Max

= 3

00

Ran

ge =

111

–30

5 (3

7% -

102%

)M

ean

=

217

(72%

)M

edia

n =

216

(72

%)

Max

= 8

75

Ran

ge =

263

–86

3 (3

0% -

99%

)M

ean

=

599

(69%

)M

edia

n =

612

(70

%)

“All

the

so c

alle

d ‘s

ecre

ts o

f suc

cess

’ will

not

wor

k un

less

you

do!

” -

Aut

hor

Unk

now

n

Wha

t We

Will

Lea

rn T

oday

•W

hat a

re p

lane

t Jup

iter’s

feat

ures

?•

How

did

Jup

iter

form

and

wha

t is

it m

ade

of?

•W

hat i

s th

e w

eath

er o

n Ju

pite

r lik

e?•

How

doe

s Ju

pite

r’s m

agne

tosp

here

com

pare

w

ith E

arth

’s?

•D

oes

Jupi

ter

have

a r

ing?

•H

ow h

ave

we

expl

ored

Jup

iter?

•H

ow is

Jup

iter

uniq

ue in

the

Sol

ar S

yste

m?

Pla

net J

upite

r’s D

etai

lsP

rop

erty

Val

ue

Sem

i-maj

or a

xis

5.2

AU

Siz

e (r

adiu

s)11

.2 R

Ear

th

Mas

s31

8 M

Ear

th

Ave

rage

den

sity

1.33

g/c

c

Com

posi

tion

Mos

tly H

ydro

gen

& H

eliu

m

Ave

rage

clo

ud-t

op te

mpe

ratu

re12

5 K

Moo

ns>

63

Orb

italp

erio

d11

.9 y

ears

Rot

atio

n pe

riod

(sid

erea

l)*9.

8 ho

urs

Axi

s til

t3.

1o

Orb

ital i

nclin

atio

n1.

3o

Orb

ital e

ccen

tric

ity0.

048

Larg

est p

lane

t in

SS

Mos

t kno

wn

moo

ns in

SS

Fas

test

rota

tor

in S

S

* M

easu

red

base

d on

rot

atio

n of

mag

netic

fiel

d lin

es

Mos

t mas

sive

pla

net i

n S

S

The

Jov

ian

Pla

nets

•M

uch

larg

er th

an th

eir

terr

estr

ial c

ount

erpa

rts

•G

aseo

us c

ompo

sitio

n•

Act

ive

wea

ther

•C

olor

ful c

loud

s•

Rin

gs

Fig

11.

1

How

Did

Jup

iter

For

m?

•B

eyon

d th

e fr

ost l

ine

•H

ydro

gen

com

poun

ds c

onde

nse

–H

2O, C

H4,

NH

3

•~

10

Ear

th-m

ass

plan

etar

y co

re fo

rms

•G

ravi

ty a

llow

s it

to c

aptu

re H

2&

He

atm

osph

ere

•G

row

s in

to a

gas

gia

nt–

Now

99%

H2

& H

e–

Tra

ces

of H

2O, C

H4,

NH

3, P

H3,

S c

ompo

unds

Det

erm

inin

g Ju

pite

r’s S

ize

& S

cale

•C

oper

nicu

s de

term

ined

rel

ativ

e di

stan

ces

in S

S•

Nee

ded

to c

alib

rate

the

scal

e•

Ven

us tr

ansi

t use

d in

176

0s to

m

easu

re 1

AU

•A

ngul

ar s

ize

+ d

ista

nce

give

s us

lin

ear

size

•P

and

a o

f Jov

ian

moo

ns g

ives

us

mas

sα

d

D

α.d

D=

Jupi

ter’s

Rel

ativ

ely

Hig

h D

ensi

ty•

Jupi

ter

is o

ver

3 tim

es a

s m

assi

ve a

s S

atur

n–

But

onl

y sl

ight

ly la

rger

•In

fact

, Jup

iter

is a

s la

rge

as th

e sm

alle

st

star

s•

If Ju

pite

r w

ere

13 ti

mes

mor

e m

assi

ve, i

t w

ould

be

a B

row

n D

war

f (D

eute

rium

fu

sion

in th

e co

re)

•If

it w

ere

80 ti

mes

mor

e m

assi

ve, i

t wou

ld

be a

sta

r (H

ydro

gen

fusi

on in

the

core

)

Fig

11.

2

Sun

, M, L

, T d

war

fs, J

upite

r

Insi

de J

upite

r•

Clo

ud to

ps a

re a

t 125

K•

Tem

pera

ture

and

pre

ssur

e in

crea

se

as y

ou g

o do

wn

–A

t abo

ut 1

4,00

0 km

dow

n (2

0%)

•P

ress

ure

~ 2

mill

ion

bars

•T

empe

ratu

re ~

5,0

00 K

(lik

e S

un’s

sur

face

)

•P

rimar

ily k

now

n by

fitt

ing

inte

rior

mod

els

to o

bser

ved

feat

ures

–Li

ke w

e di

scus

sed

for

the

Sun

•P

robe

dro

pped

from

Gal

ileo

was

de

stro

yed

afte

r de

scen

ding

200

km

•W

hy is

Hyd

roge

n liq

uid

desp

ite s

uch

high

tem

pera

ture

s?•

Wha

t is

the

min

imum

cor

e te

mpe

ratu

re

to fu

se H

ydro

gen?

Fig

11.

4

•T

empe

ratu

re a

nd p

ress

ure

rang

es

allo

w fo

r ve

ry in

tere

stin

g en

viro

nmen

ts–

Am

mon

ia, h

ydro

sulfi

de,

wat

er c

loud

s

–“S

now

falls

” do

occ

ur in

laye

rs!

–C

olor

ful l

ayer

s: Z

ones

, Bel

ts

•In

tern

al h

eat s

ourc

e–

Tra

pped

hea

t fro

m a

ccre

tion

–R

adio

activ

ity

–O

ngoi

ng c

ontr

actio

n

–Li

ght o

utpu

t = 2

x S

unlig

ht r

ecei

ved

•V

ery

activ

e w

inds

, wea

ther

–S

tron

g C

orio

lisef

fect

•La

rge

size

, fas

t rot

atio

n

–G

reat

Red

Spo

t•

> 2

x E

arth

siz

e, la

sts

100s

of y

ears

!

The

Wea

ther

on

Jupi

ter

Fig

11.

6

Fig

11.

9

Bel

ts

Zon

es

Vis

ible

In

frar

ed

Fig

11.

10

Jupi

ter’s

Str

ong

Mag

neto

sphe

re

•Ju

pite

r’s s

tron

g m

agne

tic fi

eld

resu

lts fr

om–

Con

duct

ing

inte

rior

(met

allic

Hyd

roge

n)

–In

tern

al h

eat (

Con

vect

ion)

–F

ast r

otat

ion

•T

orus

of c

harg

ed p

artic

les

–C

harg

ed p

artic

les

from

the

Sun

& Io

’s v

olca

noes

•Jo

vian

aur

orae

obs

erve

d by

HS

T

Fig

11.

12

Jupi

ter’s

Wim

py R

ing

•D

isco

vere

d by

Voy

ager

afte

r pa

ssin

g Ju

pite

r an

d se

eing

its

nigh

t sid

e–

We

neve

r se

e ph

ases

of J

upite

r or

see

its

nigh

t sid

e fr

om th

e E

arth

. W

hy?

Fig

11.

34: V

oyag

er 1

dis

cove

ry im

age

Voy

ager

2 d

etai

led

imag

e

Exp

lorin

g Ju

pite

r

•P

ione

er 1

0 &

11

–F

lew

by

Jupi

ter

& S

atur

n in

197

0s

•V

oyag

er 1

, lau

nche

d 19

77–

Fle

w b

y Ju

pite

r &

Sat

urn

–F

arth

est h

uman

-mad

e ob

ject

–S

peed

ing

away

at 3

8000

mph

! W

hat f

uel d

oes

it us

e?

•V

oyag

er 2

, lau

nche

d 19

77–

Fle

w b

y al

l fou

r Jo

vian

pla

nets

•G

alile

o–

Orb

ited

Jupi

ter

1995

–20

03

–D

ropp

ed p

robe

s in

to J

upite

r

–S

ent c

rash

ing

into

Jup

iter

at e

nd o

f a p

rodu

ctiv

e lif

e•

To

prev

ent

cont

amin

atio

n of

pos

sibl

e lif

e at

Eur

opa

Uni

que

Fea

ture

s of

Jup

iter

•La

rges

t & m

ost m

assi

ve p

lane

t in

SS

•La

rges

t mag

neto

sphe

re–

Ext

ends

bey

ond

Sat

urn’

s or

bit

•W

impi

est r

ing

syst

em•

Has

the

mos

t kno

wn

moo

ns–

Has

its

own

“sol

ar s

yste

m”!

•F

aste

st r

otat

or in

the

SS

•M

ost e

xtre

me

tem

pera

ture

ran

ge in

atm

osph

ere

amon

g pl

anet

s•

Big

gest

, lon

gest

kno

wn

stor

m (

Big

Red

Spo

t)•

Onl

y pl

anet

to h

ave

been

obs

erve

d be

ing

impa

cted

by

a c

omet

(S

hoem

aker

-Lev

y 9,

Jul

y 19

94)

HS

T im

age

of S

L9 im

pact

on

Jupi

ter