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Forewordiii

1.The Earth in the Solar System.........................1

2.Globe : Latitudes and Longitudes....................10

3.Motions of the Earth........................................18

4. Maps................................................................23

5.Major Domains of the Earth.............................30

6.Major Landforms of the Earth..........................39

7.Our Country India.........................................47

8.India : Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife...........56

Appendix I............................................................66

Appendix II...........................................................67

CONTENTS


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11

THE EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

How wonderful it is to watch the sky after sunset! Onewould first notice one or two bright dots shining inthe sky.Soon you would see the number increasing.You cannot count them any more. The whole sky isfilled with tiny


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shining objects some are bright, othersdim. It seems as if the sky is studded with diamonds.They all appear to be

twinkling. But if you look atthem carefully you will notice that some of them donot twinkle as others do. They

simply glow withoutany flicker just as the moon shines.

Along with these bright objects, you may also seethe moon on most of the days. It may, however, appearat

different times, in different shapes and at differentpositions. You can see the full moon only once in abouta

months time. It is Full moon night or Poornima. Afortnight later, you cannot see it at all. It is a Newmoon night or Amavasya. On this day, you can watch

the night sky best, provided it is a clear night.

Do you wonder why cant we see the moon and allthose bright tiny objects during day time? It is becausethe very

bright light of the sun does not allow us to seeall these bright objects of the night sky.The sun, the moon and all those objects shining in

the night sky are called celestial bodies.

Some celestial bodiesare very big and hot. Theyare made up of gases. They have their own heat andlight,

which they emit in large amounts. These celestialbodies are called stars. The sun is a star.

Countless twinkling stars in the night sky aresimilar to the sun. But we do not feel their heat orlight, and they look so

tiny because they are very very farfrom us.Lets Do

Youll need : 1 torch,

1 sheet of plainpaper, pencil and aneedle.Step :

1. Place the torch in the centreof the paper with its glassfront touching the paper.2.Now draw a circle around

the torch.

3. Perforate the paper with theneedle within the circledarea.

4.Now place the perforatedcircle part of the paper onthe glass front and wrap thepaper around the torch with a rubber

band.5.Take care that the switchof the torch is not covered.

6.In a dark room, stand atsome distance facing aplain wall. Switch off allother lights. Now flash thetorch light on

the wall. Youwill see numerous dots oflight on the wall, like starsshine in the night.

7. Switch on all the lights inthe room. All dots of lightwill be almost invisible.

8. You may now compare thesituation with what happensto the bright objects of thenight sky after the sun risesin the

morning.


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2THE EARTH : OUR HABITATFigure 1.1 : Saptarishi and the

North Star

You must have noticed that allobjects look smaller when seen from adistance. How small an aeroplane

lookswhen it is flying at a great height!

While watching the night sky, youmay notice various patterns formed bydifferent groups of stars. Thesearecalled constellations. Ursa Major orBig Bear is one such constellation. Oneof the most easily

recognisableconstellation is the small bear orSaptarishi (Sapta -seven, rishi -sages). It

is a group of seven stars (Figure 1.1)that forms a part of the large Ursa MajorConstellation. Ask someone elder

inyour family or neighbourhood to showyou more stars, planets andconstellations in the sky.

In ancient times, people used todetermine directions during the nightwith the help of stars. The North

starindicates the north direction. It is alsocalled the Pole Star. It always remainsin the same position in the sky. We

canlocate the position of the Pole Star with

the help of the Saptarishi. Look at Figure 1.1. Youwill notice that, if an imaginary line is drawn joiningthe pointer

stars and extended further, it will point tothe Pole Star.

Some celestial bodies do not have their own heatand light. They are lit by the light of the stars. Suchbodiesare called planets. The word planet comes fromthe Greek word Planetai which means wonderers.The earth

on which we live is a planet. It gets all itsheat and light from the sun, which is our nearest star.If we look at the

earth from a great distance, say themoon, it will appear to be shining just as the moon.

The moon that we see in the sky is a satellite. It is acompanion of our earth and moves round it. Like

ourearth, there are eight other planets that get heat andlight from the sun. Some of them have their moons too.THE SOLAR SYSTEM

The sun, nine planets, satellites and some othercelestial bodies known as asteroids and meteoroids

Interesting FactJupiter, Saturn andUranus haverings

around them. Theseare belts of small debris.These rings may beseen from the earthwith the help of

powerfultelescopes.


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3THE EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

1.MERCURY-Oneorbitarou

ndsun-88days,

Onespinonaxis-59days.

2.VENUS-Oneorbitaroundsun-255days

.Onespinonaxis-243days

3.EARTH-Oneorbitaroundsun-365days

.Onespinonax

is-1dayNumberofmoo

ns-14.MARS-Oneorbitarounds

un-687daysOnespinonax

is-1day,numberofmoo

ns-025.JUPITER-Oneorbitaroundsun-11yea

rs,11monthsabout12years.One

spinonaxis-9hours,56minutes,numberofmoons-16

6.SATURN-Oneorbitaroundsun-29year

s,5months.Onespinonaxis-10hours40

minutes,numberofmoons-

about18.7.URANUS-Oneorbitaroundsun-84year

s.Onespinaroundaxis-17hours14minutes,

numberofmoons-about17.

8.NEPTUNE-Oneorbitarou

ndsun-164years.

Onespinaroundaxis-16ho

urs7minutes,nu

mberofmoons-8.

9.PLUTO-Oneorbitaroundsun-248year

s.Onespinonaxis-6days9ho
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urs,numberofmoo

ns-1Innerplanets-veryclosetothesun.Th

eyaremadeupofrocks.

OuterPlanets-Very-veryfarfromthes

unandarehugeplanetsmadeupofgasesa

ndliquids.Figure1.2:TheSolarSyst

em

Class VI - The Earth Our Habitat

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