click here to advance to the next slide!!

So you’re about to start working with some of the

most precious children you’ll ever come into

contact with…..

Click here to advance to the NEXT slide!!

Created by Nic Weatherly

….and you have a tremendous opportunity to

use behavior analysis to improve a young person’s

life…..

….with discrete trial procedures being the tool

for this gratifying success…..

….so let’s learn how to properly administer

discrete trials and really make a difference!!

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

Reinforcement

StimulusIndirect-acting Consequence

Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts

Direct-acting Consequence

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial

Discriminative Stimulus (S D)

Reinforcement

StimulusIndirect -acting Consequence

Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts

Direct -acting ConsequenceReinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts

Direct -acting Consequence

Reinforcer:

Any stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately follows a response and increases the frequency of that response.

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Direct-acting Consequence:

Any outcome that follows a response by 60-seconds or less.

Note: All non-verbal behavior is controlled

by direct-acting consequences.

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Direct-acting Consequence:

Any outcome that follows a response by 60-seconds or less.

Remember!! Most of the children you’re going to be working with at Croyden are non-verbal, hence

only controlled by

direct-acting consequences!

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


The Building Blocks

Indirect-acting Consequence:

Any outcome that follows a response by more than 60-seconds.

Remember!! Most of the children you’re going to be working with at Croyden are

non-verbal, hence

are not controlled

by indirect-acting

consequences!

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


The Building Blocks

Stimulus:

Something that can or may cause a response.

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


The Building Blocks

Prompt:

A supplemental stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response.

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


The Building Blocks

Discriminative Stimulus (SD):

A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced or punished.

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


The Building Blocks

Reinforcement:

The immediate, response-contingent presentation of a reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that response.

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


The Building Blocks

Hierarchy of Prompts:

The correction procedure delivered within 3 seconds of the child failing to respond or immediately after the child makes an incorrect response.

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Verbal Prompt (e.g. “water on”)

-wait 3 seconds for child to perform the task independently

….if the child doesn’t respond correctly within 3 seconds, then go on to the next prompt.

The Hierarchy of Prompts

consists of:

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts



consists of:


Gestural Prompt (e.g. point to faucet handle)


….if the child doesn’t respond correctly then go on to the next prompt.

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts



consists of:



Partial Physical Prompt (e.g. nudge child’s wrist)


….if the child doesn’t respond correctly then go on to the next prompt.

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts



consists of:



Partial Physical Prompt (e.g. nudge child’s wrist)

Full Physical Prompt (i.e. guide child to respond)

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Note: You DO NOT provide reinforcement for a corrected

response!!

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


The Building Blocks

Discrete Trial:

The occasion for a response (i.e. the SD), the response, and the outcome of that response.

The Building Blocks

Reinforcer

Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis

Discrete Trial


Reinforcement


Prompt

Hierarchy of

Prompts


Behavior Analysis:

The study of the operation of the principles of behavior with both human beings and other animals.

Activity #1

Please mark your answers on the scantron provided.

Given a definition or a related question, select

the term that best matches

the given definition or question.

A supplemental stimulus that raises the probability

of a correct response.

A. Reinforcer C. Discriminative stimulus (SD)

B. Prompt D. Discrete trial

#1




B. Prompt D. Discrete trialBack to

the question!

Sorry…. Remember a Reinforcer is any stimulus, event, or

condition whose presentation

immediately follows a response and increases

the frequency of that response.





the question!

Sorry…. Remember a

Discriminative Stimulus (SD) is a

stimulus in the presence of which a particular response

will be reinforced or punished.





the question!

Sorry….Remember a

Discrete Trial is the occasion for a

response (i.e. the SD), the response, and the

outcome of that response.




B. Prompt D. Discrete trial

Right On!!!

Click here for the next question


A. Discriminative stimulus (SD) C. Indirect-acting consequence

B. Stimulus D. Direct-acting consequence

#2




Back to the

question!


Discriminative Stimulus (SD) is a stimulus in the

presence of which a particular response will

be reinforced or punished.




Back to the

question!

Sorry…Remember a Stimulus is

something that can or may cause a

response.




Back to the

question!

Sorry…Remember a Direct-

acting Consequence is any outcome that

follows a response by 60-seconds or less.




Right On!!!


The correction procedure delivered within 3 seconds of the child failing to respond

or immediately after the child makes an incorrect response.

A. Reinforcement C. Discriminative stimulus (SD)

B. Discrete-Trial D. Hierarchy of Prompts

#3





Back to the

question!

Sorry… Remember that Reinforcement

is the immediate, response-contingent presentation of a

reinforcer resulting in an increased frequency of that

response.





Back to the

question!

Sorry….Remember a

Discrete Trial is the occasion for a response

(i.e. the SD), the response, and the outcome of that

response.





Back to the

question!


Discriminative Stimulus (SD) is a stimulus in the

presence of which a particular response will

be reinforced or punished.





Right On!!!


The occasion for a response (i.e. the SD), the response,

and the outcome of that response.

A. Discrete trial C. Prompt

B. Discriminative stimulus D. Indirect-acting consequence

#4





Back to the

question!


Discriminative Stimulus (SD) is a

stimulus in the presence of which a particular response

will be reinforced or punished.





Back to the

question!

Sorry…Remember a Prompt

is a supplemental stimulus that raises the probability of a correct

response.





Back to the

question!

Sorry…Remember an Indirect-acting

Consequence is any outcome that follows

a response by 60-seconds or less.





Right On!!!


Which of the following is NOT one of the prompts in the hierarchy of prompts?

A. Gestural prompt C. Verbal prompt

B. Motivational prompt D. Partial physical prompt

#5




Back to the

question!

Sorry…that’s #2 on

the Hierarchy of Prompts




Back to the

question!

Sorry… that’s the first prompt

on the Hierarchy of

Prompts




Back to the

question!

Sorry…that’s #3 on the

Hierarchy of Prompts




Right On!!!


Susie, a practicum student at Croyden Avenue School, states the instructions

to the child as they are written in the child’s procedures.

These instructions signal that the child’s response will now be

reinforced or corrected. The statement being made is a(n)

__________.

A. Reinforcer C. Gestural prompt

B. Discriminative stimulus (SD) D. Discrete trial

#6





__________.



Sorry…. Remember a Reinforcer is any stimulus, event, or

condition whose presentation

immediately follows a response and increases

the frequency of that response.

Back to the

question!





__________.



Sorry…that’s #2 on the

Hierarchy of Prompts. This consists of

motioning or gesturing to the correct response

Back to the

question!





__________.



Sorry….Remember a

Discrete Trial is the occasion for a response,

the response, and the outcome of that

response.

Back to the

question!





__________.



Right On!!! A Discriminative Stimulus

(SD) is a stimulus in the presence of which

a particular response will be reinforced or punished. (e.g. the instructions in the

procedures book)

On to the next section!

Back to the previous question!

NICE JOB!!! Now let’s learn more about discrete

trials….

Discrete Trial

Review definition:

The occasion for a response (i.e. the SD),

the response, and the outcome of that response.

Discrete Trial

Review definition:



Now that we’ve got the definition down, let’s look at each of the 3 parts that

make up a discrete trial….

Discrete Trial

The SD: The occasion for a response

These are the instructions given by the practicum student

to the child

Discrete Trial

The SD: The occasion for a response

Example!!

“Johnny, play with the car.”

Discrete Trial

The response

This is the behavior that occurs after the SD (the instruction) is

delivered

Discrete Trial

The responseJohnny plays with the car.

Example!!

Discrete Trial

The outcome of that response

This is the result (e.g. reinforcement, correction) that

follows the response

Discrete Trial

The outcome of that response

Example!!

“Nice job playing with the car, Johnny!!”

Discrete Trial

Now let’s put all 3 parts together!

Discrete TrialExample!!

The SD:The response:The consequence:

“Nice job playing with the car, Johnny!!”

“Johnny, play with the car.”

Johnny plays with the car.

Activity #2


Given a description of a discrete trial, select the

correct name of the highlighted part of the trial being described.

After Johnny is given the instructions “Johnny, use the phone”,

he grabs the phone and puts it up to his head.

Which part of the discrete trial is highlighted above?

A. Response

B. Consequence

C. Discriminative stimulus (SD)

#7




A. Response

B. Consequence


Back to the

question!

Sorry…The

consequence is the outcome of

the response “grabbing the

phone”




A. Response

B. Consequence


Back to the

question!

Sorry…The SD consists of

the instructions given “Johnny, use

the phone”




A. Response

B. Consequence

C. Discriminative stimulus (SD)On to the

next question!


Right On!!!


he grabs the phone and puts it up to his head. The practicum student immediately gives

Johnny a piece of candy.


A. Consequence

B. Response


#8





A. Consequence

B. Response


Back to the

question!

Sorry…The response what the child

does after given the instructions

(SD) “Johnny, use the phone”





A. Consequence

B. Response


Back to the

question!

Sorry…The SD consists

of the instructions

given “Johnny, use the phone”





A. Consequence

B. Response

C. Discriminative stimulus (SD)On to the

next question!


Right On!!!

The practicum student goes over the instructions for the discrete trial procedure she is about to administer. She then gives

Johnny the instructions as read in the procedure:

“Johnny, where’s your shirt?”


A. Response

B. Discriminative stimulus (SD)

C. Consequence

#9





A. Response


C. Consequence

Back to the

question!

Sorry…The response what the child

does after given the instructions (SD) “Johnny, where’s your

shirt”





A. Response


C. Consequence

Back to the

question!

Sorry…The consequence is the outcome of

the response “grabbing his

shirt”





A. Response


C. ConsequenceOn to the

next section!


Right On!!!

Activity #3


Given a description of a series of events, select whether those events constitute a discrete

trial.

Joe, a practicum student, sees his assigned child point to a dog and say “dog”.

Joe immediately gives his child a reinforcer.

Is this a discrete trial? (i.e. does it have an SD, a response, and an

outcome contingent on the response)

A. Yes

B. No

#10





A. Yes

B. No Back to the

question!

Sorry…Remember that

a discrete trial must have an SD

(an occasion for a response to occur; i.e.

instructions). An example of this would be “Johnny, point to the

dog.”





A. Yes

B. NoOn to the

next question!


Right On!!! A discrete trial must

have an SD (an occasion for a response to occur; i.e. instructions). An example of this would be “Johnny, point to the

dog.”

Joe, a practicum student, gives his assigned child the instructions “use the phone.”The child then picks up the phone

and puts it to her ear. Joe immediately gives his child a reinforcer.



A. Yes

B. No

#11





A. Yes

B. No Back to the

question!

Sorry…Remember a correct discrete trial contains

an SD

(the instructions “use the phone”),

the response, and the immediate outcome.





A. Yes

B. NoOn to the

next section!


Right On!!! This example DOES contain

an SD

(the instructions “use the phone”),

the response, and an immediate outcome.

NICE JOB!!! Now let’s learn how to discriminate a correct discrete trial from

an incorrect discrete trial…

Discrete Trial

Review definition:



Discrete Trial

Review definition:



So what makes a discrete trial correct

or incorrect??

#1: Check the presumed

reinforcer first.

How to Correctly Administer a Discrete Trial


reinforcer first.


(i.e. Make sure your child actually likes the reinforcer

you’re using, BEFORE you start the procedure)


reinforcer first.


(i.e. Make sure your child actually likes the reinforcer

you’re using, BEFORE you start the procedure)

HINT!!You can do this by placing 2 or 3

of the child’s reinforcers (toys/edibles)

on the table and seeing which one he/she grabs

first


Complete the next two steps PRIOR to

delivering the instructions (SD) to

the child…

#2: Make sure the child

has stopped manipulating their preferred reinforcer and/or the objects used

in the procedure.


PRIOR to

delivering the

instructions (SD)…



in the procedure.


HINT!!You can get most of the

children to do this by saying

“Quiet Hands”.

#3: Make sure the child is looking at you

or the appropriate stimulus used in the procedure


PRIOR to

delivering the



So now that you have a TRUE reinforcer

and the child’s FULL attention...


….let’s learn the steps to correctly

deliver the instructions (SD)!!

#4: Deliver the instructions (the SD)

exactly as it is instructed in the child’s procedures, with no additional prompts.



with a neutral tone of voice.





In other words: without smiling,

laughing, or anything else that may be

reinforcing to the child.




…smiling, laughing, “excited” tones, etc.

should be used as reinforcing

consequences and paired with praise.




So, let’s see an SD delivered

INCORRECTLY (i.e. without a neutral tone

of voice)


“Susie, touch your nose!!!”

#5: Deliver the instructions

(the SD) with a neutral tone

of voice.





of voice.

Notice how the instructions were

given with an excited tone while smiling…


“Susie, touch your nose.”



of voice.

Now let’s see an SD delivered CORRECTLY

(i.e. with a neutral tone of voice)…

#5: Deliver the instructions (the SD) with a neutral tone of voice.


“Susie, touch your nose.”





of voice.

Notice how the SD is delivered with

a neutral tone with no reinforcing facial

expressions (e.g. smiling, laughing)


So now what do you do once the child makes a response

to your instructions (SD)??

#6: Reinforce only the correct

behavior of the child (as listed in the procedures).





Remember!! Use the Hierarchy of

Prompts for all incorrect behaviors…




…and DO NOT provide

reinforcement for a corrected response!!

#7: Deliver the outcome

(either a reinforcer or the proper correction procedure) within 1 second

of the child’s response.



Let’s review all of the steps once

again…


reinforcer first.




in the procedure.


PRIOR to

delivering the


#3: Make sure the child is looking at you

or the appropriate stimulus used in the procedure


PRIOR to

delivering the



exactly as it is instructed in the child’s procedures, with no additional prompts.


#7: Deliver the outcome

(either a reinforcer or the proper correction procedure) within 1 second



Activity #4


Given a description of TWO discrete trials,

select which trial was administered correctly

#1: Chris states the SD to little Audrey.

Audrey turns away from the wall and makes a correct response.

Chris immediately gives Audrey her favorite toy.

#2:Chris states the SD to little Audrey.

Audrey stops looking at Chris and makes an incorrect response.

Chris begins the hierarchy of prompts.

Which discrete trial was administered correctly? A. #1

B. #2

#12








B. #2

Sorry…remember the rules

about WHEN to deliver the SD.

Back to the

question!








B. #2

That’s right!!! The child is looking at the technician prior to the delivery of the

SD.


#1: Little Billy is walking to the playroom. Billy looks at another practicum student and the student asks “What do you see?” while pointing to a book on the desk. Billy says “I see book”. Immediately he receives a piece of candy as reinforcement from the practicum student.

#2: Little Billy is sitting in his booth with his practicum student. The practicum student asks Billy “What do

you see?” while pointing to a book Billy’s playing with. Billy says “I see book”. Immediately he receives a

piece of candy as reinforcement from the practicum student.


B. #2

#13






B. #2

Sorry…let’s review.



in the procedure.

Back to the

question!






B. #2

That’s right!!The technician should

NOT deliver the SD while the child is manipulating

the object used in the procedure.

On to the next section!


Activity #5


Given a description of a discrete trial, select the whether the trial was

administered correctly or incorrectly

Susie gives her assigned child the SD exactly as described in the procedure and, to her delight,

her child makes the correct response. She then grabs her book, borrows a pencil from the TA

that is observing, marks the response as correct, breaks off a piece of a pretzel from the reinforcer bin,

and gives it to her child as reinforcement for the correct response.

Was this a correct discrete trial?

A. Yes

B. No

#14






A. Yes

B. No Back to the

question!

Sorry…Remember Step #7… #7:

Deliver the outcome (either a reinforcer or the proper

correction procedure) within 1 second







A. Yes

B. NoOn to the

next section!


Right On!!! The reinforcer must

be delivered within 1 second of the correct

response

Activity #6


Given a description of a discrete trial, select

whether the trial was administered correctly

or incorrectly…

Activity #6 cont.


…THEN select, from the options given, WHY the trial was correct or

incorrect.

Jerry gives his assigned child the SD exactly as described in the procedure and, unfortunately,

his child makes an incorrect response. Jerry repeats the SD and, to his delight, the child

makes the correct response. Jerry immediately gives the child his favorite toy

as reinforcement for the correct response.

Was this a correct discrete trial? A. Yes

B. No

#15






B. No Back to the

question!

Sorry…






B. No Click here for the next question

Right On!!!



makes the correct response. Jerry immediately gives the child his favorite toy as reinforcement for the correct response.

Why was this an incorrect discrete trial?

A. Jerry should have used a gestural and not a verbal prompt.

B. You’re not supposed to reinforce corrected responses.

C. The outcome was too delayed.

D. You’re not supposed to use toys as a reinforcer.

#16









Back to the

question!

Sorry…the Hierarchy of Prompts

states that you use a verbal prompt first,

then a gestural prompt, followed by a partial physical

and finally a full physical prompt.









Back to the

question!

Sorry…that’s not it. The outcome was

delivered immediately after the corrected

response.









Back to the

question!

Sorry…It’s perfectly fine

to use toys as reinforcers (as long as you’ve checked

to make sure the child enjoys the toy)









On to the next

section!

Back to the

previous question!

Right On!!! You DO NOT

provide reinforcement for a

corrected response!!

NICE JOB!!!

You are….

ALL DONE!!!

click here to advance to the next slide!!

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