Clauses Ⅲpp.90~96

20071209 김혜린20071229 유경수

[+Tense] : Finite clause

[-Tense] : non-finite clause to-v① ② -ing

③ Ø v

8.1 Finite and non-finite clauses

(1)a. Henry wanted to marry Fanny. [PRO to marry Fanny]

b. Fanny regretted talking to Mary. [PRO talking to Mary]

c. Mrs Bennet having taken the others upstairs, Mr Bingley proposed to Jane.

→After Mrs Bennet had taken the others upstairs, Mr Bingley proposed to Jane.

d. All Mr Collinsi does is praise Lady de Bourg.

[PROi praise Lady de Bourg]

e. Lady de Bourg tried to persuade Elizabeth to renounce Mr Darcy.

[PRO to persuade Elizabeth [PRO to renounce - ]]

분열문Cleft-clause

(2)a. Henry wanted to have married Fanny before Edmund returned.

[PRO to have married Fanny - ]

b. To be courting Fanny was a waste of Henry’s time.

[PRO to be courting - ]

Henry

(3)

a. *Fanny regretted being talking to Mary.

→ Gerunds exclude the “be-progressive”.

b. *Mrs Bennet being taking the others upstairs, Mr Bingley gave a sigh of relief.

→ Participle Clauses exclude the “be-progressive”.

c. *All Mr Collins has done is have praised Lady de Bourg.

[+present] non-finite clause

(4)

a. Fanny regretted having to talk to Aunt Norris.

[PRO having to talk to Aunt Norris]

b. Julia and Maria wanted to be allowed to perform a play.

[PRO to be allowed [PRO to perform - ]]

c. Edmund wanted Fanny to be able to ride a horse.

[(for) [Fanny to be able [PRO to ride - ]]]

(5)

?Henry wanted to possibly marry Fanny.

→ *split infinitive

(6)

Henry wanted to marry Fanny.

[PRO to marry Fanny]

(7)

Fanny loved talking to Mary.

[PRO talking to Mary]

(8)Lady de Bourg tried to persuade Elizabeth to renounce Mr

Darcy.

[PRO to persuade Elizabeth [PRO to renounce - ]]

(9)

a. Knowing the country well, he took a short cut.

→ Because he knew the country well, he took a short cut.

b. Slamming the door, he ran down the steps.

→ After/As he slammed the door, he ran down the steps.

⇒ 진행의 – ing 가 아니라 분사구문의 – ing

(10)

*He was knowing the country well.

→ Stative verbs do not occur in the progressive.

(11)a. When ripe, these apples will be delicious. →When they are ripe, these apples will be

delicious.

b. He left the train with somebody else’s wallet in his pocket.

→He left the train with [someone else’s - ]

*He left the train with somebody else’s wallet being in his pocket.

(11)

c. She walked up the hill, her rucksack on her back.

→She walked up the hill.

+ She had her rucksack.

+ Her rucksack was on her back.

d. We found [sc the cageNP emptyAP.]

→We found the cage.

+ The cage was empty.

8.2 Types of non-finite clause

☞ 비정형절은 to v for...to verb-ing 의 형태로 나타남☞ 동사를 수식하고 명사구가 나타나는 자리에 나타남

(12) a. Mr Bingley wanted [PRO to marry Jane Bennet.]

b. Mr Bingley didn't want [PRO to be sitting all day talking to Mrs Bennet.]

c. [PRO To see Naples and die] is not my idea of fun.

d. Lady de Bourg tried [PRO to persuade Elizabeth [PRO to renounce Mr Darcy.]]

Infinitive non-finite and gerund non-finite clauses

(13) a. For you to give up now would be idiotic/a tragedy.

b. It would be idiotic/a tragedy for you

to give up now.

c. All we want is for you to be happy.

(14) a. Fanny regretted [PRO talking to Maria.]

b. Fanny regretted [PRO having talked to Maria.]

c. [PRO Talking to Maria] irritated Fanny.

d. Fanny regretted [Edmund's having agreed PRO to take part in the play.]

Gerund non-finite clauses

(15) a. Standing at the window, Anne noticed Mrs Clay and Mr Elliot. = When she standed at the window,

b. Jumping up, he dashed out of the room. = After he jumped up,

c. Mrs Bennet having taken the others upstairs, Mr Bingley proposed to Jane. = After Mrs Bennet had taken the others

upstairs,

Free participle non-finite clauses

(16) a. While sitting at the table, Captain Wentworth

wrote a long letter to Anne.

b. When visiting Pemberley, the Gardiners met Mr Darcy.

c. Although in love with Marianne, Willoughby had to marry a rich heiress. d. When ripe, these apples will be delicious.

Reduced Adverbial non-finite clauses(he

was)

(they were)

(he was)

(they are)

(17) a. The police found the picture stolen from the art gallery. b. The person reading a book did not hear

my question.

Reduced relative non-finite clauses

(which had been)

(who was)

(18) a. I saw the burglar climb in the window.

b. We made the students attend the tutorials.

c.[All Mr Collins does] is[praise Lady de Bourg].

d.[What Mary Crawford did] was [insult Sir Thomas.]

Bare-verb non-finite clauses

(19) a. I saw [sc the burglar climbing in the

window.]

b. I caught [sc him opening the safe.]

c. I found [sc Cordelia sitting on the terrace.]

Gerund non-finite clauses (Type 2 Gerund)

(20) a. Jane strode up the hill with her setter loping along behind. with + NP + verb-ing (while) b. With the funds safely transferred to our Swiss bank account, we can retire. With + NP + past participle (As)

With non-finite clauses