~ämzc~' Igbdqýk d id ~cigbgýk) jg}mgpigkd) f~jck) `f-

~di) pck}d`gckzf} w mf`f c}zf} c~dk ~äpgjd`ckzc }dkmgfkdjf}+

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=' ]disj dpd~ckzc1 ci }saczf mfk zfjf c}zf }c gnd d~~cbidkjf ld}zd tsc }c ~cuguc sk mfk-eigmzf tsc dpd~cmc w }c `dkgegc}zd ,}c ~cuguc' mf`f ufiskzdj jci pdj~c) cicmmgýk jc `s- ac~8 çi d`dnd d skd ̀ sac~ pfn~c) pc~f }s ed`gigd zckàd pd~d çi jc}zgkdjd skd p~g`d ~gmd+Ci }saczf }c uc ck id g`pf}gngigjdj jc ~c}fismgýk jc c}zc mfkeigmzf w ckzfkmc}1

:' ]c d`pd~d ck id ckec~`cjdj) e~dmd}f jc id ~cp~c}gýk) dpd~gmgýk jc id }gkzf`dzfifbàd}cmskjd~gd+

Mfk ~cidmgýk d c}zc mfkeigmzf ,cicmmgýk jc `sac~ - ufiskzdj jci pdj~c' }c uc dibf ck ~cid-mgýk d id eskmgýk jci pdj~c) ç}zc ck ucq jc p~flgng~ d id `dj~c) p~flànc d id `sac~ pfn~c+

Dmä pfjc`f} uc~ ci c|mc}f jc edigmgqdmgýk jci }saczf+ Id p~flgngmgýk ~cmdc ck id kcs~f}g}fn}c}gud) }cbñk sk pidkzcf jc Idmdk) ck id fz~d jc id `dj~c) c}zf ckzfkmc} zgckc tsc uc~mfk c}zc mfkeigmzf) pc~f E~csj `d~md zd`ngçk skd jgec~ckmgd ckz~c if tsc c} c}zd p~fjsm-mgýk jc id ckec~`cjdj w fz~d mf}d tsc c} ci jczfkdkzc jc id ckec~`cjdj+ Ck c}zc md}f c}ci ~cidzf jc id zf~zs~d jc id} ~dzd}) msdkjf ci }saczf c}msmld c}zd zf~zs~d c} msdkjf dpd~c-mc zfjd c}zd mfk}z~smmgýk jcig~dkzc+ Msdkjf jgmc tsc id g`pf}gngigjdj jc ~c}fismgýk jcimfkeigmzf ldmc tsc ci }saczf }c d`pd~c ck id ckec~`cjdj c}zä ~c`gzgckjf d c}zc `f`ckzf)ck tsc ci mfkeigmzf gk}zds~djf }c ~cuguc dkzc ci ~cidzf) w c} c}zf if tsc jc}pgc~zd id p~fjsm-mgýk+ C}zf }smcjc pf~tsc c}zd zf~zs~d ~c`gzc di c~fzg}`f dkdi jfkjc ldw skd egadmgýk w c}zfldmc tsc mfn~c gkzck}gjdj+ _f~ fz~f idjf c}zd zf~zs~d id c}msmld ck sk `f`ckzf ck tscc}zä ldmgckjf skd} `dkgfn~d} ck ci caç~mgzf) if tsc ~c`gzc d skd gkzck}gegmdmgýk jc id gjck-

zgegmdmgýk mfk ci pdj~c+ _f~ fz~f idjf c}zc mdpgzäk m~sci c} skd egbs~d }spc~wfgmd gbsdi tscid jci pdj~c) c}zf ldmc zd`ngçk d c}zc ~cef~qd`gckzf jc id gjckzgegmdmgýk+ W pf~ szig`f c}zc~cidzf fpc~d mf`f jczfkdkzc jcegkgzgud`ckzc pf~tsc ~cgk}zds~d ci mfkeigmzf cicmmgýk jc `s- ac~ w fncjgckmgd di pdj~c ,`sac~ ~gmd - `sac~ pfn~c' msdkjf ci c}msmld ci ~cidzf jci mdpgzäkm~sci tsc ic jgmc tsc ci jgkc~f }c if zgckc tsc jcufiuc~ di zckgckzc D w çi c`pgcqd mfk c}zdmfk}z~smmgýk) ck ~cdigjdj çi }dnc tsc c}zf c} sk c~~f~) }gkf tsc id tsc pdbý esc skd c`-picdjd jci mf~~cf+ Dpd~cmc ckzfkmc} skd `sac~ tsc }gk mfkfmc~if zgckc mfkegdkqd ck çi)pdbd pf~ çi) if tsc ldmc pck}d~ tsc mgc~zf gkzc~ç} ck çi zgckc) pc~f pf~ fz~f idjf ck c}zc`g}`f isbd~ c}zdnd id lgad jci jscôf jc id pf}djd tsc c~d skd p~f}zgzszd tsc z~dndadndmfk if} }fijdjf} w çi }sps}f tsc if `g~ý mfk nsckf} faf}) pf~ if zdkzf dpd~cmc fz~d ucq id`sac~ ~gmd tsc pdbd pf~ çi fpsc}zd d id `sac~ pfn~c tsc zd`ngçk c}zdnd gkzc~c}djd ck çi+_f~ if zdkzf c}zd }gzsdmgýk ~cuguc ci mfkeigmzf) pf~ zfjf c}zf }c usciuc ci ~cidzf sk jczfkdkzcpd~d id ckec~`cjdj+Zd`ngçk dpd~cmck c}zf} ck ~cidmgýk d id `sc~zc jci pdj~c w id g`pf}gngigjdj jci }saczf jcpfjc~ pidkzcd~ d c}zc pdj~c mf`f `sc~zf+ C}zf zd`ngçk c}zä ck ~cidmgýk di mfkeigmzf jc id`sac~ jci pdj~c) uc`f} tsc c}zc jc}cf jc }sp~c}gýk jci pdj~c zd`ngçk }c ugkmsid mfk idegadmgýk d ç}zd czdpd) di mfkeigmzf jc d`ngudickmgd w d id esc~zc mf~~gckzc lf}zgi ldmgd ci pd-j~c) mfkugugjf mfk id esc~zc mf~~gckzc d`f~f}d zd`ngçk ldmgd çi+Mfk ~cidmgýk d id zf~zs~d jc id ~dzd E~csj z~dndad ,Idmdk pidkzcd tsc c}zc c} ci }gbkgegmdkzctsc mf`dkjd ck c}zc }saczf' ci mf`picaf jc id ~dzd ck eskmgýk jc id} ctsgudickmgd} gk-mfk}mgckzc}) jfkjc zgckc ci `g}`f udif~ tsc if} 3 cic`ckzf} tsc mfkef~`dk id cmsdmgýk)

c}zc ckz~d mf`f sk }c|zf cic`ckzf pc~f mfk ci `g}`f udif~+ Djc`ä} jc c}zf c}zc }saczf}c ldnàd pf}gmgfkdjf mf`f ~dzd) çi `g}`f }c }ckzàd skd ~dzd+Cmsdmgýk1_ckc8 ck ç}zc }saczf id} ~dzd} ldnàdk zf`djf c}zc udif~+ Ci }saczf msdkjf c~d mlgmf ldnàdzckgjf pd~ä}gzf} tsc ldnàdk mfkz~gnsgjf d id c~fbckgqdmgýk jc id qfkd dkdi) tsc c~dk pc-tscôf} bs}dkf} tsc ckz~dndk w }diàdk jci dkf mf`f id} ~dzd}) bs}dkgzf c} sk zç~`gkf tsc}c s}d pd~d jc}gbkd~ ci pckc jc if} kgôf}+ C}zd ~dzd ,pckc' ckz~dnd w }diàd pf~ ci dkf w çipgck}d tsc c}zf pscjc }smcjc~ic di pdj~c ,uc~zgckzc kcbdzgud jci Cjgpf gkzck}gegmdjd'Kgôf8 zd`ngçk c}zf }c uc ck c}zc }saczf+ E~csj jgmc tsc ldw mgc~zd} icmzs~d} w dibskd} `ñ-}gmd} tsc iicudk d c}zc }saczf d id `d}zs~ndmgýk+ _idkzcd tsc ldnàd lcmlf skd kfucid cktsc sk eidszg}zd tsc pf~ skd ~cmf`pck}d cig`gkd id} ~dzd} jci pscnif) mf`f kf ic pdbd

jc}psç} ldmc if `g}`f mfk if} kgôf} ,}c z~dzd dtsà zd`ngçk jc sk djsizf tsc kf pdbdmf`f ci pdj~c' Zd`ngçk zgckc tsc uc~ mfk id zcf~àd jc id mifdmd+C|m~c`ckzf8 id ~dzd ckz~dnd w }diàd pf~ ci dkf+Jgkc~8 zdkzf} eif~gkc}) zdkzd} ~dzd}+^cbdif8 lgad jc E~csj tsc c~d ~cbdidjd d c}zc) w iscbf }scôd mfk c|m~c`ckzf ck if} faf}+

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 Djc`ä} ldw zd`ngçk skd pf}gmgýk jci }saczf mf`f ~dzd ,gjckzgegmdmgýk' C}zf }c z~dndad dpd~zg~ jc msdkjf ci }saczf ic mf`ckzd id jg}ms}gýk jc çi mfk ci pdj~c+ Ci pdj~c ckskmgd skd}ckzckmgd ’c}zc kgôf }c~ä sk b~dk lf`n~c f sk m~g`gkd‐ c} kf c} md}sdi+ Ck id kcs~f}g}fn}c}gud }gc`p~c c}zäk if} c|z~c`f} ck ascbf) w c}zc pdj~c ck }s }dkmgýk kf pc~`gzgýkgkbñk cic`ckzf gkzc~`cjgf+ _d~cmc tsc esc pf~tsc çi `sc~jc d skd gk}zgzsz~gq+ Ci }saczf}c }ckzàd mf`f sk dkg`di d}tsc~f}f tsc `f~jàd w pf~ if msdi if} jc`ä} tsc~àdk jc}-ldmc~}c jc çi+

Zd`ngçk c}mckd jc id zs`nd jci pdj~c+Ci zç~`gkf ~dzd djc`ä} jc c}zd~ ck c}zd mdjckd jc ctsgudickmgd}) c}zdnd ck fz~d mdjckdtsc c~d lf`feýkgmd+ E~csj pidkzcd tsc ck dic`äk ~dzd }sckd }g`gid~ d msfzd f pdbf ckmsfzd}) w zd`ngçk d md}d`gckzf w c}zf ~c`gzc di mfkeigmzf ckz~c `sac~ ~gmd w `sac~ pfn~c)zd`ngçk }sckd pd~cmgjf d jc}pgied~~f jc jgkc~f ,jcsjd jci pdj~c'+D`gbf1 kcmc}gjdj jc ckmfkz~d~ sk zc}zgbf) dibsgck tsc dszf~gmc) tsc `ä} tsc as}zgegmd~) icf~jckc) ic jc`dkjc+

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Eskmgýk jci _dj~c1 E~csj pidkzcd ck Asdkgzf }c uc tsc ci pdj~c c} `sw jçngi mf`f pdj~c)zgckc skd jgegmsizdj `d~mdjd ck ciid ,Asdkgzf jgmc tsc çi tsgc~c c}zd~ mfk id `dj~c w ci pd-j~c }c tscad pc~f çi gbsdi c}zä mfk ciid' C}zd jgegmsizdj tsc zgckc pd~d }c~ pdj~c }c uc cktsc ~cms~~c d E~csj pd~d tsc çi ic jgbd tsç jcnc ldmc~ sk pdj~c pf~tsc çi kf if }dnc8 cipdj~c `ä} tsc pdj~c c} sk d`gbf) ldmck z~duc}s~d} askzf}) }fk mý`pigmc}) czm+ kf pscjcfmspd~ c}zc isbd~ jc pdj~c pf~tsc zfjduàd kf }digf jci isbd~ jc lgaf w c}zf Asdkgzf if pc~-mgnc msdkjf ic jgmc ’uf} äkjdzc mfk zs `d`ä tsc wf `c tscjf mfk id `àd‐) pf~tsc pf~cac`pif ci pdj~c jc Asdkgzf gnd zfjf} if} jf`gkbf} d uc~ d id `dj~c }ýif) kf mfk }s `sac~+Msdkjf Asdkgzf dpd~cmc mfk }s efngd) ldw skd msc}zgýk `sw gkzc~c}dkzc1 çi }dic mfk id gk}-zgzsz~gq w zfjf ldmc pck}d~ tsc tsgc~c c}zd~ mfk id `dj~c w }gckzc dkbs}zgd) pc~f }dic mfkid `dj~c w ic pd}d if `g}`f) dlà c} msdkjf jgmc E~csj }dic mfk id `dj~c w usciuc mfk skd

efngd+ C} msdkjf ckmsckz~d di fnaczf) dkzc} c~d dkbs}zgd) dlf~d c~d `gcjf+ Kf zgckc tscuc~ mfk tsc Asdkgzf }c }cpd~c jc id `dj~c+ Idmdk ck ci }c`gkd~gf : z~dndad id eskmgýk jcipdj~c w pidkzcd skd `czäef~d `sw gkzc~c}dkzc) w jgmc tsc id `d`ä c} sk mfmfj~gif mfk}s} edsmc} dngc~zd}) f }cd tsc zgckc skd nfmd `sw b~dkjc w ci mlgmf pscjc tscjd~ z~dbd-jf) ckzfkmc} ci pdj~c pd~d cugzd~ tsc id nfmd }c mgc~~c w ci mlgmf tscjc z~dbdjf pf~ id `d-

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j~c if tsc ldmc c} pfkc~ skd c}zdmd pd~d tsc id nfmd kf }c mgc~~c) pc~f c}zd c}zdmd c}`sw jçngi) w ci mlgmf uc tsc id nfmd }c pscjc mc~~d~) ckzfkmc} kcmc}gzd pfkc~ dibf ck c}cisbd~+ C}zc mlgmf pfkc sk mdndiif tsc fpc~d mf`f skd b~dk `s~diid jc mfkzckmgýk+ Ck id}efngd} ci pdj~c kf pscjc zc~`gkd~ jc }cpd~d~ w ci zc`f~ c} tscjd~ ckmc~~djf mfk id `d-j~c) pf~ c}f id efngd }c gk}zds~d pd~d cugzd~ ci ckmgc~~f+ _f~ c}f kf}fz~f} jcmg`f} tsc cipdj~c ck id kcs~f}g} }cpd~d) pc~f c}zd }cpd~dmgýk c} ediigjd) if tsc jcad pskzf} jc egadmgýk+W ck id efngd id md}z~dmgýk c} dkzc~gf~) }c p~fjsmc ck ci `f`ckzf ck tsc id md}z~dmgýk }cckskmgd+ _f~ c}f c} tsc }c gk}zds~d c}zd efngd) pf~tsc c}zc dkskmgf kf }c c}msmld ngck) w

c}zf }c ugkmsid mfk ci jc}cf+ E~csj kskmd md~dmzc~gqý ci jc}cf ck id efngd) pc~f Idmdk }gif ldmc w jgmc ck id lg}zc~gd ,E~csj }g if z~dndad' if pidkzcd mf`f gk}dzg}ecmlf) mf`f g`pf-}gnic ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud w mf`f p~cuckgjf ck id efngd+ _f~tsc zfjf ci jc}cf }c c}-z~smzs~d pd~d p~cuckg~ ci ckmgc~~f+

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Mid}c UGG1 

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käig}g} wd tsc if} pdj~c} c}zsjgdndk mfk E~csj+• C} sk dkäig}g} `cjgdjf) kf c} E~csj ci tsc c}zä ck mfkzdmzf mfk çi) pc~f }à c} ci zc~d-

pcszd w c}zf }c uc msdkjf Asdkgzf ic p~cbskzd di pdj~c }g E~csj c} Jgf}) psc} if }dnczfjf+ Dmä }c uc id z~dk}ec~ckmgd ,ldw sk }saczf }spsc}zf }dnc~ ck zç~`gkf} idmdkgdkf}' wkf skd gjckzgegmdmgýk pf~tsc jc }c~ d}à c}zd~àd`f} ldnidkjf jc skd p}gmf}g} ,E~csj icjgmc tsc çi wd }dngd tsc gnd d kdmc~ sk Asdkgzf'

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zc‐+ C}zf ldmc tsc çi tscjc ck skd }gzsdmgýk `sw jc}db~djdnic) pf~tsc }c ~cesc~qd }sp~cbskzd }fn~c tsç ldmc ci pdj~c) }g id `dj~c if zgckc pd~d tsç c}zd ci pdj~c+ C}zf }cugkmsid mfk if tsc pidkzcd Idmdk) mfk id p~cbskzd ck id efngd w çi jgmc tsc c} id p~cbskzdfp~ ci kdmg`gckzf w pf~ ci pdpci jci pdj~c+ C}zd ~c}psc}zd ic mgc~~d zfjd} id} uàd} pd~d }smsc}zgfkd`gckzf }fn~c tsç ldmc ci pdj~c dlà mfk c}d `sac~+ Asdkgzf }c c}zä p~cbskzdk-jf mý`f kdmck if} kgôf} w }c if ~c}pfkjc mfk id} zcf~àd} zàpgmd} jc id gkedkmgd) f }cd)pd~zf dkdi+ Dmä ldw skd msc}zgýk `sw mfkm~czd w c} tsc }g dibsgck p~cbskzd c} pf~tscwd c}pcmsid skd ~c}psc}zd w }g c}zf kf }c ic jc}`gckzc çi ud d }cbsg~ }f}zckgçkjfif+ Çic}zä p~cbskzdkjf pf~ ci kdmg`gckzf w id ~c}psc}zd tsc fnzgckc c} pcf~ tsc }s zcf~àd) cipdj~c ic jgmc ud d uckg~ id mgbùcôd d z~dc~ d Ldkkd) w çi tsc uc ci kdmg`gckzf) id }dkb~c)ci `çjgmf jgmc dlf~d ugckc id mgbùcôd+ F }cd tsc çi }dnàd tsc }s lc~`dkd uckàd jc fz~fidjf+ _f~ fz~d pd~zc }c uc ck ci lg}zf~gdi tsc çi }dnàd tsc }s `d`ä id iicudnd ck id pdk-qd+

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• Fz~f lcmlf }fk id} }ck}dmgfkc} pidmckzc~d} tsc çi c`pcqdnd d }ckzg~ ck }s pckc if tscldmc pck}d~ tsc ’}g if zgckc kf if c}‐+

Fz~d mf}d tsc E~csj `d~md }fk id} mfk}z~smmgfkc} tsc Asdkgzf d~`d pd~d mfkzc}zd~ d }s}p~cbskzd}+ ]cbñk E~csj c}zd} }fk edkzd}àd}+ Idmdk id} z~dndad mf`f edkzd}`d} ,eskmgfkc}edkzd}`äzgmd}' }g~uck pd~d) ucidjd`ckzc) pc~`gzg~ic di }saczf pfkc~}c mf`f fnaczf mf`pic-zf+ Jc kgkbskd `dkc~d ms`pic mfk c}zf) pc~f E~csj if pidkzcd mf`f edkzd}àd) ldw nä}g-md`ckzc z~d} edkzd}àd}) skd jc id} msdic} }c jd ck jf} zgc`pf}1

4' Ag~ded1 ldw jf} ag~ded}) skd pctscôd w d~~sbdjd w skd b~dkjc+ Asdkgzf jgmc tsc }c }gck-zd ckmg`d jc id pctscôd w id b~dkjc b~gzd+ Id gkzc~p~czdmgýk jc tsc id ag~ded b~dkjc c}ci pdj~c w id pctscôd c} id `d`ä) ck c}zd edkzd}àd ,w zckgckjf ck msckzd id gkzc~p~czd-mgýk jci pdj~c' if tsc }c pidkzcd c} id ~cdigqdmgýk jc skd edkzd}àd gkmc}zsf}d) }c }gckzdd~~gnd jc id `dj~c ck sk dmzf jc pf}c}gýk w ci pdj~c gkzc~ugkgckjf ck c}zd }gzsdmgýk+_c~f pd~d Asdkgzf kf c~d d}à pf~tsc jc}psç} ci pdj~c mf`czc sk c~~f~) sk idp}s} w`d~md mid~d`ckzc ci udif~ jc c}zd edkzd}àd ck ci kgôf8 msdkjf ci pdj~c }c ud sk jf-`gkbf d id md}d jc }s `dj~c ic jgmc d id `sac~ ’mlds ag~ded b~dkjc‐ w ci kgôf ic p~cbsk-zd pf~tsç ic jgaf ag~ded b~dkjc w ci pdj~c ic p~cbskzd ¶`d`ä kf c~d id ag~ded b~dkjc6 Dif tsc ci kgôf mfkzc}zd tsc }à+ C}zd c~d id edkzd}àd1 }g id `dj~c c~d id ag~ded b~dkjc) ck-zfkmc} Asdkgzf f Ldkkd c~dk id pctscôd w ckzfkmc} c}zd c} skd edkzd}àd jc pd~zf dkdi

w c} if tsc ~c}pfkjc d id p~cbskzd mfk id tsc ci kgôf gk}g}zc zfjf ci zgc`pf+>' _if`c~f1 ldw jf}) skd p~g`c~d ck id tsc çi jgmc tsc pck}ý tsc uckgd ci pif`c~f w ic

z~d}idjdnd id pdkqd+ Dmä kscud`ckzc uc`f} ci zdidj~f) lf`feýkgmd`ckzc }sckd pd~c-mgjf d kdmg`gckzf+ Asdkgzf c}zdnd pck}dkjf ck tsc id lc~`dkd ldnàd c}zdjf ck idpdkqd jc id `dj~c+ Usciuc d }c~ skd edkzd}àd jc pd~zf) usciuc d ~c}pfkjc~ d id `g}`d

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p~cbskzd mfk ~cidmgýk d id edkzd}àd jc pd~zf+ Mfk ~cidmgýk d id ñizg`d edkzd}àd jci pif-`c~f tsc c} id sizg`d ck ci zgc`pf) ic jgmc di pdj~c tsc pck}ý tsc c}zdnd ck id ndôc-~d) tsc uckàd ci pif`c~f w ic mf~zdnd ci ldmc-pgpg w ci pdj~c db~cbd) w ci pdj~c jgmc ¤wzc if md`ngd pf~ skf `ä} b~dkjc‐ w çi jgmc tsc }à+ ]g kf}fz~f} dkdigqd`f} c}zd edkzd}àdjci pdj~c jc Asdkgzf) pf~tsc id mf`piczd ci b~dkjc) if pfjc`f} uc~) mf`f jgmc E~csj)mf`f skd edkzd}àd jc ms~dmgýk) w tscjd~àd ldngigzdjf pd~d id }c|sdigjdj djsizd+ _c~f }gkf}fz~f} uc`f} id edkzd}àd jc Asdkgzf) ~cp~c}ckzd mid~d`ckzc id kcmc}gjdj jc tsc cipdj~c fpc~c) w tsc id md}z~dmgýk fms~~d) tsc if }cpd~c jc id `dj~c) w kf ~c}sciuc kdjd+

E~csj zf`d zfjd id edkzd}àd mf`piczd) pc~f kf c} id jci kgôf) }gkf id jci pdj~c+=' Zcf~àd jci c|m~c`ckzf ,Ifjw' }c uc fz~d ucq id edkzd}àd jc pd~zf w skd gjckzgegmdmgýk did egbs~d g`dbgkd~gd+ Ifjw c~d id lgad jc Asdkgzf tsc ~c`gzc d c|m~c`ckzf) Asdkgzf gjckzg-egmdjf d id zàd pd~c dkdi`ckzc skd kgôd+ C}zd zàd mfn~d sk pdpci g`pf~zdkzc pf~tsc ciid)d jgec~ckmgd jc id `dj~c) udif~d if} bckgzdic}) pf~ c}f dpd~cmc mf`f egbs~d gjckzgegmdzf-~gd+

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tsc id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk mfk}g}zc ck id }cpd~dmgýk jci id ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk jci decmzf w tsc c}zcdecmzf tscjd ign~c mf`f dkbs}zgd ld}zd tsc ckmsckz~d skd c|zc~gf~gqdmgýk tsc pscjc }c~gkkc~udmgýk }f`äzgmd ck id lg}zc~gd) sk }s}zgzszf pf~ edi}f ckidmc ck id kcs~f}g} fn}c}gud fmfkz~dgkuc}zgjs~d ck id efngd+ _c~f pidkzcd tsc }g c}zf c} d}à id dkbs}zgd }c jd pf~ z~dk}-ef~`dmgýk jg~cmzd jci decmzf w ckzfkmc} c} mfk}cmsckmgd jc id ~cp~c}gýk+ Ck ci >= ud djcmg~ tsc kf c|g}zck z~dk}ef~`dmgfkc} jg~cmzd} jci decmzf) tsc id} z~dk}ef~`dmgfkc} }gc`-p~c }fk `cjgdjd}) tsc ck zfjf md}f ldw ckc~bàd} gkjg}zgkzd} tsc pscjc g~ ldmgd sk idjf fldmgd ci fz~f+ Z~dndad id d`ngudickmgd d`f~ ” fjgf pd~d `f}z~d~ mý`f fpc~d) jc}psç} z~d-ndad psi}gýk jc ugjd w psi}gýk jc `sc~zc pd~d `f}z~d~ tsc kf }c pscjck z~dk}ef~`d~ skdck id fz~d pf~tsc ck ci dpd~dzf kf c|g}zck z~dk}ef~`dmgfkc} jg~cmzd}+ _f~ zdkzf c}zd pf-kgckjf ck jg}ms}gýk id zcf~àd dkzc~gf~+ Ck ci >3 if tsc msc}zgfkd c} }g id dkbs}zgd c} mfk-

}cmsckmgd jc id ~cp~c}gýk) pf~tsc as}zd`ckzc if tsc pidkzcd ck c}zc dkäig}g} c} c}zf+E~csj jgmc ’}g Asdkgzf }digý mfk id gk}zgzsz~gq w }c dkbs}zgd) zfjduàd kf ld dpd~cmgjf ci mdnd-iif) w ci mdndiif c} mfk}cmsckmgd jc id ~cp~c}gýk ck Asdkgzf) ldnàd dkbs}zgd dkzc} ck Asdkg-zf‐+ Ck “Gklgngmgýk‥‗ `fjgegmd }s pidkzcf ck ~cidmgýk di md}f w pidkzcd tsc di }àkzf`d çi if~cmfkfmàd mf`f `gcjf di mdndiif+ Ci jgmc ’_fj~àd`f} }c~ sk pfmf `ä} p~cmg}f} w jcegkg~if

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Ci edkzd}`d ck ci pidkzcf Idmdkgdkf c} dtsciif mfk if msdi ci }saczf ucidjd`ckzc gkzckzdpfkc~}c mf`f fnaczf tsc mf`piczd) c}zd c} id eskmgýk+ Ci edkzd}`d }c mfk}z~swc) c} id ~c-}sizdkzc jc id uc~zgckzc ~cdi jc id gjckzgegmdmgýk f jc id uc~zgckzc edkzd}`äzgmd) tsc c} idgjckzgegmdmgýk jci }saczf) md}z~djf wd mfk ci fnaczf d) mfk ci fnaczf tsc mf`piczd di fz~f wc}zf jci edkzd}`d uc`f} tsc ck id kcs~f}g} ci edkzd}`d kf }c ~cdigqd) }c `dkzgckc d jg}-zdkmgd pf~tsc }c~àd bfmc pd~d ci fz~f w c}zf fnugd`ckzc ck id kcs~f}g} kf pscjc }smcjc~)ckzfkmc} if tsc ldmc ci kcs~ýzgmf c} `dkzckc~ }s edkzd}`d if `ä} icaf} pf}gnic+ Ci edk-zd}`d }c pidkzcd mf`f dibf g~~cdigqdnic+ If tsc pfjc`f} jcmg~ c} tsc msdkjf Idmdk

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}f}zckgnic) w eàack}c tsc jgmc E~csj id `fmgýk psi}gfkdi jc md~ämzc~ lf`f}c|sdi tsc zgckcid c}z~smzs~d jc skd e~d}c1 ’wf d`f d çi‐) c}zf if dp~fucmld jc}psç} Idmdk pd~d jcmg~ tscci gkmfk}mgckzc eskmgfkd mf`f sk ickbsdac+ C}zf c} if tsc di }saczf ic ~c}sizd gk}f}zckgnic)ckzfkmc} zgckc tsc jc}p~ckjc~}c jc c}zf) pd~d ldmc~if pscjc szgigqd~ if} jg}zgkzf} cic`ck-zf} tsc mfkef~`dk id e~d}c1 }g if dkdigqd`f} jc}jc sk pskzf jc ug}zd jc id psi}gýk uc`f}tsc zckc`f}1 wf ,}saczf jc id ps}igýk') çi ,fnaczf jc id ps}igýk' d`f ,ci uc~nf tsc c} id dm-mgýk psi}gfkdi' C}zf} }fk if} cic`ckzf} jc id e~d}c mfk if} tsc ci }saczf pscjc fpc~d~ pd~djc}p~ckjc~}c jc c}zd e~d}c gk}fpf~zdnic) jcpckjc jc msäi }cd ci cic`ckzf tsc }c z~dk}-pfkbd ud d }c~ id ef~`dmgýk jc sk jcig~gf jgec~ckzc w fpc~dkjf mfk ci `cmdkg}`f jc idp~fwcmmgýk+Ckzfkmc} jgmc ’ci }saczf }c pfj~àd jc}p~ckjc~ jc c}zd e~d}c `cjgdkzc id z~dk}pf}gmgýk jci

uc~nf‐) f }cd tsc ’wf d`f d çi‐ tscjd~àd) pf~ c}zd z~dk}pf}gmgýk) ’d`f‐ }c z~dk}pfkc ckfjgf) ckzfkmc} id e~d}c tscjd~àd z~dk}ef~`djd ck ’wf fjgf d çi‐+ _c~f c}zf kf c} zfjf pf~-tsc fpc~d skd p~fwcmmgýk) ckzfkmc} }c z~dk}pfkc) }c p~fwcmzd w ic usciuc di }saczf) ck-zfkmc} z~dk}pfkc d`f~ ck fjgf) p~fwcmzd ci fjgf) ’ci `c fjgd‐ w ckzfkmc} ic usciuc mf`f’ci `c fjgd) wf if fjgf‐8 tscjd ’wf fjgf d çi pf~tsc çi `c fjgd d `g‐+ C}zf jd mf`f ~c}si-

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zdjf id ef~`dmgýk jci jcig~gf jc pc~}cmsmgýk+ Ck ~cdigjdj kf dpd~cmc mfk msditsgc~d }gkftsc dpd~cmc mfk tsgçk jc}pgc~zc c}zd `fmgýk ,Eicml}gb' lf`f}c|sdi tsc c} gk}f}zckgnic+Fz~d pf}gngigjdj c} id z~dk}pf}gmgýk jc fnaczf) çi }c z~dk}pfkc ck ciid) ’wf d`f d çi‐ tscjd-~àd ’wf d`f d ciid‐) pc~f ck ~cdigjdj dmä gkzc~ugckc fz~d ucq id p~fwcmmgýk) w usciuc d dpd-~cmc~ z~dk}pf}gmgýk) p~fwcmmgýk) ~czf~kf+ ]c z~dk}ef~`d ck ’ciid `c d`d) wf id d`f‐) ck-zfkmc} tscjd ’wf d`f d ciid‐ C}zf jd isbd~ d id ef~`dmgýk jci jcig~gf c~fzf`dkàdmf) ckzfk-mc} msditsgc~ }gbkf tsc uckbd jc skd pc~}fkd jci }c|f fpsc}zf c} zf`djd mf`f }côdi jcd`f~ w ci }saczf }c jcmid~d) zfjd} id} `sac~c} c}zäk dmf}äkjfif pc~`dkckzc`ckzc+

Fz~d pf}gngigjdj c} id z~dk}pf}gmgýk jc }saczf) ck c}zc md}f ’wf‐ }c z~dk}pfkc ck ’çi‐) w ckisbd~ jc ’wf d`f d çi‐ id e~d}c tscjd ’ciid d`d d çi‐) ck c}zc md}f kf c} kcmc}d~gd id p~f-wcmmgýk pf~tsc kf ldw g`pigmdkmgd jci }saczf) kf }fw wf) c} ciid+ C}zf jd isbd~ d id ef~`d-mgýk jci jcig~gf mcifzàpgmf) c}zc jcig~gf ldmc tsc ci }saczf ic ckjgibsc d }s pd~cad ci dkjd~p~fufmdkjf d zfjf} if} lf`n~c}) tsc ck ~cdigjdj kf }fk zfjf}) }gkf dtsciif} tsc ic jg}pd-~dk d ci c}zd `fmgýk psi}gfkdi lf`f}c|sdi+]g e~dmd}dk c}zd} pf}gngigjdjc} w ci }saczf kf pscjc z~d}pfkc~ c}zf} cic`ckzf}) ic tscjdzfjduàd sk md`gkf) c} id kcbdmgýk jc id e~d}c mf`piczd dkzcpfkgckjf ci ’kf‐) ckzfkmc} ci’wf d`f d çi‐ }c z~dk}ef~`d ck ’kf) wf d`f d çi‐) f }cd ’kf wf‐ c} zfjf if tsc c}zd pf~ esc-~d jci ’wf‐) c}zf }c~àd ’wf kf d`f d çi pf~tsc kf d`f d kdjgc) }gkf tsc `c d`f }fid`ckzcd `à `g}`f‐+ Zd`pfmf dmä c} kcmc}d~gd id p~fwcmmgýk pf~tsc kf ldw mf`p~f`g}f jci }s-

 aczf) dmä zckc`f} id ef~`dmgýk jci jcig~gf `cbdiý`dkf f jcig~gf jc b~dkjcqd+

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MID]C UGGG1 

X‥P dlf~d ud`f} d uc~ ’Gkz~fjsmmgýk di kd~mg}g}`f‐) ck jfkjc mfk ~cidmgýk d id p}gmf}g}ud`f} d uc~ tsc çi pidkzcd jguc~}d} uàd} jc gkb~c}f di kd~mg}g}`f w id p~g`c~d w id p~gkmg-pdi }fk if} c}zdjf} jc pd~de~ckgd}+ C}zd} zgckck jf} md~dmzc~à}zgmd} mckz~dic} tsc }fk cic|z~dôd`gckzf jci `skjf c|zc~gf~ w ci jcig~gf jc b~dkjcqd f `cbdif`dkàd ,ds`ckzf jci}ckzg`gckzf jc }à'+ Msdkjf çi gkzckzd c|pigmd~ ci pf~tsç jc c}zd} jf} md~dmzc~à}zgmd} ifldmc d pd~zg~ jci dkäig}g} jc id} eskmgfkc} jc id igngjf) ck c}zc zc|zf E~csj pidkzcd tsc ci

wf pscjc }c~ fnaczf jc id igngjf) w jgugjc id} psi}gfkc} }c|sdic} ck igngjf }c|sdi w igngjfwfgmd w jgmc tsc ck ~cdigjdj if tsc id} jgec~ckmgd c} jfkjc c}zd igngjf c}zä psc}zd ,}g ck ciwf f ck ci fnaczf'+ Jgmc tsc ldw skd ~cidmgýk gkuc~}d`ckzc p~fpf~mgfkdi1 d `cjgjd tscds`ckzd skd jg}`gkswc id fz~d+ _c~f msdkjf c|pigmd c}zd md~dmzc~à}zgmd if ldmc d pd~zg~ jcif tsc }c~àdk id} eskmgfkc} jc id igngjf ck }s ~czf~kf di wf w jgmc tsc id mcjc psi}gfkdi c}ci wf) jc}jc jfkjc }c gkug}zck if} fnaczf} w pf~ dibskd msc}zgýk mfk ci fnaczf) msdkjf jc-nc ~czg~d~}c id igngjf) c}zd usciuc di wf+ C}zc ~czf~kf jc id igngjf di wf }c pscjc jd~ jc jf}`dkc~d} jgec~ckzc}1 pscjc tsc ci uàkmsif mfk ci fnaczf ck ~cdigjdj }c ldwd ~c}gbkdjf pc~ftsc }gk c`nd~bf ci uàkmsif mfk ci fnaczf edkzd}cdjf }c mfk}c~uc ck id edkzd}àd) c}zf ifiid`d gkz~fuc~}gýk jc id igngjf w jgmc tsc c} md~dmzc~à}zgmf jc id kcs~f}g}+ _c~f c}zc ~czf~kf}c pscjc jd~ jc fz~d `dkc~d) w c}zf c} tsc }c pgc~jc ci uàkmsif mfk ci fnaczf zdkzf ck id

~cdigjdj mf`f ck id edkzd}àd) f }cd tsc kf }c mfk}c~ud kgkbñk uàkmsif mfk ci fnaczf+ D c}-zd eskmgýk id iid`d ~cz~dmmgýk jc id igngjf w jgmc tsc c} md~dmzc~à}zgmf jc if} p~fmc}f} p}g-mýzgmf}+ As}zd`ckzc d c}zd eskmgýk jc ~cz~fdmzgugjdj }c jcnck id} md~dmzc~à}zgmd} jc id} pd-~de~ckgd}+ C}zd jgec~ckmgdmgýk kcs~f}g}-p}gmf}g} d pd~zg~ jc id} eskmgfkc} jc id igngjf id usci-uc d z~dndad~ msdjf c}m~gnc ’jscif w `cidkmfiàd‐8 ck jfkjc pidkzcd tsc zdkzf ci jscif mf-`f id `cidkmfiàd }fk ~cdmmgfkc} dkzc id pç~jgjd jci fnaczf) kf }fk pck}djf} dmä mf`fmsdj~f miàkgmf+ Ci pidkzcf jci jscif mf`f ~cdmmgýk) pc~f ck ~cdigjdj c} `ä} tsc c}zf ck idzcf~àd e~csjgdkd) pf~tsc pidkzcd tsc ci dpd~dzf }c eskjd d pd~zg~ jc skd pç~jgjd f~gbgkd~gdw zfjd pç~jgjd iicud sk p~fmc}f jc cidnf~dmgýk) ldw sk jscif mf`f ~cdmmgýk) pf~ zdkzf cijscif c} c}z~smzs~dkzc) c}zf ck c}zc zc|zf kf c}zd pidkzcdjf pc~f }c pscjc uc~ ck fz~f}zc|zf}+ Dmä zfjduàd }c `dkzgckc ci pck}d`gckzf jci 4: ,gkz~fuc~}gýk ” ~cz~fdmmgýk' msdkjfçi jcegkc c}zf} c}zdjf}+ Çi pidkzcd tsc ldw skd pç~jgjd jci fnaczf w jcnck ~czg~d~}c id}md~bd}) ck ci md}f jci jscif kdjd c}mdpd d id mfkmgckmgd) ci }saczf }dnc tsç c} if tsc ldpc~jgjf) }c jd sk p~fmc}f ickzf jc ~czg~f jc md~bd} jci fnaczf tsc ud p~cpd~dkjf pd~d skdmd~bd pf}zc~gf~ ldmgd fz~f} fnaczf}+ @gckzd} c}zc p~fmc}f }c c}zä iicudkjf d mdnf tscjdsk ugkmsif mfk ci fnaczf edkzd}cdjf) f }cd tsc ldw skd gkz~fuc~}gýk jc id igngjf w c}zf }cuc msdkjf pidkzcd tsc ldw gjckzgegmdmgfkc} tsc }c jdk mfk ci fnaczf) jfkjc ci wf gkmf~pf-~d ~d}bf} jci fnaczf+ C}zd ~cdmmgýk jc pç~jgjd c} kcs~ýzgmd+ Ck msdkzf d id `cidkmfiàd iftsc pf}zsid c} tsc ldw jgec~ckmgd} jc}jc if eckf`ckfiýbgmf di p~gkmgpgf) dmä dpd~cmck if}dszf~~cp~fmlc} tsc kf dpd~cmck ck ci jscif) c}zf zgckc tsc uc~ mfk skd pd~zgmsid~gjdj tscc} id gkmfk}g}zckmgd ck ~cidmgýk d id pç~jgjd+ Ci }saczf kf }dnc tsç c} if tsc pc~jgý) w jgmc

tsc c}zf }c jcnc d skd md~dmzc~à}zgmd w c} tsc c|g}zck mfk ci fnaczf esc~zc} egadmgfkc} wskd jçngi ~c}g}zckmgd jc md~bd+ C}zf pd~cmc skd mfkz~djgmmgýk pc~f }c if pscjc pck}d~ }gpf}zsid`f} skd cicmmgýk kd~mg}g}zd jc fnaczf) msdkjf ic fnaczf }c pgc~jc id igngjf ~äpgjd-`ckzc usciuc di wf w }c jd skd gjckzgegmdmgýk ~d}bf pf~ ~d}bf pc~f d zfjf ci fnaczf) jc`dkc~d tsc ci fnaczf }c ~cmfk}z~swc ck ci wf+ C}zf c} if tsc ud d bckc~d~ skd c}mg}gýk ckci wf jfkjc ud d tscjd~ jc sk idjf ci fnaczf ~cmfk}z~sgjf pf~ id uàd gjckzgegmdzf~gd w jcifz~f idjf if tsc çi id`d skd gk}zdkmgd m~àzgmd tsc }s`djd d id tsc jc}psç} ud d jcmg~ tscc~d ci }spc~wý+ C}zf kf} `d~md id ~cz~fdmmgýk tsc çi wd ldnàd pidkzcdjf) pf~tsc kf }cmfk}c~udk uàkmsif} mfk ci fnaczf) }gkf tsc ç}zc tscjd ~cmfk}z~sgjf) pf~ if zdkzf if tsc c}-zä pidkzcdkjf c} tsc id `cidkmfiàd c} skd ~cdmmgýk p}gmýzgmd e~ckzc d id pç~jgjd jci fnaczf+Ck ci >? md`ngd id zcf~àd psi}gfkdi ck ’`ä} diiä+++‐ d pd~zg~ jci msdi }c c`pgcqd d bckc~d~ ci

md`ngf jc id zýpgmd pf~tsc ck c}zc zc|zf c} jfkjc jc}msn~c tsc ci wf zgckc skd pd~zcmfk}mgckzc w fz~d gkmfk}mgckzc) msdkjf uckàd }f}zckgckjf tsc ci wf c~d ps~d mfk}mgckmgdck id p~g`c~d zýpgmd) ck ’`ä} diiä‥‐ c} jfkjc pidkzcd mid~d`ckzc tsc zckj~àd`f} tsc jg-ec~ckmgd~ sk wf mflc~ckzc jc sk wf gkmflc~ckzc ,mm+ & gmm+' Dlf~d ckzfkmc} jc}msn~c tscmfk}mgckmgd c gkmfk}mgckmgd }fk msdigjdjc} p}àtsgmd} w kf }g}zc`d} w ud d p~fpfkc~ ck-

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zfkmc} skd kscud zýpgmd ck ci >= mfk ’ci wf w ci ciif‐+ Ck ci pskzf 3 msdkjf ldnid jc if}ud}diidac} jci wf c} if `ä} g`pf~zdkzc pf~tsc p~cpd~d pd~d ci zc|zf ’kcs~f}g} w p}gmf}g}‐+Dmä pidkzcd tsc id mcjc jc id msdi c} ci wf kf c} jc id} psi}gfkc} }gkf jc id dkbs}zgd) idmcjc psi}gfkdi c} ci ciif) w djc`ä} tsc ci wf jcad jc }c~ c}zd mfk}zgzsmgýk esc~zc) ud pc~-jgckjf zfjd }s mfkjgmgýk jc ef~zdicqd) pd~d E~csj jcmg~ tsc ci wf c} p~ämzgmd`ckzc kdjd)jc tsc c} sk c}miduf jc fz~d} gk}zdkmgd} w pidkzcd ckzfkmc} id} }c~ugjs`n~c} jci wf jcc}zd} gk}zdkmgd} tsc c|gbck di wf) tsc jc dibskd `dkc~d }fk }s} d`d}) w mý`f ci wf }cid} gkbckgd pd~d }f}zckc~}c+

C}midugzsjc} jci wf ~c}pcmzf jc1  4' Ciif1 c|gbc }dzg}edmmgýk psi}gfkdi) ci wf kf pscjc mfkmcjc~ ck zfjf `f`ckzf c}zf) pc~f

zd`pfmf pscjc mdkmcid~ c}zf) pf~ if zdkzf if ñkgmf tsc pscjc ldmc~ c} pf}zc~bd~+ C}zfif ldmc z~dzdkjf jc g`pfkc~ ci p~gkmgpgf jc ~cdigjdj pf~ }fn~c ci p~gkmgpgf jc pidmc~ cg`pfkgckjf ~fjcf} d id jc}md~bd) pd~d ~czd~jd~id+

>' ]spc~wý1 c|gbc ms`pig`gckzf jc gjcdic} lc~cjdjf}+ Ci wf kf ud d pfjc~ mfkmcjc~ ckzfjf `f`ckzf pf~ if zdkzf zd`ngçk ud d z~dzd~ jc `dkzckc~ di }spc~wý mfkef~`c ms`-pigckjf dibskf}+ Djc`ä} ldw tsc zckc~ ck msckzd ci }djg}`f w id m~scijdj jci }spc~-wý) w tsc E~csj jgmc tsc }dmd zfjd} }s} esc~qd} jci ciif) pf~tsc zgckc mf`f f~gbck idgjckzgegmdmgýk p~g`d~gd tsc zgckc sk ugkmsif `sw c}z~cmlf mfk id esc~qd psi}gfkdi) pc~f

iscbf jcugckc id ef~`dmgýk ~cdmzgud `ä} pfzckzc ck mfkz~d jci ciif) dsktsc msdkjf id c~c}sizd kcmc}d~gf dnfbd d eduf~ jci ciif+

=' @skjf c|zc~gf~1 c|gbc tsc ci wf z~dk}`gzd id} pc~mcpmgfkc} jci ciif) tsc ic z~dk}`gzd zdimsdi if pc~mgngý) mf}d tsc kf pscjc pf~tsc ci ciif }c `dkcad mfk sk ickbsdac zfzdi`ck-zc jgec~ckzc) pf~ if zdkzf zd`ngçk zgckc tsc dzcksd~ c}zd jgec~ckmgd jci `skjf c|zc~gf~+

Ck ci >: msdkjf c}m~gnc ’kcs~f}g} w p}gmf}g}‐ ud d jcmg~ tsc id pdzfifbàd c} id ~c}sizdkzcjc sk mfkeigmzf ckz~c ci wf w fz~d gk}zdkmgd+ @d~md tsc c}zf} mfkeigmzf} msdkjf kf pscjck}c~ ~c}scizf}) `d~mdk skd pdzfifbàd1

• Ci mfkeigmzf ckz~c ci wf w ci ciif zgckc mf`f mfk}cmsckmgd id} kcs~f}g}• Ckz~c ci wf w ci `skjf c|zc~gf~ zgckc mf`f mfk}cmsckmgd id p}gmf}g}• Ckz~c ci wf w ci }spc~wý zgckc mf`f mfk}cmsckmgd id kcs~fp}gmf}g} kd~mg}g}zd+ ,@c-

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ciif}) ci mfkeigmzf wf ” ciif `ä} }spc~wý) tscjd~àd kcs~f}g}) pc~f sk md}f pd~zgmsid~ jc kcs-~f}g} tsc c} id fn}c}gud8 w ci mfkeigmzf wf ” `skjf c|zc~gf~ `ä} }spc~wý jd mf`f ~c}sizdjfid p}gmf}g} `cidkmýigmd) dmä usciuc d gkmisg~ id `cidkmfiàd jckz~f jc id} p}gmf}g}+Ck ci >: pidkzcd tsc ci jcig~gf zgckc skd eskmgýk jc ~c}zgzsmgýk w tsc c} ~cp~c}ckzdzguf jcid} p}gmf}g} pc~f kf c|mis}guf) pf~tsc d}à mf`f }c pscjc jd~ sk }àkzf`d kcs~ýzgmf ck id}p}gmf}g}) }c pscjc jd~ sk cpg}fjgf p}gmýzgmf ck id} kcs~f}g}+ If tsc E~csj }à `d~md c} idjgec~ckmgd ckz~c sk jcig~gf kcs~ýzgmf w sk jcig~gf p}gmýzgmf+ Çi }f}zgckc tsc ci jcig~gf zgckcskd eskmgýk ~c}zgzszgud pf~tsc ~cmfkjsmc if} uàkmsif} igngjgkdic} jci wf mfk if} fnaczf} wmf}d} jci `skjf+ C}zc zc|zf c} jc 4? dôf} pf}zc~gf~ di kd~mg}g}`f w }gbsc }f}zckgckjf id~cz~fdmmgýk) gkz~fuc~}gýk mf`f sk `cmdkg}`f jc id igngjf) c} sk gkzckzf jc ms~d ck id p}g-mf}g}) pc~f sk db~dud`gckzf jci msdj~f ck id kcs~f}g}+ Çi jgmc tsc ci jcig~gf ~c}zgzswc if}

uàkmsif} w c} sk gkzckzf jc ms~dmgýk pf~tsc ck id p}gmf}g} ldnàd ~cz~dmmgýk jc id igngjf) kfldnàd uàkmsif} mfk if} fnaczf}) kg ~cdic} kg edkzd}cdjf}) ci jcig~gf mf`gckqd d ugkmsid~}cmfk fnaczf} edkzd}cdjf}) }c c`pgcqdk d ~c}zgzsg~ c}zf} idqf} igngjgkdic} mf~zdjf} w pf~ ifzdkzf c} sk gkzckzf jc ms~d+ Ck id kcs~f}g} }c db~dud pf~tsc di ldnc~ ldngjf gkz~fuc~}gýkjc id igngjf) ci uàkmsif mfk ci fnaczf c}zdnd+ _c~f djc`ä} id `dkjd skd jgec~ckmgd c}ckmgdi

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ckz~c sk jcig~gf kcs~ýzgmf w sk jcig~gf p}gmýzgmf1 ck id kcs~f}g} msdkjf dpd~cmc sk jcig~gf ci}saczf }dnc tsc kf ic pc~zckcmc) çi }dnc tsc c} c|zc~gf~ d çi) if tsc kf pscjc zdi ucq c}jcad~ jc ldmc~if) pc~f çi }dnc tsc kf c} jc çi8 `gckz~d} tsc ck id p}gmf}g} c} if `ä} pc~-zckcmgckzc di }saczf) c} if `ä} gkzg`f) w djc`ä} c} }s }c~+ E~csj jgmc tsc ldw skd gjckzgeg-mdmgýk jci }saczf di jcig~gf) c}zf }c uc ck ]ml~cnc~+ C}zf gkjgmd skd jgec~ckmgd mckz~di) w c}-zf d}à `g}`f if zf`d Idmdk+E~csj zfjf ci zgc`pf gk}g}zc ck `d~md~ ci uàkmsif mfk id ~cdigjdj) ckz~c p}gmf}g} w ~cdigjdj)pc~f zfjduàd kf zgckc jcegkgjf ~cdigjdj+ C}zd jcegkgmgýk ~cmgçk dpd~cmc ck id kcbdmgýk ck

jfkjc çi jgmc tsc zfjd ~cdigjdj c} p}àtsgmd w c} ~cdigjdj jc gk}m~gpmgýk) pf~ if zdkzf }snac-zgud) kf ldw ~cdigjdj fnaczgud+ Id ~cdigjdj c} if `ä} }snaczguf tsc ldw) }fid`ckzc ef~`dpd~zc jc id ~cdigjdj jc sk }saczf dtsciif tsc ci }saczf gk}m~gnc+ C}zf zgckc tsc uc~ mfk tscE~csj uckàd} }f}zckgckjf tsc ck id p}gmf}g} ldnàd skd ~cp~c}ckzdmgýk tsc ldnàd }gjf ~c-mldqdjd w tsc ci wf }c mf`pf~zdnd mf`f }g kf c|g}zgc}c w tsc pf~ if zdkzf zd`ngçk }cjc}p~ckjàd jc id pf~mgýk jc ~cdigjdj d id tsc c}zdnd ckz~d`djd+ C}zd ~cdigjdj c} id ~cdig-jdj jc id md}z~dmgýk+ _f~ if zdkzf kf ldw ~cdigjdj jc id md}z~dmgýk ck id p}gmf}g}) ç}zd kf}c gk}m~gnc) jc}c}zg`dmgýk jc id md}z~dmgýk+ Ci dmä zd`ngçk ldnid jc if} asgmgf} jc c|g}zck-mgd w asgmgf} jc udif~) id iýbgmd ldmc pck}d~ tsc pd~d dz~gnsg~ic udif~ d sk fnaczf p~g`c~fldw tsc dz~gnsg~ic c|g}zckmgd+ E~csj jgmc tsc ck id mfk}zgzsmgýk jci dpd~dzf p}àtsgmf }smc-jc di ~cuç}) p~g`c~f }c ic} dz~gnswc skd msdigjdj w iscbf }c ic jd c|g}zckmgd di fnaczf+ Çi

if} `d~md d c}zf} asgmgf} mf`f eskmgfkc} jci wf w pidkzcd sk wf p~g`gzguf ck jfkjc id jgec-~ckmgd jc wf kf-wf }c jd pf~ msdigjdj) ck jfkjc if jg}pidmckzc~f c} if c|zc~gf~ w if pidmck-zc~f ci wf+ Sk >± `f`ckzf jfkjc ldw sk wf sk pfmf `ä} mfk}zgzsgjf ck jfkjc ci asgmgf jcc|g}zckmgd fpc~d id jg}zdkmgd jci wf kf-wf }c jd `cjgdkzc p~fwcmmgýk c gkz~fwcmmgýk) zfjfif tsc c} nsckf if gkmf~pf~f w zfjf if tsc c} `dif if p~fwcmzf+ Ck id p}gmf}g} ldn~àd skdjfnic jc}c}zg`dmgýk jc id md}z~dmgýk pf~tsc }c jc}c}zg`d~àd zdkzf id msdigjdj mf`f idc|g}zckmgd+ C}zf ic jd pgc d Idmdk pd~d pck}d~ ck ci lf`n~c jc if} ifnf} id dismgkdmgýk jcijcjf mf~zdjf jc dibskd `dkc~d mf`f }g esc}c sk cpg}fjgf p}gmýzgmf+Md}f ]ml~cnc~1 ci kf`n~c tsc E~csj ic jd d c}zc md}f c} ’jc`ckmgd pd~dkfgjc‐) id p}g-tsgdz~àd jgec~ckmgd w ci p}gmfdkäig}g} ic djfpzd jf} zgpf} jc jcig~gf}1jcig~gf1 ecký`ckf eskjd`ckzdi jc id p}gmf}g}) c}zf c} if tsc kf}fz~f} mfkfmc`f} mf`f skn~fzc) c} sk jcig~gf zfzdi`ckzc jc}lgiudkdjf) kf zgckc iýbgmd) c} jc dpd~gmgýk dbsjd w md-}sdi w c} md~dmzc~à}zgmf jc id} c}tsgqfe~ckgd}+Jcig~gf1 c}zä c}z~smzs~djf) zgckc sk kñmicf) dpd~cmc skd gjcd mf`f mckz~di jci jcig~gf w di-~cjcjf~ jc c}zd }c ud c}z~smzs~dkjf id ugjd jci }saczf) zfjd }s ugjd }c d~zgmsid mfk c}zc jc-ig~gf) c}zf c} zàpgmf jc id} pd~dkfgd}+Ldw skd p}gmf}g} mfk jçegmgz w fz~d }gk jçegmgz) id c}tsgqfe~ckgd c} skd p}gmf}g} mfk jçegmgzck zdkzf tsc ldw pç~jgjd jc mdpdmgjdjc} gkzcicmzsdic}) w }c iicbd d sk msdj~f jc jc`ck-mgd) tsc c} `sw }g`gid~ d id f~bäkgmd) pc~f }gk c}zd ,}g`gid~ d id jc`ckmgd }ckgi'+ Id pd~d-kfgd c} skd p}gmf}g} }gk jçegmgz w zd`ngçk c} iid`djd ifms~d ~dqfkdkzc) kf ldw pç~jgjd jcmdpdmgjdjc} gkzcicmzsdic}) ldw sk c|z~c`f jc iýbgmd w ci }saczf c}zä mf`pck}djf+

E~csj iid`d d c}zc md}f jc`ckmgd pd~dkfgjc) f }cd tsc mf`ngkd jc`ckmgd mfk pd~dkfgdpf~tsc }c uc ck id cufismgýk jci msdj~f tsc zgckc skd ef~`d jc pd~dkfgd) c}z~smzs~djf)f~jckdjf) ci }saczc ckz~c gkzc~kdmgýk c gkzc~kdmgýk ifb~d mf}d} tsc kdjgc ldnàd ifbdjf d}s cjdj) f }cd tsc eskmgfkd ngck) pc~f zc~`gkd mfk skd jc`ckmgd) iicbd sk pskzf ck tsc}c jc}mf`pck}d w dpd~cmck if} jcig~gf} jc id c}tsgqfe~ckgd w zc~`gkd zfzdi`ckzc jc}d~zg-msidjf+E~csj pidkzcd ckzfkmc} ck id lg}zf~gd tsc ]ml~cnc~ c} gkzc~kdjf pf~ p~g`c~d ucq d mfk}c-msckmgd jc skd lgpfmfkj~àd b~duc) c~d sk jcig~gf jc}f~bdkgqdjf) skd lgpfmfkj~àd p}gmýzgmdtsc c} jgec~ckzc jc id kcs~ýzgmd) çi jcmàd tsc }c z~dbdnd }s p~fpgd bd~bdkzd ,ck gkz~fjsm-mgýk di kd~mg}g}`f E~csj pidkzcd tsc id lgpfmfkj~àd }c jcnc d tsc ldw skd dizc~dmgýk jcid igngjf tsc gkug}zc jc skd `dkc~d pfmf mf`ñk jczc~`gkdjf ý~bdkf) w ckzfkmc} eskmgfkd

mf`f bckgzdi) }sn~fbd zfjd id igngjf w dmzñd mf`f }g c}zsugc~d ckec~`f msdkjf ck ~cdigjdjkf if c}zä) c}zf c} skd lgpfmfkj~àd kcs~ýzgmd') ck id p}gmf}g} ldw skd jc}mf`pf}gmgýk zfzdijci msc~pf) if} ý~bdkf} }c gkjcpckjgqdk w djtsgc~ck eskmgfkc} dnc~~dkzc}) c} `sw mf`ñktsc if} ý~bdkf} ldnick) }c c`pgcqdk d `sjd~ if} ý~bdkf}) sk kcs~ýzgmf mf`ñk zgckc skg`dbgkd~gf jc msc~pf tsc mfgkmgjc dp~f|g`djd`ckzc mfk ci jc id `cjgmgkd) ck id p}gmf}g}

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c}zc g`dbgkd~gf c} ci tsc }c dizc~d zfzdi`ckzc) ci p}gmýzgmf pscjc zckc~ ci làbdjf ck id md-ncqd+ ]ml~cnc~ ckzfkmc} iicbd d id p~g`c~ gkzc~kdmgýk mfk sk jcig~gf) mfk `gkñ}msid) lgpf-mfkj~àdmf p}gmýzgmf) ci ckmsckz~f mfk ci `çjgmf fpc~d jc skd `dkc~d gkzc~c}dkzc wd tscjc}pgc~zd id `fmgýk psi}gfkdi lf`f}c|sdi w dpd~cmc ckzfkmc} id ef~`dmgýk jc jcig~gf tscgkzckzd jceckjc~if mfkz~d c}zf w c}zdngigqd) }dic+ Ci pskzf ck ci tsc c`pgcqd d c}zdngigqd~c} sk pck}d`gckzf tsc zgckc }c`g jf~`gjf w c}1 if igkjf tsc }c~àd }c~ skd `sac~ ck ci`f`ckzf jci mfgzf+ C}d gjcd c} id tsc fpc~d mf`f cac pd~d id ef~`dmgýk jc sk Jcig~gf d~-`djf w c}z~smzs~djf) d id `dkc~d jc id pd~dkfgd) }c c`pgcqd d d~zgmsid~ d pd~zg~ jc c}zd

gjcd cac sk jcig~gf pd~dkfgmf) pc~f }gk c`nd~bf kf dimdkqd pf~tsc }c c`pgcqd d jc}mf`-pck}d~ kscud`ckzc) d ldmc~ dbsd}) w iicbd d skd jc`ckmgd zfzdi ¶tsç c} if tsc p~fufmdc}zf6 Jc}mf`pck}d pf~ fz~d gjcd tsc c} ci z~dk}c|sdig}`f) dpd~cmc ck ci jcig~gf jcc`d}msidmgýk w fpc~d mf`f jczfkdkzc jc id jc}c}z~smzs~dmgýk jci jcig~gf pd~dkfgmf+ W ck-z~d ck ci z~d`f egkdi jci msdj~f jfkjc ud d pd~d~ d skd jc`ckmgd) dtsà c`pgcqd d uc~ idjc}mf`pf}gmgýk jc }s msc~pf) tsc if} jc`ä} tsc~àdk ldmc~ mf}d} mfk çi) czm+ C} sk msd-j~f zfzdi`ckzc jc}mf`pck}djf+^cidmgýk ckz~c id} egadmgfkc} w mdjd skf jc if} msdj~f}1 id egadmgýk c~d d id ed}c jc cufis-mgýk jc id igngjf) w pd~d id p}gmf}g} pidkzcd skd egadmgýk d id iàkcd jc cufismgýk jci wf+ Ugk-msid id c}tsgqfe~ckgd di dszfc~fzg}`f w id pd~dkfgd di kd~mg}g}`f) pf~ c}f id} }côdic} jcjc}z~smmgýk jci `skjf tsc dpd~cmck ck id c}tsgqfe~ckgd kf }fk `ä} tsc id p~fwcmmgýk jc

if tsc pd}d ck ci `skjf gkzc~gf~ jci }saczf) ck ci lg}zf~gdi c}zf }c uc) pf~ cac`pif ci pdj~cldmàd dpd~dzf} mf~~cmzf~c} jc id} pf}gmgfkc} jci msc~pf w }s} lgaf} c~dk fnaczf jc c|pc~g-`ckzdmgýk) çi tsc~àd jg}mgpigkd~ ci msc~pf ls`dkf) c}zf zgckc `smlf tsc uc~ mfk if tsc}smcjc mfk ]ml~cnc~+ Ck ~cidmgýk di pdj~c E~csj pidkzcd tsc kf ldw ds}ckmgd pdzc~kd) }g-kf tsc }g dibf ldw jc`ä} c} ci pdj~c) c} sk pdj~c f`kgpfzckzc) c}zdnd pc~`dkckzc`ck-zc) c}zf kf} pc~`gzc uc~ id jgec~ckmgd ckz~c eskmgýk w p~c}ckmgd `dzc~gdi) ldnàd `smlf pd-j~c) pc~f kf ldnàd eskmgýk pdj~c+ Idmdk ud d jcmg~ tsc ldnàd zdkzd p~c}ckmgd ~cdi jci pd-j~c tsc kf }c pf}gngigzf id }g`nfigqdmgýk) tscjf mf`f pdj~c p~c}ckzc) pc~f kf mf`f esk-mgýk) kf }c gk}m~gnc) w c}zf p~fjsmc jgegmsizdjc}) E~csj jgmc tsc jcngjf d c}zd f`kgpfzck-mgd pdzc~kd) ]ml~cnc~ if cicud d id mdzcbf~àd jc jgf} w }c gjckzgegmd kf di pdj~c) }gkf di jgf}pdj~c) c}zf c} if tsc E~csj z~dndad mf`f eskmgýk jci pdj~c ck id p}gmf}g}) kf }c gjckzgegmddi pdj~c zc~~ckdi) }gkf di pdj~c psc}zf ck pf}gmgýk jc jgf}+

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}g c}zf fms~~c ldw dpid}zd`gckzf jc sk ~cbg}z~f }fn~c if} fz~f}) c}zf kcmc}gzd skd bd~dkzàd)pf~tsc c}zäk d}à skgjf}) pc~f kcmc}gzdk skd bd~dkzàd pd~d kf }fizd~}c) dibf tsc fpc~cmf`f sk msd~zf ksjf tsc uckbd d }f}zckc~ zfjf c}zf) c}zf c} if tsc ifb~d ci kf`n~c jcipdj~c) mf`f }gbkgegmdkzc msdkjf gkb~c}d pf~ eskmgýk `czdeý~gmd ,`czäef~d c} id ~cidmgýk jcsk }gbkgegmdkzc ck skd ~cidmgýk jc }s}zgzsmgýk mfk fz~f }gbkgegmdkzc' zgckc tsc ldnc~ mdàjdjc sk }gbkgegmdkzc pd~d tsc c}zc }gbkgegmdkzc gkb~c}c) ci tsc jcnc mdc~ c} ci }gbkgegmdkzcjc}cf jc id `dj~c w ckzfkmc} gkb~c}d ci }gbkgegmdkzc kf`n~c jci pdj~c d }s}zgzsg~if) mf`fgkb~c}d pf~ skd eskmgýk `czdeý~gmd ud d jcmg~ dibf `ä} jc if tsc jcmàd ci fz~f) f }cd tsc}c p~fjsmc sk pis} jc }ckzgjf) if kscuf tsc jgmc) id }gbkgegmdmgýk tsc db~cbd c} id }gbkgeg-mdmgýk eäigmd) c}zf c} if tsc fms~~c ck id kcs~f}g}) c}zc }gbkgegmdkzc ud d pd~d~ dlà) fpc~dmf`f msd~zf ksjf) }f}zgckc) ckzfkmc} ci }saczf c}zä mf`pck}djf+ ]g c}zc }gbkgegmdkzc

kf`n~c jci pdj~c kf gkb~c}d ck eskmgýk `czdeý~gmd) pscjc tsc kf gkb~c}c d}à) if tsc kfpscjc c} kf gkb~c}d~) pf~tsc ck id p}gmf}g} zd`ngçk ldw }g`nýigmf) pf~tsc as}zd`ckzc c}-zf c} if tsc jgec~ckmgd d if} lf`n~c} jc if} dkg`dic}) if tsc kf ldw c} d~zgmsidmgýk }g`ný-igmd) pf~tsc ci }gbkgegmdkzc kf`n~c jci pdj~c kf ckz~d ck eskmgýk `czdeý~gmd) pc~f }g ckz~djc fz~d `dkc~d) msdkjf }c p~fjsmc id `czäef~d pdzc~kd) msdkjf gkb~c}d ci }gbkgegmdkzc)

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