Classroom Action ResearchFrom David Hopkins ( 1993)

Sejarah

Add subtopics here

Sejarah 2

1967-1972– Menekankan pada :

• Experimental curriculum• Reconceptulization of curriculum

development as curriculum research

Experimental Curriculum

Curriculum Research

Sejarah 3

1972-1975– The Ford teaching Project & Clem

Adelman• 40 guru SD & SMP mengkaji praktek

pembelajaran melalui Action Research. Guru-guru tersebut mengembangkan hipoteses mengenai pembelajatan mereka yang diapat dibagikan dengan guru-guru lain untuk meningkatkan pembelajara

– Lawrence Stenhouse• Mempopulerkan istilah The Teacher as

Reseacher

Sejarah 4

1972-1975– The Ford teaching Project & Clem

Adelman• 40 guru SD & SMP mengkaji praktek

pembelajaran melalui Action Research. Guru-guru tersebut mengembangkan hipoteses mengenai pembelajatan mereka yang diapat dibagikan dengan guru-guru lain untuk meningkatkan pembelajara

– Lawrence Stenhouse• Mempopulerkan istilah The Teacher as

Reseacher

Sejarah 5Action Research is generally attribute to Kurt Lewin. Lewin maintainance that through action research advances in theory and needed social changes might simultaneously be achieved. According to Lewin action research is consisted analysis, fact-finding, conceptualization, planning execution,more fact-finding or evaluation; an then a repetition of this whole circle of activities; indeed a spiral of such circles

Definisi 1

Action research merupakan gabungan kata antara act dan research procedure; it is action disciplined by enquiry, a personal attempt at understanding while engaged in a process of improvement and reform

Definisi

… aims to contribute both to the practical concerns of people in an immediate problematic situation an to the goals of social science by joint collaboration within a mutually acceptable ethical framework.

Robert Rapoport (1970)

Definisi

Action research is a form of self-reflection enquiry undertaken by participants in social (including educational) situation in order to improve the rationality and justice, (a) their own social or educational practices, (b) their understanding of these practices, and (c) the situations in which the practices are carried out. It is most rationally empowering when undertaken by participants collaboratively, though it is often undertaken by individuals, and sometimes in cooperation with “outsiders”. In education, action research has been employed in school-based curriculum development program, and systems planning and policy development

Stephen Kemmis(1983)

Definisi

… is about systematic study of attempts to improve educational practice by groups of participants by means of their won practical actions and by means of their own reflection upon effects of those action.Put simply action research is the way groups of people can organise the conditions under which they can learn from their own experiences. (Kemmis)

Dave Ebbutt (1985)

Definisi

Action research might be defined as ‘the study of a social situation with a view to improving the quality of action within it”. It aims to feed practical judgment in concrete situations, and the validity of the ‘theories’ of hypotheses it generates depends not so much on ‘scientific’ tests of truth, as on their usefulness in helping people to act more intelligently and skillfully. In actions-research “ theories’ are not validated independently and then applied to practice. They re validated though practice

John Elliot(1991:69)

Sejarah

Carr and Kemmis (1986) describe action research as being about: – the improvement of practice; – the improvement of the understanding of

practice; – the improvement of the situation in which

the practice takes placeCarr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986) Becoming

Critical: education, knowledge and action research. Lewes, Falmer.

Action Research spiral

Based on Elliott’s (1991:71)

Action Research spiralBased on Ebbutt’s Model

Action Research SpiralBased on McKernan (1991:29)

Tiga Fase dalam Observasi

Planning Meeting

Memberikan kesempatan kepada observer dan guru dengan untuk merenungkan pembelajaran yang akan dilakukan, dan tentunya ini akan mengarahkan kepada keputusan bersama untuk mengumpulkan data observasi pada aspek dari praktek kelas guru.

Classroom Observation

Observer, mengamati guru dan mengumpulkan data yang berhubungan dengan proses belajar mengajar yang sudah disepakati sebelumnya

Tips Classroom Observation

What is the purpose of the observation?What is the focus of the observation?What teacher/student behaviors are important to observeWhat data-gathering methods will best serve the purpose?How will the data be used?

Open Observation (From Bollington and Bradley)

The observer should aim to record factual and descriptive information teaching skill

1. Presentation2. Indirect teaching3. Direct teaching4. Voice 5. Questioning

strategies 6. Feedback 7. Subject matter8. expectations

Feedback Discussion

Observer dan guru mendiskusikan data yang terkumpul selama observasi berlangsung, dan memutuskan tindakan yang tepat berdasarkan catatan observasi dan menentukan rencana pengamatan selanjutnya

Pedoman Observasi

Lembar Ceklist

QuestionResponse

V NV + 0 -

1

2 3

4

5

6

7

8 9 10

Totals 6 4 6 3 1

Question

Keterangan

V Respon verbal

NVRespon non-

verbal+ Positif respon0 No respon

-Negative respon

Alat Pengumpul Data

Field NotesAudiotape RecordingPupils DiariesInterviews videotape recorderQuestionerSociometriDokumentSlide and photography

/tape

Alat Pengumpul Data

Field NotesAudiotape RecordingPupils DiariesInterviews videotape recorderQuestionerSociometriDokumentSlide and photography

/tape

Analisis Data

Framework for Analysis– Data collection and the initial

generation of categories– Validation of categories– Interpretation of categories– Action

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