1

1 Nt vb b ht ubj yb...3

2 Ghb hjl yb ec kj dbz...12

3 ec kj dbz pf hfp db Nbt yf xj dti rf ltq yjcN...27

4 vt uf kj Gj kbc...35

5 Ghj vbi kt yb zN wty Nüh...47

6 pfj åb rf kz yb zN bp Njr...57

7 fGf kf xb Nt b jpfhr crb Nt Gkf yb yb...65

8 lük åj rb zN ñu...76

9 ñé yj Nj rhfq åht ébt...87

10 pt vt ltk crb zN wty Nüh...97

11 uj kt vb Nt hfd yb yb b Ght hbb...106

12 yt yf ct kt yf Nf düN hti yf jå kfcN...118

13 ñuj pf Gfl yf Nf uhf ybx yf jå kfcN...129

14 rf kb ajh ybz...136

15 Nb öjj rt fy crj Nj ct dth yj rhfq åht ébt...148

16 ct dth yb Nt pt vb...159

17 öf dfb Nt...166

htx ybr...174

ukfd yb uhf lj dt yf cfO...175

OfN crb cNj kb wb...176

rfh Nf yf 50-Nt Of Nf

CÜ lÜHÉf ybtCÜ lÜHÉf ybt

2

Nf­pb­ ryb­uf­ t­ pf­ ut­ju­hf­abz­nf­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­B­vf­rfh­xt­hfp­

ukté­lf­vt­ab­pb­xtc­rf­nf­ ut­j­­u­hf­abz­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ jc­yjd­yb­zn­yb­by­nt­htc­yt­t­yf­cj­xty­rüv­ ht­kt­af,­ rkb­vf­nf,­ gjx­db­nt­ bkb­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­nf,­ f­rüv­ jn­gt­xf­nü­rf,­ rjq­nj­ öj­hf­nf­ cf­jc­nf­db­kb­düh­öe­gtq­pf­éf.

Nj­df­yt­jp­yf­xf­df,­xt­ghb­hjl­yb­nt­ec­kj­dbz­yt­cf­d­jå­ct­uf­yf­yf­it­nj­dyb­vf­ybt.­Dcüo­yjcn­d­yz­rjb­ cke­xfb­ yf­ nzö­ t­ jn­ht­lt­yf­ ukfd­yf­hj­kz,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ ghb­hjl­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ xtc­nj­ bu­hf­zn­ dfé­yf­ hj­kz­ d­cnher­ne­hb­hf­yt­nj­ yf­ xj­dti­rf­nf­ltq­yjcn.­Tlby­afr­njh,­jg­ht­lt­kzo­pyf­xt­ybt­nj­yf­Yñ­Qjhr­yfg­hb­vth,­åtp­cüv­yt­ybt­t­hfp­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­yf­uhf­lf­ yf­ tl­yj­ jn­ yfq­öe­åf­db­nt­tc­ntcn­dt­yb­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­ d­ cdt­nf.­F­oj­ ct­ jn­yf­cz­ lj­ñé­yf­Akj­hb­lf,­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn­nf­ yf­ dt­ut­nf­wb­jy­ybz­ gt­hb­jl­ b­ vt­rb­nt­ pb­vb­ cf­ght­düh­yf­kb­nj­pb­hf­qjy­düd­dj­lto­ghj­bp­dj­lb­ntk­yf­gjh­nj­rf­kb,­kb­vj­yb­b­pf­öfh­yf­nhüc­nb­rf.

Yj­ vt­rb­zn­ rkb­vfn­ yf­Akj­hb­lf­yt­ jp­yf­xf­df,­ xt­ hf­qj­yün­ fd­nj­vf­nbx­yj­ct­ghtd­hü­of­d­ljc­nfd­xbr­yf­gjh­nj­rf­kb,­ f­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­nj­yf­Yñ­Qjhr­t­cf­vj­tl­yf­jn­vyj­uj­nj­dfé­yb­ ghtl­gjc­nfd­rb­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­uhf­lf.­ Ghb­hjl­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ gj­rfp­dfn­ jn­ rfr­dj­ öj­hf­nf­ vj­ét­ lf­ ct­düp­gjk­pdfn,­yj­cf­vb­gj­ct­åt­cb­nt­yt­ jg­ht­lt­kzn­ xj­dti­rf­nf­ ltq­yjcn.­Rf­nj­wz­kj,­rjk­rj­nj­gj­db­cj­rj­hfp­

db­nf­ t­ ntö­yj­kj­ubz­nf,­ njk­rj­df­ gj­uj­kt­vb­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­bvfn­ öj­hf­nf­ lf­ düp­ltqcn­dfn­düh­öe­pt­vz­nf.

Jxt­dbl­yj­ yt­ t­ düp­vjé­yj­lf­ ct­ jå­ödf­yt­ wt­kb­zn­vf­nt­hb­fk,­jn­yf­czo­ct­lj­ut­ju­hf­abz­nf­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­

Pf­nj­df­ybt­hfp­lt­kz­vt­cnhf­yf­nf­yf­vyj­étcn­dj­jå­kfc­nb,­dcz­rf­jn­rjb­nj­bvf­cdjz­blty­nbx­yjcn,­bp­uhf­lt­yf­ düh­öe­ jc­yj­df­nf­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­dpfb­vj­ltqcn­df­ob­ tkt­vty­nb.­ Nt­pb­tkt­vty­nb­ jajh­vzn­ nt­vb­nt,­ jrj­kj­rjb­nj­cf­jh­uf­yb­pb­hf­yb­ukf­db­nt­gj­ht­ubj­yb.

Jc­yJd­yb­nt­vbYfå­kñ­lf­dfn­ ct­ yz­rjk­rj­ jå­ob­rek­neh­yb­vj­lt­kf,­ rjb­nj­ ght­cb­xfn­ht­ubj­yfk­yb­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­uhf­yb­wb­b­ d­ vyj­uj­ cke­xfb­ jc­nf­dfn­ yt­gj­­d­kbz­yb­jn­ndüh­lt­hfp­kbx­yb­nt­ghb­hjl­yb­ec­kj­dbz.­Nt­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pb­hfn­yf­xb­yb­nt,­ gj­ rjb­nj­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­cf­ec­nhjb­kb­cnhf­yf­nf­cb.

Eh­åf­yb­pf­wbz:­ Vb­kbj­yb­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb,­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ rjb­nj­éb­nt­kb­yf­uj­kt­vb­uhf­lj­dt,­cf­crkjy­yb­lf­cvz­nfn,­xt­cnhf­yf­nf­bv­d­jc­yj­df­nf­cb­t­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­b­rf­nj­xt­kb­cf­ eåt­lt­yb,­ xt­ ctk­crb­zn­ q­ öf­hfr­nth­ uf­hfy­nb­hf­ tl­yf­ bp­yf­xfk­yf­yf­wbj­yfk­yf­ébp­yt­yjcn.

Lytc­ jåf­xt­ dt­xt­ yz­vf­ uj­kz­vj­jc­yj­df­ybt­lf­ct­jn­cnjz­df­nf­pb­bltz­pf­ ght­lbv­yj­ ctk­crbz­ öf­hfr­nth­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­ Jrj­kj­ 70­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­ éb­dt­zn­ d­ uhfl­crb­

3

Nt­vb­b­ht­ubj­yb

ukf­df

1За авторите

Стивън С. Бърдзал е декан на Колежа за искуство и наука в Университета на

Чапъл Хил, Северна Каролина. Получил е магистърска и докторска степен по география от Университета на щата

Мичиган и е съавтор на четири книги и атласи, между които и „Пейзажи

от САЩ и Канада“.

Джон Флорин завежда катедра „География“ в Университета на Чапъл

Хил, Северна Каролина. Получил е магистърска и докторска степен по

география от Университета на щата Пенсилвания. Сред последните му

публикации са „Атлас на американското селско стопанство: американският рог на

изобилието“ в съавторство с Ричард Пилсбъри и „Пейзажи от САЩ и

Канада“съвместно със Стивън С. Бърдзал.

Преводач Иванка ТомоваРедактор Огняна Иванова

Настоящият текст представлява съкратен вариант на Regional Landscapes of the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition, by Stephen S. Birdsall and John Florin („Пейзажи от САЩ и Канада, IV издание, от Стивън С. Бърдзал и Джон Флорин). Copyright © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

На корицата(отляво надясно): мостът Голдън Гейт на входа на залива Сан Франсиско, долината Монюмънт в северна Аризона и фар на брега на Мейн.

4 5

hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf­bkb­hf­åjn­yb­evt­ybz,­hfp­kbx­yj­nj­rf­xtcn­dj­yf­nhfyc­gjh­n­yb­nt­ chtlcn­df­ b­ hfp­kbx­yb­nt­ gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­ yfu­kf­cb­ yf­ vtcn­yj­ hfd­yb­ot.­ Htubj­yb­nt­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hfn­ d­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­jyj­df,­ rjt­nj­ vj­ufn­ yfq­ljå­ht­ lf­ghj­bp­dté­lfn.­F­ ht­ubj­yfk­yj­nj­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­yt­ dj­lb­ lj­ ht­ubj­yfk­yf­dpfb­vj­pf­db­cb­vjcn:­vfk­rj­cf­jyt­pb­hf­qj­yb­yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­rjb­nj­gj­jn­yj­it­ybt­ yf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­bc­nb­yf­ct­ cf­vj­pf­lj­dj­kz­dfn,­ yt­pf­db­cb­vj­rfr­dj­ åb­öf­ bc­rf­kb­ lf­ yb­ dye­ifn­xtc­nj­kñ­åb­db­ ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kb­ yf­vtcn­yj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt.

db­cj­rf­ vj­åbk­yjcn:­Fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ib­hj­rj­jå­ödfn­yf­nhfyc­gjh­nyf­vht­éf­t­df­éty­tkt­vtyn­pf­db­cj­rf­nf­cnt­gty­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt.­Cnj­rb­b­öj­hf­ct­ldb­éfn­cdj­åjl­yj­ düd­ b­ vté­le­ ht­ubj­yb­nt­yf­ cnhf­yf­nf.­ Htubj­yfk­yf­nf­ dpfb­vj­pf­db­cb­vjcn­ t­ uj­kz­vf;­ nz­ t­ düp­vjé­yf­åkf­uj­lf­ht­ybt­yf­nt­pb­vté­le­ht­ubj­yfk­yb­ gj­nj­wb.­ Jn­yj­cb­ntk­yf­nf­bpj­kf­wbz,­vf­rfh­b­lf­cü­otcn­de­df,­t­yt­oj­ytj­åb­xfq­yj.

Åkb­pj­ 20­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ dcbx­rb­fvt­hb­rfy­wb­cvt­yzn­vtc­nj­éb­dtt­yt­nj­cb­dcz­rf­uj­lb­yf.­Düg­ht­rb­xt­lj­uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­ nf­pb­ vbu­hf­wbz,­cdüh­pf­yf­ c­ vtc­nj­éb­dtt­yt­nj,­ t­kj­rfk­yf­ gj­ cdjz­nf­ cüo­yjcn,­ nz­dj­lb­ lj­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­ vté­le­ht­ubj­yfk­yj­ldb­ét­ybt­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj.

Lj­gjc­ktl­yj­nj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbt­yf­19­dtr­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ ct­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­jn­rkjy­yj­ yf­ pf­gfl­ rüv­ gju­hf­ybx­yb­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ hf­qj­yb.­ Cktl­nj­df­ nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ yj­db­ düp­vjé­

yjc­nb­ct­yf­cjx­df­rüv­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­b­ vbu­hf­wbz­nf­ ct­ jhb­ty­nb­hf­ rüv­uhfl­crb­ hf­qj­yb.­ D­ gj­yj­dj­ dht­vt­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­ yfd­kb­pf­d­gjc­nby­lec­nhb­fk­yf­af­pf,­rfr­nj­z­yf­hb­xfn­yz­rjb;­edt­kb­xf­df­yt­yf­pft­njcn­nf­bvf­ght­lbv­yj­d­ghj­at­cbb­nt­b­d­ec­ke­ub­nt­pf­cvtn­rf­yf­güh­dbx­yb­nt­ (lj­åbd­yb)­ bkb­ dnj­hbx­yb­nt­(ghj­vbi­kt­yb)­ ctr­nj­hb.­ Nj­pb­ dbl­pft­njcn­ t­ vyj­uj­ gj­uüd­rf­df­ gj­jn­yj­it­ybt­yf­vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­b­ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ gj­åüh­pj­ d­ hf­qj­yb,­rjb­nj­cf­gj­åkf­uj­ec­nhjt­yb.

Htceh­cb:­Jrj­kj­ 25­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­pt­vz­nf­ c­ jå­hf­åjn­dft­vb­ rek­ne­hb­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ jcb­ue­hz­df­ ghj­ler­wbz­pf­bp­yjc.­Jc­dty­nj­df­cnhf­yf­nf­ t­ d­ cüc­njz­ybt­ lf­ pf­lj­dj­kb­ d­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­ju­hjv­yb­nt­yeé­lb­yf­dün­hti­ybz­ gf­pfh­ jn­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­ce­hj­db­yb.­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ bvfn­gj­nty­wb­fk­ lf­ åü­lfn­ jc­yj­dty­ ljc­nfd­xbr­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­ yt­pt­vt­ltk­crb­ce­hj­db­yb­yf­vté­le­yf­hjl­yb­nt­gf­pf­hb­b­cf­dj­lto­bp­yj­cb­ntk­yf­rf­vty­yb­düu­kb­of­d­cdt­nj­dty­vf­ofå.

Vf­rfh­xt­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­CFO­t­ght­lbv­yj­ uhfl­crj,­ bp­dkb­xf­yt­nj­ yf­ghb­hjl­yb­ åj­ufncn­df­ jn­ otl­hb­nt­ytl­hf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ bpbc­rdf­ vyj­uj­­å­hjq­yf­ ytu­hfl­crf­ hf­åjn­yf­ cb­kf.­Jc­dty­nj­df­hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­yf­nt­pb­ht­ceh­cb,­ jcj­åt­yj­ d­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj,­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­ yf­kb­xbt­nj­ yf­ uj­kt­vb­ptv­yb­gkj­ob.­Tnj­rfr­ct­jxth­nf­df­dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­nj­vté­le­ghb­hjl­yb­ec­kj­dbz­ b­ ghbc­gj­cj­åz­df­ob­nt­ ct­rüv­ nzö­ öj­hf.­ Ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­nj­bu­hft­ dfé­yf­ hj­kz­ d­ nj­df­ dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt,­ rf­nj­ rjy­nhj­kb­hf­ bp­gjk­

hf­qj­yb,­ f­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 40­ ghj­wty­nf­éb­dt­zn­d­hf­qj­yb­c­yf­ct­kt­ybt­jn­1­vb­kb­jy­ le­ib­ bkb­ gj­dt­xt.­ Ghtp­1990­u.­ctk­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­d­CFO­yfå­hjz­df­jrj­kj­5­vb­kbj­yf­(2­ghj­wty­nf­jn­wz­kj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt)­b­nj­pb­åhjq­ ytg­ht­rüc­yf­nj­ yf­vf­kz­df­ jn­dht­vt­nj­ yf­ güh­dj­nj­ ghtå­hjz­df­yt­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ghtp­1790­u.,­rj­uf­nj­90­ghj­wty­nf­jn­dcbx­rb­fvt­hb­rfy­wb­cf­ath­vt­hb.

Ner­ ot­ jåüh­ytv­ dyb­vf­ybt­ yf­yz­rjk­rj­tkt­vty­nf­yf­eh­åf­yb­pf­wbz­nf.­ Uhf­lj­dt­nt­ bvfn­ jcj­åty­ jå­kbr,­jcj­åty­ gkfy.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­uhf­lj­dt­cf­utj­vtn­hbx­yj­gfh­wt­kb­hf­yb­ yf­ ghf­djü­uük­yb­wb,­ rjt­nj­ t­bp­hfp­ jn­xfc­nb­ yf­ rek­neh­yb­ yfu­kf­cb,­jn­xfc­nb­–­yf­ét­kf­ybt­nj­pf­åüh­pj­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­ ght­lb­ gjz­df­nf­ yf­fd­nj­vj­åb­kf­ b­ jn­xfc­nb,­ pf­oj­nj­ gj­nj­pb­ yf­xby­ ktc­yj­ ct­ hfp­vth­dfn­ptv­yb­ exfc­nü­wb.­ D­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ cf­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yb­by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­b­nüh­ujd­crb­wty­nhj­dt,­éb­kbo­yb­hf­qj­yb,­crkf­lj­dt­b­nf­rf­yf­nf­nür.

Uhf­lj­dt­nt­ cü­otcn­de­dfn­ gj­hf­lb­vyj­uj­hfp­kbx­yb­ghb­xb­yb.­Nt­vj­ufn­lf­bu­hf­zn­dfé­yf­hj­kz­d­nhfyc­gjh­nf.­ Bkb­ lf­ bp­gük­yz­dfn­ dfé­yf­fl­vb­ybc­nhf­nbd­yf­ aeyr­wbz.­ Düp­vjé­yj­t­b­lf­cf­wty­nüh­yf­hfp­dkt­rf­ntk­yb­ ltq­yjc­nb­ bkb­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ ghj­bp­djlcn­df.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ uhf­lj­dt,­ jcj­åt­yj­ uj­kt­vb­nt,­ bp­gük­yz­dfn­ yfq­hfp­kbx­yb­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­aeyr­wbb,­ yj­ dct­ gfr­ pf­ vyj­uj­ jn­nzö­ cf­ öf­hfr­nth­yb­ jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­lj­vb­yb­hf­ob­ aeyr­wbb,­ rjb­nj­ ct­zdz­dfn­ghb­xb­yf­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­bv­b­pf­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­nj­bv­hfp­hfcn­df­yt.­

Njx­yj­ nt­pb­aeyr­wbb­lytc­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­lf­ghb­lf­dfn­jcj­åt­ybz­öf­hfr­nth­yf­nt­pb­uhf­lj­dt.

Ytg­ht­rüc­yf­nj­nj­ b­ xtc­nj­ gü­nb­åüh­pj­ hfp­hfcn­df­yt­ yf­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­cnj­uj­lb­yb,­cü­güncn­df­yj­jn­edt­kb­xf­df­of­nf­ct­vj­åbk­yjcn­yf­uhfl­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt,­ cü­ltqcn­df­ pf­uj­kz­vj­ hfp­uhü­of­yt­ yf­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­ybz­ vj­ltk.­ D­ yz­rjb­ hf­qj­yb­nj­df­hfp­uhü­of­yt­dj­lb­lj­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­ chfcn­df­yt,­ ghb­ rjt­nj­ gt­hb­at­hbb­nt­ yf­ hfp­kbx­yb­ uhfl­crb­hf­qj­yb­ct­cht­ofn­b­ct­ckb­dfn.

by­lec­nhbf­kb­pf­wbz:­Pyf­xb­nt­kty­lzk­jn­nhe­lj­df­nf­ pft­njcn­d­CFO­t­ cdüh­pfy,­ ghz­rj­ bkb­ ytg­hz­rj,­ c­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­ uhf­lj­dt­cf­jc­yj­df­yb­b­åt­kt­éfn­gt­hbj­lb­yf­hfp­wdtn,­rj­uf­nj­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­ct­zdz­df­jc­yj­dty­afr­njh­d­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­uhf­lf.

Lytc­ d­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ ct­ yfå­kñ­lf­df­ dfé­yj­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­yt­ gj­ht­ubj­yb,­ rjt­nj­ ct­ lük­éb­ jn­xfc­nb­yf­ vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­nj­ jn­ yf­kbx­yb­by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­ ce­hj­db­yb­ b­ jn­xfc­nb­yf­ dhüp­rb­nt­ vté­le­ jn­ltk­yb­nt­by­lec­nhbb;­ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ghtl­ghbz­nbz,­ rjb­nj­ ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ xfc­nb­ pf­lf­lt­yf­ cnj­rf,­ cf­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­åkb­pj­ tl­yj­ lj­ lhe­uj,­ yj­ cü­oj­nf­rf­ åkb­pj­ b­ lj­vzc­nj­nj,­ rü­lt­nj­ct­ jcü­otcn­dz­df­ jrjy­xf­ntk­yj­nj­cukj­åz­df­yt­ yf­ rhfq­ybz­ ghj­lern,­pf­ lf­ ct­ cdt­lfn­ lj­vb­yb­vev­hfp­öj­lb­nt­gj­nhfyc­gjh­nb­hf­yt.

Vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­nj­ ct­ gjl­lüh­éf­ b­jn­lhe­ub­ dfé­yb­ bp­njx­yb­wb,­ rfr­db­nj­ cf­ yf­kb­xbt­nj­ yf­ hfp­kbx­yf­

6 7

åü­lt­ ghtx­rf­ pf­ tatr­nbd­yj­nj­ b­ec­gti­yj­ hfp­ght­lt­kt­ybt­ yf­ ec­ke­ub­nt,­ rjb­nj­ nhzå­df­ lf­ bp­düh­idf­fl­vb­ybc­nhf­wbz­nf.­Jr­hü­pb,­ jå­ob­yb,­uhf­lj­dt­ b­ uhfl­xt­nf­ ct­ eg­hfd­kz­dfn­jn­bp­åhf­yb­c­ukf­ce­df­yt­cke­éb­nt­kb.­Cgt­wb­fk­yb­fl­vb­ybc­nhf­nbd­yb­ckeé­åb­ rjy­nhj­kb­hfn­ jcb­ue­hz­df­yt­nj­ yf­rjy­rhtn­yb­ ec­ke­ub­ rf­nj­ jå­hf­pj­df­ybt,­ jå­otcn­dty­ nhfyc­gjhn,­ dj­lj­cyfå­lz­df­yt.­ Jajh­vb­kf­nf­ ct­ d­ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ cnher­ne­hf­ yf­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­xtc­nj­yt­vj­ét­lf­åü­lt­jc­vbc­kt­yf,­nüq­rf­nj­vyj­uj­jh­uf­yb,­xbb­nj­gük­yj­vj­obz­ct­ghb­gjr­hb­dfn,­vj­ufn­ lf­ ct­ jrf­éfn­ yf­nj­df­ht­yb­ c­jcb­ue­hz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ tl­yf­ bkb­ lhe­uf­ec­ke­uf­d­lf­lt­yf­jå­kfcn.

Rek­neh­yj­yfc­ktlcn­dj:­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­cf­ct­hfp­db­kb­yf­jc­yj­df­nf­ yf­ hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yj­ rek­neh­yj­ yf­­c­ktlcn­dj.­Fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­bvfn­dfé­yb­ pfc­ke­ub­ pf­ yf­wbj­yfk­yf­nf­rek­ne­hf.­ D­ñuj­bp­njx­yb­nt­ of­nb­ ct­t­ jajh­vbk­jcj­åty­rek­ne­hty­ ht­ub­jy­yf­bc­gf­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wb,­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ by­lb­fy­wb­ b­ td­hj­gtq­crb­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb.­ Rb­nfq­wb­nt­ jc­nf­dzn­ cdjq­jn­gt­xf­nür­ düh­öe­éb­dj­nf­ d­ nf­rb­df­uhf­lj­dt­rf­nj­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­b­Yñ­Qjhr.­Nj­df­rek­neh­yj­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­t­ dfé­yf­ xth­nf­ jn­ öf­hfr­nth­yf­nf­ab­pbj­yj­vbz­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.

HtubJ­ybUt­ju­hf­ab­nt­bp­gjk­pdfn­ht­ubj­yb­nt­

rf­nj­ eljå­yf­ cbc­nt­vf­ pf­ rkf­cb­ab­rf­wbz,­rf­nj­chtlcn­dj­pf­ht­jh­uf­yb­pb­hf­yt­ yf­ tlby­ ckj­éty­ yf­åjh­ jn­afr­nb­ pf­ hfp­kbx­yb­ vtc­nf­ d­ gj­­rhfn­rf,­ hfp­åb­hft­vf­ by­ajh­vf­wbz.­

Rfr­nj­ ghb­ dcz­rf­ rkf­cb­ab­rf­wbz,­ht­ubj­yb­nt­vj­ufn­lf­åü­lfn­gj­ktp­yb,­frj­ gj­cjx­dfn­ zc­yb­ vj­lt­kb,­ rjb­nj­nt­pb­afr­nb­cktl­dfn­b­frj­gj­vf­ufn­lf­ct­bpzc­yzn­ckjé­yb­nt­vj­lt­kb.

Pf­ ut­ju­hf­ab­nt­ tlby­ ht­ub­jy­vj­ét­lf­åü­lt­düp­kjd­bkb­tl­yj­hj­lty,­ tl­yj­jå­hf­pty­ bkb­ vyj­uj­jå­hf­pty.­Düp­kj­db­zn­ht­ub­jy­ct­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pb­hf­c­gj­ht­lb­wf­jn­vtc­nf,­cdüh­pf­yb­ c­ lhe­uj­vzc­nj­ xhtp­ rj­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­yb­ dhüp­rb­ bkb­ gü­nb­of.­Gj­ht­lb­wf­nf­ jn­ vtc­nf­ cf­ cdüh­pf­yb­tl­yj­c­lhe­uj,­nüq­rf­nj­bvfn­jå­of­wty­nhfk­yf­ njx­rf,­ vf­rfh­ xt­ dcz­rj­jn­nzö­vj­ét­lf­t­cüd­ctv­hfp­kbx­yj­jn­lhe­ub­nt.

Pf­ hfp­kb­rf­ jn­ düp­kj­dbz­ ht­ub­jy­tl­yj­hjl­yb­zn­ht­ub­jy­t­nt­hb­nj­hbz,­d­rjz­nj­ tl­yf­ bkb­ gj­dt­xt­ xth­nb­ ct­yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­düd­dcbx­rb­ytq­yb­njx­rb,­yj­kbg­cdfn­bkb­cf­vf­kj­dfé­yb­d­ lhe­uf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz.­ Tl­yj­hjl­yb­zn­ht­ub­jy­ vj­ét­ lf­ ghtl­cnf­dz­ yz­rjb­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rb­ yf­ wz­kjcn­ybz­jå­kbr­yf­tl­yf­jå­kfcn,­drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ ytq­yb­nt­ ghb­hjl­yb­ b­ rek­neh­yb­xth­nb.­ Nj­pb­ nbg­ ht­ub­jy­ t­ bp­gjk­pdfy­d­jå­of­nf­cnher­ne­hf­yf­yf­if­nf­ryb­uf.

D­ hfp­åb­hf­yt­nj­ cb­ pf­ cüo­yjcn­nf­yf­ ht­ubj­yb­nt,­ pf­ jyj­df,­ rjt­nj­jajh­vz­ nzö­yf­nf­ by­lb­db­le­fk­yjcn,­ybt­ ct­ hü­rj­dj­lbv­jn­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­vf­kür­ åhjq­ rhb­nt­hbb.­ Jgb­nf­kb­cvt­ ct­ lf­ gj­cj­xbv­ düd­ dcz­rf­ gj­­uj­kz­vf­jå­kfcn­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­­­nb­tl­yf­bkb­ldt­jc­yjd­yb­nt­vb,­jn­­hf­pz­df­ob­yf­xb­yb­nt,­gj­rjb­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ dpfb­vj­ltqcn­df­ (gj­vté­le­cb­bkb­c­jrjk­yf­nf­cht­lf),­pf­lf­bp­­

pdf­yt­nj­yf­pt­vz­nf­b­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­nf­ ghj­ler­wbz­ b­ rf­nj­ ht­ue­kb­hf­hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­vyj­uj­ ht­ceh­cb.­Ghj­wt­cb­nt,­ ghb­cü­ob­ yf­ eh­åf­yb­pf­wbz­nf­ b­ yf­ by­lec­nhbf­kb­pf­wbz­nf,­gj­db­if­dfn­ nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ ce­hj­db­yb­b­nj­df­jn­xfc­nb­t­ghb­xb­yf­nf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­lf­pf­db­czn­jn­dyjc­yb­ce­hj­db­yb­ düg­ht­rb­ uj­kz­vj­nj­ bpj­åb­kbt­yf­ghb­hjl­yb­ht­ceh­cb.

db­cj­rb­ lj­öj­lb­ b­ db­cj­rf­ rjy­ce­vf­wbz:­Db­cj­rb­zn­yf­wbj­yf­kty­lj­öjl­yf­ CFO­ ct­ gjc­nb­uf­ xhtp­ db­cj­rf­xj­dti­rf­ ghj­ler­nbd­yjcn,­ rjt­nj­bpbc­rdf­ ib­hj­rj­ bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­vf­ib­yb.­ F­ cüd­ht­vty­yb­nt­ vf­ib­yb­bp­gjk­pdfn­ uj­hb­df­ jn­ yt­éb­db­ tyth­ubq­yb­ bp­njx­yb­wb.­ Vj­åbk­yjcn­nf­cü­oj­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­ib­hj­rj­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­ tyth­ubq­yb­ bp­njx­yb­wb.­ Db­cj­rb­nt­lj­öj­lb,­hfp­ght­lt­kt­yb­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ hfd­yj­vth­yj­ chtl­ uj­kz­vf­xfcn­ jn­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj,­ gj­hfé­lfn­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­nf­jn­db­cj­rf­ghj­ler­nbd­yjcn.­ Dcbx­rj­ nj­df­ edt­kb­xf­df­rjy­ce­vf­wbz­nf­yf­tyth­ubz.

Fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­rjy­ce­vb­hfn­jrj­kj­25­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ wz­kf­nf­ cdt­njd­yf­tyth­ubq­yf­ ghj­ler­wbz.­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­dyf­czn­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­yta­nf,­rjq­nj­ rjy­ce­vb­hfn,­ dct­ gj­uj­kt­vb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­ét­kzp­yf­he­lf­b­ghb­hj­lty­ufp,­gjx­nb­bp­wz­kj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vb­nt­ bv­rf­kfq­ b­ fke­vb­ybq,­ rfr­nj­ b­uj­kt­vb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­jn­vyj­uj­lhe­ub­gj­ktp­yb­bp­rj­gft­vb.

Db­cj­rb­nt­lj­öj­lb­ct­jn­hf­pz­dfn­b­düh­öe­ öhf­yt­yt­nj.­ Fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­rjy­ce­vb­hfn­ vyj­uj­ gj­dt­xt­ vtc­yb­ghj­ler­nb­b­cktl­dfn­vyj­uj­gj­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yf­ öhf­yb­ntk­yf­ lbt­nf­ d­

chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ lhe­ub­ öj­hf­gj­ cdt­nf.­ Pf­nj­df­ uj­dté­lj­nj­ vt­cj­b­ vktx­yb­nt­ ghj­bp­dt­lt­ybz­ cf­ jcj­åt­yj­dfé­yb­d­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­ctk­crj­nj­cnj­gfycn­dj.

Jn­hf­ét­ybz­ düh­öe­ jrjk­yf­nf­cht­lf:­Tl­yf­gjc­kt­lb­wf­jn­db­cj­rf­nf­ rjy­ce­vf­wbz,­ cü­xt­nf­yf­ c­ bpj­åb­kbt­ jn­ ht­ceh­cb­ b­ pf­db­cb­vjcn­ jn­nzö,­ t­ cbk­yj­nj­ hfp­he­if­df­yt­ yf­ghb­hjl­yf­nf­ cht­lf.­ Htceh­cb­nt­ hzl­rj­vj­ufn­lf­åü­lfn­ght­vtc­nt­yb­jn­tc­ntcn­dt­yj­nj­ bv­ vtc­nj­yf­öjé­lt­ybt,­åtp­nj­df­lf­bvf­yz­rfr­db­gjc­ktlcn­dbz,­f­ghj­bp­djlcn­dt­yf­nf­ltq­yjcn­ b­ bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­ yf­ nt­pb­ht­ceh­cb­xtc­nj­pf­vüh­cz­dfn­düp­le­öf­b­dj­lf­nf.­Dct­gj­nté­rb­nt­jn­hf­ét­ybz­ düh­öe­ jrjk­yf­nf­ cht­lf­ pf­lük­åj­xf­dfn­rjy­akbr­nf­vté­le­ghj­bp­djlcn­dt­yb­nt­ ghj­wt­cb­ b­ jgfp­df­yt­nj­yf­ ghb­hj­lf­nf­ b­ nj­pb­ rjy­akbrn­gjl­nbr­df­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­nj­ rüv­gj­ib­hj­rf­ yf­vt­cf­ b­ d­ ldf­nf­ ghj­wt­cf,­pf­lf­åü­lt­gjc­nbu­yf­nj­yz­rfr­dj­hfd­yj­dt­cbt.­Nüq­rf­nj­yf­wbj­yfk­yb­nt­ht­ceh­cb­cnf­dfn­dct­gj­jc­rül­yb,­f­hfp­öj­lb­nt­gj­nzö­yj­nj­bp­dkb­xf­yt­b­jgjk­pjn­dj­hz­df­yt­ct­edt­kb­xf­dfn,­ nj­pb­ rjy­akbrn­ ghb­lj­åb­df­dct­gj­uj­kz­vj­pyf­xt­ybt.

ckjé­yf­ gj­kb­nb­xtc­rf­ cnher­ne­hf:­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­bvfn­ckjé­yf­ gj­kb­nb­xtc­rf­ cnher­ne­hf,­ ghb­rjz­nj­ eg­hfd­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ lf­lt­yf­ltq­yjcn­ bkb­ ofn­ ct­ hfp­ght­lt­kz­vté­le­vyj­uj­hfp­kbx­yb­jh­uf­yb­yf­dkfcn­nf,­ yz­rjb­ jn­ rjb­nj­ ct­ bp­åb­hfn,­f­lhe­ub­–­yfp­yf­xf­dfn.

D­jn­ltk­yb­nt­of­nb­nf­pb­ec­kjé­yt­yf­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rf­cnher­ne­hf­vj­ét­lf­

8 9

­uhf­lb­öf­hfr­nt­hty­hf­qjy.­Yfq­dfé­yb­nt­nt­vb,­rjb­nj­jg­ht­lt­kzn­cf­vj­kbx­yjcn­nf­yf­tlby­ht­ub­jy,­cf­vyj­uj­hfp­kbx­yb­ pf­hfp­kbx­yb­nt­ht­ubj­yb.­Yt­t­düp­vjé­yj­lf­uj­dj­hbv­pf­fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­ Ñuj­pf­gfl,­ åtp­ lf­jn­lt­kbv­wty­nhfk­yj­vzc­nj­yf­åtp­dj­lbt­nj­b­thj­pbz­nf,­pf­Ct­dt­hf­åtp­yt­uj­db­nt­ cne­lt­yb­ pb­vb­ bkb­ pf­Ct­dt­hj­bp­nj­rf­åtp­uhf­lj­dt­nt­b­ghj­vbi­kt­yb­nt­ghtl­ghbz­nbz.­Ckt­lj­df­ntk­yj­ rkñ­xj­db­zn­ tkt­vtyn,­ rjq­nj­ghf­db­tlby­ht­ub­jy­bp­wz­kj­tl­yj­hj­lty,­yt­t­rfr­njq­ct­cü­jn­yf­cz­rüv­lhe­ub­ht­ubj­yb­yf­jc­yj­df­nf­yf­tlby­yf­åjh­jn­ghtl­df­hb­ntk­yj­jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­ghj­vty­kb­db­dt­kb­xb­yb,­ f­rfr­d­yt­uj­ct­ cü­xt­nf­df­jg­ht­lt­kty­yf­åjh­jn­ec­kj­dbz.

Cktlcn­dbt­jn­nj­df­yf­it­hfp­åb­hf­yt­ t­ hfp­lt­kz­yt­nj­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­yf­14­ht­ubj­yf­(rfh­nf­1),­dct­rb­jn­rjq­nj­t­hfp­ukt­lfy­d­jn­ltk­yf­ukf­df.­Nj­df­cf:­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­Fvt­hb­rfy­crb­zn­ ghj­vbi­kty­ wty­nüh,­Pfj­åb­rf­kz­yb­zn­bp­njr,­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­b­Jpfhr­crb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb,­ Lük­åj­rb­zn­ñu,­ Ñé­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt,­ Pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­ wty­nüh,­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ b­ ght­hbb,­ Uj­kf­nf­ dün­hti­yf­jå­kfcn,­ Ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­ uhf­ybx­yf­jå­kfcn,­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt,­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb­b­Öf­dfb­nt.

D­nf­pb­ryb­uf­ht­ubj­yb­nt­ cf­ghtl­cnf­dt­yb­ lj­ uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­ rf­nj­jn­ltk­yb­ nt­hb­nj­hbb,­ vf­rfh­ xt­ d­ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­ nt­ yt­ cf­ nf­rb­df.­„E­ct­of­yt­nj“­pf­tlby­ht­ub­jy,­rjt­nj­bc­rf­vt­ lf­ dye­ibv,­ t­aeyr­wbz­ jn­vzc­nj­nj,­yj­cü­oj­nf­rf­b­aeyr­wbz­

jn­ ghb­cü­of­nf­ ve­ öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rf.­Pf­nj­df­yfg­hb­vth­cbk­yj­bp­hf­pt­yb­zn­eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­öf­hfr­nth­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ct­hfp­ukté­lf­d­Ukf­df­4,­yj­hfp­kbx­yb­ fc­gtr­nb­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf,­ rjb­nj­ dkbz­zn­ düh­öe­ Yñ­Qjhr,­Ab­kf­ltk­abz,­Åjc­nüy­b­lhe­ub­ düp­kj­db­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ wty­nhj­dt,­cüc­nfd­kz­df­ob­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­ ct­hfp­ukté­lfn­ d­ Ukf­df­ 5.­ „Ect­of­yt­nj“­ gj­ jn­yj­it­ybt­ yf­ „Chtl­ybz­pf­gfl“,­ rfr­nj­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ yf­hb­xfn­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy,­t­cdüh­pf­yj­c­ldf­dfé­yb­fc­gtr­nf­–­uhfl­crj­by­lec­nhbf­kty­b­ghj­dby­wb­fk­yj­pt­vt­ltk­crb.­B­ldf­

Rfh­Nf

1Uj­ht:

1.­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc2.­Ghj­vbi­kt­yb­zn­wty­nüh3.­Pfj­åb­rf­kz­yb­zn­bp­njr

4.­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­b­Jpfhr­crb­nt­gkf­yb­yb5.­Lük­åj­rb­zn­ñu

6.­Ñé­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt7.­Pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­wty­nüh

8.­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­b­ght­hbb­nt9.­Uj­kf­nf­dün­hti­yf­jå­kfcn

10.­Ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­uhf­ybx­yf­jå­kfcn11.­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz

12.­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt13.­Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb

14.­Öf­dfb­nt

10 11

lhe­ub.­ Hj­kz­nf,­ rjz­nj­ ct­ düp­kf­uf­yf­ nt­vb­nt,­ t­ lf­ ght­ljc­nf­dzn­ zc­yf­jn­ghfd­yf­ njx­rf­ pf­ bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­by­ajh­vf­wbz­nf­ pf­ lf­lty­ ht­ub­jy,­

vf­rfh­ xt­ d­vyj­uj­ ukf­db­ yz­vf­ lf­åü­lt­ nhel­yj­ lf­ hfp­gjp­yf­tv­ tkt­vty­nb­ yf­ yf­wbj­yfk­yf­ bkb­ rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yf­ut­ju­hf­abz. ∆

nf­ fc­gtr­nf­ cf­ ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ dfé­yb,­pf­lf­åü­lfn­hfp­ukt­lf­yb­gj­jn­ltk­yj­b­gjl­hjå­yj.

Yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­ gtq­pfé­ yt­cü­jn­dtncn­dfn­ cnhj­ub­ ht­ubj­yfk­yb­uhf­yb­wb.­ Tlby­ lzk­ jn­ cnhf­yf­nf­vj­ét­ lf­ t­ pf­tn­ jn­ xfc­nb­ yf­ ldf­bkb­gj­dt­xt­ht­ubj­yf,­f­uhf­yb­wb­nt­yf­vyj­uj­ht­ubj­yb­vj­ufn­lf­åü­lfn­ljc­nf­ uj­kt­vb­ ght­öjl­yb­ pj­yb,­ cü­lüh­éf­ob­ vyj­uj­ jn­ öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rb­nt­yf­ tlby­ jn­ ht­ubj­yb­nt.­ D­ yz­rjb­vj­vty­nb­ nt­pb­ pj­yb­ jajh­vzn­jå­kfcn,­rü­lt­nj­öf­hfr­nth­yb­nt­xth­nb­ct­ cvtc­dfn­ gj­ njk­rj­df­ yte­kj­dbv­bkb­ ckj­éty­ yf­xby,­ xt­ t­ nhel­yj­nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ lf­ åü­lt­ ghb­xbc­kt­yf­rüv­ rjq­nj­ b­ lf­ t­ jn­ ht­ubj­yb­nt.­Ghb­vt­hb­pf­nj­df­ cf­xfc­nb­jn­bdb­wf­nf­vté­le­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­b­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­rfr­nj­b­ctr­nj­hb­jn­ ght­öjl­yf­nf­ pj­yf­ vté­le­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­b­Lük­åj­rbz­ñu.

Htubj­yfk­yb­nt­ uhf­yb­wb­ b­ cf­vb­nt­ht­ubj­yb­ yt­ cf­ cnf­nbx­yb.­Ghj­vt­yzn­ct­pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rb­nt­vj­lt­kb,­jå­otcn­dj­nj­hfp­db­df­yj­db­dfé­yb­ntö­yj­kj­ubx­yb­evt­ybz,­ghj­vt­yzn­ct­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­nt­vj­lt­kb;­ht­ubj­yb­nt,­jn­hf­pz­dfq­rb­ nt­pb­vj­lt­kb,­ vj­ét­ lf­ ct­hfp­ib­hz­dfn,­ cdb­dfn,­ pf­hfé­lfn­ bkb­bp­xtp­dfn.­ Hfp­lt­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­gj­ht­ubj­yb­pf­1492­u.,­rj­uf­nj­cnhf­yf­nf­t­jn­rhb­nf,­åb­åb­kj­cüd­ctv­ hfp­kbx­yj­ jn­ nj­df­ pf­ 1776,­1865­ bkb­ 1991­ u.­ Yz­vf­ jc­yj­df­ybt­lf­cvz­nf­vt,­xt­vj­lt­kün­pf­2100­u.­ot­ åü­lt­ gj­lj­åty­ yf­ vj­lt­kf­ pf­2000­u.

Bpe­xf­df­yt­nj­yf­ht­ubj­yb­nt,­rjb­nj­cvt­ cüp­lf­kb­ pf­ wt­kb­nt­ yf­ nf­pb­

ryb­uf,­gj­rfp­df,­xt­nt­cf­jåj­cj­åt­yb­tlb­yb­wb­b­nj­df­d­jå­ob­kb­ybb­ktc­yj­ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­df,­vf­rfh­xt­yz­rjb­ht­ubj­yb­ vj­ufn­ lf­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­rjv­åb­yf­wbb­ bp­düy­ yjh­vfk­yb­nt­jxfr­df­ybz.­ Lf­ hfp­ukt­lf­vt­ yfg­hb­vth­Pfj­åb­rf­kz­ybz­bp­njr,­ rjq­nj­ t­rjv­åb­yf­wbz­jn­gkf­yb­yb­nt­Flb­hjy­lfr­d­Yñ­Qjhr­b­ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­ybz­lzk­ jn­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb,­ bp­dtc­nty­ rf­nj­ Yñ­ By­ukfyl.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­cke­xfq­yb­ yfå­kñ­lf­nt­kb­ drkñx­dfn­åtp­ rj­kt­åf­ybt­ wz­kf­nf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl­d­tlby­ht­ub­jy,­nüq­rf­nj­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­htl­of­nb­nt­ yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl­cf­jg­ht­lt­kz­yb­rf­nj­jn­lt­kty­ ht­ub­jy­ cüc­ plhf­db­ rek­neh­yb­dhüp­rb.­Yj­ ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ d­ ñé­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­ cf­ cnf­yf­kb­ uj­kt­vb­ ghj­vt­yb,­ ght­lbp­db­rf­yb­ jn­ pf­cb­kt­yf­bvbu­hf­wbz­b­eh­åf­yb­pf­wbz.

Yz­rjk­rj­ ht­ubj­yf­ cktl­dfn­ gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­ uhf­yb­wb.­ Pf­ Öf­dfb­nt­ ghb­xb­yf­nf­pf­nj­df­t­zc­yf.­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­pft­vf­ jn­ltk­yj­ vzc­nj­ d­ jrjk­ybz­gtq­pfé­pf­hf­lb­dj­lt­of­nf­cb­hj­kz­d­ghj­vz­yf­nf­yf­rek­ne­hf­nf­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­ b­ pf­hf­lb­ „hfp­ht­if­df­yt­nj“­ yf­vtcn­yb­ ghjå­kt­vb­ c­ gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­chtlcn­df.­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cktl­df­jxth­nf­ybz­nf­yf­jr­hü­pb­nt.

Rfr­nj­ dt­xt­ cgj­vt­yfö­vt,­ dcz­rf­jn­ukf­db­nt­pf­jn­ltk­yb­nt­ht­ubj­yb­t­gjc­nhjt­yf­ jrj­kj­ tl­yf­ bkb­ yz­rjk­rj­ jc­yjd­yb­ nt­vb.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­nt­pb­ nt­vb­ cf­ bp­dkt­xt­yb,­ d­ rhf­ty­cke­xfq­ ytg­hz­rj,­ jn­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­nt­vb­yf­wz­kf­nf­ryb­uf.­D­jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­ht­ubj­yb­yz­rjb­nt­vb­ct­yf­kf­ufn­gj­cbk­yj­ bkb­ gj­jn­xtn­kb­dj­ jn­

12 13

Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­Jc­dty­xt­bvfn­ju­hj­vty­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ gj­nty­wb­fk,­Dün­hti­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ lf­dfn­ düp­vjé­yjcn­ lf­ ct­ ght­rj­cb­ cnhf­yf­nf,­åtp­ lf­ ct­ pfn­hel­yz­df­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­jn­ct­hb­jp­yb­nj­gju­hfa­crb­åf­hbt­hb.­Nj­df­ektc­yz­df­by­ntu­hb­hf­yt­nj­b­yf­ht­ubj­yf,­b­yf­jn­lf­kt­xt­ybz­Pf­gfl­d­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­nf­ cnher­ne­hf­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­Jn­nb­xf­yt­nj­yf­dj­lb­nt­yf­ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb­ b­ yf­ ytq­yb­nt­ ghb­nj­wb­cnf­df­gjx­nb­bp­wz­kj­d­jå­kfcn­nf­ yf­ Dün­hti­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb.­ Nj­pb­afrn­ cgj­vf­uf­ pf­ ht­ubj­yfk­yj­nj­by­ntu­hb­hf­yt,­ rf­nj­ ght­ljc­nf­dz­nhfyc­gjhn­ b­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ wty­nüh­pf­pt­vb­nt­yf­pf­gfl­jn­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.

Yf­ ct­dth­ b­ yf­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njr­ jn­Wty­nhfk­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­t­Rf­yfl­crb­zn­obn,­ yf­ xbz­nj­ gj­düh­öyjcn­ kt­éfn­cnf­hb,­ ndüh­lb­ ghtr­hbc­nf­kb­pb­hf­kb­crf­kb.­Gj­yf­lj­ke­yf­ñu­d­hfd­yb­yb­nt­ gj­ljå­yb­ crf­kb­ cf­ gjr­hb­nb­ cüc­ct­lb­vty­nb,­ yfn­he­gf­yb­ gjl­ vj­ht­nj,­rjt­nj­yz­rj­uf­t­pft­vf­kj­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­Gjl­ltqcn­dbt­nj­yf­thj­pbz­nf­Rf­yfl­crb­zn­obn­ct­t­ght­düh­yfk­d­hfd­yb­yf,­jg­ht­lt­kz­of­öf­hfr­nt­hf­yf­jå­kfcn­nf.

Rf­yfl­crb­zn­obn,­gj­dt­xt­jn­dct­rb­lheu­ ct­dth­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crb­ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crb­ ht­ub­jy,­ t­ åbk­ gjl­kj­éty­ghtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ tlby­vb­kb­jy­uj­lb­yb­ yf­ ght­jå­hf­pz­df­oj­nj­ düp­ltqcn­dbt­ yf­ ju­hjv­yb­ rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­ktl­yb­wb.­Nt­pb­ktl­yb­wb­gjr­hb­df­kb­gjx­nb­wz­kf­Rf­yf­lf­yf­bp­njr­jn­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ b­ Åht­uj­db­nt­öht­åt­nb­b­cnb­uf­kb­yf­ñu­ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ lj­ ct­ufi­yb­nt­ lj­kb­yb­ yf­ht­rb­nt­Vb­ce­hb­b­Jöf­qj.

Kt­lün­ bp­nhüu­dfk­ jn­ gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­ crf­kb,­ rjb­nj­ nt­éf­kb­ vyj­uj­nj­yj­dt,­b­ub­dkf­xtk­yf­uj­kt­vb­hfp­cnjz­ybz.­Rf­yfl­crb­zn­obn­t­jct­zy­c­ju­hjv­yb­rf­vty­yb­åkj­rj­dt,­pf­ctl­yf­kb­ nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ ktl­yb­wb­nt­ cf­ ub­bp­ödüh­kb­kb.­ Kt­lün,­ hfp­nj­gty­ gj­gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­yf­ktl­yb­wb­nt,­jå­hf­pe­dfk­ uj­kt­vb­ ht­rb­ b­ ghj­rfh­dfk­ib­hj­rb­yj­db­gü­nb­of­rüv­vj­ht­nj.

Ktl­yb­wb­nt­ jn­vb­kb­vyj­uj­ jn­ gj­­düh­öyjcn­nf­ yf­Ob­nf.­ Lytc­ gjx­dt­yf­nf­ gjr­hbd­rf­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ jc­nf­df­nüyrf­ bkb­ bpjå­oj­ yt­ cü­otcn­de­df.­Gj­hf­lb­ cbk­yj­ yf­he­it­yf­nf­ cbc­nt­vf­yf­ jn­nb­xf­yt­ ktl­yb­rj­db­ jå­hf­pe­df­ybz­ ghtg­ht­xb­kb­ gü­nz­ yf­ vyj­uj­gj­nj­wb­b­jn­dt­kb­lhe­ub­d­kf­åb­hby­nf­jn­tpt­hf­b­åkf­nf,­dvtc­nj­rüv­vj­ht­nj.­Wty­nhfk­yf­b­ct­dth­yf­Vb­yt­cj­nf­yfg­hb­vth,­ bp­dtcn­yb­ rf­nj­ „Pt­vz­nf­yf­10­nt­öb­kz­lb­tpt­hf“,­cf­xfcn­jn­ñé­ybz­lzk­yf­gjr­hb­nbz­c­ktl­yb­wb­Obn,­ rjq­nj­ yfd­kb­pf­ d­ of­nb­nt­Vb­yt­cj­nf,­Vb­xb­ufy­b­Ebc­rjy­cby.

Yf­ ñu,­ rü­lt­nj­ kt­lün­ yt­ t­ åbk­njk­rj­df­gkü­nty­b­cb­kf­nf­ve­cü­jn­dtn­yj­ t­ åb­kf­ gj­vfk­rf,­ gü­nzn­ yf­ktl­yb­wb­nt­ åbk­ jn­rkj­yz­dfy­ bkb­ght­yf­cjx­dfy­jn­gj­db­cj­rb­düp­db­it­ybz.­Yfg­hb­vth­ gü­nzn­ yf­ kt­lf­ åbk­ghtg­ht­xty­ d­ wty­nhf­kty­ Yñ­ Qjhr­jn­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­ ñé­yj­ jn­ ht­rf­Vj­öjr.­ Yz­rjb­ gj­ntc­yb­ kt­lt­yb­åkj­rj­dt­ jåf­xt­ ct­ ghj­vür­yf­kb­yf­uj­ht­ gj­ lj­kb­yb­nt­ yf­ ghb­nj­wb­nt­yf­Vj­öjr,­rf­nj­gjc­nt­gty­yj­ub­hfp­ib­hz­df­kb­ b­ bp­lük­åf­df­kb.­ Lytc­lük­åj­rb­nt,­ ntc­yb­ tpt­hf­Aby­uüh­ d­of­nf­Yñ­Qjhr­bp­gük­dfn­nt­pb­euj­kt­vt­yb­jn­ktl­yb­wb­nt­lj­kb­yb­b­cüp­

Ght­jå­kf­lf­df­ob­nt­ nj­gj­u­hfa­crb­xth­nb­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ vj­ufn­

lf­ åü­lfn­ ghjc­kt­lt­yb­ jn­ct­dth­yf­ñu­d­wz­kf­nf­cnhf­yf­(Rfh­nf­ 2).­ Dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf­t­ju­hjv­yf,­jå­ibh­yf­hfd­yb­yf,­ rjz­nj­ ct­ ghjc­nb­hf­jn­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd­lj­Rf­yfl­crf­nf­uhf­yb­wf­b­jn­nfv­lj­Fkzc­rf.­Ut­ju­hf­ab­nt,­rjb­nj­ct­pf­yb­vf­dfn­c­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ptv­yb­nt­ ajh­vb,­jn­yf­czn­nj­df­hfd­yby­yj­ghjc­nhfycn­dj­ c­ dük­yj­jå­hfp­yb­ düp­db­it­ybz­rüv­nhb­hfp­kbx­yb­ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crb­ ht­ubj­yf­ –­Rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­yf­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­jrt­fy­b­yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­ pf­kbd,­ jå­kfcn­nf­ yf­Dün­hti­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ (yz­rjb­ ub­hfp­lt­kzn­ yf­Uj­kt­vb­hfd­yb­yb­ b­ yf­Wty­nhfk­yb­ hfd­yb­yb)­ b­ Rf­yfl­crbz­obn.

Rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ yf­ Fn­­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­jrt­fy­b­yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­­crbz­ pf­kbd­ ct­ ghjc­nb­hfn­yf­ ct­dth­gjr­hfq­ bp­njx­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ xfr­ lj­ñé­ybz­rhfq­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl.­Gjl­nt­pb­pt­­vb­kt­éfn­vkf­lb,­vt­rb,­ktc­yj­thj­pb­hf­ob­ crf­kb,­ jn­kj­ét­yb­ d­ rüc­yb­utj­kjé­rb­dht­vt­yf,­rj­uf­nj­dük­yb­nt­yf­gkbn­rb­vj­ht­nf­cf­vbt­kb­ce­ifnf.­Ybc­rb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ ct­ cgec­rfn­ gjl­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­yf­jrtf­yf­b­jå­hf­pe­dfn­itka,­rjq­nj­yf­vtc­nf­ct­ghjc­­nb­hf­lj­400­rb­kj­vtn­hf­yf­dün­ht.

Yf­ ct­dth,­ rü­lt­nj­ jå­kfcn­nf­ yf­Dün­hti­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­t­pf­åt­kt­éb­vj­gj­öük­vbc­nf­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ rhfq­

åhté­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb,­ gjx­nb­yz­vf­ crf­kbcn­ nt­hty.­ Nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­t­rf­nj­xb­ybz­c­bp­dbn­yf­uj­ht­ hüå,­ gjr­hb­nf­ c­ lük­åj­rb­ gkfc­nj­dt­ enf­tx­yb­ crf­kb.­Nt­pb­ct­lb­vty­nyb­yfc­kf­ub­cf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ljc­nf­gkjc­rb;­gj­dt­xt­nj­ bp­vt­yt­ybz­ d­ ht­kt­

af­cf­ht­pek­nfn­jn­kj­rfk­yf­thj­pbz­bkb,­rfr­nj­t­yf­ct­dth,­jn­ktl­yb­rj­db­ yfn­heg­df­ybz,­ jå­hf­pe­df­yb­ ghtp­ktl­yb­rj­dbz­ gt­hb­jl.­ Utj­kjé­rf­nf­cnher­ne­hf­ yf­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­vfk­rj­ct­hfp­kb­xf­df­jn­cnher­ne­hf­nf­yf­Wty­nhfk­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb.­Ght­jå­kf­lf­dfn­ ct­lb­vty­nyb­nt­ yfc­kf­ub,­düg­ht­rb­ xt­ yf­ ct­dth­ ct­ bp­lb­ufn­ b­yz­rjb­ thj­pb­hf­yb­ re­gj­kj­dbl­yb­ jå­­hf­pe­df­ybz,­ chtl­ rjb­nj­ yfq­pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yb­ cf­ Åkfr­Öbkc­ yf­Ñé­yf­Lf­rj­nf.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ cf­ gjx­nb­ öj­hb­pjy­nfk­yb,­enft­yb­nt­ptv­yb­gkfc­nj­dt­cf­ yfr­kj­yt­yb­ kt­rj­ yf­ pf­gfl,­ rf­nj­jå­hf­pe­dfn­tl­yf­gf­lb­yf­d­gj­kb­nt­yf­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb,­ rü­lt­nj­ cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­uhf­lj­dt­nt­yf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­–­Lty­düh­b­Rj­kj­hf­lj­Cghbyuc.

Uhf­yb­wf­nf­vté­le­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­ b­ Wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ t­ghj­rf­hf­yf­jn­dt­hb­uf­cnhüv­yb­crf­kbc­nb­crkj­yj­dt,­åt­kt­ét­ob­bp­njx­ybz­rhfq­yf­gjr­hbd­rf­nf­jn­hjy­kb­db­ enf­tx­yb­ crf­kb,­ jn­rüc­yf­kb­ ct­ghb­ thj­pbz­nf­ yf­ Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb,­rjz­nj­gjr­hb­df­hfd­yb­yb­nt.

Öf­hfr­nt­hün­ yf­ nf­pb­ jå­ibh­yf­jå­kfcn­ yf­ Dün­hti­yb­ hfd­yb­yb­dkbzt­cü­otcn­dt­yj­düh­öe­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­b­pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­bc­nj­hbz­yf­

Ghb­hjl­yb­ec­kj­dbz

ukf­df

2

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vf­of­ xfc­nb­ jn­Ct­dth­yf­Lf­rj­nf­ b­Vb­yt­cj­nf.

Vjh­crj­nj­ hfd­yb­ot­ åb­kj­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­gj­ybc­rj­d­ gt­hbj­lb­yf­hfp­uüh­yf­nf­ ktl­yb­rj­df­ ltq­yjcn.­ Nj­df­gj­yb­éf­df­kj­ jc­yjd­yj­nj­ yb­dj­ yf­vyj­uj­ ht­rb­ b­ ct­ cüp­lf­df­kb­ ec­kj­dbz­ pf­ pf­cb­kt­yf­ thj­pbz.­ Jc­dty­nj­df­ vyj­uj­ jn­ htx­yb­nt­ lj­kb­yb­cnb­uf­kb­lj­nfv,­rü­lt­nj­t­lyti­yb­zn­jrt­fy.­ Ghtp­ nj­pb­ gt­hb­jl­ ht­rb­nt­Cüc­reü­öf­yf­ b­ Öül­cüy,­ rfr­nj­ b­ht­lb­wf­ lhe­ub­ ht­rb,­ ghj­hz­pf­kb­vyj­uj­ gj­lük­åj­rb­ lj­kb­yb.­ C­jn­lhüg­df­yt­nj­ yf­kt­lf­ b­ c­ bp­lb­uf­yt­nj­ yf­ vjh­crj­nj­ hfd­yb­ot,­ jrtf­

yün­pf­kzk­nt­pb­dlük­åf­yb­lj­kb­yb.­Ldt­jn­yfq­öe­åf­db­nt­ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­jå­kfc­nb­d­ cdt­nf­ cf­ajh­vb­hf­yb­gj­nj­pb­yf­xby:­pf­kb­dün­Yñ­Qjhr­c­lük­åj­rf­nf­ ht­rf­ Öül­cüy­ b­ pf­obn­yb­nt­åf­hbt­hb,­ bp­lbu­yf­nb­ jn­ Cnfnüy­Fq­kfyl­b­Kjyu­Fq­kfyl;­b­pf­kb­dün­Xt­cf­gbqr,­ pf­kz­nf­nf­jn­dj­lf­lj­kb­yf­yf­ht­rf­Cüc­reü­öf­yf­b­yz­rjb­jn­uj­kt­vb­nt­ q­ yz­rj­ufi­yb­ ghb­nj­wb,­rf­nj­ht­rb­nt­Gj­nj­vfr­b­Létqvc.

Yf­ bp­njr­ rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­gjc­nt­gty­yj­ ct­ cntc­yz­dfn­ gjr­hfq­jrtf­yf­d­ct­dth­yf­gj­cj­rf,­ghb­nbc­rf­yb­ jn­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­ lj­rf­nj­ bp­xtp­yfn­

lf­dfn­tlby­jn­yfq­rhf­cb­db­nt­gtq­pf­éb­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.

Gj­ wz­kj­nj­ñé­yj­ ghj­nt­ét­ybt­ yf­kt­lt­yb­nt­ vf­cb,­ f­ cü­oj­ b­ pfl­ nf­pb­kb­ybz,­ktl­yb­rj­db­nt­jn­kf­uf­ybz,­f­yt­thj­pbz­nf­ cf­ jc­yjd­yf­ gjc­kt­lb­wf­ jn­ltqcn­dbt­nj­ yf­ ktl­yb­wb­nt.­ Uj­kt­vb­hf­qj­yb­jn­jå­kfcn­nf­yf­Dün­hti­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­kt­éfn­gjl­ktl­yb­rj­db­yfc­kf­ub­(crf­kb­b­ghücn,­bp­ödüh­kt­yb­jn­ktl­yb­wb­nt),­ rjb­nj­ gjr­hb­dfn­ pt­vz­nf­yf­ lük­åj­xb­yf­ jn­ tlby­ vt­nüh­ lj­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 100­ vtn­hf.­ Nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ktl­yb­wb­nt­ jc­nf­yf­kb­ yt­gjl­dbé­yb­ pf­lük­ub­gt­hbj­lb­jn­dht­vt,­ct­jå­hf­pe­df­kb­ gj­db­cj­rb­ öük­vj­dt,­ yf­ht­xt­yb­vj­ht­yb.­ Hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­nt­ yf­ bp­njr­Cnf­nüy­Fq­kfyl,­Kjyu­Fq­kfyl,­Vfh­nfc­ Db­yzhl,­Yfy­nü­rtn­ b­Rtqg­Rjl­cf­vj­ht­yb,­rjb­nj­åt­kt­éfn­rhfq­yf­nf­njx­rf­ d­ uj­kz­vj­nj­ jn­rkj­yt­ybt­ yf­ktl­yb­wb­nt­ d­ ñuj­bp­njx­yf­ gj­cj­rf.­Gtq­pf­éün­ñé­yj­jn­Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf­t­jct­zy­c­lük­ub,­ybc­rb,­gj­ker­hüu­kb­öht­åt­nb­ yf­vj­ht­yb­ b­ lhe­ub­ ktl­yb­rj­db­yfc­kf­ub.

Tlby­lzk­jn­jå­kfcn­nf­yf­Dün­hti­­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ jc­nf­df­ yt­pf­ctu­yfn­ jn­ltq­yjcn­nf­yf­ktl­yb­wb­nt.­Ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Ebc­rjy­cby­b­cü­ctl­yf­nf­q,­ ghjc­nb­hf­of­nf­ ct­ yf­ 400­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ lj­kb­yf­ yf­ ht­rf­ Vb­cb­cb­gb­jxt­dbl­yj­cf­åb­kb­gj­of­lt­yb­åkf­uj­lf­ht­ybt­ yf­ ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dbt­nj­ yf­bp­ghf­db­kb­ct­ghtl­ghb­bé­lf­obz­ktl­åf­hbt­hb­rf­nj­gkf­yby­crf­nf­vtcn­yjcn­Cñ­gb­hb­üh­yf­ct­dth­b­yf­ght­yf­cjx­df­yt­nj­yf­kt­lf­jn­lük­åj­rb­nt­lj­kb­yb­ yf­ tpt­hf­nf­ Vb­xb­ufy­ b­ Cñ­gb­­­hb­üh.­ D­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nt­pb­ ghj­wt­cb­ct­ jå­hf­pe­df­ kj­rfk­yf­ jå­kfcn­ jn­

ktl­yb­rj­db­ yfc­kjt­ybz,­ öf­hfr­nt­hb­pb­hf­of­ ct­ c­ gj­üu­kj­df­nb,­ rhtö­rb­crfk­yb­ajh­vb,­jå­hf­pe­df­ob­tc­ntcn­dt­yb­vjc­nj­dt­b­cdj­lj­dt.

C­ jn­lhüg­df­yt­nj­ yf­ kt­lt­yb­nt­åkj­rj­dt­ ct­ jå­hf­pe­df­kb­ uhf­vfl­yb­tpt­hf­ gj­ rhfb­of­nf­ yf­ ktl­yb­wb­nt.­D­ ct­dth­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­ hfd­yb­yb­ ldt­ju­hjv­yb­ tpt­hf,­ Fuf­cbp­ b­ Htl­éfq­yf,­ pft­vfn­ jå­kfcn,­ gj­uj­kz­vf­ jn­jå­kfcn­nf­yf­lyti­yb­nt­Uj­kt­vb­tpt­hf.­Ghb­gj­yf­nf­nüi­yj­nj­jn­lhüg­df­yt­yf­ktl­yb­wb­nt­ nt­pb­ tpt­hf­gjx­nb­bp­xtp­yf­kb.­ Lytc­ pf­ cü­otcn­de­df­yt­nj­bv­yf­gjv­yz­yz­rj­ufi­yj­nj­tpth­yj­rj­hb­nj­–­hfd­yby­yf­jå­kfcn,­pft­

Rfh­Nf

2

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Xfc­nb­ jn­ ht­ubj­yf,­ jcj­åt­yj­ d­ñé­yj­wty­nhf­kty­Jht­ujy­b­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ ht­rf­ Cytqr­ d­Fq­lf­öj,­ cf­jctz­yb­c­dek­rf­ybx­yb­rhf­nt­hb.

Gkf­nf­nf­gjc­nt­gty­yj­ct­hfp­ib­hz­dfn­ yf­ ct­dth,­ jå­uhfé­lfq­rb­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ ht­rf­ Ñrjy­ d­ Fkzc­rf.­ D­chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ nzö­ uj­kzv­ lzk­ jn­wty­nhfk­yf­ Fkzc­rf­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ib­hj­rf,­ gkjc­rf­ hfd­yb­yf,­ rü­lt­nj­jn­nb­xf­yt­nj­yf­dj­lb­nt­t­ckf­åj.

D­uhf­yb­xt­ob­nt­tlby­c­lheu­of­nb­(åtp­Fkzc­rf­b­Öf­dfb­nt)­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­ ct­ cüc­njb­ ukfd­yj­jn­ldt­gkf­yby­crb­dt­hb­ub,­cktl­df­ob­ gj­cj­rf­ ct­dth­ñu,­ rjb­nj­ cf­hfp­lt­kt­yb­ jn­ ght­rüc­yf­nb­ hfd­yb­yb.­D­ ñé­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­Åht­uj­db­nt­öht­åt­nb­cf­ljc­nf­jå­ibh­yb,­c­düh­öj­dt,­db­cj­rb­lj­3000­vtn­hf.­ Jn­nfv­ gjx­nb­ lj­ uhf­yb­wf­nf­ c­Jht­ujy­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­ cf­ ybc­rb­ b­bp­lük­ét­yb,­ hzl­rj­ gj­db­cj­rb­ jn­1000­ vtn­hf.­ Nj­df­ t­ yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­jå­kfcn­d­of­nf,­rü­lt­nj­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­hfp­vtcn­df­ybz­yf­ptv­yb­nt­gkfc­nj­dt­ b­ xtc­nj­ cnf­dfn­ pt­vtn­ht­ct­ybz.­Gj­ghj­nt­ét­ybt­yf­uhf­yb­wf­nf­vté­le­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­ Jht­ujy,­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­Rkf­vfn­cf­gj­db­cj­rb,­gj­lük­ub­ b­ vyj­uj­ gj­rf­vt­ybc­nb­ b­ yt­cb­vtn­hbx­yb.­C­bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­yf­gkf­yb­yb­nt­ Jkbv­gbr­ d­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gf­lty­Df­iby­unjy­ Åht­uj­db­nt­ öht­åt­nb­ d­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­xfcn­yf­Jht­ujy­b­of­nf­Df­iby­unjy­ cf­ gj­crj­hj­ ybc­rb­ b­öük­vbc­nb,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­gkf­yby­crb.

Dün­hti­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ gjr­hfq­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ –­ Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­rf­kb­ajh­ybq­crf­ lj­kb­yf,­ lj­kb­yf­nf­Eü­kf­vbn­ d­ Jht­ujy­ b­ yb­pb­yf­nf­

Gñl­ébn­ Cf­eyl­ düd­ Df­iby­unjy­ –­cf­ tlbycn­dt­yb­nt­ ib­hj­rb­ hfd­yb­yb­åkb­pj­ lj­ Pf­gfl­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt.­Nt­pb­ hfd­yb­yb­ cüc­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ljå­hb­gjx­db­gjl­lüh­éfn­d­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­gj­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt.

Yf­ bp­njr­ jn­ hfd­yb­yb­nt­ cf­ gkf­yby­crb­nt­ dt­hb­ub­ Cbt­hf­ Yt­df­lf­ b­Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb.­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf­bp­ukté­lf­nf­rf,­cz­rfi­ju­hj­vty­rüc­jn­ pt­vz­nf­ ct­ t­ bp­rhb­dbk­ yf­uj­ht,­cü­jn­dtn­yj­ yf­ bp­njr­ b­ yf­ pf­gfl,­ d­cnhü­vty­ vf­cbd,­ jåüh­yfk­ yfq­db­cj­rf­nf­ cb­ pf­jc­nht­yf­ xfcn­ yf­ bp­njr.­Vf­rfh­xt­pf­gfl­yb­nt­gjl­cnü­gb­rüv­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf­yt­cf­jcj­åt­yj­cnhüv­yb,­yf­bp­njr­gkf­yb­yf­nf­ct­bp­db­cz­df­yf­vtc­nf­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­3000­vtn­hf.­Dek­rf­ybx­yf­nf­ ltq­yjcn­ t­ bpbu­hf­kf­dfé­yf­ hj­kz­ d­ bp­uhfé­lf­yt­nj­ yf­Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb.­ Yz­rjb­ jn­yfq­bp­dtcn­yb­nt­dek­rf­ybx­yb­düh­öj­dt­d­ Fvt­hb­rf,­ rf­nj­ dhüö­ Htq­yb­üh­ b­dhüö­Ctqyn­Öt­küyc­düd­Df­iby­unjy­cf­d­nt­pb­gkf­yb­yb.

Rkb­vfnRkb­vf­nün­t­cüd­reg­yjcn­jn­fn­vjc­ath­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ ghtp­ dct­rb­ tlby­lty­ pf­ lük­uj­uj­lb­ity­ gt­hb­jl­ jn­dht­vt.­ Njq­ t­ ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ dpb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­nj­ yf­ vyj­uj­ hfp­kbx­yb­rjv­gj­yty­nb,­ yfq­dfé­yb­ jn­ rjb­nj­cf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­b­df­kt­éb­nt.

Rkb­vf­nbx­yb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ cf­ ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­nj­ yf­ nhb­ut­ju­hfa­crb­ afr­nj­hf.­ Güh­db­zn­ jn­nzö­ t­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­nf­ ib­hb­yf.­ Jc­nf­yf­ düh­nt­yt­ yf­ Pt­vz­nf­ crkñx­df­üuük­ c­ hfd­yb­yf­nf,­ d­ rjz­nj­ kt­éb­

yf­gük­yj­ ghb­ Rtqg­ Rjl.­ Jn­nfv­ yf­ct­dt­hj­bp­njr­ rhfq­åhté­yb­zn­ gtq­pfé­t­ xfcn­ jn­ ct­dth­yj­nj­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­ gkf­yby­crf­nf­ cbc­nt­vf­ Fgf­kf­xb.­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­–­thj­pb­hf­yb­jc­nfy­rb­jn­yz­rj­ufi­yf­ vyj­uj­ gj­db­cj­rf­ gkf­yby­crf­ dt­hb­uf­ –­ jn­lt­kzn­ vjh­crbz­åhzu­ jn­ jå­kfcn­nf­ yf­ Dün­hti­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­ gj­ ghj­nt­ét­ybt­ yf­ uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­bp­njx­yb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb.

Gjx­db­nt­ d­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ xfc­nb­ yf­nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ cf­ gj­düh­öyjcn­yb,­ f­cnhüv­yb­nt­ crkj­yj­dt,­ gj­yf­xf­kj­nhel­yb­ pf­ jå­hf­åjn­df­yt,­ cf­ cü­düh­it­yj­ ytg­hb­ujl­yb­ pf­ vj­lth­yj­nj­pt­vt­lt­kbt,­ pf­kf­uf­oj­ bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ vyj­uj­ yf­ vt­öf­yb­pf­wbz­nf.­Vfk­rb­nt,­kj­rfk­yb­hfd­yb­yb­yt­gjp­dj­kz­dfn­lf­ct­hfp­uüh­yt­ib­hj­rj­vf­ofå­yj­uhfl­crj­ bkb­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­ cnhjb­ntkcn­dj.­Hfy­yb­nt­pf­ctk­yb­wb­c­bp­yt­yf­lf­ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn,­xt­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­jn­ht­rf­Vj­öjr­d­Yñ­Qjhr­yf­ñu­lj­ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Fkf­åf­vf­bp­lb­ufn­ht­fk­yf­ åf­hbt­hf­ ghtl­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­yf­ pf­gfl;­ gkf­yby­crf­nf­ dt­hb­uf­ t­gjx­nb­bp­wz­kj­ytg­ht­rüc­yf­nf.

Pf­gfl­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ ct­ öf­hfr­nt­hb­pb­hf­ c­ gkf­yb­yb­b­ c­ htp­rb,­ uj­kt­vb­ ghj­vt­yb­ düd­db­cj­xb­yf­nf.­ B­ ner­ ab­pb­rj­ut­j­­u­hfa­crb­zn­ jå­kbr­ ct­ jg­ht­lt­kz­ jn­nhb­gjz­cf,­cktl­df­ob­gj­cj­rf­ct­dth­ñu,­ rf­nj­ Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ yf­bp­njr­cf­jn­lt­kt­yb­jn­gkf­yb­yb­nt­b­lj­kb­yb­nt­yf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­ c­ gj­ht­lb­wf­ db­cj­rb,­ cbk­yj­hfp­xkt­yt­yb­gkf­nf.

Dj­lt­ob­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ cb­ jn­ bp­njr,­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb,­xbb­nj­düh­öj­dt­ gj­yz­rj­uf­ ct­ bp­lb­ufn­ yf­ gj­dt­xt­

jn­2000­vtn­hf­db­cj­xb­yf,­ cf­jåüh­yf­kb­ vf­cbd­yb­nt­ cb­ öht­åt­nb­ rüv­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb.­ Lhe­uf­lt,­ yf­­g­hb­vth­ d­ ñé­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ xfcn­yf­Ef­qj­vbyu,­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­cz­rfi­ bpjå­oj­ yt­ cü­otcn­de­dfn.­ D­ct­dth­ybz­lzk­yf­dt­hb­uf­nf­d­Fq­lf­öj­ ghj­lük­uj­df­nb­zn­ cb­ke­tn­ yf­gj­dt­xt­nj­ gkf­yb­yb­ d­ nj­pb­ hf­qjy,­cktl­df­ob­ gj­cj­rf­ ct­dth­ñu,­ t­bp­vtc­nty­jn­uhf­vfl­yb­dek­rf­ybx­yb­crf­kb,­ yt­hfd­yj­vth­yj­ thj­pb­hf­yb­ d­ybp­jn­ib­hj­rb,­rf­vt­ybc­nb­dt­hb­ub,­rjb­nj­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­uj­kf­b­gec­nf­jå­kfcn­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­bp­düy­Fkzc­rf.

Db­cj­rb­nt­ gkf­nf­ yf­ wty­nhfk­ybz­Pf­gfl­ cü­oj­ cf­ hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­ gj­cdjz­ ghj­bp­öjl­ b­ jå­kbr.­ Yfq­ñé­yb­zn­ lzk,­ gkf­nj­nj­ Rj­kj­hf­lj,­ t­bp­uhf­lty­ jn­ gkün­yb­ ct­lb­vty­nyb­yfc­kf­ub,­ bp­lb­uf­ob­ ct­ yf­ db­cj­xb­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­1000­vtn­hf­yfl­dün­hti­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­b­yfr­kj­yt­yb­yf­ct­dt­hj­­bp­njr.­ Gkf­nj­nj­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­pf­åt­kt­éb­nt­kty­ gtq­pfé­ jn­ rf­ymj­yb,­dek­rf­ybx­yb­düh­öj­dt­b­gz­cüx­yb­gec­nb­yb.

Yf­ ct­dth­ åf­ctq­yün­ yf­ ht­rb­nt­Rü­küv­åbz­ b­ Cytqr­ t­ pf­gük­dfy­vyj­ujr­hfn­yj­ jn­ gj­nj­wb­ kf­df­ yf­lük­åj­xb­yf­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 1000­vtn­hf.­Yz­rj­ufi­yb­ b­ ct­ufi­yb­ ht­rb­ cf­jå­hf­pe­df­kb­ ghj­kj­vb­ d­ crf­kb­nt.­Jajh­vb­kb­zn­ ct­ d­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­nj­df­ gtq­pfé­ yf­gjv­yz­ pf­ gkf­nj­nj­Rj­kj­hf­lj,­ vf­rfh­ xt­ ner­ kbg­cdf­cnü­gf­kj­dbl­yjcn­nf,­lük­éf­of­ct­yf­ghj­vty­kb­df­nf­ cüg­hj­nb­df,­ rjz­nj­enf­tx­yb­nt­crf­kb­yf­gkf­nj­nj­Rj­kj­hf­lj­ cf­ jrfp­df­kb­ yf­ thj­pbz­nf.­

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tc­ntcn­dt­yf­nf­ gj­cj­rf­ yf­ dtn­hj­dt­nt,­gkf­yb­yf­nf­ bp­nkfc­rdf­ düp­lei­yf­nf­vf­cf­ yf­uj­ht,­ rü­lt­nj­ nz­ ct­ jö­kfé­lf.­ Ghb­ jö­kfé­lf­yt­nj­ rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­ dkf­uf,­ rjt­nj­ düp­lei­yf­nf­ vf­cf­vj­ét­lf­pf­lüh­éb,­yf­vf­kz­df.­Df­kt­éb­ gf­lfn,­ frj­ ghb­ jö­kfé­lf­yt­nj­jn­yj­cb­ntk­yf­nf­ dkfé­yjcn­ ljc­nbu­yt­100­ ghj­wty­nf.­ Dkf­uf­nf­ gf­lf­ düh­öe­bp­kj­ét­yf­nf­ yf­ dz­nü­hf­ cnhf­yf,­ f­gjl­dtn­ht­yf­nf­ cnhf­yf­ jc­nf­df­ ce­öf.­Yfq­dkfé­yf­nf­ jå­kfcn­ d­ Ct­dth­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­t­gjr­hfq­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­jn­Jht­ujy­lj­ñé­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Fkzc­rf,­rü­lt­nj­ghj­gb­nb­jn­dkf­uf­ dtn­hj­dt­ dhüö­kb­nfn­ düh­öe­gkf­yb­yb­nt­gjr­hfq­åht­uf.­Chtl­yb­nt­uj­lbi­yb­df­kt­éb­cf­gj­dt­xt­jn­200­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­d­wz­kf­nf­jå­kfcn,­rf­nj­yf­ vtc­nf­ yfl­ödüh­kzn­ 300­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf.

Gkf­yb­yb­nt­ vj­ufn­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­ lf­yf­vf­kzn­cvtr­xf­df­obz­tatrn,­rjq­nj­ rhfq­vjh­crj­nj­ dkbz­ybt­ jrfp­df­düh­öe­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf,­ rfr­nj­ nj­df­cnf­df­d­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­pj­yf­yf­Nb­öj­j­rt­fy­crbz­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl.­ Pf­gfl­yb­nt­Rjh­lb­kt­hb­ (gkf­yby­crb­vf­cbd)­düp­gb­hfn­rhfq­vjh­crj­nj­dkbz­ybt­düh­öe­nj­pb­åhzu.­Yz­rjb­jn­yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­hfp­kb­rb­d­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­df­kt­éb­b­d­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt,­ ht­ubc­nhb­hf­yb­düh­öe­yt­uj­kz­vf­gkjo­d­wz­kf­Fvt­hb­rf,­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­vté­le­pf­gfl­yf­nf­ b­ bp­njx­yf­nf­ cnhf­yf­ yf­ xfc­nb­jn­ Åht­uj­db­nt­ öht­åt­nb.­ Åtp­dj­lbt­nj­yf­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­b­ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­dün­hti­ybz­ Pf­gfl­ ct­ lük­éb­ lj­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­yf­åf­hbt­hf­nf,­rjz­nj­bp­lb­ufn­ gkf­yby­crb­nt­ dt­hb­ub­ yf­Pf­gf­lf,­cktl­df­ob­gj­cj­rf­ct­dth­ñu.

Yf­bp­njr­jn­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­dkbz­ybt­nj­ yf­ ht­kt­af­ düh­öe­ df­kt­éb­nt­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­ yf­vf­kz­df,­ jn­xfc­nb­ pf­oj­nj­ bp­njx­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ cf­gj­ybc­rb,­ gj­hf­lb­ rjt­nj­ yt­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ nf­rf­df­ cj­kbl­yf­ åf­hbt­hf­ghtl­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ düp­lei­yb­nt­vf­cb­ b­ jn­xfc­nb­ pf­oj­nj­ rkb­vf­nün­düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ t­ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ cåkü­cü­rf­ yf­ ldt­ju­hjv­yb­düp­lei­yb­vf­cb,­ghtl­rjb­nj­ yz­vf­ ght­gzncn­dbz­ –­ tl­yf­nf,­yf­cj­xt­yf­ yf­ ct­dth­ jn­ Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­ pf­kbd,­ lhe­uf­nf­ –­ yf­ ñu­ jn­Rf­yf­lf.­Cht­of­nf­yf­nt­pb­düp­lei­yb­vf­cb­t­ghb­xb­yf­dht­vt­nj­d­ht­ubj­yf­lf­ght­vb­yf­df­ghtp­åeh­yb­gt­hbj­lb.

Nj­df­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ xtn­düh­nb­zn­afr­njh,­jrfp­dfo­dfé­yj­b­ckjé­yj­dkbz­ybt­ düh­öe­ rkb­vf­nf:­ öf­hfr­nt­hün­ yf­ düp­lei­yb­nt­ vf­cb­ b­ ht­éb­vün­ yf­ dtn­hj­dt­nt.­ Rkb­vf­nün­ yf­Fvt­hb­rf­ ct­ dkbzt­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­ jn­cåkü­cü­rf­vté­le­gj­kzh­yb­düp­lei­yb­vf­cb­(jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cne­lt­yb,­ce­öb­b­ ec­njq­xb­db)­ b­ nhj­gb­xtc­rb­ ghb­vjh­crb­ düp­lei­yb­ vf­cb­ (njg­kb,­dkfé­yb­ b­ yt­ec­njq­xb­db).­ Güh­db­nt­yf­gb­hfn­lf­ktx­yf­ñu­ghtp­pb­vf­nf,­f­dnj­hb­nt­ljc­nb­ufn­lf­ktx­yf­ct­dth­ghtp­ kz­nj­nj.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ xfc­nb­ yf­Fvt­hb­rf­ cf­ gjl­kj­ét­yb­ yf­ dkbz­ybt­nj­ yf­ pf­gfl­yb­ dtn­hj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ght­lbp­dbr­dfn­ ghj­vt­yb­ düd­ dht­vt­nj­d­bp­njx­yf­gj­cj­rf.­Nf­rf­rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­zn­ rkb­vfn­ yf­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf­t­bp­nkfc­rfy­yf­Bp­njx­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt.

Dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­nj­ yf­ nt­pb­ rkb­vf­nbx­yb­afr­nj­hb­jg­ht­lt­kz­jåj­cj­åz­df­yt­nj­yf­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­nt­ht­ubj­yb­

jh­åb­nf­nf­q­jrj­kj­Cküy­wt­nj.­D­öj­lf­yf­ uj­lbi­yf­nf­ jåb­rjk­rf­ yf­ Pt­vz­nf­jrj­kj­ Cküy­wt­nj­ güh­dj­ Ct­dth­yj­nj­gj­ke­rük­åj,­f­cktl­nj­df­ñé­yj­nj­cf­bp­kj­ét­yb­yf­gj­dt­xt­ght­rb­cküy­xt­db­kü­xb.­Rj­uf­nj­d­Ct­dth­yj­nj­gj­ke­rük­åj­t­kz­nj,­d­vtc­nf­nf­c­gj­db­cj­rf­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­ ib­hb­yf­ lyb­nt­ cf­gj­lük­ub,­ f­ d­ rhfq­yb­nt­ ct­dth­yb­njx­rb­yfc­nüg­df­gt­hb­jl­yf­gjc­nj­zy­yf­ lytd­yf­ cdtn­kb­yf.­ Ghtp­ pbv­yb­nt­vt­ct­wb­gt­hbj­lb­nt­yf­lytd­yf­cdtn­kb­yf­cf­gj­rhfn­rb­d­vtc­nf­nf­c­gj­db­cj­rf­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­ib­hb­yf,­lj­rf­nj­d­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­nt­ gj­ yf­ ñu­ vtc­nf­lyb­nt­ cf­ gj­lük­ub,­ rfr­nj­gj­lük­uj­t­b­ghz­rj­nj­düp­ltqcn­dbt­yf­cküy­xt­db­nt­kü­xb.

Dnj­hb­zn­afr­njh­ t­ pf­ktu­yfk­ düd­dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­nj­ vté­le­ ce­if­ b­dj­lf.­Ce­if­nf­ct­yfu­hz­df­b­jö­kfé­lf­ gj­åüh­pj­ jn­ dj­lf­nf.­ Düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ rjy­nb­yty­nf­ vtc­nf­nf,­jn­lf­kt­xt­yb­jn­uj­kt­vb­djl­yb­åf­ctq­yb,­ct­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pb­hfn­c­gj­uj­kt­vb­ct­pjy­yb­ hfp­kb­rb­ d­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­vtc­nf­nf­gj­rhfq­åht­ébz­nf.­ Uj­lbi­yf­nf­ fv­gkb­ne­lf­ yf­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­ d­ xfc­nb­ jn­ ct­dth­yb­nt­Uj­kt­vb­hfd­yb­yb­cnb­uf­lj­65­uhf­le­cf­ gj­ Wtk­pbq;­ yf­ yz­rjb­ vtc­nf­ cf­jn­åt­kz­pf­yb­ uj­lbi­yb­ hfp­kb­rb­ d­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­ lj­ 100­ uhf­le­cf­ gj­Wtk­pbq­ (jn­ 50­ uhf­le­cf­ gj­ Wtk­pbq­lj­­50­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq).

Ghj­nb­dj­gj­kjé­yj­ zd­kt­ybt­ ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­d­rhfq­vjh­crb­nt­vtc­nf,­jcj­åt­yj­yf­pf­gfl­ybz­åhzu­yf­rjy­nb­yty­nf,­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ d­ chtl­yb­nt­ut­ju­hfa­crb­ ib­hb­yb.­ Nt­pb­ vtc­nf­bvfn­ gj­vfk­rb­ ntv­gt­hf­neh­yb­

fv­gkb­ne­lb­ d­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nf­rf­yf­ht­xt­yj­nj­ rhfq­vjh­crj­ dkbz­ybt.­Ktn­yb­nt­b­pbv­yb­nt­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­cf­gj­e­vt­ht­yb­ pf­hf­lb­ yf­cj­xb­kb­nt­ ct­rüv­ ce­if­nf­ ght­lbv­yj­ pf­gfl­yb­dtn­hj­dt,­bl­df­ob­jn­jrtf­yf.­Öj­hb­pjy­nfk­yb­nt­b­dth­nb­rfk­yb­nt­jrt­fy­crb­ nt­xt­ybz­ yf­vf­kz­dfn­ ct­pjy­yb­nt­hfp­kb­rb­ d­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­ yf­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­yf­dj­lf­nf.­Evt­ht­yf­nf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­yf­dj­lf­nf­rjy­nhj­kb­hf­rhfq­yb­nt­ntv­gt­hf­neh­yb­cnjq­yjc­nb­ yf­ düp­lei­yf­nf­ vf­cf­ yfl­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf.

Åkb­pjcn­nf­ lj­ uj­kt­vb­ djl­yb­åf­ctq­yb­dkbzt­cü­oj­nf­rf­gj­kj­éb­ntk­yj­düh­öe­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­yf­df­kt­éb­nt­ –­ d­ rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ vtc­nf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ gf­lfn­ gj­dt­xt­ df­kt­éb.­Ghb­xb­yf­nf­ pf­ nj­df­ t­ zc­yf;­ yfl­uj­kt­vb­nt­djl­yb­åf­ctq­yb­bvf­gj­uj­kz­vj­bp­gf­ht­ybt­b­gj­nj­pb­yf­xby­ct­edt­kb­xf­df­ dkf­uf­nf­ d­ fn­vjc­at­hf­nf.­Nj­df­ jn­ cdjz­ cnhf­yf­ edt­kb­xf­df­düp­vjé­yjcn­nf­ pf­ jå­hf­pe­df­yt­ yf­df­kt­éb.­ D­ nf­pb­ pf­rj­yj­vth­yjcn­jåf­xt­bvf­dfé­yb­bp­rkñ­xt­ybz,­rüv­rjb­nj­ ct­ xbc­kzn­ åtp­djl­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ yf­ ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­Fh­rnb­xtc­rbz­åhzu­yf­Fkzc­rf.

Nht­nb­zn­ df­éty­ ut­ju­hfa­crb­ tkt­vtyn,­rjq­nj­dkbzt­düh­öe­rkb­vf­nf,­t­ht­kt­aün.­Yfq­j­xt­dbl­yf­t­pf­db­cb­vjcn­nf­ vté­le­ db­cj­xb­yf­ yfl­ vjh­crj­nj­hfd­yb­ot­b­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf,­rf­nj­yf­gj­db­cj­rb­nt­vtc­nf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­ t­ gj­ybc­rf.­ Hj­kz­nf­ yf­ ht­kt­af­jåf­xt­ yt­ ct­ ju­hf­yb­xf­df­ lj­ ner,­pf­oj­nj­njq­dkbzt­b­yf­düp­lei­yb­nt­nt­xt­ybz.­Frj­tl­yf­uj­kz­vf­gkf­yby­crf­ dt­hb­uf­ kt­éb­ yfg­htx­yj­ yf­

20 21

crf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf.­ Nj­df­ t­ jå­kfcn­ c­ght­lbv­yj­ ceå­nhj­gb­xty­ rkb­vfn,­rü­lt­nj­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­yf­df­kt­éb­nt­yt­t­ljc­nf­nüx­yj,­pf­lf­hfc­nfn­lüh­dt­nf.­ Bp­njx­yj­nj­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­gf­cb­of­nf,­ Ghtü­hb­ Etlé,­ ght­cb­xf­Bkb­yjq­b­ cnb­uf­lj­pf­gfl­ybz­rhfq­yf­ By­lbf­yf,­ rü­lt­nj­ df­kt­éb­nt­zd­yj­ cf­ ljc­nf­nüx­yb,­ pf­ lf­ hfc­nfn­nfv­lüh­dt­nf.

Ieå­hf­wb­nt­jn­pf­rüh­yt­kb­öhfc­nb­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ db­ht­zn­ ghb­ ceö­ rkb­vfn.­Nf­pb­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­t­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yf­d­hfd­yb­yb­nt­yf­wty­nhfk­ybz­Pf­gfl.­ Hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­nj­ q­ drkñx­df­jn­rfr­ne­cb­nt­yf­Ñuj­pf­gfl­lj­uüc­nb­nt­ rkj­ytc­nb­ ieå­hf­wb­ yf­ ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­vtc­rb­nj­db­nt­ lhüd­xt­nf­yf­Ntr­cfc.

Ney­lhf­nf­ yf­ lf­ktx­ybz­ Ct­dth­ t­cktlcn­dbt­ jn­ ght­rf­kt­yj­ cne­lt­ybz­b­ceö­rkb­vfn,­ghb­rjq­nj­yt­db­htt­lhe­uf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­ jc­dty­ nht­db,­kb­itb­ b­ vü­öj­dt.­ Ney­lhf­nf­ pft­vf­b­ vfk­rb­ hf­qj­yb­ lf­ktx­ yf­ ñu­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­rü­lt­nj­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ düd­ db­cj­rb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­cf­ytå­kf­ujg­hb­zn­yb­pf­hfc­nt­éf­yf­lüh­dt­nf.­Yf­ct­dth­uhf­yb­wf­nf­yf­uj­hf­nf­pf­gjx­df­jn­gj­ybc­rb­düp­db­it­ybz,­lj­rf­nj­yt­ct­ljc­nbu­yt­uhf­yb­wf­nf­yf­lüh­dt­nf­nf­cgj­htl­ut­ju­hfa­crf­nf­ib­hb­yf.

GJx­dbÖf­hfr­nt­hün­ yf­ gjx­df­nf­ yf­ tl­yj­vzc­nj­ ct­ jg­ht­lt­kz­ jn­ nf­rb­df­ tkt­vty­nb­rf­nj­rj­hty­yb­crf­kb,­rkb­vfn,­ht­kta­b­uybt­ob­hfc­nt­ybz­b­éb­djn­yb.­Cnj­nb­wb­nt­hfp­kbx­yb­nb­gj­dt­gjx­df­cf­ht­pek­nfn­jn­dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­nj­

yf­ nt­pb­ tkt­vty­nb.­ Dcz­rf­ jn­ltk­yf­gjx­df­ t­ eyb­rfk­yf­ pf­hf­lb­ rjv­åb­yf­wbz­nf­jn­cdjqcn­df­(yfg­hb­vth­wdzn­b­cnher­ne­hf)­ b­ cüc­nfd­ (drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­jh­uf­ybx­yb­dt­otcn­df­b­ltqcn­dbt­nj­yf­gjx­dt­yb­nt­rj­kjb­lb).

Rj­kjb­lb­nt­cf­vfk­rb­gjx­dt­yb­xfc­nb­wb.­Ntö­yb­nt­cdjqcn­df­b­dkbz­ybt­nj­bv­ düh­öe­ gjx­df­nf­ cf­ ckjé­yb­ b­dfé­yb.­Gjx­dt­yf­nf­rb­ct­kby­yjcn­(bkb­fk­rfk­yjcn)­yfg­hb­vth­t­ht­pek­nfn­jn­bp­vt­yt­ybt­nj­b­cüt­lb­yt­ybt­nj­yf­gjx­dt­yb­nt­rj­kjb­lb.­Rb­ct­kby­yb­nt­gjx­db­cf­ öf­hfr­nth­yb­ pf­ cne­lty,­ dkf­éty­rkb­vfn;­fk­rfk­yb­nt­gjx­db­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ct­cht­ofn­d­ce­öb­jå­kfc­nb.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­gjx­db­d­jc­yjd­yb­nt­pt­vt­ltk­crb­hf­qj­yb­ yf­ bp­njx­yb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb­cf­evt­ht­yj­lj­cbk­yj­rb­ct­kby­yb.­ Pf­ lf­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ yf­ nzö­jå­hf­åjn­dft­vb­ rek­ne­hb,­ nhzå­df­gt­hbj­lbx­yj­ lf­ ct­ lj­åf­dz­ dfh­ pf­yt­en­hf­kb­pb­hf­yt­yf­rb­ct­kby­yjcn­nf.

Wdt­nün­t­vj­ét­åb­yfq­j­xt­dbl­yb­zn­ åt­ktu­ yf­ gjx­df­nf.­ Nüv­yb­zn­wdzn­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ t­ gj­rf­pf­ntk­ pf­bpj­åb­kbt­ jn­ jh­uf­ybx­yb­ dt­otcn­df,­f­ xth­dt­yb­zn­ –­ pf­ yf­kb­xbt­ yf­ét­ktp­yb­ cüt­lb­yt­ybz.­ Rf­nj­ wz­kj­jåf­xt­wdt­nün­t­ht­pek­nfn­jn­gjx­dj­jå­hf­pe­df­ob­nt­ ghj­wt­cb.­ Yfg­hb­vth­åkt­lj­cb­df­nf­ gjx­df­ yf­ ct­dth­yb­nt­bu­kj­kbcn­yb­ uj­hb­ t­ ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ghjc­ver­df­ob­nt­ ct­ ghtp­ gj­düh­ö­yjcn­ybz­ckjq­yf­gjx­df­nf­jh­uf­ybx­yf­vf­nt­hbz­b­vb­yt­hf­kb.

Gjx­dt­yf­nf­ cnher­ne­hf,­ jg­ht­lt­kz­of­ cgj­cjå­yjcn­nf­ yf­ gjx­df­nf­ lf­pf­lüh­éf­ b­ ghj­gec­rf­ dj­lf,­ pf­db­cb­jn­ cü­jn­yj­it­ybt­nj­ vté­le­ hfp­kbx­yb­nt­ gj­ uj­kt­vb­yf­ xfc­nb­wb­ d­ gjx­

yf­ cnhf­yf­nf.­ Yf­ bp­njr­ jc­yjd­yb­zn­tkt­vtyn­ yf­ ghj­vt­yb­ d­ rkb­vf­nf­ t­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf;­ yf­ pf­gfl­ cf­ df­kt­éb­nt.­Yf­bp­njr­hfp­kb­xbz­nf­vté­le­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­nt­ ht­ubj­yb­ pf­db­czn­ jn­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn­nf­yf­dt­ut­nf­wb­jy­ybz­gt­hb­jl­–­gt­hbj­lün­jn­dht­vt­nj­yf­gjc­ktl­yf­nf­ckf­yf­ghtp­ghj­ktn­nf­lj­ güh­df­nf­ ckf­yf­ ghtp­ tcty­nf­ –­ b­jn­ vfr­cb­vfk­yf­nf­ chtl­yf­ kzn­yf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­ bkb­ vb­yb­vfk­yf­nf­pbv­yf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf.­Yf­pf­gfl­rkñ­xjd­ tkt­vtyn­ cf­ chtl­yb­nt­ uj­lbi­yb­df­kt­éb,­ vf­rfh­ xt­ evt­ht­yb­nt­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­ cf­ df­éty­ fc­gtrn­ yf­ ghb­vjh­crbz­ rkb­vfn­ yf­ Pf­gfl­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt.­Yf­bp­njr­gj­ct­dth­yb­nt­hf­qj­yb­ cf­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ gj­ce­öb;­ yf­pf­gfl­ nt­ cf­ gj­cne­lt­yb.­ Yf­ bp­njr­ukf­dty­tkt­vtyn­pf­ghj­vt­yb­d­rkb­vf­nf­ t­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­nf­ ib­hb­yf;­ yf­pf­gfl­nj­df­t­ht­kt­aün.

Hfc­nb­ntk­yJcnÅj­nf­yb­wb­nt­ uj­dj­hzn­ pf­ rkb­vfr­cyf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­ rjz­nj­ jg­ht­lt­kzn­rf­nj­cüd­reg­yjcn­jn­hfc­nt­ybz,­rjb­nj­ct­hfp­db­dfn­b­hfp­vyj­éf­dfn­yt­ju­hf­yb­xt­yj­yf­tl­yj­vzc­nj­ghb­ec­kj­dbt,­xt­ nj­df­ vzc­nj­ bvf­ cnf­åb­kty­ rkb­vfn,­ljå­hf­gjx­df­b­ljå­hj­jn­djl­yz­df­yt.­ Lytc­ pf­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ yf­ct­kt­yb­hf­qj­yb­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­nj­df­gj­yz­nbt­yt­jp­yf­xf­df­ gjx­nb­ yb­oj.­ „Tc­ntcn­dt­yf­nf“­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­ frj­ bpjå­oj­ t­cü­otcn­de­df­kf,­ t­ lj­ nf­rf­df­ cnt­gty­jn­cnhf­yt­yf,­ hfp­vtc­nt­yf­ b­ gjl­vt­yt­yf,­xt­lytc­hzl­rj­ct­cht­of.­D­ñuj­bp­nj­rf­yfg­hb­vth­yz­rj­ufi­yb­nt­cvt­ct­yb­uj­hb­jn­ib­hj­rj­kbcn­yb­b­bu­kj­kbcn­yb­lüh­dt­nf­cf­bp­ct­xt­yb­b­gjl­

vt­yt­yb­c­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­gj­dfé­yb­nt­bu­kj­kbcn­yb­uj­hb.­Nht­dbc­nb­nt­hfc­nt­ybz­ yf­ hfd­yb­yb­nt­ b­ ght­hbb­nt­ cf­ght­yt­ct­yb­ukfd­yj­jn­Td­hj­gf.­Vtcn­yb­nt­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ ghtl­itcn­dt­yb­wb­yf­ nf­pb­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­ cf­ bp­xtp­yf­kb­bkb­pf­oj­nj­cf­ghtl­kf­uf­kb­gj­kj­if­gf­if­ pf­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­nt­éb­djn­yb,­ bkb­ pf­oj­nj­ yt­ cf­ vju­kb­ lf­ec­nj­zn­ yf­ yfc­nüg­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ cüd­ht­vty­ybz­xj­dti­rb­hjl­b­yf­ght­yt­ct­yb­nt­jn­yt­uj­hfc­nt­ybz.­Gjx­nb­dcbx­rj­ jn­ jyj­df,­ rjt­nj­ t­ jwt­kz­kj­ jn­rkb­vfr­cyf­nf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­ t­ d­Pf­gf­lf­b­d­Ct­dt­hf.

Bvf­yz­rjk­rj­yf­xb­yf­lf­ct­jåj­cj­åzn­ hfc­nb­ntk­yb­ jå­kfc­nb.­ Yfq­ghjc­nb­zn­vj­ét­ åb­ t­ rf­nj­ ct­ hfp­lt­kb­ nt­hb­nj­hbz­nf­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­yf­nhb­uj­kt­vb­lz­kf­–­uj­hb,­gf­cb­of­b­pf­rüh­yt­kb­öhfc­nb.­Yz­rj­uf­ uj­hb­nt­ gjr­hb­df­kb­ gjx­nb­ wt­kbz­Bp­njr,­ wty­nhfk­yj­nj­ b­ ct­dth­yj­nj­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­ rhfq­åht­ébt,­ gj­db­cj­rb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf­ b­ tlby­ib­hjr­ gj­zc­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­Ct­dt­hf.­Uj­hb­nt­yf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt,­yf­wty­nhfk­ybz­Pf­gfl,­yf­Ct­dt­hf­b­yf­tlby­nt­cty­gj­zc­d­Lük­åj­rbz­ ñu­ åb­kb­ bu­kj­kbcn­yb­ b­cüc­nf­dt­yb­ jn­ vyj­uj­ hfp­kbx­yb­db­lj­dt.­ Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ Jöf­qj­ b­gj­ybc­rb­nt­ lj­kb­yb­ yf­ ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb,­rfr­nj­b­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ yf­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf­ åb­kb­gjr­hb­nb­c­ib­hj­rj­kbcn­yb­uj­hb.

Gf­cb­of­nf­ pft­vf­kb­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­jn­jå­kfcn­nf­yf­Dün­hti­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­ drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ gjx­nb­ wt­kbz­hf­qjy­ yf­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ jn­Ntr­cfc­ b­ Yñ­ Vtr­cb­rj­ lj­ rf­yfl­

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uj­ht­ob­nt,­ ce­öb­ kt­nf.­ Cht­ofn­ ct­ d­wty­nhfk­yf­ b­ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­cü­oj­cf­db­cj­rjg­hj­ler­nbd­yb.

Ek­nb­cj­kb­nt­ bkb­ éük­nj­ptv­yb­nt­gjx­db­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ rhfq­yb­zn­tnfg­ d­ thj­pbz­nf­ b­ gjx­dj­jå­hf­pe­df­yt­nj­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­ Nt­ ct­hfp­db­dfn­ d­ hf­qj­yb­ c­ bpj­åbk­yb­df­kt­éb­ b­ ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yb­ gt­hbj­lb­åtp­ckf­yb,­yfg­hb­vth­d­Ñuf.­Hfp­vt­hb­nt­yf­gjx­dt­yb­nt­xfc­nb­wb­cf­vfk­rb­ b­ uj­kz­vf­xfcn­ jn­ hfp­ndj­hb­vbz­vf­nt­hb­fk­ b­ ukb­yf­nf­ ct­ jn­yf­cz­ d­ljk­yb­nt­ ckjt­dt.­Nt­pb­ gjx­db­vj­ufn­lf­ åü­lfn­ gkj­lj­hjl­yb,­ yj­ db­cj­rf­nf­rb­ct­kby­yjcn,­ghjc­ver­df­yt­nj­b­thj­pbz­nf­xtc­nj­cüp­lf­dfn­ghjå­kt­vb.

Ty­nb­cj­kb­nt­ cf­ yt­hfp­db­nb­ gjx­db,­ndüh­lt­ vkf­lb,­ pf­ lf­ ghj­kb­xb­ ghb­nzö­ düp­ltqcn­dbt­nj­ yf­ jrjk­yf­nf­cht­lf.­Nt­ct­cht­ofn­yf­vyj­uj­vtc­nf­ b­ d­ vyj­uj­ hfp­yj­dbl­yjc­nb,­ jn­Cfyl­Öbkc­yf­Ytå­hfc­rf­lj­fke­db­fk­yb­nt­rhfq­htx­yb­hfd­yb­yb­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb.­ Gj­ jn­yj­it­ybt­ yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ gj­nty­wb­fk­yb­nt­bv­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­cf­hfp­kbx­yb,­yj­fke­db­fk­yb­nt­gjx­db­yf­rhfq­htx­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­bp­dkt­xt­yb­jn­åj­uf­nb­nt­gj­düh­öyjcn­yb­ckjt­dt­gj­ujh­yb­nt­nt­xt­ybz­ yf­ ht­rb­nt,­ cf­ chtl­ yfq­gkj­lj­hjl­yb­nt­gjx­db­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.

vb­yt­Hfk­yb­Ht­cEH­cbCü­otcn­de­df­ jg­ht­lt­kt­yf­ dhüp­rf­vté­le­ yf­öj­lb­of­nf­ yf­ gj­ktp­yb­bp­rj­gft­vb,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vb­pf­yeé­lb­nt­ yf­ nté­rf­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn,­ b­utj­kjé­rf­nf­cnher­ne­hf­yf­ptv­yb­nt­gkfc­nj­dt.­ B­ nhb­nt­ jc­yjd­yb­ db­lf­crf­kb­ –­ enf­tx­yb,­ vt­nf­vjh­ayb­ b­

dek­rf­ybx­yb­ –­vj­ufn­ lf­ cü­lüh­éfn­yz­rf­rüd­ dbl­ vb­yt­hf­kb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ gj­ktp­yb­ pf­ öj­hf­nf.­Enf­tx­yb­nt­b­vt­nf­vjh­ayb­nt­ crf­kb­cf­ ght­jå­kf­lf­df­of­nf­ ceåc­nher­ne­hf­b­nt­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cü­lüh­éfn­gj­dt­xt­vb­yt­hf­kb­ c­ ib­hj­rj­ ghb­kj­ét­ybt,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­dek­rf­ybx­yb­nt­crf­kb.

Enf­tx­yb­nt­crf­kb­cf­ht­pek­nfn­jn­gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ enfz­df­yt­ yf­ vfk­rb­ndüh­lb­xfc­nb­wb­yf­lü­yj­nj­yf­vjh­crb­åf­ctq­yb.­Yfg­hb­vth,­frj­gkbn­rj­ vj­ht­ uhf­yb­xt­kj­ c­ åtp­djl­yf­pt­vz,­düh­öe­rjz­nj­gj­yz­rj­uf­gf­lf­kb­ lüé­lj­dt,­ dj­lf­nf­ b­ uhf­db­nf­wb­jy­yf­nf­ cb­kf­ jn­yf­cz­kb­ xfc­nb­wb­nt­yf­ gz­cü­rf­ rüv­vj­ht­nj­ b­ nt­ pf­cz­lf­kb­yf­lü­yj­nj­ve.­Nüq­rf­nj­nj­pb­ghj­wtc­ ct­ gjd­nf­hzk,­ dct­rb­ ckjq­gz­cür­ ghb­nbc­rfk­ ljk­yb­nt­ gkfc­nj­dt,­ rf­nj­ ckz­ufk­ b­ dndüh­lz­dfk­gz­cüx­yf­nf­vf­cf,­ jn­kj­ét­yf­ yz­rjk­rj­ öb­kz­lb­ uj­lb­yb­ gj­hf­yj.­ Nf­rf,­cü­ltq­rb­ gj­ yf­kb­xbt­nj­ yf­ ckjt­dt­gz­cüx­ybr,­ cnf­df­ zc­yj­ rfr­ cf­ ct­jå­hf­pe­df­kb­ gj­yt­ yz­rjb­ jn­ crf­kb­nt,­rj­uf­nj­vjh­crj­nj­lü­yj­ ct­gjd­lbu­yf­kj­ b­ yf­uü­yf­kj­ ghb­ hfp­vtcn­df­ybz­ d­ ptv­yf­nf­ rj­hf,­ pf­ lf­ ct­jå­hf­pe­dfn­gkf­yb­yb­nt.

Ght­lb­jrj­kj­300­vb­kbj­yf­uj­lb­yb­ghtp­rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­ybz­gt­hb­jl­yf­Gf­ktj­pjq­crf­nf­thf,­rfr­nj­uj­yf­hb­xfn­ utj­kj­pb­nt,­ ec­kj­dbz­nf­ d­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ cü­otcn­de­df­ob­ jå­kfc­nb­ jn­ce­if­nf­åb­kb­nf­rb­df,­xt­ ct­bp­düh­ib­kb­gj­ht­lb­wb­jn­enf­tx­yb­ghj­wt­cb.­ Ytg­hj­öj­lb­vb,­ åkf­nbc­nb­ hf­qj­yb,­jå­hfc­kb­c­uüc­nf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­åb­kb­yf­djl­yt­yb­b­gjr­hb­nb­c­enft­yb­ ptv­yb­ gkfc­nj­dt.­ D­ yz­rjb­ cke­

df­nf.­Xfc­nb­wb­nt­yf­gz­cü­rf­cf­yfq­tl­hb­zn­vf­nt­hb­fk­d­cnher­ne­hf­nf­yf­gjx­df­nf,­xfc­nb­wb­nt­yf­yf­yj­cf­bvfn­chtl­yb­ hfp­vt­hb,­ f­ ukb­yf­nf­ t­ yfq­ab­yf.­ Gjx­db,­ yf­ht­xt­yb­ ukb­ytcn­km­jc,­ cü­lüh­éfn­d­ uj­kt­vb­ghj­gjh­wbb­xfc­nb­wb­b­jn­nhb­nt­hfp­vt­hf­b­ct­cvz­nfn­pf­yfq­ljå­hb.­Nt­cf­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ öj­vj­uty­yb,­ pf­ lf­ pf­lüh­éfn­ dkf­uf,­ yj­ d­ cü­oj­nj­ dht­vt­vj­ufn­ktc­yj­lf­gjt­vfn­dj­lf.

Fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­ vb­ybc­nthcn­dj­ yf­ctk­crj­nj­ cnj­gfycn­dj­ t­ bp­hf­åj­nb­kj­rkf­cb­ab­rf­wb­jy­yf­ cbc­nt­vf­ yf­ gjx­db­nt,­ rjz­nj­ gj­rfp­df­ rjb­ cf­ yfq­dfé­yb­nt­ nb­gj­dt­ gjx­db­ pf­ lf­lty­hf­qjy­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf.­ Fhbl­yb­nt­ gjx­db,­rjb­nj­ct­cht­ofn­ukfd­yj­d­ñuj­pf­gf­lf,­cf­gjx­db­yf­fhbl­yb­nt­(ce­öb)­hf­qj­yb.­ Nt­ cf­ åtl­yb­ yf­ jh­uf­ybx­yb­dt­otcn­df­b­yt­cf­ujl­yb­pf­pt­vt­lt­kbt.­Gjl­pjk­yb­nt­gjx­db­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ct­ hfp­db­dfn­ d­ ghjö­kf­lty,­ dkf­éty­rkb­vfn,­vf­rfh­xt­cf­hfp­ghjc­nhf­yt­yb­b­d­ct­dth­yf­Akj­hb­lf.­Nt­cf­ljc­nf­rb­ct­kby­yb,­c­ybc­rj­cü­lüh­éf­ybt­yf­ öhf­yb­ntk­yb­ dt­otcn­df­ b­ cf­ gjl­öj­lz­ob­cf­vj­pf­jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­rek­ne­hb,­rjb­nj­jåb­xfn­rb­ct­kby­yf­cht­lf.­Ney­lhj­db­nt­ gjx­db,­ rjb­nj­ cü­oj­ yt­cf­ gjl­öj­lz­ob­ pf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt,­ ct­cdüh­pdfn­ cüc­ cne­lty,­ dkf­éty­ rkb­vfn,­ rf­rüd­nj­ bvf­ d­Fkzc­rf.­Gjx­df­nf­ t­ gkbn­rf,­ xtc­nj­ ghjc­ve­rf­yf­jn­dj­lf,­f­ckj­zn­gjl­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­t­ gjc­nj­zy­yj­ pfv­hüp­yfk.­ Db­cj­rj­­g­kf­yby­crb­nt­ gjx­db,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ cht­ofn­d­Pf­gfl­yf­Düh­léb­ybz,­Ñnf­b­Fkzc­rf,­ cf­ vfk­rj­ hfp­hf­åj­nt­yb­ b­yz­vfn­ yb­rfr­df­ cnjq­yjcn­ jn­ pt­vt­ltk­crf­uktl­yf­njx­rf.

Vj­kb­cj­kb­nt­ cf­ xth­yj­ptv­yb­ gjx­db­yf­gj­ke­åtp­djl­yb­nt­b­ceå­nhj­gbx­yb­rkb­vf­nb­yf­wty­nhfk­yb­nt,­ct­dth­yj­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ b­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yj­nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf.­ Nt­ cf­ nté­rb,­ nüv­yj­rf­az­db­ lj­xth­yb,­c­ht­öf­df­cnher­ne­hf­b­db­cj­rj­öhf­yb­ntk­yj­cü­lüh­éf­ybt.­Nt­cf­chtl­yfq­ljå­hb­nt­tc­ntcn­dt­yj­gkj­lj­hjl­yb­gjx­db­d­cdt­nf­b­lf­dfn­gjx­nb­wz­kf­nf­püh­yt­yf­ht­rjk­nf­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.

Fk­ab­cj­kb­nt­bkb­rf­yt­kt­yb­nt­ujh­crb­gjx­db­cf­yf­dnj­hj­vzc­nj­cktl­vj­kb­cj­kb­nt­gj­jn­yj­it­ybt­yf­pt­vt­ltk­crb­gj­rf­pf­nt­kb.­Nt­cf­gjx­db­yf­chtl­yj­db­cj­rb­nt­uj­hb­bkb­yf­uhf­yb­wb­nt­vté­le­uj­hb­nt­b­gf­cb­of­nf.­Gj­jn­yj­it­ybt­ yf­ rkb­vf­nf­ cf­ „evt­ht­yb“­ gjx­db.­ Cht­ofn­ ct­ d­ hf­qj­yb,­rjb­nj­cf­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­dkfé­yb,­pf­lf­ct­ yfn­he­gfn­ ukb­ytc­nb­ xfc­nb­wb,­ yj­yt­ xfr­ njk­rj­df­ dkfé­yb,­ pf­ lf­ ct­jå­hf­pe­dfn­ ghjc­ve­rf­yb­ bkb­ thj­pb­hf­yb­gjx­db.

Fk­ab­cj­kb­nt­ bvfn­ nhb­ gjl­hfp­lt­kt­ybz,­dcz­rj­jn­rjb­nj­t­cdüh­pf­yj­c­jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­ rkb­vf­nbx­yb­ jcj­åt­yjc­nb.­Elfk­ab­nt­cf­gjx­db­yf­ib­hj­rj­kbcn­yb­nt­ uj­hb­ yf­ Chtl­ybz­ pf­gfl.­Vf­rfh­ b­ ljc­nf­ rb­ct­kby­yb,­ nt­ cf­db­cj­rjg­hj­ler­nbd­yb,­ rj­uf­nj­ rüv­nzö­ct­lj­åf­dz­dfh,­pf­lf­ct­yt­en­hf­kb­pb­hf­ rb­ct­kby­yjcn­nf.­ Ec­nfk­ab­nt­cf­ gjx­db,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ cht­ofn­ d­gj­njg­kb­nt­ hf­qj­yb,­ rü­lt­nj­ rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­df­kt­éb­t­vyj­uj­hfp­kbx­yj­d­pf­db­cb­vjcn­jn­ct­pj­yb­nt,­b­cf­yfq­hfp­ghjc­nhf­yt­yb­d­Ntr­cfc­b­Jr­kf­öj­vf.­Nt­cf­db­cj­rj­ghj­ler­nbd­yb­ghb­yf­gjz­df­yt.­ Rct­hfk­ab­nt­ cf­ gjx­db­yf­ ghjö­kfl­yb­nt­ dkfé­yb­ pb­vb­ b­

24 25

gkf­yb­yb,­ ct­ bp­dkb­xfn­ yt­uj­kt­vb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­ytan.

Åtp­cüv­yt­ybt­jåf­xt­yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­yta­nt­yb­ gj­kt­nf­ cf­ d­ñé­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb,­ gjr­hfq­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­ pf­kbd­b­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­ Tlby­ uj­kzv­gj­ker­hüu­ jn­ ltqcn­df­ob­ yta­nt­yb­rkf­lty­wb­ t­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ gj­ wz­kj­nj­ghj­nt­ét­ybt­yf­åht­uj­df­nf­kb­ybz­yf­Ntr­cfc­b­Keb­pbf­yf.­Lheu­gj­ker­hüu,­rjq­nj­ yf­ vtc­nf­ t­ ght­rüc­yfn,­ ct­ghjc­nb­hf­ jn­ wty­nhf­kty­ Rfy­pfc­ yf­ñu­ghtp­Jr­kf­öj­vf­b­yf­pf­gfl­ghtp­wty­nhf­kty­Ntr­cfc­lj­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj.­Vté­le­ b­ pfl­ nt­pb­ ldt­ uj­kt­vb­jå­kfc­nb­kt­éfn­jot­ldt­vyj­uj­dfé­yb­gj­kt­nf­–­d­Bp­nj­xty­Ntr­cfc­b­d­„Jgfi­rf­nf“­ (cntc­yt­yf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­nt­hb­nj­hbz­nf)­yf­ct­dt­hj­pf­gf­lty­Ntr­cfc.­Jc­dty­nzö­jn­uj­kz­vj­pyf­xt­ybt­cf­ b­ gj­kt­nf­nf­ d­ ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­Ghtp­ cht­lf­nf­ yf­ 60­nt­ uj­lb­yb­yf­ 20­ dtr­ pf­gjx­df­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­yf­ yf­öj­lb­of­ yf­ ytan­ b­ ghb­hj­lty­ufp­gj­ct­dth­ybz­crkjy­yf­Fkzc­rf.

Vt­nf­vjh­ayb­nt­crf­kb­ct­ajh­vb­hfn­ gj­ cüd­ctv­ hfp­kb­xty­ yf­xby­ jn­enf­tx­yb­nt­ crf­kb.­ Gjl­ cb­kf­nf­ yf­ju­hj­vty­ yf­nbcr,­ eg­hfé­yz­dfy­ xhtp­gjc­nt­gty­yf­nf­ lt­ajh­vf­wbz­ yf­ ptv­yf­nf­ rj­hf,­ dün­hti­yf­nf­ cnher­ne­hf­yf­ gj­hf­yj­ ajh­vb­hf­kb­ ct­ crf­kb­vj­ét­ lf­ ght­nüh­gb­ vt­nf­vjh­aj­pf­bkb­lf­ct­ghj­vt­yb.­Njk­rj­df­cbk­yj­t­yf­kz­uf­yt­nj,­eg­hfé­yz­df­yj­d­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ öb­kz­lb­ uj­lb­yb,­ b­njk­rj­df­ db­cj­rf­ t­ bp­küx­df­yf­nf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf,­ xt­ cf­vf­nf­ vj­kt­re­kzh­yf­ cnher­ne­hf­ yf­ crf­kf­nf­ ct­ghj­vt­yz.­ Nf­pb­ nhfyc­ajh­vf­wbz­jåzc­yz­df­ pf­oj­ vt­nfk­yb­nt­ he­lb,­

lj­åb­df­yb­pf­yeé­lb­nt­yf­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf,­ct­cht­ofn­yfq­xtc­nj­d­hf­qj­yb­yf­vt­nf­vjh­ayb­crf­kb.

Vyj­uj­ jn­ vb­yb­nt,­ d­ rjb­nj­ pf­güh­db­ gün­ ct­ lj­åb­dfn­ vt­nfk­yb­he­lb,­ cf­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ gjr­hfq­Rf­yfl­crbz­ obn.­ Hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­he­lj­åb­df­vj­ét­lf­åü­lt­ghjc­kt­lt­yj­ gj­ jgb­cf­yf­nf­ jn­ yt­uj­ lük­uf­lü­uf,­ ghjc­nb­hf­of­ ct­ jn­ Ct­dth­ybz­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rb­ jrt­fy­ b­ ib­hj­rj­nj­ec­nbt­ yf­ ht­rf­Ctqyn­Kj­hüyc­ ghtp­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf­ b­ yf­ ct­dth­ ghtp­Rf­yf­lf­lj­Ct­dth­ybz­kt­lj­dbn­jrt­fy.­ Lü­uf­nf­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ jn­ ldt­nt­cnhf­yb­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ Cñ­gb­hb­üh:­ d­ct­dt­hty­ Vb­xb­ufy,­ Ebc­rjy­cby­ b­Vb­yt­cj­nf,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ lj­åb­dfn­vtl­b­ét­kz­pj.

Dnj­hf­pj­yf­yf­vt­nf­vjh­ayb­crf­kb­t­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yf­gjr­hfq­bp­njx­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­ Dfé­yb­gj­ktp­yb­ bp­rj­gft­vb,­ jn­rhb­nb­ nfv­jn­pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl,­cf­vtl­nf­b­ét­kz­pj­nj.

Nht­nb­uj­kzv­he­lj­lj­åb­dty­hf­qjy­t­ jåj­cj­åty­ jn­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb.­Hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­ pf­kt­éb­ jn­ pkf­nj­ b­chtå­hj,­ yz­rjb­ jn­ nzö­ åj­uf­nb,­ghbd­kb­xf­kb­ pkf­nj­nüh­cf­xb­ b­ he­lj­lj­åbd­yb­ rjv­gf­ybb­ d­ bpj­kb­hf­yb­vtcn­yjc­nb­yf­ñu­jn­Vtr­cb­rfy­crf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf­ lj­ wty­nhfk­yf­ Fkzc­rf.­Jn­uj­kz­vj­by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­pyf­xt­ybt­cf­uj­kt­vb­nt­pf­kt­éb­yf­vtl,­wbyr,­jkj­dj,­ vj­kbå­lty­ b­ ehfy­ d­ nj­pb­pf­gf­lty­ht­ub­jy,­rfr­nj­b­gj­vfk­rb­yf­öj­lb­of­yf­djk­ahfv,­öhjv,­vfy­ufy­b­lhe­ub­gj­ktp­yb­bp­rj­gft­vb.

Yt­åb­df­lf­ct­cvz­nf,­xt­yeé­lb­nt­yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ cf­

xfb­ jh­uf­ybx­yb­nt­ dt­otcn­df­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­kb­ ntx­yjcn,­ pf­ctl­yf­kf­ d­uüy­rb­nt­yf­ytg­hj­gec­rkb­db­crf­kb­b­cktl­vyj­uj­dht­vt­bp­dkt­xt­yf­rf­nj­ytan.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ nt­pb­ yta­nt­yb­pf­kt­éb­cf­cdüh­pf­yb­c­lheu­dnj­hb­xty­ ghj­lern­ jn­ cü­obz­ gt­hb­jl­ –­ghb­hjl­ybz­ ufp.­ D­ lhe­ub­ cke­xfb­jh­uf­ybx­yb­nt­ dt­otcn­df­ ct­ ght­düh­yf­kb­ d­ ndüh­lb­ gkfc­nj­dt­ düu­kb­of,­rjb­nj­ gj­yz­rj­uf­ åb­kb­ c­ lt­åt­kb­yf­cf­vj­ yz­rjk­rj­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf,­ yj­gj­yz­rj­uf­b­cnj­nb­wb­gü­nb­gj­dt­xt.

Gjl­jå­ibh­yb­jå­kfc­nb­d­Ct­dth­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­kt­éfn­ct­lb­vty­nyb­yfc­kf­ub,­ jå­hf­pe­df­yb­ ghtp­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­ybz­ gt­hb­jl.­ Nt­pb­ jå­kfc­nb,­ rü­lt­nj­åb­vju­kj­ lf­ ct­ jn­rhb­zn­ düu­kb­of,­ytan­bkb­ghb­hj­lty­ufp,­ct­yf­vb­hfn­d­ Wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ b­ d­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb,­ d­ xfc­nb­ yf­ rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­hfd­yb­yf­yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd,­d­lz­kj­dt­yf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­b­lj­kb­yb,­jrj­kj­Fh­rnb­rf­b­d­yf­uü­yf­nb­nt­b­yf­xe­gt­yb­pf­gfl­yb­rhfb­of­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­rfr­nj­b­d­bp­njx­yb­nt­Crf­kbc­nb­gkf­yb­yb.

Yf­ jå­ibh­yb­ ghjc­nhfycn­df­ jn­nt­pb­ ct­lb­vty­nyb­ hfd­yb­yb­ cf­jn­rhb­nb­ uj­kt­vb­ yf­öj­lb­of­ yf­vb­yt­hf­kb.­Yfq­dfé­yb­nt­pf­kt­éb­yf­düu­kb­of­d­Fvt­hb­rf­cf­hfp­hf­åj­nt­yb­ d­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­ybz­ åf­ctqy­ yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­ Vb­yb­nt­ d­ nj­pb­ gjx­nb­ytg­ht­rüc­yfn­ åf­ctqy­ d­ bp­njx­yf­nf­xfcn­ yf­ Rty­nü­rb,­ d­ Pf­gfl­yf­ Düh­léb­ybz­ b­ d­ pf­gfl­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ cf­ güh­db­nt­ hfp­hf­åj­nt­yb­ vb­yb­ b­ nt­ ljc­nf­dzn­ gjx­nb­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­yeé­yb­nt­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­düu­kb­of.

Lj­ yt­jn­lfd­yf­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­jc­nf­yf­kb­nt­ düu­kb­of,­ lj­åb­df­yb­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb,­ ct­ gj­ke­xf­dfn­jn­ Bp­njx­ybz­ wty­nhf­kty­ åf­ctqy,­rjq­nj­kt­éb­yf­gjx­nb­wz­kf­nf­nt­hb­nj­hbz­yf­Bkb­yjq­b­ct­ghjc­nb­hf­lj­pf­gfl­yf­By­lbf­yf­b­pf­gf­lty­Rty­nü­rb.­ Vf­rfh­ xt­ xfcn­ jn­ düu­kb­of­nf­yf­nj­pb­åf­ctqy­ct­bp­gjk­pdf­pf­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ ét­kz­pj­ b­ cnj­vf­yf,­gj­db­cj­rj­nj­ bv­ cü­lüh­éf­ybt­ yf­cz­hf­cdté­lf­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­bv­ght­lbv­yj­ lj­ jnjg­kt­ybt­ b­ ghj­bp­djl­cn­dj­yf­tktr­nhj­tyth­ubz.

Pf­gfl­yb­zn­ wty­nhf­kty­ åf­ctqy,­cü­oj­nf­rf­uj­kzv,­ct­ghjc­nb­hf­gjl­Fqj­df­ b­ Vb­ce­hb,­ rf­nj­ yf­ ñu­ ct­cntc­yz­df­ b­ yfd­kb­pf­ d­ bp­njx­yf­Jr­kf­öj­vf.­ Düu­kb­of­nf­ d­ nj­pb­åf­ctqy­ cf­ c­ vfk­rj­ gj­kj­ij­ rf­xt­cn­dj­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ düu­kb­of­nf­ d­bp­njx­yb­nt­åf­ctq­yb­b­hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­yf­nt­pb­yf­öj­lb­of­pf­gjx­df­yt­jn­lfd­yf.

D­bp­njx­yb­nt­gjr­hfq­yb­yb­yf­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ bvf­ vyj­étcn­dj­vfk­rb­ b­ yz­rjk­rj­ uj­kt­vb­ yf­öj­lb­of­ yf­ åb­ne­vb­yjp­yb­ rf­vty­yb­ düu­kb­of.­ Ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ ldf­lt­ctn­uj­lb­yb­uj­kt­vb­yf­öj­lb­of­ct­hfp­hf­åjn­dfn­ d­ Ef­qj­vbyu­ b­ Vjy­nf­yf.­Bvf­ b­ yz­rjk­rj­ uj­kt­vb­ yf­öj­lb­of­yf­ kbu­ybn­yb­ (rf­az­db)­ düu­kb­of­ d­ct­dth­yb­nt­Uj­kt­vb­hfd­yb­yb.

Hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­ pf­kt­éb­ yf­ ytan­ b­ghb­hj­lty­ ufp­ bvf­ bp­ wt­kbz­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kty­åf­ctqy­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­Jn­ñéty­Bkb­yjq­b­jn­ñé­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Vb­xb­ufy,­rfr­nj­b­jn­yz­rjb­ vtc­nf­ d­ ct­dth­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­hfd­yb­yb­ b­ ct­dth­yb­nt­ Crf­kbc­nb­

26

yf­gük­yj­ pf­lj­dj­kt­yb­ jn­ ju­hjv­yj­nj­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­ yf­ gj­ktp­yb­ bp­rj­gft­vb,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ cht­ofn­ d­ nt­pb­ nhb­pj­yb­ yf­ vt­nf­vjh­ayb­ crf­kb.­Yz­rjk­rj­vb­yt­hf­kb,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vb­yf­vj­lth­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ (yfg­hb­vth­rf­kfq,­ vfy­ufy­ b­ db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dty­åjr­cbn­pf­fke­vb­ybq)­yt­ct­cht­ofn­d­ Fvt­hb­rf­ d­ ljc­nf­nüx­yb­ rj­kb­xt­cn­df,­ pf­ lf­ pf­lj­dj­kzn­ yeé­lb­nt­ yf­dün­hti­ybz­ gf­pfh.­ Jot­ gj­dt­xt,­ xt­edt­kb­xf­df­yt­nj­ yf­ by­lec­nhb­fk­ybz­rf­gf­wb­ntn­t­cüg­hj­dj­lt­yj­jn­edt­kb­

xt­yj­ nüh­ct­yt­ yf­ vyj­uj­ vb­yt­hf­kb.­Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ yt­ cf­vyj­uj­lüh­éf­db­nt,­rjb­nj­hfp­gj­kf­ufn­cüc­cü­ob­nt­bkb­gj­yt­c­åkbp­rb­lj­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yb­nt­pf­kt­éb­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­rf­nj­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­b­rf­nj­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­yf­he­lb­b­uj­hb­dj.

Bpj­åb­kbt­nj­ jn­ gj­ktp­yb­ bp­rj­gft­vb­ bu­hft­ ht­if­df­of­ hj­kz­ pf­ hfp­­­db­nbt­nj­yf­ju­hjv­ybz­ghj­bp­djlcn­dt­yj­ by­lec­nhbf­kty­ rjv­gktrc­ yf­­Fvt­hb­rf. ∆

27

Rj­uf­nj­pf­güh­db­gün­åb­­kf­jn­rhb­nf­jn­td­hj­gtq­wb­nt,­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ rjz­nj­

lytc­ gjp­yf­df­vt­ rf­nj­ Cüt­lb­­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb,­ bvf­kf­ vf­kjå­hjq­yj,­ hfp­ghüc­yf­nj­ vtcn­yj­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­ yfå­hjz­df­oj­ jrj­kj­800­000­le­ib,­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ rjb­nj­ åb­kb­ cüå­hf­yb­ d­vfk­rb­gkt­vty­yb­tlb­yb­wb.

Rek­ne­hf­nf­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb­ åb­kf­ ndüh­lt­ hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yf.­ Cf­vj­ gj­ rf­kb­ajh­ybq­crj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­ ct­ uj­dj­ht­kb­ yt­rjk­rj­c­nj­nby­lbf­ktr­nf.­By­lb­fy­wb­nt­ge­tå­kj,­ rjb­nj­ yf­ct­kz­df­kb­ lyti­yj­ Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj,­b­dt­hj­zn­yj­cf­bp­gbn­df­kb­rek­neh­yj­nj­ dkbz­ybt­ yf­ fw­nt­rb­nt­jn­ñu,­éb­dtt­kb­d­uhf­lj­dt­b­cnhjt­kb­ ckjé­yb­ yf­gjb­ntk­yb­ cbc­nt­vb.­Gkt­vt­nj­ gf­qñ­nb­ jn­ Uj­kt­vbz­åf­ctqy­ éb­dtt­kb­ düd­ dht­vty­yb­éb­kb­of­ c­ nhüc­nb­rj­db­ gjr­hb­db­ b­dj­lt­kb­gj­ke­xth­ufh­crb­éb­djn,­rf­nj­ct­bp­öhfy­df­kb­c­zlbd­yb­lb­db­hfc­nt­ybz­ b­ lht­åty­ lb­dtx.­ Tc­rb­vj­cb­nt­(byeb­nb­nt),­rjb­nj­ct­pf­ct­kb­kb­gjc­ktl­yb,­ ght­lb­ lf­ ghbc­nbu­yfn­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt,­ght­ytc­kb­vyj­uj­jn­rek­ne­hf­nf­ yf­ cüå­hf­nz­nf­ cb­ jn­ Uhty­kfy­lbz­b­Cb­åbh.

Vf­rfh­xt­d­yz­rjb­vj­vty­nb­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ by­lb­fy­wb­ düp­gb­hf­kb­trc­gfy­pbz­nf­ yf­ td­hj­gtq­crj­nj­ pf­­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj,­ d­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ cke­xfb­ghb­yj­cün­bv­pf­rek­ne­hf­nf­t­vb­yb­vf­kty.­Vyj­uj­ jn­ nzö­ bp­vht­kb­ jn­ght­yt­ct­yb­jn­Td­hj­gf­by­atr­wb­jp­yb­pf­åj­kz­df­ybz­ rf­nj­ tl­hf­ ifh­rf­ b­

vjh­åb­kb,­ jot­ ght­lb­ lf­ dkz­pfn­ d­ ghzr­ rjy­nfrn­ c­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt.­By­lb­fy­wb­nt­cü­ltqcn­df­kb­vyj­uj­ yf­ ghbc­nb­uf­ob­nt­td­hj­gtq­wb,­jcj­åt­yj­ghtp­güh­db­nt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ yf­ pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­nj,­ yj­ yfq­xtc­nj­åb­kb­ bp­åb­df­yb­ bkb­ ghj­ujy­

df­yb­ d­ ht­pth­df­nb­ yf­ Pf­gfl.­ C­ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­ yf­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­uhf­yb­wf­ yf­ Pf­gfl,­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb­ b­ ntö­yb­nt­ ht­pth­df­nb­cktl­df­kb­d­cü­of­nf­gj­cj­rf.

Pf­ctk­yb­xtc­Rb­vJ­lt­kbVf­rfh­ xt­ yt­ t­ düp­vjé­yj­ lf­ ct­gj­cj­xb­njx­yj­rjk­rj­le­ib­cf­dktp­kb­jn­Td­hj­gf­b­d­gj­vfk­rf­cnt­gty­jn­Fa­hb­rf­d­cnhf­yf­nf,­rjz­nj­lytc­yf­hb­xf­vt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb,­vj­étv­lf­ yfg­hf­dbv­ jc­yj­df­ntk­yj­nj­ ghtl­gj­kj­ét­ybt,­xt­wba­hf­nf­t­åkb­pj­60­vb­kbj­yf.

Yfq­hfy­yb­nt­bvbu­hfy­nb­ghbc­nb­ufn­jn­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­Td­hj­gf.­Ghb­güh­dj­nj­ ghtå­hjz­df­yt­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ ghtp­ 1790­ u.­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ ldt­ nht­nb­ jn­ åz­kj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ t­ jn­ åhb­nfy­crb­ ghj­bp­öjl,­ f­ yf­ dnj­hj­ vzc­nj­ gj­ xbc­kt­yjcn­ cf­ ght­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ jn­ ytv­crb­ b­öj­kfyl­crb­ghj­bp­öjl.

Tvbu­hf­wb­jy­yf­nf­ dük­yf­ rüv­Ct­dth­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ pf­nbö­df­ vté­le­1760­u.­b­1815­u.­Nj­df­t­dht­vt­yf­gt­hbj­lbx­yb­ djq­yb­ d­ Td­hj­gf­ b­Ct­dth­yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­rfr­nj­b­d­hf­qj­yf­yf­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­jrt­fy.­Vté­le­1815­u.­b­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­Güh­df­nf­

ec­kj­dbz­pf­hfp­db­Nbt­yf­xj­dti­Rf­ltq­yjcN

ukf­df

3

28 29

cdt­njd­yf­ djq­yf­ghtp­1914­ u.­ bvbu­hf­wbz­nf­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ dcz­rj­ cktl­df­oj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbt.

Ghtp­güh­df­nf­gj­kj­db­yf­yf­gt­hbj­lf­ 1815–1913­ yfq­vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­ghj­lük­éf­dfn­lf­åü­lfn­ght­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ jn­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­ Td­hj­gf.­ Ghtp­cktl­df­ob­nt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ d­ ght­ctk­yb­xtc­rb­nt­dük­yb­ct­dkb­dfn­gj­nj­wb­öj­hf­ jn­ ñé­yf­ b­ bp­njx­yf­ Td­hj­gf.­Rüv­1913­u.­gj­dt­xt­jn­xt­nb­hb­gt­nb­jn­ dcbx­rb­ bvbu­hfy­nb­ cf­ jn­ nt­pb­xfc­nb­ yf­ Td­hj­gf,­ jcj­åt­yj­ jn­Bnf­kbz,­Fdcnhj­Ey­uf­hbz­b­He­cbz.

Nf­pb­ ghj­vz­yf­ t­ cktlcn­dbt­ jn­By­lec­nhb­fk­yf­nf­ht­dj­kñ­wbz.­Pf­gjx­yf­kf­ ghtp­ 18­ dtr­ yf­ Åhb­nfy­crb­nt­jc­nhj­db­b­d­Öj­kfy­lbz­b­Åtk­ubz,­nz­ct­ hfp­ghjc­nhf­yz­df­ yf­ ñuj­bp­njr­ghtp­ cktl­df­ob­nt­ cnj­ b­ gtn­lt­ctn­uj­lb­yb.­ C­ yfd­kb­pf­yt­nj­ yf­ by­lec­nhbf­kb­pf­wbz­nf,­ cvüh­nyjcn­nf­ yf­vf­kz­df­ b­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ åüh­pj­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df.­Brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ct­jhb­ty­nb­hf­rüv­ ghj­vbi­kt­yj­nj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj,­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ct­hfp­hfcn­dfn­b­åhj­zn­yf­ctk­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ cü­jn­dtn­yj­yf­vf­kz­df.­ Dct­ gj­uj­kz­vj­nj­ nüh­ct­yt­yf­hf­åjn­yb­wb­pf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­yfl­ödüh­kz­gj­nty­wb­fk­yf­nf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf­b­pf­nj­df­vyj­uj­öj­hf­bc­rfn­lf­tvbu­hb­hfn.

Cvz­nf­ct,­xt­ght­ctk­yb­wb­nt­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­bp­åb­hfn­hf­qj­yb,­rjb­nj­ghb­kb­xfn­yf­hjl­yb­nt­bv­vtc­nf­d­Td­hj­gf.­ Rf­nj­ ghb­vth­ d­ nj­df­ jn­yj­it­ybt­ct­cj­xb­uj­kt­vb­zn­åhjq­crfy­lb­yfd­crb­ght­ctk­yb­wb­d­Vb­yt­cj­nf­b­Lf­rj­nf.­ Vj­ét­ åb­ bvf­ bp­dtcn­yf­bc­nb­yf­ d­ nj­df­ ndüh­lt­ybt,­ yj­gj­dfé­yj­nj­ t,­ xt­ gj­ dht­vt­nj­ yf­

yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­crfy­lb­yfd­crf­bvbu­hf­wbz­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf­ cnb­uf­lj­ nt­pb­ of­nb.­ D­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ cke­xfb­vj­pfq­rf­nf­ jn­ tn­yb­xtc­rb­ vj­lt­kb­ d­Fvt­hb­rf­ct­jajh­vz­d­öj­lf­yf­nüh­ct­yt­nj­yf­yj­db­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­–­düp­vjé­yjc­nb,­ jn­rhb­df­ob­ ct­ jn­yf­xf­kj­yfq­xtc­nj­ d­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ pt­vb,­ lj­rjb­nj­ cnb­uf­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf,­f­cktl­nj­df­b­d­uhf­lj­dt­nt.

Uj­kz­vj­nj­ bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­ d­ bvbu­hfyn­crbz­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rb­ vj­ltk­ t­pf­ctk­df­yt­nj­ yf­ xth­yj­rj­éb­ d­Fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­ ñu.­ Xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­ cf­bp­ghf­nt­yb­ ghb­ye­lb­ntk­yj­ rf­nj­ hj­åb­d­ gkfy­nf­wbb­nt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ b­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­tl­yf­vfk­rf­xfcn­jn­uj­kz­vj­nj­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­ yf­ fa­hb­rfy­wb­rüv­ Rf­hbå­crbz­ åf­ctqy,­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­yf­ñé­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­ b­ Fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­ ñuj­bp­njr.­Cktl­vf­cj­dj­nj­ght­ct­kt­ybt­jn­Td­hj­gf­nj­df­cb­ueh­yj­t­dnj­hj­nj­yfq­vyj­uj­kñl­yj­ gü­ne­df­yt­ yf­ lük­uj­ hfp­cnjz­ybt­ d­ xj­dti­rf­nf­ bc­nj­hbz.­Vj­ét­ åb­ 20­ vb­kbj­yf­ le­ib­ cf­yf­gec­yf­kb­Fa­hb­rf.­Ghtl­gj­kf­uf­ ct,­xt­gj­vfk­rj­jn­500­000­xth­yj­rj­éb­cf­ ghbc­nbu­yf­kb­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ nzö­ dt­hj­zn­yj­bl­dfn­ jn­ Rf­hbå­crj­ vj­ht,­ f­ yt­ jn­Fa­hb­rf.­Lfy­yb­nt­jn­ghtå­hjz­df­yt­nj­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­jn­1790­u.­gj­rfp­dfn,­xt­ 20­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ t­ jn­ fa­hb­rfy­crb­ ghj­bp­öjl.­Cktl­nf­pb­lf­nf­bvbu­hf­wbz­nf­jn­Fa­hb­rf­ t­ vfk­rf,­ f­ ghj­wty­nün­ yf­xth­yj­rj­éj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­vf­kz­df.

Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ ghbt­vfn­ güh­db­nt­dfé­yb­pf­rj­yb­pf­ju­hf­yb­xf­df­yt­yf­ bvbu­hf­wbz­nf­ ghtp­ 20­nt­ uj­lb­yb­

yf­20­dtr.­Ju­hf­yb­xt­ybz­nf,­rfr­nj­b­Uj­kz­vf­nf­ltg­ht­cbz­jn­30­nt­uj­lb­yb­b­ Dnj­hf­nf­ cdt­njd­yf­ djq­yf­ ghtp­40­nt­ uj­lb­yb,­ cür­hf­of­dfn­ bvbu­hf­wbz­nf­ lj­ vb­yb­vev­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­jyj­df,­rjt­nj­nz­t­åb­kf­ghtp­1913­u.­Jn­ 1945­ uj­lb­yf­ yf­cfv­ åhj­zn­ yf­bvbu­hfy­nb­nt­ kt­rj­ ct­ t­ edt­kb­xbk.­Vyj­uj­gj­kb­åt­hfk­yb­bvbu­hf­wb­jy­yb­pf­rj­yb­ct­ghbt­vfn­ghtp­60­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr.­D­rhfz­yf­80­nt­uj­lb­yb­Vtr­cb­rj,­Ab­kb­gb­yb­nt­b­Fy­nbk­crb­nt­ jc­nhj­db­ cf­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­bp­njx­yb­wb­yf­ght­ctk­yb­wb­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­ Lytc­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ghbt­vfn­ jrj­kj­700­000­kt­ufk­yb­bvbu­hfy­nb­uj­lbi­yj.­Jrj­kj­275­000­xeé­lty­wb­dkb­pfn­ yt­kt­ufk­yj­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf­ dcz­rf­uj­lb­yf.

Güh­db­nt­ bvbu­hfyn­crb­ ct­kb­of­ cf­vfk­rb,­ d­ åkb­pjcn­ lj­ jrtf­yf­ b­jåüh­yf­nb­ gj­dt­xt­ rüv­ Td­hj­gf,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­rüv­pt­vz­nf,­rjz­nj­ub­t­pfj­åb­rf­kz­kf.­ Rj­uf­nj­ rj­ktå­kb­dj­pf­gjx­dfn­ lf­ ct­ jn­lf­kt­xf­dfn­ jn­jrtf­yb­nt,­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ lf­ cktl­dfn­ djl­yb­nt­ gü­nb­of,­pf­oj­nj­ nt­ bv­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ nüh­ujd­crb­vjcn­rüv­åht­uf­b­dfé­yf­dhüp­rf­ c­ Td­hj­gf.­ Nf­rf­ åhb­nfy­wb­nt­ ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­ yf­ hfp­xkt­yt­ybz­ åhzu­yf­pf­kb­df­Xt­cf­gbqr­b­dkb­df­ob­nt­ct­d­yt­uj­ht­rb­b­ghj­njx­dfn­rf­nj­nüy­rf­bdb­wf­ct­kb­of­nf­cb­gj­crf­kbc­nbz­åhzu­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl.­ Öj­kfy­lwb­nt­ct­ ghbl­dbé­dfn­ yf­uj­ht­ gj­ ht­rf­Öül­cüy­ jn­ Yñ­ Fv­cnth­lfv­ (Yñ­Qjhr),­ f­ ahfy­we­pb­nt­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­pft­vfn­åht­uj­dt­nt­gj­ujh­yj­nj­nt­xt­ybt­yf­ht­rf­Ctqyn­Kj­hüyc.

Ghtp­ güh­db­nt­ 150­ uj­lb­yb­ jn­yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ gjc­nj­zy­yj­nj­ td­hj­gtq­crj­pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­–­lj­rüv­1765­u.­–­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­ ct­ ghbl­dbé­dfn­ yf­pf­gfl,­yj­yt­gj­lf­ktx­jn­bp­njx­yb­nt­crkj­yj­dt­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­Cktl­nj­df­d­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­tlby­dtr­uhf­yb­wf­nf­ct­bp­vtcn­df­lj­Nb­öbz­jrt­fy­b­ghtp­ 1890­ u.­Fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­ åñ­hj­pf­ ghtå­hjz­df­yt­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­jåz­dz­df,­ xt­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­ uhf­yb­wf­ t­ ljc­nbu­yf­kf­rhfq­ybz­cb­geyrn.

Nf­pb­ cnht­vb­ntk­yf­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­trc­gfy­pbz­t­ht­pek­nfn­jn­ghtj­hb­ty­nf­wbz­d­yfu­kf­cb­nt­yf­öj­hf­nf­bp­düy­Td­hj­gf.­D­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­19­dtr­dct­gj­dt­xt­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­ éb­dt­zn­ c­eåté­lt­ybt­nj,­ xt­ cül­åf­nf­ bv­ t­jn­ht­lb­kf­ lf­ gj­rj­hzn­ rjy­nb­yty­nf.­Gj­ptv­kt­yb­nt­ pf­rj­yb­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­dct­gj­dt­xt­ektc­yz­dfn­trc­gfy­pbz­nf.­Jc­dty­ nj­df­ rjk­rj­nj­ gj­dt­xt­ ct­edt­kb­xf­df­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj,­ njk­rj­df­gj­dt­xt­ öj­hf­ ct­ yf­lz­dfn,­ xt­ ot­ght­ec­gt­zn­d­éb­dj­nf,­rf­nj­ ct­ghb­l­dbé­dfn­yf­pf­gfl.

D­bp­njx­yf­nf­gj­kj­db­yf­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­yf­pf­gfl­lj­Rfy­pfc­b­Ytå­hfc­rf,­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rb­zn­ ghj­wtc­vt­nj­lbx­yj­ cktl­df­ pf­gfl­yf­ gj­cj­rf.­Tc­ntcn­dt­yj,­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­ cnf­df­gj­åüh­pj­ ghb­ bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­ yf­jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ gü­nb­of­rf­nj­ ht­rf­ Jöf­qj,­ b­ gj­åfd­yj­ yf­lhe­ub­vtc­nf.

Pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ ct­ghbl­dbé­dfn­åüh­pj­yf­pf­gfl­rüv­jå­ibh­yb­nt­nht­dbc­nb­jå­kfc­nb.­Ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb­b­vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­nt­ q­ ghb­nj­wb­ ghtl­kf­ufn­ktc­yb­ gü­nb­of­ rüv­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­

30 31

yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ b­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ jn­rhb­dfn­ ju­hjv­yf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz,­ rjz­nj­ ct­ghjc­nb­hf­ jn­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­ gjr­hfq­yb­yb­yf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ xfr­ lj­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­ c­ jn­kbx­yf­ jå­hf­åjn­dft­vf­pt­vz­b­c­öe­åfd­rkb­vfn­pf­jn­ukté­lf­yt­yf­pt­vt­ltk­crb­rek­ne­hb.

Yj­yf­pf­gfl­jn­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­ b­ d­ Fkzc­rf­ pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­nj­yt­ t­ hfd­yj­vth­yj.­ Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­nf­pb­ jå­ibh­yf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz­ t­ bkb­vyj­uj­ce­öf,­bkb­vyj­uj­uj­ht­of,­bkb­pfv­hüp­yf­kf­b­yt­vj­ét­lf­ct­jå­hf­åjn­df.­ Crf­kbc­nb­zn­ nt­hty­ cgü­df­nhfyc­gjh­nf­ b­ ju­hf­yb­xf­df­ lj­gük­yb­ntk­yj­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj.­Pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­nj­ ct­ cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­df­d­jå­kfc­nb,­rjb­nj­bvfn­zdty­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­gj­nty­wb­fk.­D­ht­pek­nfn­yf­nj­df­ chtl­ byf­xt­ gjx­nb­ åtp­kñl­ybz­gtq­pfé­ bp­ybr­dfn­ rf­nj­ njx­rb­jn­ltk­yb­hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­ct­kb­of.

Ghtp­1990­u.­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­t­gjx­nb­250­vb­kbj­yf­le­ib,­rf­nj­uüc­nj­nf­nf­t­ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ 235­ le­ib­ yf­ rdfl­hf­nty­rb­kj­vt­nüh.­ Vj­étv­ lf­ gj­cj­xbv­nhb­ukfd­yb­pj­yb,­d­rjb­nj­nj­éb­dtt.­Tl­yf­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yf­ pj­yf­ pft­vf­tlby­ rdfl­hfyn,­ uhe­åj­ jajh­vty­ jn­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ Åjc­nüy­ (Vf­cf­xe­ctnc),­Xb­rf­uj­ (Bkb­yjq),­ Ctqyn­ Ke­bc­(Vb­ce­hb)­ b­ Df­iby­unjy,­ jåkfcn­Rü­küv­åbz:­7­jn­12­nt­yfq­yf­ct­kt­yb­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­of­nf­ cf­ d­ nf­pb­ pj­yf.­Nj­df­t­jå­kfcn­nf,­rjz­nj­ct­hfp­db­df­yfq­hf­yj,­ b­ rjz­nj­ jn­rhfq­ dht­vt­ t­yfq­yfg­htl­yf­kf­ d­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­jn­yj­it­ybt.­ Eljå­yb­nt­ tc­ntcn­dt­yb­gü­nb­of­b­xe­ltc­yb­nt­ghbc­nf­yb­of­gj­fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­ åhzu­ cf­ cdüh­pf­yb­ d­

wz­kjcn­yf­ nhfyc­gjh­nyf­ vht­éf.­ D­nf­pb­jå­kfcn­bkb­yt­lf­ktx­jn­ytz­ct­yf­vb­hfn­ yz­rjb­ jn­ yfq­ljå­hb­nt­pt­vt­ltk­crb­pt­vb­yf­cnhf­yf­nf,­rfr­nj­b­åj­uf­nb­yf­öj­lb­of­yf­vb­yt­hfk­yb­ht­ceh­cb.

Lhe­uf,­ dnj­hbx­yf­ pj­yf­ jå­ödf­of­ñé­yb­nt­ b­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­ ght­lt­kb­ yf­güh­dbx­yf­nf­pj­yf­b­ghj­lük­éf­df­yf­pf­gfl­ lj­ bp­njx­yb­nt­ lz­kj­dt­ yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb.­ Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­jn­ yfq­ljå­hb­nt­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ pt­vb­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­cf­d­nf­pb­pj­yf­b­gjx­nb­ dcbx­rb­ gj­nty­wb­fk­yb­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ pt­vb­ct­jå­hf­åjn­dfn.­Gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ t­ yf­ct­kt­yf,­vf­rfh­xt­uüc­nj­nf­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ rf­nj­ wz­kj­ t­ gj­ybc­rf­ d­chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yf­nf­ pj­yf.­Ner­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ cf­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­gj­yf­ib­hj­rj­ b­ gj­hfd­yj­vth­yj,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­d­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yf­nf­pj­yf,­b­ cf­ ght­lbv­yj­ wty­nhj­dt­ yf­jå­otcn­dt­yb­ ec­ke­ub­ b­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ghtl­ghbz­nbz.

B­ yfr­hfz,­ tl­yf­ gt­hb­ath­yf­ pj­yf­pft­vf­nt­hb­nj­hbz­nf­yf­pf­gfl­jn­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­ hfd­yb­yb.­ D­ nf­pb­yt­ jcj­åt­yj­ yf­ct­kt­yf­ pj­yf­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ lj­vb­yb­hf­ vj­lt­kün­ yf­pf­ctk­df­yt­ b­ yf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ hfc­nté­d­vtc­nf­c­jg­ht­lt­kty­gj­nty­wb­fk­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt.­ Vf­rfh­ xt­ yz­rjb­jå­kfc­nb­ ct­uf­ cf­ uüc­nj­ yf­ct­kt­yb­ –­jcj­åt­yj­ hf­qj­yün­ yf­ rf­kb­ajh­ybq­crbz­ pf­kbd­ yf­ Cfy­ Ahfy­cbc­rj­ b­åf­ctq­yf­yf­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc,­rfr­nj­b­hfd­yb­yf­nf­ yf­ Gñl­ébn­ Cf­eyl­ d­of­nf­ Df­iby­unjy­ –­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­nf­pb­nt­hb­nj­hbz­jc­nf­df­hzl­rj­yf­ct­kt­yf.

Hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­ghj­wt­cf­yf­vj­åbk­yjcn­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­vj­ét­lf­åü­lt­ hfp­lt­kty­ yf­ nhb­ gt­hbj­lf.­Güh­db­zn­ t­ gt­hbj­lün­ yf­ ldb­ét­ybt­jn­bp­njr­yf­pf­gfl,­cktl­nj­df­t­ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ jn­ ctk­crb­ rüv­ uhfl­crb­hf­qj­yb,­b­yfr­hfz­t­ct­ufi­yb­zn­gt­hb­jl,­rj­uf­nj­gj­dt­xt­nj­ghbl­dbé­df­ybz­yf­uj­kt­vb­hfp­cnjz­ybz­cnf­dfn­vté­le­ jå­kfc­nb­ yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb.­ Rfr­nj­yt­jn­rkjy­yj­ ct­ t­ ghbl­dbé­df­kj­ yf­pf­gfl­ c­ dcz­rj­ bp­vb­yf­kj­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbt,­ gj­ cü­obz­ yf­xby­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ ct­ t­ eh­åf­yb­pb­hf­kj.­Frj­ ghtp­ 1790­ u.­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 10­ghj­wty­nf­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­åb­vju­kj­lj­hb­yfq­jå­oj­lf­ct­jg­ht­lt­kb­rf­nj­uhfl­crj,­ghtp­1990­u.­gj­dt­xt­jn­nhb­xtn­düh­nb­jn­yt­uj­ghb­yfl­kt­éb­rüv­nf­pb­rf­nt­uj­hbz.

Wb­nb­hf­yf­nf­ cnf­nbc­nb­rf­ jn­hf­pz­df­yt­ cf­vj­ yf­vf­kz­df­yt­ yf­ ctk­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ d­ jn­yj­cb­ntk­yb­ cnjq­yjc­nb,­yj­cü­oj­b­yf­vf­kz­df­yt­d­få­cj­kñn­yb­cnjq­yjc­nb­yf­åhjz­yf­öj­hf­nf,­ pft­nb­ cüc­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­nhel.­Vté­le­1960­u.­b­1987­u.­yfg­hb­vth­ åhj­zn­ yf­ öj­hf­nf,­ rjb­nj­éb­dt­zn­ b­ hf­åj­nzn­ düd­ ath­vb,­yf­vf­kz­df­ jn­ yfl­ 15­ vb­kbj­yf­ lj­gjl­6­vb­kbj­yf.

Ldb­ét­ybz­nf­jn­bp­njr­yf­pf­gfl­b­jn­ ctk­crf­ rüv­ uhfl­crf­ Fvt­hb­rf­jn­hf­pz­dfn­ ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ pf­ nj­df­rü­lt­nhzå­df­lf­ct­nüh­czn­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yb­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb.­Güh­dj,­ c­ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­yf­uhf­yb­wf­nf­yf­pf­gfl­cnf­dfn­ljc­nüg­yb­dct­gj­dt­xt­ b­ gj­dt­xt­ jå­hf­åjn­dft­vb­pt­vb.­Dnj­hj,­bvf­ju­hjv­yj­nüh­ct­yt­yf­uhfl­crf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf,­ght­lbp­db­

rf­yj­ jn­ By­lec­nhb­fk­yf­nf­ ht­dj­kñ­wbz.­ Cktl­ rf­nj­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­ cnf­dfn­ ght­lbv­yj­ uhfl­crb­ éb­nt­kb­ b­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­nt­ pf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­åkf­uj­ltycn­dbt­ct­nüh­czn­d­uhf­lj­dt­nt,­ hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­nj­ d­ jgjk­pjn­dj­hz­df­yt­nj­yf­nt­pb­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­yf­kf­uf­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ gj­yf­nf­nüi­yb­nt­ghbl­dbé­df­ybz­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ lf­cnf­dfn­vté­le­vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt.

Cnf­nbc­nb­xtc­rb­nt­ lfy­yb­ pf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ pf­70­nt­ b­ 80­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr­gj­rfp­dfn,­ xt­ t­ yfc­nü­gbk­ xtn­düh­nb­df­éty­gt­hb­jl­yf­vj­åbk­yjcn.­Hf­qj­yb,­d­rjb­nj­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yj­dht­vt­yt­ t­ bvf­kj­ yb­rfr­df­ ghj­vz­yf­ bkb­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ bv­ t­ yf­vf­kz­df­kj,­ ct­hfp­hfcn­dfn.­ Jn­kb­xty­ ghb­vth­ pf­nj­df­t­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­Ñuf.

Vyj­uj­ yfå­kñ­lf­nt­kb­ bp­rfp­dfn­ghtl­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj,­ xt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­cf­cnf­yf­kb­gjc­nby­lec­nhb­fk­yf­cnhf­yf.­Nj­df­jp­yf­xf­df,­xt­jc­yjd­yb­nt­jå­kfc­nb,­d­rjb­nj­bvf­hfp­db­nbt,­cf­ jå­otcn­dt­yb­nt­ ec­ke­ub­ b­ ghj­at­cbb­nt,­rjb­nj­jå­hf­åjn­dfn­b­cüp­lf­dfn­by­ajh­vf­wbz.­Åhj­zn­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt,­ pft­nb­ d­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf,­ ct­ t­edt­kb­xbk­ cüd­ctv­vfk­rj­ ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ ldt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz,­ lj­rf­nj­hf­åjn­yf­nf­ cb­kf­ d­ cat­hf­nf­ yf­jå­otcn­dt­yb­nt­ b­ ghj­at­cbj­yfk­yb­ec­ke­ub­ ct­ hfl­df­ yf­ uj­kz­vj­ nüh­ct­yt.­ Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ hf­åj­nt­ob­nt­ d­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf,­rjk­rj­nj­b­vfk­rj­lf­ ct­ t­ edt­kb­xbk­ ntö­yb­zn­ åhjq,­ t­pft­nf­c­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­yf­db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb,­vfk­rb­gj­hfp­vth­ghj­ler­nb­ rf­nj­ tktr­nhj­yyb­ xfc­nb,­ rjb­nj­vj­ufn­ lf­ ct­ bp­hf­åjn­dfn­ gjx­nb­ yf­­

32 33

d­cz­rü­lt.­Nf­rf­dct­gj­dt­xt­b­gj­dt­xt­öj­hf­bvfn­düp­vjé­yjcn­lf­éb­dt­zn,­rü­lt­nj­gj­ét­kf­zn.

EH­åf­yb­Pf­wbzGjx­nb­d­wz­kf­Fvt­hb­rf­bvf­uhfl­crb­ jå­kfc­nb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ yf­hfc­yf­kb­gj­ åhjq­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ b­ gkjo.­ D­yz­rjb­cke­xfb­éb­nt­kb­nt­cf­ct­edt­kb­xb­kb­njk­rj­df­vyj­uj,­f­hfp­vt­hb­nt­yf­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­uhf­lj­dt­cf­cnf­yf­kb­ njk­rj­df­ uj­kt­vb,­ xt­ jc­yjd­yb­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ hf­qj­yb­ cf­ ct­ ckt­kb­b­ cf­ jå­hf­pe­df­kb­ uhjp­lj­dt­ jn­ uhf­lj­dt.­ Yfq­j­xt­db­lty­ ghb­vth­ pf­nj­df­ t­ uhe­gf­nf­ uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lj­dt,­ghjc­nb­hf­ob­ct­jn­Åjc­nüy­(Vf­cf­xe­ctnc)­ lj­ Df­iby­unjy,­ jåkfcn­Rü­küv­åbz,­gjr­hfq­ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­ybz­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ åhzu.­ Lhe­uf­ uhe­gf­uhfl­crb­ hf­qj­yb­ –­ gj­yf­ib­hj­rj­hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­ b­ c­ gj­vfk­rb­ wty­nhfk­yb­ uhf­lj­dt­ –­ bvf­ gjr­hfq­ñé­yb­nt­rhfb­of­yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf.­Vb­kej­rb­ (Ebc­rjy­cby)­ b­Xb­rf­uj­(Bkb­yjq)­cf­jgjh­yb­nt­njx­rb­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ yf­ pf­gfl,­ f­ Åü­af­kj­ (Yñ­Qjhr)­ b­ Gbn­cåühu­ (Gty­cbk­df­ybz)­–­ yf­ bp­njr.­ Yz­rjb­ yfå­kñ­lf­nt­kb­ghtl­dbé­lfn,­ xt­ ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­–­jn­Cfy­Lbt­uj­lj­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­ –­ t­ cktl­df­of­nf­ ct­hbz­ jn­uhfl­crb­jå­kfc­nb,­rjb­nj­ot­ct­ckt­zn­d­rhfz­yf­20­dtr,­rfr­nj­ot­ct­ckt­zn­ bp­njx­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ yf­Akj­hb­lf­b­wty­nhfk­yf­Akj­hb­lf.

Gj­dt­xt­nj­uj­kt­vb­uhfl­crb­cht­lb­of­ ct­ hfp­db­dfn­ nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ght­cb­xfn­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ gü­nb­of.­Xtc­nj­ dfé­yf­nf­ ght­ctx­yf­ njx­rf­ t­dhüp­rf­nf­ ce­if­dj­lf.­ Yz­rjb­ uhfl­

crb­ wty­nhj­dt­ cf­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ yf­vjh­crbz­ åhzu­ bkb­ yf­ ec­nbt­nj­ yf­ht­rf.­ Lhe­ub­ –­ yf­ tc­ntcn­dt­yb­ gkf­df­ntk­yb­ djl­yb­ gü­nb­of.­ Nht­nb­ cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­yf­ht­rb­bkb­rf­yf­kb,­rjb­nj­cf­ghb­uj­lt­yb­lf­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­yf­uhf­lj­dt­nt­bp­kfp­yf­vj­ht.­Dfé­yb,­hfp­åb­hf­ct,­cf­b­lhe­ub­afr­nj­hb:­ öf­hfr­nt­hün­ yf­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ åkb­pjcn­nf­ lj­ fk­nth­yf­nb­dty­nhfyc­gjhn,­pf­ob­nt­yjcn­nf­b­lj­hb­xbc­nj­nf­nf­yf­jrjk­yf­nf­cht­lf.­Nf­rf­ bkb­byf­xt,­ nfv,­rü­lt­nj­ cnj­rb­b­öj­hf­nhzå­df­lf­åü­lfn­ght­djp­df­yb­jn­tlby­dbl­nhfyc­gjh­nty­gün­lj­lheu,­bvf­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­pf­ght­hf­åjn­df­yt,­hfp­vz­yf,­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj,­gf­rt­nb­hf­yt,­ ghj­lfé­åf­ b­ gj­reg­rf­yf­cnj­rb.

D­ nf­pb­ jhb­ty­nf­wbz­ yf­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­rüv­djl­yb­gü­nb­of­bvf­b­bp­rkñ­xt­ybz,­ rfr­db­nj­ cf­ Fn­kfy­nf­ (Léjh­lébz),­Lty­düh­(Rj­kj­hf­lj)­b­Lf­kfc­­Ajhn­ Eühn­ (Ntr­cfc),­ yj­ b­ nt­ cf­düp­ybr­yf­kb­jrj­kj­cnf­hb­nhfyc­gjh­n­yb­ gü­nb­of.­ Fn­kfy­nf­ yfg­hb­vth,­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yf­ yf­ ñé­ybz­ rhfq­ yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­cnf­df­df­éty­wty­nüh­yf­ét­kt­pj­gün­ybz­ght­djp­yf­Ñuf­ghtp­60­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­dtr.

vJ­lt­kb­yf­Ht­ubJ­yfk­yb­REk­nE­Hb

Cgj­htl­yz­rjb­ndüh­lt­ybz­vjo­nf­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­t­d­nj­df,­xt­nt­cf­yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­b­yfq­uüc­nj­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­ cnhf­yf­ d­ cdt­nf,­ jåt­lb­yt­yf­ut­ju­hfa­crb­ b­ cj­wb­fk­yj­ jn­ jåo­tpbr.­ Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ht­ubj­yb­nt,­jåj­cj­åt­yb­d­nf­pb­ryb­uf,­cf­gj­yt­jn­xfc­nb­rek­neh­yb­ht­ubj­yb.

Ht­ubj­yfk­yb­nt­ hfp­kb­xbz­ d­ rek­ne­hf­nf­ vj­ufn­ lf­ åü­lfn­ bp­hf­pt­yb­ gj­vyj­uj­ hfp­kbx­yb­ yf­xb­yb.­ By­lbf­yf,­Rty­nü­rb,­Jöf­qj­b­Bkb­yjq­cüp­lf­dfn­vyj­uj­ gj­dt­xt­ uj­kt­vb­ rj­kt­éfy­crb­åfc­rtn­åjk­yb­ bu­hf­xb­ yf­ ukf­df­ jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ cüc­ chtl­ybz­åhjq­nf­rb­df­bu­hf­xb­pf­wz­kf­nf­cnhf­yf.­ Uj­kz­vj­nj­ vyj­pbycn­dj­ jn­hfy­yb­nt­bp­gük­yb­nt­kb­yf­rüy­nhb­cf­jn­ujh­yb­nt­hf­qj­yb­yf­Ñuf.

Gtq­pf­éün­yf­tl­yf­jå­kfcn­t­cü­xt­nf­ybt­nj­ jn­ ghb­hjl­yf­ cht­lf­ b­ rek­neh­yj­ dkbz­ybt.­ Cbc­nt­vf­nf­ pf­ gfh­wt­kb­hf­yt­ yf­ pt­vz­nf,­ ib­hj­rj­ ghb­kf­uf­yf­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ghtp­19­dtr,­ ghtd­hü­of­ gtq­pf­éf­ yf­ uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­Chtl­ybz­pf­gfl­d­elb­db­ntk­yj­hfp­vt­ht­yb­ghf­djü­uük­yb­wb.­Ytv­crb­nt­ b­ fy­ukbq­crb­nt­ ath­vt­hb­ jn­ñuj­bp­njx­yf­ Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ cnhj­zn­uj­kt­vb­ jåj­hb­ pf­éb­djn­yb­ b­ gktd­yb­wb­ pf­ crkf­lb­hf­yt­ yf­ ckf­vf­ c­ghbc­nhj­ty­ jn­ tl­yf­nf­ cnhf­yf­ yf­dtc,­bp­lb­ufo­ct­yfl­dnj­hbz­tnfé.­Rjk­rj­nj­ b­ lf­ cgj­hzn­ bp­ckt­lj­df­nt­kb­nt­yf­ yf­hjl­yf­nf­ fh­öb­ntr­ne­hf­ pf­ ghj­bp­öj­lf­ yf­ nt­pb­ cuhf­lb,­ dcbx­rb­ nt­cf­tlb­yj­lei­yb,­xt­„gty­cbk­dfy­crb­zn­öfv­åfh“­ t­ df­éty­ blty­nb­ab­wb­hfo­tkt­vtyn­ d­ rek­neh­ybz­ gtq­pfé­ yf­of­nf.­D­vyj­uj­uhf­lj­dt­tn­yb­xtc­rb­nt­hf­qj­yb­ vj­ufn­ lf­ åü­lfn­ jn­rhb­nb,­ghjc­nj­rf­nj­ct­ghjc­kt­lzn­bvt­yf­nf­yf­ vf­uf­pb­yb­nt­ b­ htc­nj­hfy­nb­nt­ d­vfk­rb­rdfh­nf­kb.

Vf­rfh­xt­vyj­uj­fc­gtr­nb­yf­rek­ne­hf­nf­ cf­ yt­gjr­kf­nb­vb­b­ ec­njq­xb­db,­ ghj­vz­yf­nf­ düg­ht­rb­ dcbx­rj­ t­gjc­nj­zy­yf­ xth­nf­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­rek­ne­hf.­Vyj­uj­jn­bp­vt­yt­ybz­nf­cf­

ht­pek­nfn­jn­ ghj­vt­yb­nt­ d­ ntö­yj­kj­ubz­nf­ b­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz.­Vbu­hf­wbz­nf­t­lheu­df­éty­afr­njh.

Chtl­ jn­ltk­yb­nt­ tkt­vty­nb­ yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ rek­ne­hf­ tlby­ jn­yfq­by­nt­htc­yb­nt­ b­ gj­rf­pf­ntk­yb­ t­ht­kb­ubz­nf.­Vyj­uj­ jn­ gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­öhbc­nb­zy­crb­ht­kb­ubb­cf­ght­yt­ct­yb­d­Fvt­hb­rf­ jn­ td­hj­gtq­crb­ ght­ctk­yb­wb.­ Hfp­ght­lt­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ dt­hj­bp­gj­dt­lf­ybz­nf­cü­jn­dtncn­df­yf­jå­kfc­nb­nt,­ rü­lt­nj­ cü­jn­dtn­yb­nt­ ght­ctk­yb­xtc­rb­ uhe­gb­ b­ ntö­yb­nt­ gj­njv­wb­cüc­nfd­kz­dfn­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj.­ Yfg­hb­vth­ ytv­crb­nt­ b­crfy­lb­yfd­crb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ ght­yf­czn­ cdjz­nf­ kñ­nt­hfy­crf­ dz­hf­ d­ct­dth­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­ hfd­yb­yb­ b­ d­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­ybz­ lzk­ yf­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh.­ Bc­gf­yjt­pbx­yb­nt­éb­nt­kb­yf­Ñuj­pf­gf­lf,­td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­ jn­ ñé­yf­ b­ bp­njx­yf­ Td­hj­gf­ d­Ct­dt­hj­bp­nj­rf,­ Chtl­yb­z­ pf­gfl­ b­gj­dt­xt­nj­ uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lj­dt­ bp­düy­Ñuf,­rfr­nj­b­ahfy­we­pb­nt­jn­Frf­lbz,­pf­ct­kb­kb­ct­d­ñé­yf­Keb­pbf­yf­–­dcbx­rb­nt­jåzc­yz­dfn­ib­hj­rj­nj­ hfp­ghjc­nhf­yt­ybt­ yf­ rf­nj­kb­wbp­vf­d­Fvt­hb­rf.

Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ cf­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­vzc­nj,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ hfé­lfn­ yj­db­ltqcn­df­ob­ht­kb­ubb.­Yz­rjk­rj­dt­hj­bp­gj­dt­lf­ybz­ rf­nj­ Tgbc­rj­gfk­yf­nf­wüh­rdf­(yz­rj­uf­xfcn­jn­fy­ukbq­crf­nf­Fy­ukb­rfy­crf­wüh­rdf)­düp­ybr­dfn­d­rhfz­yf­Fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ht­dj­kñ­wbz­jn­18­dtr.­Pf­hf­lb­hfp­wtg­kt­ybt,­yfc­nü­gb­kj­cktl­Uhfé­lfy­crf­nf­djq­yf,­ ghtp­db­nt­hb­fycn­dj­nj­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­t­ghtl­cnf­dt­yj­jn­yz­rjk­rj­dt­hj­bp­gj­dt­lf­ybz.

34

Bvf­ b­ lhe­uj­ jåzc­yt­ybt­ b­ nj­ t­cü­pb­lf­ntk­yjcn­nf­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ht­kb­ubz.­ Jn­ltk­yb­ öj­hf­ cüp­lf­dfn­cf­vjc­njz­ntk­yb­ wüh­rdb­ bkb­ uhe­gb­åj­uj­vjk­wb­ct­jn­lt­kzn­jn­tl­yf­wüh­rdf­b­cüp­lf­dfn­lhe­uf­pf­hf­lb­cgj­hj­dt­gj­ nf­rb­df­düg­hj­cb­rf­nj­ nük­re­df­yt­nj­yf­Åbå­kbz­nf­bkb­wüh­rjd­yj­nj­eg­hfd­kt­ybt.

Tl­yf­ vtcn­yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­ wüh­rdf­t­Wüh­rdf­nf­yf­Bb­cec­Öhbc­njc­b­ Cdt­nbb­nt­ jn­ Gjc­ktl­ybz­ lty,­bp­dtcn­yf­rf­nj­Vjh­vjy­crf­wüh­rdf.­Jc­yj­df­yf­ d­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­of­nf­ Yñ­ Qjhr­ d­ cht­lf­nf­ yf­ 19­dtr,­nz­gjc­nt­gty­yj­t­ght­yt­ct­yf­jn­gjc­kt­lj­df­nt­kb­nt­ cb­ yf­ pf­gfl,­ d­nüh­ct­yt­yf­bpj­kb­hf­yj­vzc­nj,­rü­lt­nj­nt­lf­ct­ec­nf­yj­dzn­b­lf­cüå­kñ­

lf­dfn­ dzh­df­ybz­nf­ cb.­ D­ rhfq­yf­cvtn­rf­ bp­åj­hün­ gf­lf­ düh­öe­Ñnf.­Lytc­gj­dt­xt­nj­éb­nt­kb­yf­Ñnf­cf­vjh­vj­yb.

Åfg­nbc­nb­nt­jn­Ñuf­cf­by­nt­htc­yj­cü­xt­nf­ybt­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­ jn­ bp­kj­ét­yb­nt­gj­uj­ht­jåzc­yt­ybz.­Åfg­nbp­vün­t­ght­yt­cty­d­Fvt­hb­rf­jn­ td­hj­gtq­crb­ ght­ctk­yb­wb­ rf­nj­ ytj­ab­wb­fk­yf­wüh­rdf,­ nüh­ct­of­ cdj­åj­lf­ yf­ ht­kb­ub­jp­yf­nf­ bpz­df.­ Ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yf­nf­nht­nb­yf­ yf­ 19­ dtr­ nz­ ct­ yf­kf­uf­rf­nj­ tkt­vtyn­yf­ñé­yzi­rf­nf­rek­ne­hf­ b­ cnf­df­ jc­yjd­yf­ ht­kb­ubz­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.­ Chtl­ åtp­cgjh­yb­nt­ rhb­nt­hbb­pf­rek­neh­yf­ghb­yfl­kté­yjcn­yf­tl­yf­jå­oyjcn­rüv­Ñuf­ t­ cü­otcn­de­df­yt­nj­ yf­ gj­yt­ tl­yf­ åfg­nbc­nrf­wüh­rdf. ∆

35

Ghtp­1961­u.­tlby­ahty­crb­ut­ju­hfa­geå­kb­re­df­vj­ye­vty­nfk­yj­ bp­cktl­

df­yt­yf­cbk­yj­eh­åf­yb­pb­hf­ybz­ht­ub­jy,­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ d­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb.­ Ghj­at­cjh­ Éfy­ Ujn­vfy­bpe­xf­df­ldf­lt­ctn­uj­lb­yb­jå­kfcn­nf,­ ghjc­nb­hf­of­ ct­ jn­ñéty­Yñ­ Öfv­giüh­ b­ ct­dt­hty­ Vf­cf­xe­ctnc­lj­Df­iby­unjy,­jåkfcn­Rü­küv­åbz­(Rfh­nf­3).­Njq­ndüh­lb,­xt­nj­df­t­tlby­„vyj­uj­cgt­wbf­kty­ht­ub­jy“­b­uj­yf­hb­xf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.

Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ düp­ybr­df­ gjr­hfq­ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­jn­gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ckb­df­yt­yf­uj­kt­vb,­jn­ltk­yb­vtn­hj­gj­kbb.­Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­nt­pb­uhf­lj­dt­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ b­ gjc­kt­lb­wb­nt­ jn­nj­df­edt­kb­xt­ybt­ct­hfp­ghjc­nb­hfn­d­gj­vfk­rb­nt­ yf­ct­kt­yb­ vtc­nf,­ jgfc­df­ob­rf­nj­jå­hü­xb­uj­kt­vb­nt­uhf­lj­dt.­Gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ghtl­uhf­lbz­d­nt­pb­ghüc­nt­yj­dbl­yj­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ yf­ct­kt­yb­ vtc­nf­ jn­ cdjz­ cnhf­yf­ cü­oj­ljg­hb­yf­czn­pf­wz­kjcn­yj­nj­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­hfp­hfcn­df­yt.­Düp­ybr­yf­kb­nt­d­ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ düy­iyb­ ht­ubj­yb­yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt­ d­ rhfq­yf­ cvtn­rf­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ct­ckb­dfn­tlby­c­lheu­b­lf­jajh­vzn­jå­ib­hty­eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­ht­ub­jy.

Jc­yjd­yf­nf­ öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rf­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ t­ „eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yjcn­nf“.­ Bp­gjk­pdfq­rb­ d­ hfp­kbx­yf­ cnt­gty­cat­hf­nf­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ec­ke­ub,­vb­kbj­yb­nt­öj­hf,­rjb­nj­éb­dt­zn­d­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy,­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­åb­nbt­nj­

cb­ d­ tl­yf­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­ cht­lf,­ xbb­nj­ düy­iyb­ajh­vb­ cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­d­åkb­pjcn­tl­yf­lj­ lhe­uf.­ Bvf­ öb­kz­lb­ex­hté­lt­ybz­ b­ éb­kbo­yb­cuhf­lb,­ vfk­rb­ vf­uf­pb­yb­ b­ub­ufyn­crb­ nüh­ujd­crb­ wty­nhj­dt,­ afå­hb­rb,­ hf­ab­yt­hbb,­

éb­kbo­yb­ rdfh­nf­kb,­ åty­pb­yjc­nfy­wbb­ b­ pf­rec­dfk­yb,­ chtl­ rjb­nj­ cf­hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­ crkf­lj­dt­ pf­ dht­vty­yj­cüö­hf­yz­df­yt­yf­ cnj­rb­nt,­ ght­yf­cz­yb­c­rj­hf­åb,­dkf­rj­dt­b­nj­dfh­yb­fd­nj­vj­åb­kb­ –­ b­ dcbx­rj­ nj­df­ gj­800­rb­kj­vtn­hj­dj­nj­ ghj­nt­ét­ybt­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.

Yj­ d­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ bvf­ b­vyj­uj­pt­kt­yb­ gkj­ob.­ Yz­rjb­ jn­ nzö­ cf­gfh­rj­dt­ bkb­ lhe­ub­ nt­ht­yb­ pf­gj­xbd­rf­ b­ hfp­dkt­xt­ybz;­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­3­vb­kbj­yf­ ötr­nf­hf­ cf­ jå­hf­åjn­dft­vf­pt­vz.

Düg­ht­rb­ xt­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ bvf­cvt­cty­ öf­hfr­nth,­ bvty­yj­ ju­hjv­yj­nj­ uhfl­crj­ ghb­cücn­dbt­ ghf­db­ht­ubj­yf­njk­rj­df­df­éty­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­ Lt­ctn­ jn­ 46­nt­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ rjb­nj­ bvfn­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 1­vb­kb­jy­ le­ib­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ghtp­1990­u.,­cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­d­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.­ Ht­ubj­yün­ gjt­vf­ 17­ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ wz­kj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ cf­vj­ düh­öe­ 1.5­ghj­wty­nf­jn­gkjo­nf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.

Chtl­yb­zn­ lj­öjl­ yf­ ukf­df­ jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­t­db­cjr,­f­d­chfd­yt­ybt­cüc­chtl­yb­nt­cnjq­yjc­nb­pf­cnhf­yf­nf­lt­kün­ yf­ pft­njcn­nf­ d­ ec­ke­ub­nt­ b­ghj­at­cbb­nt­ t­ gj­uj­kzv.­Nhfyc­gjh­

vt­uf­kj­Gj­kbc

ukf­df

4

36

nün­b­rj­ve­yb­rf­wbb­nt­cf­cbk­yj­hfp­db­nb,­ rjt­nj­ jn­xfc­nb­ ct­ lük­éb­ yf­rhfq­åhté­yj­nj­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.­ Bp­öjl­yb­nt­ gey­rnj­dt­ yf­ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ 40­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­dcbx­rb­ vté­le­yf­hjl­yb­ gün­yb­xtc­rb­gj­kt­nb­ cf­ d­ wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.­F­ gjx­nb­ 30­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ trc­gjh­nyf­nüh­uj­dbz­ ght­vb­yf­df­ ghtp­ itcn­nt­ukfd­yb­ghbc­nf­yb­of­yf­ht­ubj­yf.

HfP­GJ­kJ­ét­ybt­nJ­­yf­vt­uf­kJ­GJ­kbc

Pf­oj­njx­yj­nf­pb­xfcn­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ ct­ t­ hfp­db­kf­ gj­ nj­pb­yf­xby?­ Db­yf­ub,­ rj­uf­nj­ nf­rüd­ dü­­g­hjc­ ct­ pf­lf­lt­ yf­ yz­rjq­ ut­ju­hfa,­jn­uj­dj­hün,­ c­ rjq­nj­ njq­ pf­gjx­df,­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­t­cdüh­pfy­c­hfp­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf.­ B­ yf­bc­nb­yf,­ d­cke­xfz­ c­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ vzc­nj­nj­ b­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ nj­pb­ jå­ib­hty­

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Rfh­Nf

3

37

eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­ ht­ub­jy­ cü­lüh­éfn­jåzc­yt­ybt­ pf­ yt­uj­dbz­ ghj­bp­öjl­ b­hfp­db­nbt.

Vyj­uj­jn­ut­ju­hfa­crb­nt­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rb­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ cf­ dbl­yb­ jn­yt­uj­db­nt­ jxth­nf­ybz.­ Hfp­gj­kj­éty­gjr­hfq­ åht­uf,­ bp­njx­yb­zn­ rhfq­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ t­ cbk­yj­ yf­xe­gty.­Gj­ke­jc­nhj­db­ ct­ dhzp­dfn­ d­ Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­jrt­fy.­Yz­rjb­jn­hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­nt­ gjr­hfq­ åht­uf­ jc­nhj­db­ cf­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ uj­kt­vb,­ pf­ lf­ åü­lfn­yf­ct­kt­yb.­ Pf­kb­db­ b­ htx­yb­ ec­nbz­ghj­ybr­dfn­ d­ ce­if­nf­ b­ rf­nj­ yz­rf­rüd­ ju­kt­lf­kty­ jå­hfp­ jn­hf­pz­dfn­dhzp­df­yt­nj­ yf­ ce­if­nf­ d­ jrtf­yf.­Åkf­uj­lf­ht­ybt­ yf­ nj­df­ ldec­nhfy­yj­ghj­hz­pf­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt­gj­dt­xt­xfc­nb­ jn­ ce­if­nf­ ct­ ghbå­kb­éf­dfn­ lj­jrtf­yf­b­gj­nj­pb­yf­xby­ct­jcb­ue­hz­df­gj­uj­kzv­ljc­nüg­lj­td­nby­dj­lty­nhfyc­gjhn,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ frj­ åht­uün­cktl­df­it­gj­ghf­df­kb­ybz.

Rfh­nb­yf­nf­nhzå­df­lf­ct­lj­gük­yb­b­c­jn­kbx­yb­ghbc­nf­yb­of,­f­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ t­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ yf­ tl­yb­ jn­yfq­ljå­hb­nt­tc­ntcn­dt­yb­ghbc­nf­yb­of­d­Fvt­hb­rf.­Ct­dth­yf­nf­gj­kj­db­yf­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ t­ åb­kf­ gjr­hb­nf­ c­kt­lj­dt­ ghtp­ yfq­rüc­ybz­ ktl­yb­rjd­gt­hb­jl­ yf­ rjy­nb­yty­nf.­ C­ nj­gt­yt­nj­yf­ kt­lt­yb­nt­ vf­cb­ ct­ jå­hf­pe­df­kb­uj­kt­vb­ ht­rb,­ rjb­nj­ ght­kb­df­kb.­Gjl­ltqcn­dbt­nj­yf­thj­pbz­nf­ht­rb­nt­ghj­hz­pf­kb­ lük­åj­rj­ ybc­rf­nf­ rhfq­åhté­yf­ hfd­yb­yf.­ C­ bp­lb­uf­yt­nj­ yf­vjh­crj­nj­hfd­yb­ot­gj­ybc­rb­nt­htx­yb­lj­kb­yb­åb­kb­pf­kt­nb­b­jå­hf­pe­df­kb­ ib­hj­rb­ ec­nbz,­ f­ jrt­fy­crb­zn­åhzu­ åbk­ bp­vtc­nty­ rüv­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ ce­if­nf.­ Nt­pb­ktl­yb­rj­db­

htx­yb­ lj­kb­yb­ jajh­vb­kb­ yz­rjb­ jn­ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf,­ rjb­nj­ gj­rüc­yj­ ct­jrf­pf­kb­ vyj­uj­ gj­ktp­yb­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.

Lhe­uf­nf­ uj­kz­vf­ gjk­pf­ jn­ ltq­yjcn­nf­ yf­ ktl­yb­wb­nt­ t­ gj­cgt­wb­abx­yf­ pf­ tl­yj­ bkb­ ldt­ vtc­nf­ d­ht­ubj­yf.­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­ghücn,­ rf­vü­yb­ b­ lhe­ub­ jn­kj­vü­wb,­bp­hj­dt­yb­jn­ghj­ger­df­ob­nt­ ct­ktl­yb­wb,­ ct­ yfc­kj­éb­kb­ rf­nj­ vj­ht­yb,­rj­uf­nj­ xtk­yb­nt­ kt­lt­yb­ vf­cb­ ct­jn­ntu­kb­kb.­ Ghb­ jn­ntu­kz­yt­nj­ yf­ktl­yb­wb­nt­jc­nf­yf­kf­tl­yf­dt­hb­uf­jn­crf­kbc­nb­öük­vj­dt­njx­yj­yf­ñu­jn­lyti­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ yf­ Rü­yt­nb­rün.­Nt­pb­vj­ht­yb­ct­ght­düh­yf­kb­d­jc­nhjd,­rj­uf­nj­yb­dj­nj­yf­vjh­crj­nj­hfd­yb­ot­ ct­ gj­rf­xb­kj,­ f­ jc­nhj­dün­ct­hfp­ib­hbk­jn­jrt­fy­crb­nt­yf­yj­cb.­Jc­nhj­dün­ jåf­xt­ yt­ cnf­yfk­ vyj­uj­ib­hjr­b­pf­nj­df­yt­vj­uük­lf­åü­lt­yf­ht­xty­ lhe­ujz­xt­ jc­dty­ Kjyu­Fq­kfyl­(Lük­ub­zn­jc­nhjd).

Kjyu­Fq­kfyl­cü­ltqcn­df­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ yñ­qjhr­crj­nj­ ghbc­nf­yb­ot­d­ ldt­ ukfd­yb­ yf­cj­rb.­ Güh­dj,­ lük­éb­yf­nf­yf­åht­uj­df­nf­kb­ybz,­rjz­nj­t­ ljc­nüg­yf­ pf­ ghbc­nf­ybo­yf­ ltq­yjcn,­ ghb­ nj­df­ dt­xt­ dye­ib­ntk­yf­gjr­hfq­ht­rf­Öül­cüy,­ ct­edt­kb­xf­df­pyf­xb­ntk­yj.­ Dnj­hj,­ rj­uf­nj­ tl­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­ jå­kfcn­ ct­ hfp­hfcn­df­jrj­kj­ uj­kz­vj,­ yf­gük­yj­ hfp­db­nj­ghbc­nf­yb­ot,­ nj­df­ hfp­hfcn­df­yt­gj­hfé­lf­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­ jn­ gj­dt­xt­ghjc­nhfycn­dj.­ Gjl­öj­lz­of­ pt­vz,­rjz­nj­ lf­ gjt­vt­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­nj­hfp­hfcn­df­yt­ yf­ yñ­qjhr­crf­nf­jå­kfcn­yf­pf­gfl­jn­ht­rf­Öül­cüy­d­Yñ­Léüh­pb­bvf­kj­cf­vj­lj­åkf­nf­

38 39

nf,­ d­ rjb­nj­ yfö­ke­dfk­ ghb­kb­dün,­ b­ec­njq­xb­df­nf­ yf­ thj­pbz­ dt­hb­uf­ jn­crf­kb,­ yf­ht­xt­yf­ Gf­kb­cflc.­ Yf­bp­njr­ jn­ Öül­cüy­ bvf­ cf­vj­ tl­yf­nzc­yf­bdb­wf­ce­if­–­jc­nhjd­Vfy­öf­nüy.­ Yj­ jn­dül­ ht­rf­ Bcn­ t­ Kjyu­Fq­kfyl,­hfd­yby­yf­lj­kt­rj­öük­vbc­nf­ pt­vz­ åtp­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­nt­ rf­nj­ghtu­hf­lf­ åkf­nf­ yf­ Yñ­ Léüh­pb.­Yñ­qjhr­crb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ Åher­kby­ b­Re­byc­ct­hfp­db­dfn­hf­yj­d­pf­gfl­ybz­rhfq­ yf­ Kjyu­ Fq­kfyl,­ f­ jc­nhj­dün­ghtl­kf­uf­ vyj­uj­ ghjc­nhfycn­dj­ pf­gj­yf­nf­nüi­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­trc­gfy­pbz­yf­bp­njr.

Vf­rfh­xt­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­hfp­gj­kf­uf­ c­ vyj­uj­ jn­kbx­yb­ ghbc­nf­yb­of,­yz­rjk­rj­ lhe­ub­ ut­ju­hfa­crb­ öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rb­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ ljg­hb­yf­czn­jcj­åt­yj­ vyj­uj­ pf­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­nj­hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf.­ Rkb­vf­nün­ yt­ t­ bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ vtr,­ yj­kt­nf­nf­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ cf­ ljc­nf­nüx­yj­lük­ub­ b­ dkfé­yb,­ pf­ lf­ cüp­lf­dfn­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yb­ ec­kj­dbz­ pf­ jå­hf­åjn­df­yt­yf­pt­vz­nf.­Gjx­db­nt­cf­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­ –­ yf­dün­ht­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf­ jn­Åjk­nb­vjh,­ Vt­hb­kfyl­ b­ Ab­kf­ltk­abz­ b­ Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ gjx­db­nt­ cf­gj­ljå­hb­jn­gj­dt­xt­nj­gjx­db­d­åkb­pjcn­lj­Yñ­Qjhr.

Xth­nb­nt­yf­ht­kt­af­ñé­yj­jn­Yñ­Qjhr­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­ åkf­ujg­hb­zncn­dfn­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­nj­hfp­db­nbt­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­Jn­fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­rüv­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­vyj­uj­hfd­yf­rhfq­åhté­yf­ hfd­yb­yf,­ cktl­df­yf­ jn­ dük­yj­jå­hfp­yf,­ xtc­nj­ öük­vbc­nf­ vtcn­yjcn,­yf­ht­xty­Gbl­vjyn.­Gjl­yt­hfd­yj­vth­yj­ öük­vbc­nbz­ ht­kta­ yf­ Gbl­vjyn­

kt­éfn­vyj­uj­ cnf­hb,­vyj­uj­ ndüh­lb­crf­kb.­ Nj­pb­ gj­düh­öyjc­nty­ ckjq­ yt­ct­ gjl­lf­df­ yf­ thj­pbz­ b­ yb­dj­nj­ yf­Gbl­vjyn­ct­pf­lüh­éf­yfl­yb­dj­nj­yf­rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­ hfd­yb­yf.­ Nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ jn­ Gbl­vjyn­ bp­nb­xfn­ ht­rb,­ ct­jå­hf­pe­dfn­åüh­ptb­b­vfk­rb­dj­lj­gf­lb,­ cktl­df­ob­ tl­yf­ kb­ybz,­ rjz­nj­nhf­cb­hf­ ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf­ –­ nf­pb­ uhf­yb­wf­ t­ bp­dtcn­yf­rf­nj­Gü­nz­yf­dj­lj­gf­lb­nt.

Hfy­yb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn,­xt­ dt­hb­uf­nf­ jn­ dj­lj­gf­lb­ t­ tl­yj­ght­gzncn­dbt­ ghtl­ vj­htg­kf­df­yt­nj,­yj­ t­ åtp­cgj­hty­ bp­njx­ybr­ yf­ djl­yf­tyth­ubz.­ Gjr­hfq­ dj­lj­gf­lb­nt­ düp­ybr­dfn­ ct­kb­of,­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­lj­rjk­rj­nj­ t­ düp­vjé­yj­ yf­dün­ht­ d­ce­if­nf,­ yj­ c­ jcb­ue­hty­ ljc­nüg­ lj­jrt­fy­crb­nt­ rj­hf­åb,­ ght­djp­df­ob­cnj­rb.­Jc­dty­nj­df,­nüq­rf­nj­Gü­nzn­yf­ dj­lj­gf­lb­nt­ xtc­nj­ t­ yf­xfk­yf­nf­njx­rf­ d­ nhfyc­gjh­nybz­ wb­rük,­ cnj­rb­nt,­lj­rf­hf­yb­yf­ce­if­nf,­bkb­cnj­rb­nt,­ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­yb­pf­bp­yjc,­nhzå­df­ lf­ åü­lfn­ hfp­nj­df­ht­yb­ yf­ hfp­yb­vtc­nf­ gj­ yt­uj,­ pf­ lf­ åü­lfn­ nhfyc­gjh­nb­hf­yb­ gj­yf­nf­nür­ gj­ lheu­yf­xby.­Nt­pb­vtc­nf­cü­oj­nf­rf­bvfn­gjk­pf­ jn­ cnj­rb,­ ghtl­db­lt­yb­ pf­bp­yjc,­rjb­nj­ct­ldb­éfn­jn­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ rüv­ yf­xfk­yf­nf­njx­rf­yf­ght­djp­df­yt­nj­bv­gj­dj­lf.­D­ vyj­uj­ cke­xfb­ yf­ nt­pb­ vtc­nf­ ct­hfp­db­dfn­ b­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ ghj­bp­djlcn­df.

Nf­pb­ xfcn­ yf­ Ct­dth­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ct­ yf­vb­hf­ yf­ bkb­ åkb­pj­ lj­ yfq­ght­rbz­vjh­crb­gün­vté­le­Td­hj­gf­b­ gkj­lj­hjl­yb­nt­ gkfy­nf­wbb­ yf­Rf­hbå­crb­nt­rj­kj­ybb­b­ñé­yf­Fvt­

hb­rf,­ jcj­åt­yj­ yf­ dhü­of­yt­ rüv­lj­vf.­Pf­nj­df­ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf,­jrj­kj­rjb­nj­ gj­rüc­yj­ ct­ hfp­hfcn­df­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­ cf­eljå­yb­cgbh­rb­b­åkf­ujg­hb­zncn­dfn­cbk­yj­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­ ght­pj­rt­fy­crf­nf­ nüh­uj­dbz,­ rjz­nj­ åüh­pj­ ct­ hfp­ib­hz­df­ ghtp­ 18­ b­19­dtr.

Ht­if­df­oj­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­t­hfp­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­yf­uhf­lj­dt­nt­zl­hf­cghz­vj­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­Ab­kf­ltk­abz­b­Åjk­nb­vjh­åüh­pj­ ct­ hfp­hfcn­dfn,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ b­ldf­nf­ uhf­lf­ cf­ wty­nüh­ yf­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ uj­kzv­ b­ gkj­lj­hj­lty­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ hf­qjy.­ Gü­nb­of­ rüv­ dü­­n­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf­ct­ghj­rfh­dfn­hf­yj­b­nt­ljg­hb­yf­czn­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ nüh­ujd­crb­nt­aeyr­wbb­ yf­nt­pb­ uhf­lj­dt.­ Jn­ Åjc­nüy­ rüv­ dü­­n­hti­yjcn­nf­gjx­db­nt­cf­åb­kb­b­ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ lf­ åü­lfn­ vyj­uj­ gkbn­rb­b­ rf­vt­ybc­nb,­ f­ nt­ht­yün­ t­ ljc­nf­yt­hf­dty­ pf­ ljå­hj­ pt­vt­lt­kbt,­ yj­öük­vj­dt­nt­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­ cf­ gj­­r­hb­nb­ c­ ib­hj­rj­kbcn­yb­ lüh­dt­nf­ b­åj­hj­db­uj­hb,­rjb­nj­cf­yfq­gjl­öj­lz­ob­zn­vf­nt­hb­fk­pf­cnhj­té­yf­rj­hf­åb.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­ bvf­ ljc­nüg­ lj­bp­düy­htl­yj­åj­uf­nb­nt­yf­hb­åf­rhfq­åhté­yb­ dj­lb­ yf­ Yñ­ By­ukfyl­ b­gj­yf­lj­ke­yf­ñu­d­hf­qj­yf­yf­pf­kb­df­Xt­cf­gbqr.

Uj­kz­vj­nj­ pyf­xt­ybt,­ rjt­nj­ bvf­ljc­nüg­yjcn­nf,­ rj­uf­nj­ ct­ jwt­yz­df­hfp­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ tlby­ uhfl,­ t­dct­ gfr­ yfq­j­xt­dbl­yj­ d­ cke­xfz­ c­Yñ­Qjhr,­ xbt­nj­ jc­yjd­yj­ ght­lbv­cn­dj­ t,­ xt­ ct­ yf­vb­hf­ yf­ döj­lf­ yf­yfq­ljå­hbz­tc­ntcn­dty­gün­ghtp­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­ Htx­yf­nf­ cbc­nt­vf­ Öül­cüy­­

Vj­öjr,­ gj­rüc­yj­ hfp­ib­ht­yf­ xhtp­rf­yf­kf­Bhb,­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­kb­ybb­b­vf­ubc­nhf­kb,­ jcb­ue­hz­df­ ljc­nüg­ lj­Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf­yf­pf­gfl,­rjb­nj­jn­cdjz­ cnhf­yf­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ ljc­nüg­ lj­jå­ibh­yf­nf­ dün­hti­yjcn­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf.­Cüc­crü­cz­df­yt­nj­yf­hfp­cnjz­ybz­nf­ vté­le­ yf­ct­kt­yb­nt­ vtc­nf­ b­ c­ec­rj­hz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­nf­ltq­yjcn­ düd­ Dün­hti­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb,­uj­kt­vb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­ jn­ ghj­bp­dt­lt­yb­nt­cnj­rb­ct­ght­yf­czn­d­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­wty­nhj­dt­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.­Uhf­lün,­ rjq­nj­ ct­ jå­kf­uj­lt­ntkcn­df­yfq­vyj­uj­jn­nj­df­hfp­db­nbt­yf­nüh­uj­dbz­nf,­ t­ uhf­lün,­ rjq­nj­ bvf­ yfq­uj­kzv­ tc­ntcn­dty­ ljc­nüg­ lj­ dü­­n­hti­yjcn­nf:­Yñ­Qjhr.

Ghtp­ rj­kj­yb­fk­ybz­ gt­hb­jl­ yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­ c­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ nüh­uj­dbz­nf­ vté­le­ Td­hj­gf,­ Rf­hbå­crbz­hf­qjy­b­fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­rjy­nb­ytyn,­d­gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­ uhf­lj­dt­yf­ct­dth­jn­Åjk­nb­vjh­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ct­ gjz­dz­dfn­ vfk­rb­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ghtl­ghbz­nbz.­ C­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­nf­by­lec­nhbz­yf­hfcn­df­nüh­ct­yt­nj­yf­hf­åjn­yf­hü­rf,­f­nz­ct­jcb­ue­hz­df,­ rf­nj­ ct­ ghbd­kb­xfn­bvbu­hfy­nb­ jn­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­ Td­hj­gf­ bkb­ ct­ jn­rkj­yz­dfn­ uj­kzv­åhjq­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ hf­åjn­yb­wb­ jn­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj,­ rjt­nj­ gür­ dj­lb­ lj­edt­kb­xf­df­yt­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­d­uhf­lj­dt­nt.­ Åfy­rb­ b­ lhe­ub­ ab­yfy­cj­db­by­cnb­ne­wbb­ uf­hfy­nb­hfn­ by­dtc­nb­wbb­d­vtcn­yb­ghj­bp­djlcn­df­b­ght­djp­yf­cnj­rb.­ Hfp­db­nbt­nj­ d­ cat­hf­nf­ yf­ec­ke­ub­nt,­yf­nüh­uj­dbz­nf­yf­tl­hj­b­yf­lhtå­yj,­yf­wty­nhj­dt­nt­pf­by­ajh­vf­wbz­b­rjy­nhjk­dj­lb­lj­gj­yf­nf­

40 41

nüi­yf­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­ trc­gfy­pbz,­rf­nj­ yfq­vyj­uj­ ct­ hfp­hfcn­dfn­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ Yñ­ Qjhr,­ Ab­kf­ltk­abz,­Åjc­nüy­b­Åjk­nb­vjh.

Yfq­pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yj­nj­ yf­ nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­ yt­ t­afr­nün,­ xt­ nt­pb­ uhf­lj­dt­ ct­ hfp­hfcn­dfn,­ f­ xt­ xt­nb­hb­nf­rb­df­ uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lf­ (dgjc­ktlcn­dbt­ nt­ cnf­dfn­ gtn­ c­ Df­iby­unjy)­ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ lf­ ct­ hfp­hfcn­dfn­ d­åkb­pjcn­tlby­lj­lheu.­Df­iby­unjy,­hfp­åb­hf­ ct,­ t­ eyb­rf­kty,­ pf­oj­nj­vf­rfh­ lf­ t­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ gj­ Gü­nz­yf­dj­lj­gf­lb­nt,­hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­ve­t­ghz­rj­ cdüh­pf­yj­ c­ hfp­ib­hz­df­yt­nj­yf­ cnher­ne­hf­nf­ yf­ yf­wbj­yfk­yj­nj­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj.­Lhe­ub­nt­xt­nb­hb­uhf­lf,­ yf­htl­ c­ vyj­étcn­dj­ gj­vfk­rb­uhf­lj­dt,­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ gj­ jc­nf­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­ lük­éfn­ nkf­cü­rf­ d­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ cb­ lj­ uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ghb­xb­yb.­Njk­rj­df­ uj­kz­vj­ t­ yf­wbj­yfk­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­ ghtp­ 19­ dtr­ b­ njk­rj­df­ cbk­yb­cf­ dhüp­rb­nt­ vté­le­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­b­ nt­pb­ xt­nb­hb­ ghbc­nf­yb­of,­ xt­yb­rjt­ jn­ nzö­ yt­vj­ét­ bp­wz­kj­ lf­gjt­vt­gj­nj­rf­jn­cnj­rb,­ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­yb­pf­yz­rjq­jn­cü­ct­lb­nt­b­rjy­re­hty­nb­nt­ ve.­ D­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­dtr­jå­ob­nt­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ht­ceh­cb­yf­nt­pb­ju­hjv­yb­uhf­lj­dt­ljc­nb­ufn­rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­hfp­vt­hb.

EH­åf­ybc­nbx­yJ­nJ­Jå­RHü­ét­ybt

D­ wz­kf­nf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­ ajh­vb­ b­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­ aeyr­wbb­ cf­ nt­pb,­rjb­nj­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ yfq­dfé­yj­nj­ht­ubj­yfk­yj­tlbycn­dj­yf­nt­hb­nj­hbz­

nf.­Db­cj­rb­cuhf­lb,­jéb­dt­yb­ekb­wb,­ght­yf­ct­kt­yb­ éb­kb­of­ b­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­ct­ht­le­dfn­c­dct­düp­vjé­yb­ rek­neh­yb­ by­cnb­ne­nb­ –­nt­fn­hb,­ cbv­aj­ybx­yb­ jh­rtc­nhb,­ve­ptb­yf­bp­recn­df­nf­b­uj­kt­vb­åbå­kbj­nt­rb.­ Gj­yz­rj­uf­ d­ jxb­nt­ ct­yf­åb­dfn­b­ghjz­db­yf­egf­lür­–­hfp­he­it­yb­cuhf­lb,­pfl­hüc­nt­yb­jn­ght­djp­yb­ chtlcn­df­ ekb­wb­ b­ pf­vüh­cty­düp­leö.­Nt­pb,­ f­b­lhe­ub­ghjz­db­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­ d­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.

Nt­pb­ jn­kb­xb­ntk­yb­ åt­kt­pb­ ghb­cücn­dfn­ b­ d­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lj­dt­ d­ wt­kbz­ cdzn.­ Jyj­df,­ rjt­nj­jn­kb­xf­df­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­t­xt­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rb­ cf­ ct­ hfp­ghjc­nht­kb­ njk­rj­df­yf­lf­ktx­jn­uhf­lj­dt­nt­zl­hf,­xt­nt­pb­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ht­ubj­yb­cf­pf­gjx­yf­kb­lf­ ct­ ckb­dfn­ d­ tlby­ ghj­wtc­ yf­chfcn­df­yt­ yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt.­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ ct­ t­ ght­düh­yfk­ gj­ nj­pb­yf­xby­ d­ tl­yf­ ub­ufyn­crf­ kf­åj­hf­nj­hbz,­rü­lt­nj­vj­ét­lf­ ct­ yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­ gjl­xth­nf­yj­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­vj­lt­kb­ b­ nb­gbx­yj­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ghjå­kt­vb,­ hfp­db­df­ob­ ct­ d­ vyj­uj­ib­hjr­vf­ofå.

Uüc­nj­nf­nf­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ d­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­t­db­cj­rf,­chtl­yj­jrj­kj­305­le­ib­yf­rdfl­hf­nty­rb­kj­vt­nüh­ghtp­1987­u.­Hfp­åb­hf­ct,­uüc­nj­nf­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ d­ yz­rjb­ gt­hb­ath­yb­ jå­kfc­nb­ t­ cf­vj­ 10­ lj­ 20­ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ chtl­yf­nf­ cnjq­yjcn­ pf­wt­kbz­ ht­ub­jy.­ Rjk­rj­nj­ gj­dt­xt­ ct­ghbå­kb­éf­df­vt­ rüv­ yz­rjq­ uhfl,­njk­rj­df­ gj­uj­kz­vf­ t­ uüc­nj­nf­nf­ yf­yf­ct­kt­yb­nt­ vtc­nf,­ f­ yfq­db­cj­rb­ cf­

cnjq­yjc­nb­nt­ åkb­pj­ lj­ uhf­lf­zl­hj.­D­ uhfl­ Yñ­ Qjhr­ yfg­hb­vth­ ghtp­1987­ u.­ uüc­nj­nf­nf­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yfl­ödüh­kz­ chtl­yf­nf­ wba­hf­ jn­ 226­le­ib­ yf­ rdfl­hf­nty­ ötr­nfh,­ rjt­nj­düp­kb­pf­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­22­660­le­ib­yf­rdfl­hf­nty­rb­kj­vt­nüh.

Rjb­ lhe­ub­ öf­hfr­nth­yb­ xth­nb­ yf­uhfl­crf­nf­cnher­ne­hf­cf­cdüh­pf­yb­c­nj­pb­ vj­ltk­ yf­ uüc­nj­nf­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj?­ Cüd­ht­vty­yb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­dcüo­yjcn­ cf­ ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ gjc­kt­lb­wb­nt,­ rjb­nj­ bvf­ ut­ju­hfa­crj­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­pf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­nf­ltq­yjcn.­ Rj­uf­nj­ xj­dtr­ ht­ib­ lf­ ct­ght­vtc­nb­bkb­lf­ght­yf­cj­xb­åbp­yt­cf­cb­ d­ uhf­lf,­ njq­ ct­ hü­rj­dj­lb­ gj­ghby­wbg­ jn­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­nt­ ght­lbvcn­df­ yf­ bp­åj­hf­ cb.­ Nt­pb­ ght­lbvcn­df­ cf­ njk­rj­df­ vyj­ujå­hjq­yb,­xt­uj­kzv­åhjq­öj­hf­éb­dt­zn­åkb­pj­tlby­lj­lheu,­lj­hb­xtc­nj­gj­åkb­pj,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­åb­öf­ét­kf­kb,­b­ct­ghb­vb­hz­dfn­ c­ vyj­uj­ jn­hb­wf­ntk­yb­ gj­­c­kt­lb­wb,­cf­vj­pf­lf­ct­düp­gjk­pdfn­jn­ ght­lbvcn­df­nf­ yf­ uhfl­crf­nf­cnher­ne­hf.

Dct­ gj­uj­kzv­ åhjq­ éb­nt­kb­ yf­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ ghtj­lj­kz­dfn­ yz­rjb­ jn­yte­ljåcn­df­nf­ yf­ uhfl­crbz­ éb­djn,­rf­nj­ ct­ ght­vtcn­dfn­ lf­ éb­dt­zn­ d­ghtl­uhf­lbz­nf.­ Lhe­ub­ ct­ jn­ntu­kzn­jot­ gj­lf­ktx,­ d­ pj­yb­ bp­düy­ ghtl­uhf­lbz­nf.­ Jn­ vfk­rb­ uhfl­xt­nf,­ jn­jå­kfc­nb,­ ght­düh­yf­nb­ düd­ dbk­yb­pj­yb,­jn­ghj­dby­wb­fk­yb­bvt­ybz­nt­pb­bp­düy­uhfl­crb­ éb­nt­kb­ gü­ne­dfn­ lj­jn­lf­kt­xt­yb­nt­cb­hf­åjn­yb­vtc­nf.­Yj­nj­df­hfp­ghjc­nb­hf­yt­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yt­ ght­vfö­df­ yte­ljåcn­df­nf­ jn­cnheg­df­yt­nj­yf­vyj­uj­öj­hf­yf­tl­yj­

vzc­nj,­ f­ cf­vj­ hfp­vtcn­df­ öj­hf­nf,­rjb­nj­cf­bp­ghf­dt­yb­ghtl­nj­pb­ghjå­ktv.­Yt­oj­gj­dt­xt,­nf­rf­hf­åjn­yb­nt­vtc­nf­ yf­éb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ ct­jn­lf­kt­xf­dfn­yf­gj­uj­kz­vj­hfp­cnjz­ybt;­xfcn­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­hfp­ib­hz­df­of­nf­ ct­ vtn­hj­gj­kbz,­ vf­rfh­ b­gj­vfk­rf,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ ght­lb,­ dct­jot­ nhzå­df­ lf­ öj­lb­ yf­ hf­åj­nf­ d­wty­nhfk­ybz­uhfl.

Jc­yj­dty­tkt­vtyn­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­ybz­gtq­pfé­t­dpf­bv­yf­nf­jåec­kj­dt­yjcn.­ Yfq­jå­oj­ wt­yf­nf­ pf­ ght­djp­df­yt­nj­yf­tl­yf­cnj­rf­t­ghf­dj­ghj­gjh­wbj­yfk­yf­ yf­ hfp­cnjz­ybt­nj,­ yf­rjt­nj­ nz­ nhzå­df­ lf­ åü­lt­ ght­dj­pt­yf.­ Ckt­lj­df­ntk­yj,­ ltq­yjc­nb­nt­ ct­cnheg­dfn­ d­ uhf­lj­dt­nt,­ pf­ lf­ ct­yf­vf­kzn­hfp­öj­lb­nt­gj­ght­dj­pf.­Pf­nj­df­rjk­rj­dfé­yf­t­düp­vjé­yjcn­nf­pf­ghbl­dbé­df­yt­jn­ tl­yj­vzc­nj­yf­lhe­uj­ d­ uhfl­crb­nt­ ht­ubj­yb­ vj­ét­lf­ ct­ cü­lb­ gj­ uj­kt­vbz­ lzk­ uhfl­crf­gkjo,­ghtl­db­lt­yf­pf­ektc­yz­df­yt­nj­yf­nf­pb­dpfb­vjd­hüp­rf.­Kb­ybb­nt,­ gj­ rjb­nj­ ct­ jcü­otcn­dz­df­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­yf­öj­hf,­cf­ekb­wb,­vtn­hf,­vjc­nj­dt,­ ne­yt­kb,­ nhj­njf­hb­ b­ gfh­rby­ub.­ D­ gj­cnf­hb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt,­ rf­nj­nt­pb­d­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­wty­nhj­dt­nt­cf­gkf­yb­hf­yb,­ rj­uf­nj­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­ct­t­bp­düh­idf­kj­gt­if­b­c­afq­nj­yb,­pf­nj­df­cf­vj­jrj­kj­35­ghj­wty­nf­jn­ gkjo­nf­ yf­ wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­yf­dcbx­rb­nt­pb­uhf­lj­dt­t­pf­lt­kt­yf­pf­ nf­rb­df­ tkt­vty­nb­ yf­ gtq­pf­éf,­rjb­nj­ ektc­yz­dfn­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­yf­ öj­hf­nf.­ D­ gj­yj­db­nt­ uhf­lj­dt,­hfp­db­kb­ct­d­gj­dt­xt­nj­cke­xfb­cktl­yfd­kb­pf­yt­nj­yf­fd­nj­vj­åb­kf,­lt­kün­t­vyj­uj­gj­uj­kzv.

42 43

Lhe­ub­ajh­vb­ yf­ dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­cf­ yt­ gj­vf­kj­dfé­yb,­ yj­ gj­vfk­rj­db­lb­vb.­ Ktc­yj­nj­ ldb­ét­ybt­ yf­by­ajh­vf­wbz­b­bltb­ct­gjl­lüh­éf­d­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ jn­ cbk­yj­ hfp­db­nb­ nt­kt­ajy­yb,­ nt­ktu­hfa­yb,­ nt­kt­nbg­yb­ b­lhe­ub­ rj­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­yb­ cbc­nt­vb.­ D­yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­ dtr­ wty­nhfk­yb­nt­nüh­ujd­crb­hf­qj­yb­yf­dcbx­rb­uj­kt­vb­uhf­lj­dt­cf­jg­kt­nt­yb­rf­nj­d­gfz­éb­yf­ jn­vht­éb­ yf­ nt­kt­ajy­yb­kb­ybb,­rjt­nj­ uj­dj­hb­ pf­ uj­kz­vf­nf­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­jn­rj­ve­yb­rf­wbb;­lytc­nt­kt­ajy­yb­rf­åt­kb­ct­db­zn­gjl­pt­vz­nf.

Vj­ét­ åb­ nj­df­ dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­ct­ jåec­kf­dz­ ukfd­yj­ jn­ ut­ju­hfa­crj­nj­hfp­lt­kt­ybt­vté­le­ljc­nf­dz­yt­b­nüh­ct­yt­yf­ cnj­rb.­Jn­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ uktl­yf­ njx­rf,­ frj­ tl­yf­cnj­rf­bkb­ec­ke­uf­ t­yt­jå­öj­lb­vf­d­lf­lt­yj­vzc­nj,­yj­nj­yt­vj­ét­lf­z­jcb­ue­hb,­nj­uf­df­cnj­rf­nf­bkb­ec­ke­uf­nf­nhzå­df­lf­åü­lt­ljc­nf­dt­yf­jn­lhe­uj­vzc­nj.­Nf­rf­ct­jcü­otcn­dz­df­dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt.

Gjc­kt­lb­wb­nt­ jn­ dcbx­rj­ nj­df­ pf­uhfl­crbz­ gtq­pfé­ cf­ zc­yb.­ Vyj­étcn­dj­ hfp­kbx­yb­ db­lj­dt­ ltq­yjc­nb­ct­hfp­db­dfn­yf­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­vfk­rf­nt­hb­nj­hbz.­ Yz­rjb­ ct­ cnheg­dfn­ yf­tl­yj­vzc­nj,­f­lhe­ub­ct­hfp­ghüc­dfn­bp­wt­kbz­eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­ht­ub­jy.­Nüq­rf­nj­ d­ tlby­ uhfl­ ct­ jcü­otcn­dz­dfn­yfq­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­ ltq­yjc­nb,­ dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt­nj­ct­cnb­ve­kb­hf­vté­le­jn­ltk­yb­ltq­yjc­nb­bkb­d­pj­yb,­rjb­nj­ hfp­db­dfn­ tl­yfr­df­ ltq­yjcn.­ Frj­nj­df­ ct­ jn­hf­pb­ düh­öe­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­rfh­nf,­ ht­pek­nf­nün­ gj­rfp­df­ tlby­vyj­uj­hfp­yj­hj­lty­vj­ltk­pf­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­yf­pt­vz­nf.

Cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­df­yt­nj­ yf­ öj­hf­ b­ltq­yjc­nb­ yf­ tl­yj­ vzc­nj­ dj­lb­ lj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­nf­ jn­ hfp­db­nbt­ yf­jå­otcn­dt­yb­nt­ec­ke­ub.­Nhf­lb­wb­jy­yj­cnher­ne­hb­hf­yb­ b­ aeyr­wbj­yb­hf­ob­rf­nj­ rkj­yj­dt­ yf­ eg­hfd­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­tlby­ uhfl,­ ltq­yjc­nb­nt­ jn­ cat­hf­nf­yf­jå­otcn­dt­yb­nt­ec­ke­ub­yt­cf­ghz­rj­ ghj­ler­nbd­yb­ d­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­cvb­cük,­ yj­ cf­yt­jå­öj­lb­vb­ pf­ nüh­uj­dbz­nf­b­by­lec­nhbz­nf.

Jc­dty­ nf­rb­df­ ec­ke­ub­ rf­nj­ dj­lj­cyfå­lz­df­yt,­tktr­nhb­xtcn­dj,­rf­yf­kb­pf­wbz­b­cü­åb­hf­yt­yf­jn­gf­lü­wb,­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ gj­kb­wtq­crf­pf­ob­nf­ b­ ghj­nb­dj­gj­éfh­yf­ jö­hf­yf,­cnhjb­ntkcn­dj­ b­ gjl­lüh­éf­yt­ yf­jå­otcn­dt­yb­ gü­nb­of,­ plhfd­yb­ uhb­éb,­lj­re­vty­nf­wbz­yf­bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­dfé­yf­cnf­nbc­nb­rf­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj,­jå­hf­pj­df­ybt­b­vyj­uj­lhe­ub.

Njk­rj­df­dct­jå­ödfn­yb­cnf­dfn­nt­pb­ec­ke­ub­ d­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt,­ xt­ ct­hfp­db­dfn­ ju­hjv­yb­ eg­hfd­kty­xtc­rb­cnher­ne­hb,­rjb­nj­lf­ub­hü­rj­dj­lzn.­Frj­ bp­gjk­pdf­vt­ tlby­ rhf­ty­ ghb­vth,­ nhzå­df­ lf­ jn­åt­kt­ébv,­ xt­ d­hf­qj­yf­ yf­ yñ­qjhr­crbz­vtn­hj­gj­kb­nty­ ghtp­ 1982­ u.­ ltqcn­dfn­ gj­dt­xt­jn­1­550­ghf­db­ntkcn­dt­yb­futy­wbb.

Lheu­df­éty­tkt­vtyn­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­ybz­ gtq­pfé­ t­ cnt­gty­nf­ yf­ ljc­nüg­yjcn.­ Ktc­yf­nf­ dhüp­rf­ vté­le­gj­dt­xt­nj­ hf­qj­yb­ yf­ tl­yf­ uhfl­crf­jå­kfcn­ yt­db­yf­ub­ t­ åb­kf­ jc­yjd­yj­cü­jå­hf­ét­ybt­ d­ jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­nf­ b­cnher­ne­hf­nf­yf­uhf­lf.­Güh­dj­yf­xfk­yb­nt­gkf­yj­dt­yf­ekb­wb­nt­d­gj­dt­xt­nj­uhf­lj­dt­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­yfg­hb­vth­cf­cktl­df­kb­ghjc­nbz­vj­ltk­yf­rdfl­hfn­yf­bkb­ghf­djü­uük­yf­ht­itn­

rf,­ib­hj­rj­ghb­kf­ufy­ghtp­17­b­18­dtr.

C­hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­yf­nt­pb­uhf­lj­dt­ljc­nüg­yjcn­nf­ lj­ jn­ltk­yb­ vtc­nf,­rjz­nj­ nf­pb­ ekbx­yf­ cbc­nt­vf­ jcb­ue­hz­df,­ ct­ jrfp­df­ zd­yj­ yt­pf­lj­dj­kb­ntk­yf.­ Tl­yf­ rdfl­hfn­yf­ jn­ctx­rf­yfg­hb­vth­ t­ hfp­lt­kt­yf­ yf­ vyj­uj­ght­ctx­rb­gjl­ghfd­üuük.­Nüq­rf­nj­gün­yb­zn­gj­njr­cgb­hf­yf­dcz­rf­ght­ctx­rf,­ gj­yf­nj­df­ht­yb­zn­ nhf­abr­dj­lb­ lj­ gj­lük­ub­ gfe­pb­ yf­ dcz­rf­ght­ctx­rf.­Ghtp­1900­u.­Åjk­nb­vjh­b­Åjc­nüy­ bvfn­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yfl­ gj­kj­dby­ vb­kb­jy,­Ab­kf­ltk­abz­ ljc­nb­uf­åkb­pj­ 1.3­ vb­kbj­yf,­ f­ Yñ­Qjhr­ –­3.5­ vb­kbj­yf.­ Ukfd­yb­nt­ gjc­kt­lb­wb­jn­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­yf­fd­nj­vj­åb­kf­dct­jot­ yt­ cf­ ct­ ghjz­db­kb­ gj­ jyj­df­dht­vt,­yj­d­wty­nhj­dt­nt­yf­nt­pb­uhf­lj­dt­dt­xt­ ct­yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­ ct­hb­jp­yb­pfl­hücn­df­ybz­yf­ldb­ét­ybt­nj.

Ghtp­50­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr­yf­­c­nüg­dfn­ ghj­vt­yb,­ rjb­nj­ dj­lzn­ lj­åüh­pf­nf­ ghjc­nhfycn­dt­yf­ trc­gfy­pbz­yf­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ b­ lj­ ecb­kt­yj­nj­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­yf­fd­nj­vj­åb­kf­pf­gü­ne­df­yt.­Dct­gj­uj­kzv­lzk­jn­hf­åj­nt­ob­nt­d­uhf­lj­dt­nt­öj­hf­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­éb­dt­zn­d­gj­jn­lf­kt­xt­yb­vtc­nf­b­d­ghtl­uhf­lbz­nf,­ rjt­nj­ ghf­db­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ yt­bp­ujl­yj­ gü­ne­df­yt­nj­ c­jå­otcn­dty­nhfyc­gjhn.­Jn­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ uktl­yf­ njx­rf­ crj­hjcn­nf­ b­uüd­rf­djcn­nf­ yf­ fd­nj­vj­åbk­ybz­nhfyc­gjhn­ ec­rj­hz­dfn­ ght­öj­lf­ jn­ét­kt­pj­gü­nty­ ght­djp­ yf­ cnj­rb­ b­nj­df­hb­ rüv­ fd­nj­vj­åb­kty­ ght­djp.­Bp­uhfé­lf­yt­nj­ yf­ gün­yf­nf­ vht­éf­dt­xt­t­cü­jå­hf­pt­yj­c­ght­gj­hü­rb­nt­pf­gjc­nhjz­df­yt­ yf­ gt­hb­ath­yb,­ jå­öjl­

yb­bkb­jrj­kjd­hücn­yb­gü­nb­of­b­yf­ij­ct­nf­ pf­ åühp­ nhf­abr­ c­ db­cjr­rf­gf­wb­ntn­ b­ ju­hf­yb­xty­ ljc­nüg,­ pf­lf­ ct­ jn­lt­kb­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ d­ uhf­lf­jn­ nhfy­pbn­yj­nj­ ght­vb­yf­df­yt­ ghtp­yf­ct­kt­yj­nj­vzc­nj.­Jn­xfc­nb­ec­gti­yb,­ nt­pb­ ghj­vt­yb,­ rfr­nj­ b­ yz­rjb­lhe­ub,­edt­kb­xf­dfn­gjn­htå­yjcn­nf­jn­cdj­åj­lf­ yf­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ d­ wty­nü­hf­yf­ uhf­lf,­ jn­ ljå­hf­ dhüp­rf­ vté­le­wty­nü­hf­ b­ gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­ b­ yfq­yfr­hfz­–­vté­le­xfc­nb­yf­gt­hb­at­hbz­nf.­Wz­kjcn­yf­nf­cöt­vf­pf­ljc­nüg­lj­jn­ltk­yb­ vtc­nf­ cnf­df­ gj­ckjé­yf­ b­nhel­yf­pf­eg­hfd­kz­df­yt.

Dcbx­rj­nj­df­yf­cjx­df­dyb­vf­ybt­nj­rüv­ lheu­ tkt­vtyn­ yf­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­ybz­gtq­pfé.­Nj­df­t­tlby­gtq­pfé­yf­ghj­vz­yf­nf.­ Dcz­rf­ uj­lb­yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ nf­rb­df­ uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lj­dt­rf­nj­ Ab­kf­ltk­abz­ bkb­ Yñ­ Qjhr­ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ c­ lt­ctn­rb­ öb­kz­lb­yj­db­éb­nt­kb.­ Jot­ gj­uj­kzv­ åhjq­öj­hf­ yf­gec­rfn­ nt­pb­ uhf­lj­dt,­ pf­ lf­jnb­lfn­ d­ lhe­ub­ lf­ktx­yb­ uhf­lj­dt­bkb­ ct­ ght­vtcn­dfn­ d­ gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbz­nf.­ Eyb­oj­éf­dfn­ ct­cnher­ne­hb­ b­ ct­ bp­uhfé­lfn­ yj­db­cnher­ne­hb.­ Ghj­vt­yzn­ ct­ ekb­wb,­ghj­vt­yzn­ ct­ ltq­yjc­nb;­ gj­nj­wb­ jn­öj­hf,­ cnj­rb­ b­ bltb­ ct­ ght­vtcn­dfn,­pf­ lf­ ct­ hfp­gj­kj­éfn­ d­ yj­db­nt­cnher­ne­hb.

Nf­rb­df­ ghj­vt­yb­ ct­ yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­düd­ dcbx­rb­ jc­yjd­yb­ ht­ubj­yb­ yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­yj­d­bp­dtc­nty­cvb­cük­nt­dcüo­yjcn­cüp­lf­dfn­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.

44 45

GHJ­vt­yz­ob­ct­vJ­lt­kb­d­vt­uf­kJ­GJ­kbc

Vj­ét­ åb­ yfq­aey­lf­vty­nfk­yf­nf­ b­ib­hj­rj­vf­ofå­yf­ ghj­vz­yf­ d­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ghtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­xt­nb­hb­lt­ctn­uj­lb­yb­t­uj­kz­vf­nf­nt­hb­nj­hb­fk­yf­ trc­gfy­pbz­ yf­ ukfd­yb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­yf­vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt.­Uj­kzv­Yñ­Qjhr­åtp­cgjh­yj­ t­ edt­kb­xbk­ yfq­vyj­uj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ cb,­ yj­ Åjc­nüy,­Ab­kf­ltk­abz,­ Åjk­nb­vjh­ b­ Df­iby­unjy­cü­oj­cf­yf­hfc­yf­kb­pyf­xb­ntk­yj.­Yñ­Qjhr­ bvf­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­b­yfq­cbk­yj­hfp­db­nf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf,­ yj­ b­ lhe­ub­nt­ nhb­ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­ uhf­lf­ hfp­gj­kf­ufn­ cüc­cj­kbl­yf­åf­pf­pf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­hfp­db­nbt.­D­cü­oj­nj­dht­vt­at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­ åüh­pj­ hfp­ib­hz­df­ltq­yjcn­nf­ cb.­ Jåkfcn­ Rü­küv­åbz­(Df­iby­unjy­ b­ jåkfcn­ Rü­küv­åbz­pft­vfn­ tl­yf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz)­ dt­xt­ yt­ t­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ uj­kzv,­ pf­ lf­ gjt­vt­yf­åüå­df­oj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­jn­lüh­éfd­yb­cke­éb­nt­kb­b­yf­hfcn­df­obz­åhjq­öj­hf,­yeé­yb­lf­öhf­yzn,­jå­kb­xfn­b­lf­ jå­ckeé­dfn­ gj­ dcz­rf­rüd­ yf­xby­nt­pb­ cke­éb­nt­kb.­ Eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­nj­hfp­hfcn­df­yt­ght­vb­yf­df­d­cü­ctl­yb­nt­of­nb­Düh­léb­ybz­b­Vt­hb­kfyl.

Hfp­ghjc­nb­hf­yt­nj­ yf­ uhfl­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­jn­dül­uhf­yb­wb­nt­yf­uhf­lf­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­ jrfp­df­ cbk­yj­ dkbz­ybt­düh­öe­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­ ctk­crj­nj­cnj­gfycn­dj­ d­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.­ C­yf­hfcn­df­yt­nj­yf­uhfl­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­gj­uj­kzv­åhjq­öj­hf­nhzå­df­lf­ct­ bp­öhfy­dfn­ c­ ghj­ler­nb,­ ght­dj­pt­yb­ jn­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb.­Lt­ctn­rb­vb­kbj­yb­le­ib­d­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­ybz­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ rjy­ce­vb­hfn­

ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ghj­ler­nb­jn­wz­kf­Fvt­hb­rf­ b­ bp­düy­ ytz.­ Vyj­uj­ jn­jyt­pb,­ rjb­nj­ jå­hf­åjn­dfn­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ pt­vb­ d­ åkb­pjcn­ lj­ uhf­lj­dt­nt,­ghtl­gj­xb­nfn­lf­ct­cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hfn­d­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ crü­gjc­nhe­df­ob­öhf­yb­ b­ vf­kjn­hfq­yb­ ghj­ler­nb.­Vktx­yb­ ghj­bp­dt­lt­ybz,­ lj­vf­nb,­vf­he­kb,­ zåük­rb­b­ dcz­rfr­db­lhe­ub­by­nty­pbd­yj­ghj­bp­dté­lf­yb­pt­kty­xe­wb­ b­ gkj­lj­dt­ cf­ ght­jå­kf­lf­df­of­nf­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­ ghj­ler­wbz­ yf­yz­rjb­pt­vt­ltk­crb­hf­qj­yb­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.

Jc­dty­ nj­df­ uüc­nj­ yf­ct­kt­yb­nt­gt­hb­at­hbb­ yf­ uhfl­crb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ b­ecb­kt­yf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ ltq­yjcn­dj­lzn­lj­gj­db­if­df­yt­yf­wt­yf­nf­yf­pt­vz­nf.­Tl­yf­ath­vf­jn­60­ötr­nf­hf,­re­gt­yf­ ght­lb­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ pf­­20­ 000­ lj­kf­hf­ rf­nj­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­pt­vz,­vj­ét­lf­åü­lt­ghj­lf­lt­yf­yf­ cnhjb­nt­kty­ ghtl­ghbt­vfx­ pf­ 1­vb­kb­jy­lj­kf­hf.­Ghtl­ghbt­vf­xün­jn­cdjz­ cnhf­yf­ vj­ét­ lf­ hfp­lt­kb­pt­vz­nf­ yf­ 250­éb­kbo­yb­ tlb­yb­wb,­dcz­rf­ jn­ gj­ 0.2­ ötr­nf­hf­ b­ cktl­rf­nj­åkf­uj­ec­nhjb­nt­ht­yf­b­ghj­rf­hf­ekb­wb,­ lf­ ghj­lf­lt­ dcz­rj­éb­kb­ot­pf­25­000­lj­kf­hf­bkb­jå­oj­pf­6.25­vb­kbj­yf­lj­kf­hf.

Lj­hb­ b­ frj­ cjåcn­dt­yb­wb­nt­ yf­ath­vf­nf­vj­ufn­lf­ec­nj­zn­yf­nf­rf­df­ bp­ujl­yf­ ghj­lfé­åf,­ lf­yü­wb­nt­düh­öe­pt­vz­nf­hzp­rj­ct­gj­rfx­dfn­c­nty­lty­wbz­lf­ct­bp­hfd­yzn­c­lf­yü­wb­nt­ pf­ uhfl­crb­ gkj­ob,­ nüq­ rf­nj­cü­ctl­yb­ hf­qj­yb­ pf­gjx­dfn­ lf­ ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­ pf­ yt­pt­vt­ltk­crb­ wt­kb.­Ght­lb­ghb­kf­uf­yt­nj­yf­ht­ue­kf­wb­jy­yb­ vth­rb­ pf­ bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­ pt­vt­

ltk­crb­nt­ pt­vb­ gj­ ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­ybt­nj­ bv,­ tlbycn­dt­yb­zn­ yf­xby­ tl­yj­ct­vtqcn­dj­lf­ghj­lük­éb­lf­ct­pf­yb­vf­df­ cüc­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­ ltq­yjcn­t­rf­nj­hfp­db­df­by­nty­pbd­yj­pt­vt­lt­kbt,­yf­cj­xt­yj­rüv­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­yf­db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb­ghj­ler­nb.

Hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ b­cdüh­pf­yb­nt­c­nj­df­ghj­vt­yb­d­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ d­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ cnf­df­ gj­ghj­nt­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ ukfd­yb­nt­ kb­ybb,­cdüh­pdf­ob­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­wty­nhj­dt.­ Vté­le­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ jn­hf­yj­ nt­rfn­ vjo­yb­gj­nj­wb­jn­ght­djp­yb­chtlcn­df.­Rj­uf­nj­ öj­hf­nf,­ rjb­nj­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ lf­hf­åj­nzn­ d­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt,­ cvt­yzn­vtc­nj­éb­dtt­yt­nj­cb,­tc­ntcn­dt­yj­t­gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­nzö­lf­bp­åt­hfn­nf­rb­df­ ht­ubj­yb,­ rjb­nj­ lf­ bv­ jcb­ue­hzn­kt­cty­ ljc­nüg­ lj­ creg­xt­yb­nt­ rf­nj­uhjp­lj­dt­ hf­åjn­yb­ vtc­nf.­ Ukfd­yb­nt­vf­ubc­nhf­kb,­ b­ d­ gj­vfk­rf­ cnt­gty­vté­leu­hfl­crb­nt­ég­ kb­ybb,­ rfr­nj­b­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ hfp­rkj­yt­ybz­ yf­vf­ubc­nhf­kb­nt­ cf­ kb­ybb­nt,­ rjb­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt­cktl­df­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­ b­ gj­ rjb­nj­ct­ hfp­ghjc­nb­hf­ yfq­lf­ktx.­ Pf­nj­df­eh­åf­yb­pb­hf­yb­nt­jå­kfc­nb­ct­ckb­dfn­güh­dj­ jrj­kj­ nt­pb­ ukfd­yb­ vté­le­u­hfl­crb­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­düp­kb.

C­ yf­hfcn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­ jn­ltk­yb­nt­ uhfl­crb­ jå­kfc­nb,­ ct­ghj­vt­yz­b­cüc­nf­dün­ve.­Lj­1910­u.­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ gjt­vfn­uj­kzv­ åhjq­ bvbu­hfy­nb­ jn­ Td­hj­gf.­Ght­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ ght­vb­yf­dfn­ ghtp­yz­rjt­ jn­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ghtp­Yñ­Qjhr.­Jyt­pb­jn­nzö,­rjb­nj­yt­ghj­

lük­éf­dfn­ yf­ pf­gfl­ rüv­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ bkb­ uhfl­crb­nt­ wty­nhj­dt­yf­Chtl­ybz­pf­gfl­b­yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­ct­creg­xdfn­d­uj­kt­vb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­ yf­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ b­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­jå­hf­pe­dfn­jå­oyjc­nb­gj­yf­wbj­yfk­yjc­nb.

Rj­uf­nj­d­Td­hj­gf­bp­åeö­df­Güh­df­nf­ cdt­njd­yf­ djq­yf,­ gj­nj­rün­ jn­td­hj­gtq­crb­ tvbu­hfy­nb­ cgb­hf­ b­ d­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ pf­gjx­df­ lf­ yfö­ke­df­yjd­ dbl­ vbu­hf­wbz.­ Güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­åfd­yj­ghj­wté­lf­of­nf­ct­cnheq­rf­jn­xth­yj­rj­éb­ght­ctk­yb­wb­ jn­ñé­yb­nt­of­nb­ pf­gjx­df­ lf­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df.­Xth­yj­rj­éb­ght­ctk­yb­wb­b­ uhe­gb­jn­åt­kb­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ hf­åjn­yb­wb­jn­ht­ubj­yf­gjd­nf­hzn­pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rb­nt­vj­lt­kb­yf­tvbu­hfyn­crb­nt­uhe­gb­jn­Td­hj­gf.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­xth­yj­rj­éb­ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­ d­ uhfl­crb­ jå­kfc­nb,­ d­rjb­nj­ dt­xt­ bvf­vfk­rb­xth­yj­rj­éb­gj­ge­kf­wbb.

Nüq­rf­nj­ght­ctk­df­yt­nj­yf­xth­yj­rj­éb­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ b­ ghtp­ 50­nt­uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr,­ uüc­nj­nf­nf­ yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ b­ ght­lbp­dbr­df­trc­gfy­pbz­bp­düy­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yb­nt­ wty­nhfk­yb­ zl­hf.­ Cktl­rf­nj­ d­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ lt­ctn­rb­uj­lb­yb­éb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ tlby­ uhfl­ ct­edt­kb­xf­dfn,­ xth­yj­rj­éj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ pf­gjx­df­ lf­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ b­ d­jn­lf­kt­xt­yb­nt­ ht­ubj­yb,­ rü­lt­nj­ nj­ct­t­ec­nf­yj­db­kj.

Ghtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­uj­lb­yb­ct­ghjz­dz­dfn­ldf­cü­düh­it­yj­yj­db­fc­gtr­nf­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­ghj­vz­yf­–­ghj­vz­yf,­ rjz­nj­ vj­ét­ åb­ t­ yf­wbj­yfk­yf­gj­ cdjz­ vf­ofå,­ yj­ ct­ ghjz­dz­df­yfq­lhf­vf­nbx­yj­ d­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ b­

46

yfq­cnf­hb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt,­ rfr­db­nj­ cf­ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.

Güh­dj,­d­rhfz­yf­60­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr­pf­güh­db­gün­d­bc­nj­hbz­nf­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­öj­hf­nf­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ yf­gec­rfn­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ ht­ubj­yb­yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt­ –­ wty­nhfk­ybz­uhfl­b­ghtl­uhf­lbz­nf­–­d­gj­uj­kt­vb­vf­of­åb­d­chfd­yt­ybt­c­vf­of­åb­nt,­d­rjb­nj­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­ cf­ ct­ ec­nf­yj­dz­df­kb.­ Gj­vfk­rb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­ b­uhfl­xt­nf­ b­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­vté­le­ nzö­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ gjt­vfn­nt­pb­ght­ctk­yb­wb.

Dnj­hj,­ bp­ybr­dfn­ vyj­ujt­nfé­yb­jå­otcn­dt­yb­ cuhf­lb,­ creg­xt­yb­ yf­hfp­kbx­yb­vtc­nf­ d­ hf­qj­yf­ yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt.­ Gjz­df­nf­ yf­ yj­db­jå­kfc­n­ yt­åjc­nüh­uf­xb­ jn­ åt­njy­ b­cnür­kj­ghj­vt­yz­kb­ybz­nf­yf­öj­hb­pjy­nf­ d­ wty­nü­hf­ yf­ vyj­uj­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ uhf­lj­dt­ jn­ cht­lf­nf­ yf­70­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr.­ Yj­ nf­pb­

jcj­åt­yjcn­dt­xt­yt­ct­cdüh­pdf­cf­vj­cüc­ cnf­hb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­zl­hf.­ Ju­hjv­yb­ uhe­gb­ cuhf­lb­ bp­ybr­dfn­ rf­nj­uhjp­lj­dt­ d­ ghtl­uhf­lbz­nf,­ rjb­nj­pfj­åb­rf­kzn­rf­nj­ghüc­nty­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­uhf­lj­dt;­vyj­uj­jn­nt­pb­cuhf­lb­ pft­vfn­ gj­uj­kz­vf­ gkjo,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­ yt­åjc­nüh­uf­xb­nt­ d­ wty­nü­hf­ yf­ yz­rjq­ uj­kzv­ uhfl.­ Nf­pb­ghj­vz­yf,­ f­ yt­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­yf­ éb­kbo­yb­nt­ hf­qj­yb,­ cz­rfi­ ct­jn­hf­pz­df­yfq­vyj­uj­yf­vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ hf­åjn­yb­nt­vtc­nf­ b­ yf­yf­xb­yf­yf­ghbl­dbé­df­yt­lj­nzö.

Zc­yj­t,­xt­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­jå­kfc­nb­ cf­ gtq­pf­éb­ yf­ ghj­vz­yf­nf,­ f­ghj­vt­yb­nt­ d­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ cü­jn­dtncn­dfn­ yf­ ytj­åbr­yj­dt­ybz­ öf­hfr­nth­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­Ghj­vt­yb­nt­nfv­cf­ytg­ht­rüc­yf­nb,­ lhfc­nbx­yb­ b­ ct­bp­düh­idfn­ d­ vf­of­åb,­ yt­gjp­yf­nb­lhe­uf­lt­gj­cdt­nf. ∆

47

Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­t­dfé­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ ltq­yjcn­d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­

Lj­rf­pf­ntkcn­df­ pf­ nj­df­ ct­dbé­lfn­ yfd­cz­rü­lt­ –­ d­ ntr­cnbk­yb­ ghj­bp­dt­lt­ybz,­ rjy­cth­db­hf­yb­ öhf­yb,­ éb­kbo­yb­cnhjt­éb,­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ b­rj­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­yb­ chtlcn­df­ b­ vyj­uj­lhe­ub.­ Düg­ht­rb­ yf­kb­xbt­nj­ yf­ cnj­rb,­ ghj­bp­dt­lt­yb­ bp­düy­ cnhf­yf­nf,­yf­wbj­yfk­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ pf­gfp­df­güh­djc­nt­gty­yj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ b­ gjx­nb­yz­vf­ chtl­yj­uj­kzv­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­uhfl,­d­rjq­nj­vtcn­yf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf,­vf­rfh­ b­ vfk­rf,­ lf­ yt­ exfcn­df­ d­yz­rf­rüd­dbl­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj.

Ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­ of­­nb,­c­bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­yf­ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­ Yñ­ By­ukfyl,­ cf­ yfq­dfé­yb­zn­ghj­vbi­kty­ ht­ub­jy­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­(Rfh­nf­ 4).­ Nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ d­ jå­ob­kb­ybb­uhf­yb­xb­jn­nhb­nt­cb­cnhf­yb­c­Lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ ht­rf­Jöf­qj,­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ b­ ñé­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­ tpt­hf.­Pf­gfl­yb­zn­ rhfq­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ yt­ t­njk­rj­df­ zc­yj­ jxth­nfy;­ njq­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­ ct­ ckb­df­ c­ ght­lbv­yj­ pt­vt­ltk­crbz­gtq­pfé­yf­ñé­yf­By­lbf­yf,­Bkb­yjq­b­ghj­lük­éf­df­jn­dül­yt­uj.

Düg­ht­rb­ yt­ jcj­åt­yj­ uj­kt­vb­nt­hfp­vt­hb­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ b­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­ b­ yf­ lhe­ub­vtc­nf,­Ghj­vbi­kt­yb­zn­ wty­nüh­ ghj­lük­éf­df­bvf­ju­hjv­yj­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ d­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ ut­j­­u­hf­abz.­Pf­dj­lb­nt­ve­ghj­bp­dté­lfn­gjx­nb­ wz­kj­nj­ rj­kb­xtcn­dj­ cnj­vf­yf­d­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ rfr­nj­ b­ vyj­uj­ uj­kzv­

lzk­ jn­ vj­njh­yb­nt­ ght­djp­yb­chtlcn­df­ b­ xfc­nb­nt­ pf­ nzö.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­dfé­yb­ghbc­nf­yb­of,­ukfd­yb­nt­ wty­nhj­dt­ yf­ rj­ve­yb­rf­wbz­ b­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ab­yfy­cj­db­wty­nhj­dt­cf­d­uhf­yb­wb­nt­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­bkb­åkb­pj­lj­yt­uj,­f­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rf­nf­cnj­kb­

wf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ ct­ yf­vb­hf­ yt­gj­­c­htlcn­dt­yj­lj­rhfq­yb­nt­ve­njx­rb.

Ht­ubj­yün­ drkñx­df­ ldt­nt­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­uhe­gb­jn­ckb­df­ob­ct­jå­kfc­nb­yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb:­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ b­uhe­gf­nf­yf­ uj­kt­vb­nt­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ht­ubj­yb­vté­le­Vb­kej­rb­ (Ebc­rjy­cby)­b­Xb­rf­uj­(Bkb­yjq)­yf­pf­gfl,­b­Rkbd­kfyl­ (Jöf­qj)­ b­ Gbn­cåühu­(Gty­cbk­df­ybz)­yf­bp­njr.

Rfr­dj­ njx­yj­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­zn­ Ghj­vbi­kty­ wty­nüh­ t­nhel­yj­lf­ct­hfp­åt­ht­gj­hf­lb­yt­uj­dbz­ cbk­yj­ bp­hf­pty­ ldjqcn­dty­öf­hfr­nth.­ D­ vyj­uj­ jn­yj­it­ybz­ébp­yt­yjcn­nf­b­ghj­ler­nbd­yjcn­nf­yf­ctk­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yf­ nf­pb­ nt­hb­nj­hbz­ cf­ cüp­lf­df­kb­ ht­ceh­cb­nt­ b­nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yf­ ghj­ler­wbz.­ Ec­gt­öb­nt­ d­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­gjl­lüh­éfn­ hfy­yb­nt­ gf­pfh­yb­ wty­nhj­dt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf,­ f­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yt­ yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­yf­kf­uf­ nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yf­ghj­vbi­kt­yf­ghj­ler­wbz.­D­rhfz­yf­19­ dtr­ ct­ zdz­df­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­ jn­lt­ctn­rb­ öb­kz­lb­ éün­dfh­rb,­ düh­ifx­rb­ b­ dcz­rfr­db­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­bycnhe­vty­nb.­Nhfr­nj­hb,­vf­ib­yb­ pf­ åf­kb­hf­yt,­ gjv­gb­ b­ dct­gj­cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­yf­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­

Ghj­vbi­kt­yb­zN­wty­Nüh

ukf­df

5

48 49

crf­ ntö­yb­rf­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­lf­åü­lfn­df­éty­vtc­nty­cnb­vek­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ cnj­rb­ ghtp­güh­df­nf­ gj­kj­db­yf­ yf­ 20­ dtr.­Nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­ kb­ybb­ ct­ gj­ljå­hz­dfn­b­hfp­ib­hz­dfn,­pf­lf­ght­djp­dfn­ju­hjv­yb­nt­rj­kb­xtcn­df­pt­vt­ltk­crb­cnj­rb,­ghj­bp­dté­lf­yb­düd­ath­vb­nt­yf­ht­ubj­yf.

Ckt­lj­df­ntk­yj­ner­cnf­df­le­vf­pf­tl­yf­ jn­ltk­yf­ xfcn­ jn­ Fvt­hb­rf,­rjz­nj­nhzå­df­lf­hfp­ukté­lf­vt­rf­nj­ldf­ dpfb­vj­pf­db­cb­vb­ nt­vf­nbx­yb­ht­ubj­yf.­ Tl­yf­nf­ nt­vf,­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­zn­ b­ by­lec­nhbf­kty­ öf­hfr­nth­ yf­ghj­vbi­kt­yb­nt­ wty­nhj­dt­ yf­ ht­ubj­

yf,­ ot­ åü­lt­ hfp­ukt­lf­yf­ d­nf­pb­ ukf­df.­ Lhe­uf­nf­ nt­vf,­pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­ öf­hfr­nth­ yf­vfk­rb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­ b­ yf­ ghj­

dby­wbz­nf­ yf­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy,­ot­ åü­lt­hfp­ukt­lf­yf­d­Ukf­df­10.

Ghbc­nüg­dfq­rb­rüv­güh­df­nf­nt­vf,­nhzå­df­ lf­ pf­lf­ltv­ düg­hj­cf­ rf­rüd­yf­åjh­jn­ec­kj­dbz­bkb­jå­cnjz­ntkcn­df­lj­dté­lf­lj­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­njk­rj­df­ ckjé­yb­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ dpfb­vj­jn­yj­it­ybz­d­nf­pb­xfcn­yf­rjy­nb­yty­nf.­Rjt­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­yf­cüh­xf­df­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ nté­rf­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­b­yf­cdüh­pf­yb­nt­c­nj­df­xj­dti­rb­ltq­yjc­nb,­rjb­nj­cf­ght­jå­kf­lf­df­ob­ner.

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4

GHb­HJl­yb­åJ­ufncn­dfCüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ cf­ åj­uf­nb­ yf­by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­ ht­ceh­cb.­ Ib­hj­rb­nt­Dün­hti­yb­ hfd­yb­yb­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ cf­gjx­nb­pfj­åb­rj­kt­yb­jn­pj­yb­c­uj­kt­vb­ pf­kt­éb­ yf­ vt­nfk­yb­ he­lb:­Rf­yfl­crb­zn­ obn­ yf­ ct­dth­ b­ ldt­ghj­lük­uj­df­nb­ jå­kfc­nb,­ tl­yf­nf­ghjc­nb­hf­of­ ct­ jn­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njr­ yf­ñuj­pf­gfl­ (Fgf­kf­xb­nt)­ b­lhe­uf­nf­–­jn­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­ yf­ñuj­bp­njr­ (Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb).­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­ gjl­uj­kt­vb­xfc­nb­yf­cü­ob­nt­nt­pb­Dün­hti­yb­hfd­yb­yb­bvf­uj­kt­vb­yf­öj­lb­of­ jn­ db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb­ ghb­hjl­yb­uj­hb­df,­ jcj­åt­yj­ d­ bp­njx­yf­nf­ xfcn.­Ckt­lj­df­ntk­yj,­ gj­ jn­yj­it­ybt­ yf­gj­ktp­yb­bp­rj­gft­vb,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vb­pf­nté­rf­nf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn,­nj­pb­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ vf­kür­ nhbü­uü­kty­ ht­ub­jy­ghb­nt­éf­df­d­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­jyj­df,­rjt­nj­ve­t­yeé­yj.

Dün­hti­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­Ghj­vbi­kty­wty­nüh­hfp­gj­kf­uf­cü­oj­nf­rf­c­jn­kbx­yb­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­pf­ ljc­nüg­ lj­ hfp­kbx­yb­ vtc­nf.­Cdüh­pdf­ob­ åj­uf­nbz­ yf­ vt­nfk­yb­he­lb­Rf­yfl­crb­obn­b­åj­uf­nb­nt­yf­ghb­hjl­yb­ uj­hb­df­Dün­hti­yb­ hfd­yb­yb,­gtn­nt­Uj­kt­vb­tpt­hf­–­Cñ­gb­hb­üh,­Vb­xb­ufy,­Öñ­hüy,­Bhb­b­Jy­nf­hbj­ –­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ dün­ht­ity­dj­lty­ gün,­ rf­rüd­nj­ yz­vf­ d­ cdt­nf.­Cf­vj­ ldt­ gj­pyf­xb­ntk­yb­ düp­db­it­ybz­ ct­ bp­lb­ufn­ vté­le­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf.­Tlby­vf­kür­yfr­kjy­jn­jrj­kj­ 6.7­ vtn­hf­ vté­le­ tpt­hj­nj­Cñ­gb­hb­üh­ b­ tpt­hf­nf­ Öñ­hüy­ b­Vb­xb­ufy­ t­ ghtj­lj­kzy­ xhtp­ cbc­nt­vf­ jn­ ikñ­pj­dt­ ghb­ Cjkn­ Ctqyn­Vf­hb,­ Vb­xb­ufy,­ bp­uhf­lt­yf­ ghtp­

1855­u.­Ljc­nf­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­hfp­kb­rf­düd­ db­cj­xb­yf­nf­ vté­le­ tpt­hf­nf­Bhb­b­Jy­nf­hbj­åb­vju­kf­ct­hb­jp­yj­lf­ pfn­hel­yb­ djl­ybz­ nhfyc­gjhn,­ yj­d­ Jy­nf­hbj­ t­ gjc­nhj­ty­ rf­yf­kün­Et­kfyl­ (jn­dj­hty­ ghtp­ 1829­ u.),­ pf­lf­ct­pfj­åb­rj­kb­dj­lj­gf­lün­Ybf­uf­hf,­f­rf­yf­kün­Bhb­t­bp­uhf­lty­(ghtp­1825­ u.)­ d­ Yñ­Qjhr,­ pf­ lf­ vj­ét­xfcn­ jn­ nj­dfh­yb­nt­ ght­dj­pb­ lf­bp­åtu­yfn­ bp­wz­kj­ tpt­hj­nj­Jy­nf­hbj.­Rf­nj­ ct­ bp­rkñ­xfn­ nt­pb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz,­tpt­hf­nf­ghtl­kf­ufn­yf­hfy­yb­nt­pf­ctk­yb­wb­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ yfl­ 800­rb­kj­vtn­hf­ td­nby­ nhfyc­gjhn.­Gj­rüc­yj,­ghtp­19­d.­b­d­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­ 20­ dtr­ cü­ob­zn­ nj­pb­ td­nby­nhfyc­gjhn­ ct­ jrfp­df­ jn­ ht­if­df­oj­pyf­xt­ybt­pf­jyt­pb,­rjb­nj­ght­djp­dfn­ét­kzp­yf­nf­he­lf­yf­Rf­yfl­crbz­obn­lj­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­yb­nt­ åf­ctq­yb­ d­Bkb­yjq,­ By­lbf­yf,­ Jöf­qj,­ Pf­gfl­yf­Düh­léb­ybz­ b­ Gty­cbk­df­ybz.­ Lj­uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­nt­vjo­yjc­nb,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ hfp­db­dfn­ gj­ñé­yb­nt­ rhfb­of­ yf­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf,­vj­ufn­lf­åü­lfn­jåzc­yt­yb­c­nt­pb­tc­ntcn­dt­yb­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­pf­ljc­nüg­lj­lhe­ub­xfc­nb­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.

Düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­ht­rf­Jöf­qj­nt­xt­yf­pf­gfl­jn­lük­åb­yb­nt­ yf­ åj­uf­nbz­ yf­ düu­kb­of­ht­ub­jy­ yf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ b­ ghj­hzp­df­dün­hti­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­gj­ghj­nt­ét­ybt­yf­cnj­nb­wb­rb­kj­vtn­hb,­ght­lb­lf­ct­dktt­ d­ ht­rf­ Vb­cb­cb­gb.­ Lt­ctn­rb­ghb­nj­wb­dkb­dfn­dj­lb­nt­cb­d­Jöf­qj­b­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­lj­gük­yb­nt­kty­ljc­nüg­lj­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­–­lb­htr­nyj,­pf­oj­nj­cü­oj­cf­gkf­df­ntk­yb­bkb­yt­njk­rj­df­ lb­htr­nyj,­ pf­oj­nj­ ghtl­kf­ufn­

50 51

gj­ktc­yb­vfh­ihe­nb­ pf­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­gj­ce­if­ghtp­cdjb­nt­lj­kb­yb.­Gj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­gt­hb­at­hbz­yf­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb­b­ytq­yb­nt­ghb­nj­wb­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ljc­nüg­jn­ñu­b­jn­pf­gfl.

Pf­hf­lb­ eyb­rfk­yj­nj­ cü­xt­nf­ybt­ jn­ghjc­nhfycn­dt­yb­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­ b­ghb­hjl­yb­ ht­ceh­cb­ xtc­nj­ ct­ cvz­nf,­xt­Ghj­vbi­kt­yb­zn­wty­nüh­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ ct­ cüc­njb­ cf­vj­ jn­nf­pb­ dün­hti­yf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz.­ Jg­ht­lt­kt­ybz­ rf­nj­ „by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­zn­ Cht­lty­pf­gfl“­bkb­„cüh­wt­nj­yf­by­lec­nhb­fk­yf­Fvt­hb­rf“­vj­ufn­b­lf­hfp­gfk­dfn­ dü­jå­hf­ét­ybt­nj,­ yj­ jn­ ut­j­­u­hfa­crf­uktl­yf­njx­rf­nt­cf­yt­gük­yb.­ Fvt­hb­rfy­crb­zn­ ghj­vbi­kty­wty­nüh­ drkñx­df­ b­ dün­hti­yj­nj­zl­hj,­ b­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ –­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­ybz­ht­ub­jy,­xhtp­rjq­nj­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ ct­ drkñx­df­ d­vté­le­yf­hjl­yf­nf­nüh­uj­dbz.

Lj­ 1830­ u.­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­nj­ b­by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­nj­hfp­db­nbt­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ t­ ju­hf­yb­xt­yj­ gjx­nb­ bp­wz­kj­ lj­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ b­pt­vb­nt­yt­gjc­htlcn­dt­yj­jrj­kj­ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf.­ Td­hj­gtq­crj­nj­ pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­jn­dül­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ct­bp­hf­pz­df­ d­ hfp­ghüc­yf­nj­ cf­vj­pf­lj­dj­kz­df­oj­ ct­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­ b­ d­ yz­rjk­rj­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ wty­nü­hf,­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­yf­ghtl­yb­gj­pb­wbb.­Vté­le­1830­u.­ b­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­Uhfé­lfy­crf­ djq­yf­ ghtp­ 1860­ u.­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df,­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­cnf­df­gj­ghj­ler­nbd­yj­b­pf­gjx­df­ht­ljd­yj­ lf­ ghj­bp­dté­lf­ bp­kb­iü­wb,­rjt­nj­ cüp­lf­df­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­ jn­

ltqcn­df­ob­gf­pfh­yb­wty­nhj­dt.­Jc­yj­df­ybz­nf­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­cf­ pf­kj­ét­yb­ d­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ ght­vb­yf­df­yt­rüv­wty­nhf­kb­pb­hf­yb­ght­dj­pb,­ rj­uf­nj­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­ kb­ybb­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ghj­hzp­dfn­Dün­hti­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb.

Ntö­yj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­nt­ ghj­vt­yb,­ rjb­nj­ghz­rj­dkbz­zn­düh­öe­ghj­vbi­kt­yf­nf­ ut­ju­hf­abz­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­ cf­ uhe­gb­hf­yb­ jn­ ut­ju­hf­af­Léjy­ Åjh­xühn­ d­ xt­nb­hb­ gt­hbj­lf­bkb­„bc­nj­hb­xtc­rb­tgj­öb“,­rfr­nj­ub­yf­hb­xf­njq.

D­ „Lét­ju­hf­abr­ Hb­dñ“­ Åjh­xühn­jg­ht­lt­kz­yfq­hfy­ybz­gt­hb­jl,­1790–1830,­ rf­nj­ Tgj­öf­ yf­ rj­hfå­yj­nj­gkfn­yj­b­rf­he­wf­nf.­Ghtp­nj­pb­gt­hb­jl­gjx­nb­dcbx­rb­uhf­lj­dt­b­uhfl­xt­nf­cf­cdüh­pf­yb­c­ght­dj­pb­yf­cnj­rb­gj­dj­lf.­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rb­nt­ghbc­nf­yb­of­ b­ uhf­lj­dt­nt,­ düp­ybr­yf­kb­ rhfq­yz­rjb­ jn­ rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ ht­rb,­ cf­ukfd­yb­nt­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ wty­nhj­dt.­Ghtp­nj­pb­gt­hb­jl­gj­uj­kz­vj­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­hfp­db­nbt­düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ bvf­ gjr­hfq­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ dün­hti­yb­ djl­yb­ gü­nb­of­ –­ht­rf­ Vj­öjr,­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf­ b­ht­rf­Jöf­qj.

Dnj­hb­zn­ gt­hb­jl,­ 1830–1870,­ pf­­gjx­df­c­yfd­kb­pf­yt­nj­yf­ét­ktp­yb­wf­nf,­rjz­nj­dü­dté­lf­hf­lb­rfk­yf­ghj­vz­yf­ d­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­ gj­ ce­if.­Tgj­öf­nf­yf­ét­ktp­ybz­rjy­jn­yf­xf­kj­cnb­ve­kb­hf­ gj­yf­nf­nüi­yj­nj­ hfp­hfcn­df­yt­yf­dt­xt­bp­uhf­lt­yb­nt­ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­wty­nhj­dt.­Yj­db­nt­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­ vht­éb­ ct­ bp­uhfé­lfn­ nf­rf,­xt­ght­ctx­yb­nt­bv­njx­rb­ct­cü­åb­hfn­d­ ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt.­ Jc­dty­

lj­gük­yb­ntk­yj­nj­ hfp­hfcn­df­yt­ yf­gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­ uhf­lj­dt,­rjb­nj­ crj­hj­ cktl­ nj­df­ ct­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ d­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­hfp­db­nbt­jn­åt­kzp­dfn­nf­rb­df­uhf­lj­dt­ rf­nj­ Gbn­cåühu­ (Gty­cbk­df­ybz),­Cby­cb­yf­nb­ (Jöf­qj)­ b­ Keb­c­dbk­(Rty­nü­rb),­ dcbx­rb­nt­ yf­ ht­rf­ Jöf­qj;­Åü­af­kj­(Yñ­Qjhr),­Bhb­(Gty­cbk­df­ybz),­Rkbd­kfyl­(Jöf­qj),­Ltn­hjqn­(Vb­xb­ufy),­Xb­rf­uj­(Bkb­yjq)­b­Vb­kej­rb­(Ebc­rjy­cby),­dcbx­rb­nt­yf­ljk­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­ tpt­hf;­ b­ Ctqyn­Ke­bc­(Vb­ce­hb),­Vtv­abc­(Nt­yt­cb)­b­Yñ­Jh­kb­üyc­ (Keb­pbf­yf),­ dcbx­rb­nt­yf­ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb.

Tgj­öf­nf­ yf­ cnj­vf­yt­yf­nf­ htk­cf,­1870–1920,­ gj­ke­xf­df­ nkf­cür­ jn­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­cnj­vf­yf,­gjl­vz­yf­nf­yf­ét­ktp­yb­nt­htk­cb­c­gj­plhf­db­ b­ gj­nté­rb­ cnj­vf­yt­yb­ htk­cb,­edt­kb­xt­yj­nj­ nüh­ct­yt­ yf­ åb­ne­vb­yjp­yb­düu­kb­of­b­edt­kb­xt­yj­nj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ tktr­nhj­tyth­ubz.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­hfp­db­nbt­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­d­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ gj­ gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­ yf­ Ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­wty­nüh,­bvf­yz­rjk­rj­dfé­yb­bp­rkñ­xt­ybz­ –­ vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­nt­gj­vfk­rb­ uhf­lj­dt­ åkb­pj­ lj­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­yb­nt­ åf­ctq­yb,­ åkb­pj­ lj­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf­ bkb­ yf­ yz­rjz­ jn­ukfd­yb­nt­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­kb­ybb­vté­le­gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt.­Nt­pb­ uhf­lj­dt­ec­gz­dfn­lf­ct­yf­kj­éfn,­pf­oj­nj­ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­nf­ vht­éf­ gjr­hb­df­gkün­yj­ht­ubj­yf­vté­le­ht­rf­Jöf­qj­b­Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf.­Fr­hüy,­Rfy­nüy­b­Qüyu­cnf­ey­ d­ Jöf­qj­ cf­ åtp­cgjh­yb­ghb­vt­hb­d­nj­df­jn­yj­it­ybt,­pf­oj­nj­cf­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ vté­le­ Gbn­cåühu,­

uhfl­ yf­ düu­kb­of­ b­ cnj­vf­yf­ b­Rkbd­kfyl,­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­yf­ét­kzp­yf­he­lf­b­uhfl­yf­cnj­vf­yf.

Xtn­düh­nb­zn­gt­hb­jl,­1920–1960,­ t­Tgj­öf­nf­yf­eljåcn­df­nf­c­fd­nj­vj­åb­kf­b­cf­vj­kt­nf.­Jc­yjd­yb­nt­gjc­kt­lb­wb­jn­yj­dj­dü­dt­lt­ybz­nf­d­nhfyc­gjh­nf,­ rfr­db­nj­ cf­ fd­nj­vj­åb­kün­ b­cf­vj­kt­nün,­ edt­kb­xf­dfn­ by­lb­db­le­fk­yf­nf­ vj­åbk­yjcn­ b­ yf­vf­kz­dfn­lt­kf­ yf­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­ hfp­öj­lb­ d­wz­kjcn­ybz­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dty­ ghj­wtc.­By­lec­nhbz­nf­ ct­ yf­cjx­df­ rüv­jå­kfc­nb,­ rü­lt­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­hfcn­df­ yfq­vyj­uj;­ nj­df­ cf­ ght­lbv­yj­ jå­kfc­nb­nt­ pf­ jn­lbö­ (Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­Akj­hb­lf,­Fhb­pj­yf)­ bp­düy­nhf­lb­wb­jy­ybz­ghj­vbi­kty­wty­nüh.

Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ yfd­kb­pfn­ d­yjd­gt­hb­jl­cktl­1960­u.,­rjq­nj­åb­vj­uük­ lf­ åü­lt­ yf­ht­xty­ Tgj­öf­ yf­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yb­nt­ ntö­yj­kj­ubb.­ Nüq­rf­nj­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ cnf­df­ dct­ gj­pf­db­cb­vf­ jn­cü­åb­hf­yt­nj­ b­ jå­vt­yf­ yf­ by­ajh­vf­wbz,­ yf­xb­yb­nt­ yf­ jå­hf­åjn­df­yt­ b­ght­lf­df­yt­ yf­ nf­pb­ by­ajh­vf­wbz­cü­ltqcn­dfn­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­by­lec­nhbb,­ rjb­nj­ yt­ ct­ yeé­lf­zn­ jn­td­nby­nhfyc­gjhn­yf­jåtv­yb­nj­df­hb­bkb­jn­uj­kt­vb­cnheg­df­ybz­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­tl­yj­bkb­lhe­uj­vzc­nj.­Nj­df­ ghtl­gj­kf­uf,­ xt­ jyt­pb­afr­nj­hb,­rjb­nj­cf­cü­ltqcn­df­kb­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­uhf­lj­dt­nt­d­Ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­wty­nüh­ ghtp­ güh­db­nt­ ldt­ nht­nb­ jn­20­ dtr,­ dt­xt­ yz­vf­ lf­ ght­ljc­nf­dzn­yf­ nt­pb­ uhf­lj­dt­ cgt­wb­fk­yb­ ghb­db­kt­ubb­pf­hfp­db­nbt­ghtp­cktl­df­ob­nt­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz,­vf­rfh­xt­rdf­kb­ab­wb­hf­yf­nf­ hf­åjn­yf­ cb­kf,­ uj­kt­vb­nt­

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gf­pf­hb­ b­ ec­nf­yj­dt­yb­nt­ vj­lt­kb­ yf­düp­le­ity­ nhfyc­gjhn­ ot­ yfg­hf­dzn­yz­rjb­ jn­ nzö­ ct­hb­jp­yb­ rfy­lb­lf­nb­pf­gj­yf­nf­nüi­yj­hfp­db­nbt.

uHf­lJ­dt­d­Ht­ubJ­yfNüq­rf­nj­ düp­ybr­df­yt­nj­ yf­Åjc­nüy,­Yñ­Qjhr,­Ab­kf­ltk­abz­ b­ Åjk­nb­vjh­ jn­ cf­vj­nj­ yf­xf­kj­ t­ nzc­yj­cdüh­pf­yj­c­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­nüh­uj­dbz­nf­ b­ c­ ab­yfy­cj­db­nt­ åjh­cb,­ xbz­nj­ltq­yjcn­nz­cnb­ve­kb­hf,­nt­pb­ghbc­nf­yb­of­b­ ntö­yb­nt­ cf­nt­kb­nb­ pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ghbd­kb­xfn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­lük­uj­ght­lb­ghj­vbi­kt­yb­zn­jn­hf­cük­lf­cnf­yt­dj­lto­d­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­ Vf­rfh­ xt­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­ct­jhb­ty­nb­hf­rüv­bp­njx­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt,­ ghbd­kb­xf­yf­ jn­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­nt­pf­ght­düp­öjl­yb­vtcn­yb­gf­pf­hb,­ jn­ ghb­bé­lf­of­nf­ ju­hjv­yf­nhe­lj­df­ cb­kf­ b­ jn­ ktc­ybz­ ljc­nüg­lj­ dj­lty­ nhfyc­gjhn,­ brj­yj­vb­rb­nt­yf­gj­dt­xt­nj­uhf­lj­dt­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ pf­gfp­dfn­ zc­yj­ bp­hf­pty­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hfy­öf­hfr­nth.

Yñ­ By­ukfyl­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ bp­­rkñ­xt­ybt,­ hfp­db­dfq­rb­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn,­ lj­rf­nj­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf­ q­ ct­hfp­hfcn­dfn.­ Rj­hf­åjc­nhjb­ntk­yf­nf­by­lec­nhbz­ghj­wüa­nz­df­gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­b­cüp­lf­df­åtp­åhjq­lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­ghj­bp­djlcn­df,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vb­lf­ct­gjl­lüh­éf­tl­yj­njk­rj­df­ckjé­yj­by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­ yf­xb­yf­ybt.­ Rj­uf­nj­afå­hbx­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ pf­gjx­df­ lf­ghb­lj­åb­df­ dct­ gj­uj­kz­vj­ pyf­xt­ybt­b­ yf­ lhe­ub­ vtc­nf­ d­ Fvt­hb­rf,­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­bvf­yz­rjk­rj­ght­lbvcn­df,­rjb­nj­ q­ gjp­dj­kz­dfn­ lf­ hfp­db­df­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn,­ yfq­dfé­yj­nj­ jn­

rjb­nj­ t,­ xt­ hfp­gj­kf­uf­ c­ djl­yf­tyth­ubz­jn­vfk­rb­nt,­yj­vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­ht­rb­d­jå­kfcn­nf.

Åjc­nüy­ rf­nj­ cnj­kb­wf­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­ jkb­wtn­dj­hz­df­ vyj­uj­ jn­ghj­vt­yb­nt­d­nf­pb­xfcn­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­Ntr­cnbk­yf­nf­ b­ rj­éfh­crf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ yf­ Åjc­nüy,­ rfr­nj­ b­ rj­hf­åj­­c­nhjt­yt­nj­ d­ cü­ctl­ybz­ Rü­yt­nb­rün,­cf­ jc­nf­yf­kb­ jn­ tlby­ gj­hf­yty­gt­hb­jl,­ f­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­ hfp­db­nbt­ghtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­gtn­lt­ct­nb­yf­uj­lb­yb­ bvf­ d­ jå­kfcn­nf­ yf­ tktr­nhj­yb­rf­nf­ b­ vf­ib­yjc­nhjt­yt­nj.­ Ghbc­nf­yb­ot­nj­ c­ dcbx­rb­ eljåcn­df­ b­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz­ d­ yt­uj­ jc­nf­df­ jn­kbx­yj,­yj­gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­ghj­vbi­kt­yb­nt­cnj­rb,­ ghj­bp­dt­lt­yb­ d­ Yñ­ By­ukfyl,­ct­uf­ ct­ ght­djp­dfn­ gj­ ce­if­ lj­gf­pf­hb­nt­ d­ jc­nf­yf­kb­nt­ xfc­nb­ yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ bkb­ yf­ ñu­ lj­Yñ­ Qjhr,­ pf­ lf­ åü­lfn­ bp­ghf­nt­yb­pf­ bp­yjc­ ghtp­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­nj­ ghbc­nf­yb­ot­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.

Dt­xt­ jn­åt­kz­pfö­vt­ güh­dtycn­dj­nj,­rjt­nj­lüh­éb­Yñ­Qjhr­chtl­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ ghbc­nf­yb­of.­Rfr­nj­ cktl­df­lf­ct­jxfr­df,­åkb­pjcn­nf­lj­nf­pb­düp­kj­df­ njx­rf­ yf­ vté­le­yf­hjl­yf­nüh­uj­dbz­b­lj­vyj­ujå­hjq­yj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­ cnhe­gf­yj­ jrj­kj­ ytz,­ ct­jrfp­df­vyj­uj­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yf­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf.­ Njk­rj­df­vjo­yf­t­ghb­nt­uf­ntk­yf­nf­cb­kf­yf­ nj­df­ vzc­nj,­ xt­ by­lec­nhbb­nt­ d­Yñ­ Qjhr­ cnf­dfn­ bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb.­Vyj­uj­by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­ghj­bp­djlcn­df­ jc­nf­dfn­ d­Vfy­öf­nüy­lj­hb­ b­ cktl­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­ dtr.­Yj­ ecb­kt­yj­nj­ nüh­ct­yt­ yf­ ghjc­nhfycn­dj­ pf­ ltq­yjcn­nf­ yf­ yj­db­nt­

by­lec­nhbb­ dj­lb­lj­ bp­nkfc­rdf­yt­ yf­nté­rf­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­ rüv­ ljk­ybz­ rhfq­ yf­Vfy­öf­nüy­ bkb­ jn­dül­jc­nhj­df,­d­åkf­nf­nf­yf­Yñ­Léüh­pb,­jn­lhe­uf­nf­cnhf­yf­yf­ht­rf­Öül­cüy.

Jn­ bp­dtcn­yj­ dht­vt­ ght­jå­kf­lf­dfo­ lzk­ d­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­yñ­qjhr­crf­nf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbz­ bvfn­by­lec­nhbb­nt,­ cdüh­pf­yb­ c­ fl­vb­ybc­nhb­hf­yt­ yf­ åbp­yt­cf.­ Nj­df­ cf­ wty­nhf­kb­nt­ yf­ lt­ctn­rb­ rjv­gf­ybb­ b­rjh­gj­hf­wbb,­ åfy­rb­ b­ pfc­nhf­öj­df­ntk­yb­ lhe­étcn­df,­ bp­lf­ntkcn­df­ b­dcz­rfr­db­lhe­ub­wty­nhj­dt­pf­ec­ke­ub­ b­ eg­hfd­kt­ybt,­ rjb­nj­ bpbc­rdfn­cdt­njd­yf­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yf­vht­éf­b­ntö­yb­xtc­rb­ chtlcn­df,­ xhtp­ rjb­nj­åüh­pj­lf­htf­ub­hfn.

Ab­kf­ltk­abz­b­Åjk­nb­vjh,­rjb­nj­cf­ njk­rj­df­ hfp­kbx­yb­ gj­ jn­yj­it­ybt­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yf­ åf­pf­ b­ eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­öf­hfr­nth,­ghtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ ghjz­dz­dfn­ ghbp­yf­wb­ yf­dct­gj­uj­kz­vj­cöjlcn­dj.­Ghj­vbi­kt­yf­nf­ åf­pf­ yf­ Ab­kf­ltk­abz­ t­gjx­nb­njk­rj­df­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yf,­rjk­rj­nj­b­yf­Yñ­Qjhr,­vf­rfh­xt­ner­t­ gjc­nf­dt­yj­ gj­uj­kz­vj­ elf­ht­ybt­düh­öe­ öhf­yb­ntk­yj­ght­hf­åjn­df­ntk­yf­nf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­b­düh­öe­rj­hf­åjc­nhjt­yt­nj­ b­ rj­hf­åj­ht­vjy­nyf­nf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn.

By­lec­nhb­fk­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­ yf­Ab­kf­ltk­abz­ d­ bp­dtcn­yf­ cnt­gty­cnhf­lf­ jn­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yj­nj­ cf­vj­ yf­120­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ yf­ ct­dth­ gj­ljå­hj­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­ yf­ Yñ­ Qjhr,­ rjt­nj­ghtl­kf­uf­gj­e­lj­åty­ljc­nüg­lj­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf.­ Ab­kf­ltk­abz­jåf­xt­jcb­ue­hz­df­gj­lj­åüh­ljc­nüg­ lj­ ht­ubj­yb­nt­ yf­ düu­kb­of­ b­

cnj­vf­yf­ d­ pf­gfl­yf­ Gty­cbk­df­ybz,­bvf­ ljå­hb­ ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz­ b­ ct­ gjk­pdf­ cüc­ ckf­df­nf­ yf­cnfh­ gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­ b­ rek­ne­hty­ wty­nüh­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb;­ dcbx­rj­nj­df­gjl­lüh­éf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­nf­pb­vtn­hj­gj­kbz­ d­ uhf­yb­wb­nt­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.­Åjk­nb­vjh­jn­lhe­uf­cnhf­yf­db­yf­ub­t­åbk­d­gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­yf­Ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­ wty­nüh.­ Rfr­nj­ab­kf­ltk­abq­crj­nj,­nf­rf­b­yt­uj­dj­nj­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­bvf­ljå­hb­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­dhüp­rb­c­ht­ubj­yb­nt­yf­düu­kb­of­b­ cnj­vf­yf­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf­ b­ nj­df­ ct­ jn­hf­pz­df­ yf­cvt­ct­yf­nf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­yf­Åjk­nb­vjh.­Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­nhfyc­gjh­n­yb­vf­ib­yb­cü­oj­t­dfé­yj­pf­Åjk­nb­vjh.

Ldf­ lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­jn­hf­cü­kf­ –­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­vt­nf­kb­ b­ öb­vb­rf­kb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ ljå­ht­hfp­db­nb­düd­Ab­kf­ltk­abz­b­Åjk­nb­vjh­–­ gjl­xth­nf­dfn­ dhüp­rf­nf­vté­le­nt­pb­rhfq­åhté­yb­ht­ubj­yb­b­dü­­n­hti­yb­nt­ ht­ubj­yb­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ c­hfp­db­nf­nté­rf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn.

Dfé­yj­nj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ yf­ uj­kt­vb­nt­uhf­lj­dt­ yf­ lhe­uf­nf,­ gj­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­Ghj­vbi­kty­wty­nüh­ –­ by­lec­nhb­fk­ybz­ Cht­lty­pf­gfl­ –­ ct­ lük­éb­ yf­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ nt­pb­ uhf­lj­dt­ cghz­vj­åj­uf­nf­nf­yf­vb­yt­hfk­yb­b­pt­vt­ltk­crb­ ht­ceh­cb­ dün­hti­yjcn­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf.­Gjx­nb­dcbx­rb­uj­kt­vb­uhf­lj­dt­d­pf­gfl­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­ ht­ub­jy­ cf­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ yf­ht­rf­Jöf­qj­bkb­yf­yz­rjq­jn­ytq­yb­nt­ghb­nj­wb,­bkb­yf­åht­uj­dt­nt­yf­tl­yj­jn­Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf.

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Yfq­dfé­yj­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­ wty­nhj­dt­ düd­ dün­hti­ybz­lzk­yf­ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­ht­ub­jy­t­åb­kj­ght­djp­df­yt­nj­yf­vt­nfk­yb­he­lb­jn­rhfq­yb­nt­lz­kj­dt­yf­Rf­yfl­crbz­ obn­ lj­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­yb­nt­åf­ctq­yb­yf­pf­gfl­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ b­ Pf­gfl­yf­ Düh­léb­ybz,­rfr­nj­b­ght­djp­df­yt­nj­yf­düu­kb­of­d­jå­hfn­yf­nf­ gj­cj­rf.­ Ét­kzp­yf­ he­lf­ct­ lj­åb­df­ d­ gkf­yb­yf­nf­ Vü­cf­åb­ d­ct­dth­yf­Vb­yt­cj­nf,­f­cü­oj­b­d­gkf­yb­yb­nt­Vt­yj­vb­yb­d­ct­dt­hty­Vb­xb­ufy­b­Ebc­rjy­cby.­He­lf­nf­jn­Vü­cf­åb­ct­uf­ct­ght­hf­åjn­df­d­vb­yb­nt,­yj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­yf­htl­ytg­ht­hf­åj­nt­yf­nf­he­lf­t­åb­kf­ght­yf­cz­yf­lj­ñé­yb­nt­åht­uj­dt­yf­tpt­hf­nf­Vb­xb­ufy­b­Bhb­c­uj­kt­vb­rj­hf­åb,­gjc­nhjt­yb­cgt­wb­fk­yj­ pf­ gü­ne­df­yt­ ghtp­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf.­He­lf­nf­ct­ght­yf­cz­lj­ñé­ybz­åhzu­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ Vb­xb­ufy,­ lj­Öf­vüyl­b­Uf­hb­d­By­lbf­yf,­rü­lt­nj­ghtc­ht­of­ düu­kb­of­nf,­ ght­djp­df­yb­yf­ ct­dth­ c­ nj­dfh­yb­ dkf­rj­dt­ jn­uj­kt­vb­nt­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­yb­ åf­ctq­yb­yf­ Bkb­yjq.­ Gj­uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­he­lf­nf­jåf­xt­ct­bp­ghf­of­d­ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­Bhb.­Jn­nfv­ nz­ct­ght­djp­df­yf­ñu,­ukfd­yj­lj­uhf­lj­dt­nt­yf­cnj­vf­yf­nf­gj­ht­rf­Jöf­qj­bkb,­ght­düh­yf­nf­d­cnj­vf­yf,­ct­ght­djp­df­lj­uhf­lj­dt­nt­gjr­hfq­tpt­hf­nf,­rf­nj­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­düu­kb­of,­ght­yf­cz­yb­yf­ct­dth­c­nj­dfh­yb­dkf­rj­dt­gj­jå­hfn­ybz­ gün­ jn­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­yb­nt­åf­ctq­yb­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.

Chtl­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­jn­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­ ht­ub­jy­ Gbn­cåühu­t­uhf­lün,­xbt­nj­bvt­ct­t­ght­düh­yf­kj­d­cb­yj­ybv­yf­cnj­vf­yf.­Hfp­gj­kj­

éty­ nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ ht­rb­nt­Fkb­utq­yb­b­ Vü­yjy­uf­öb­kf­ ct­ ckb­dfn,­ pf­ lf­jå­hf­pe­dfn­ ht­rf­ Jöf­qj,­ Gbn­cåühu­bvf­ jn­kbx­yf­ düp­vjé­yjcn­ pf­ lj­­c­nüg­lj­ce­hj­dby­yb­vf­nt­hbf­kb­b­lj­gf­pf­hb­ gj­ ljk­yj­nj­ nt­xt­ybt­ yf­ht­rf­nf.­Ht­rb­nt­Fkb­utq­yb­b­Vü­yjy­uf­öb­kf­ ct­ jn­nb­xfn­ d­ åj­uf­nb­nt­ yf­düu­kb­of­rhfq­yb­lz­kj­dt­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­f­Jöf­qj­nt­xt­gjr­hfq­ñé­ybz­rhfq­ yf­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ b­ ct­dkb­df­d­Vb­cb­cb­gb.­C­hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­yf­ Gbn­cåühu­ by­lec­nhbb­nt,­ rjb­nj­hfp­xb­nfn­yf­cnj­vf­yf,­ct­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­dfn­ gjr­hfq­ ntc­yb­nt­ ht­rb,­ pf­ lf­ct­ düp­gjk­pdfn­ jn­ åkb­pjcn­nf­ lj­td­nby­dj­lty­nhfyc­gjhn.­Ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­yf­vt­nf­kb,­yf­vf­iby­yb­xfc­nb­b­yf­lhe­ub­by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­cnj­rb,­bpbc­rdf­ob­uj­kt­vb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­cnj­vf­yf,­hfp­gj­kf­ufn­pf­dj­lb­nt­cb­düd­b­jrj­kj­Gbn­cåühu.­Uhf­lj­dt­nt­yfå­kb­pj­ cü­oj­ ct­ jå­kf­uj­lt­ntkcn­dfn­ jn­vjo­yf­nf­ghb­nt­uf­ntk­yf­cb­kf,­rjz­nj­bvf­ cnj­vf­yf­nf­ d­ Gbn­cåühu.­ Qüyu­cnf­ey,­Rfy­nüy­b­Cne­åby­dbk­d­Jöf­qj,­ Eb­kbyu­ b­ Eb­üh­nüy­ d­ Pf­gfl­yf­Düh­léb­ybz­ b­Yñ­Rf­cük­ b­Léjy­cnf­ey­d­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ct­düp­gjk­pdfn­lj­bp­dtcn­yf­cnt­gty­jn­by­lec­nhb­fk­ybz­düp­öjl­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­b­hfp­db­dfn­cnj­vf­yt­yf­by­lec­nhbz.

Eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­ b­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­hfp­db­nbt­bvf­yt­cf­vj­nfv,­rü­lt­nj­ct­ lj­åb­dfn­ düu­kb­of.­ Ét­kzp­yf­nf­he­lf,­ght­yt­ct­yf­ghtp­tpt­hf­nf,­nhzå­df­lf­åü­lt­ghtö­düh­kt­yf­yf­ét­kt­pj­gü­nty­ nhfyc­gjhn­ yf­ jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­vtc­nf­gj­åht­uf­yf­tpt­hj­nj­Bhb,­pf­lf­bp­vb­yt­gjc­ktl­ybz­tnfg­jn­gü­ne­df­yt­nj­lj­ht­ubj­yf­yf­Gbn­cåühu.

Rkbd­kfyl­ t­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ ghb­­c­nf­yb­oty­ uhfl­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ Bhb.­Güh­dj­yf­xf­kty­ cnb­vek­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­Rkbd­kfyl­ lf­df­ gjc­nhjz­df­yt­nj­yf­rf­yf­kf,­cdüh­pdfo­nzc­yf­nf­ b­ kü­rf­nei­yf­ ht­rf­ Rez­öj­uf­ c­tlby­ ghb­njr­ yf­ ht­rf­ Jöf­qj.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ uhf­lün­ åüh­pj­ bp­xth­gdf­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­nt­ yf­ nj­df­ vfk­rj­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­ ght­lbvcn­dj,­ nj­ t­ljc­nf­nüx­yj,­ pf­ lf­ lf­lt­ yf­ Rkbd­kfyl­ ghtl­yb­yf­ ghtl­ lhe­ub­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­wty­nhj­dt­yfå­kb­pj.­Hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yf­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yf­ åf­pf,­jajh­vb­kf­ ct­ d­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df,­bp­gjk­pdf­ ljc­nü­gf,­ rjq­nj­ tpt­hf­nf­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ b­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­ kb­ybb­ jn­ bp­njr­ yf­ pf­gfl,­cdüh­pdf­ob­ Yñ­ Qjhr­ c­ Xb­rf­uj­ b­cüc­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­yf­pf­gfl.­Hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ Rkbd­kfyl­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ lj­ cü­ctl­yb­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­rf­nj­ Kj­htqy,­ Fi­nf­åñ­kf­ b­ Rj­yb­jn,­of­nf­Jöf­qj,­b­yf­bp­njr­xfr­lj­Bhb,­ Gty­cbk­df­ybz,­ f­ yf­ pf­gfl­ lj­Nj­kb­lj,­Jöf­qj,­rfr­nj­b­lj­yz­rjb­wty­nhj­dt­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf,­ lj­­g­hb­yf­cz­ob­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf,­rf­nj­Fr­hüy­d­Jöf­qj­–­ uhf­lf,­ d­ rjq­nj­ ct­ ghj­bp­dté­lf­rfe­xer.

Åü­af­kj,­Yñ­Qjhr,­t­hfp­gj­kj­éty­d­ bp­njx­ybz­ rhfq­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ Bhb.­Jn­of­nb­nt­d­Hfd­yb­yb­nt­git­yb­wf­nf­ct­ ght­yf­cz­ lj­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­tpt­hf,­f­jn­nfv­ct­bp­ghf­of­d­uj­kt­vb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­ d­ Åü­af­kj­ pf­ ght­xbcn­df­yt.­ Cü­ob­nt­ afr­nj­hb,­ rjb­nj­yf­kf­ufn­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­cnj­vf­yf­b­vt­nf­kb­yf­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­ jg­ht­lt­kzn­ b­ rf­rüd­ dbl­

by­lec­nhbz­ lf­ ct­ hfp­db­df­ d­ nj­pb­uhfl.­ Bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­ yf­ dj­lb­nt­ yf­dj­lj­gf­lf­Ybf­uf­hf,­yt­lf­ktx­jn­ner,­pf­djl­yjt­ktr­nhb­xtc­rf­tyth­ubz­cnb­ve­kb­hf­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­öb­vb­rf­kb­b­fke­vb­ybq.

Ltn­hjqn,­ uhf­lün,­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ yf­ntc­ybz­ dj­lty­ rj­hb­ljh­ vté­le­ tpt­hf­nf­ Öñ­hüy­ b­ Bhb,­ ct­ hfp­hfcn­df­åüh­pj­ tl­df­ d­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­ dtr­gj­hf­lb­nj­df,­xt­ct­yf­vb­hf­yf­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 80­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ ct­dth­yj­ jn­ukfd­yf­nf­ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­kb­ybz,­cdüh­pdf­of­Yñ­Qjhr­ c­Xb­rf­uj.­ Tl­df­ c­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ fd­nj­vj­åbk­yf­nf­by­lec­nhbz,­rjz­nj­cüp­lf­df­jc­yjd­ybz­nhfyc­gjh­nty­ rjy­re­htyn­ yf­ ét­ktp­yb­wb­nt­ –­ vj­njh­yb­nt­ ght­djp­yb­chtlcn­df­ –­ Ltn­hjqn­ ghb­lj­åb­df­jå­kb­rf,­c­rf­rüd­nj­lytc­t­yfq­ljå­ht­gjp­yfn.­ Yfq­ght­ec­gz­df­ob­nt­ fd­nj­vj­åbk­yb­ ghj­bp­djlcn­df­ ct­ cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­dfn­d­Ltn­hjqn­b­åkbp­rb­nt­uhf­lj­dt,­ f­ nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ fd­nj­vj­åb­kb­ukf­dj­kjv­yj­ yf­hfcn­df­ b­ ghbd­kb­xf­vyj­étcn­dj­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­yf­fd­nj­vj­åbk­yb­ xfc­nb­ d­ ñuj­bp­nj­xty­Vb­xb­ufy.

Gj­vfk­rf­nf­jn­lhe­ub­nt­ldt­vtn­hj­gj­kbb­ gj­ rhfb­of­nf­ yf­ ñé­yb­nt­Uj­kt­vb­tpt­hf­t­Vb­kej­rb.­Jc­dty­xt­bvf­ hfp­db­nf­ cvt­ct­yf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­ c­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­ yf­ nté­rf­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­ b­ fd­nj­vj­åb­kjc­nhjt­yt­nj,­Vb­kej­rb­t­tlby­jn­dj­lt­ob­nt­wty­nhj­dt­ yf­ gb­dj­dfh­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz,­rjt­nj­ t­ gjc­kt­lb­wf­ jn­ pf­ctk­df­yt­nj­yf­uj­kzv­åhjq­ytv­crb­bvbu­hfy­nb­d­Ebc­rjy­cby­ d­ rhfz­ yf­ 19­ dtr.­ D­Vb­kej­rb­t­ljå­ht­hfp­db­nf­b­öhf­yb­ntk­yj­dre­cj­df­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn,­

56

nüq­ rf­nj­ uhf­lün­ t­ ukf­dty­ wty­nüh­yf­Vktx­ybz­gj­zc­yf­of­nf.

Xb­rf­uj­ åtp­cgjh­yj­ t­ ukfd­yb­zn­uhfl­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­wty­nüh.­Nj­pb­uhfl­cnf­df­njk­rj­df­df­éty,­xt­uj­lb­yb­yf­htl­uj­yf­hb­xfn­ „Dnj­hb­zn­ uhfl“,­ nüq­ rf­nj­gj­åhjq­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­(2­725­979­ghtp­ 1990)­ jn­cnüg­df­ cf­vj­ yf­ uhfl­Yñ­Qjhr.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ Kjc­ Fy­lét­ktc­ ct­uf­ ght­düp­öjé­lf­ gj­ xbc­kt­yjcn­ Xb­rf­uj,­ ytj­ab­wb­fk­yf­nf­ „cnj­kb­wf“­yf­Chtl­ybz­pf­gfl­ghj­lük­éf­df­lf­jn­cnjz­df­ckf­df­nf­cb­yf­yfq­vj­oty­ eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­ wty­nüh­ düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.

Xb­rf­uj­ t­hfp­gj­kj­éty­yf­ñuj­pf­gfl­ybz­åhzu­yf­tpt­hj­nj­Vb­xb­ufy­b­vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ve­t­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yj­ pf­ ght­djp­df­yt­nj­ yf­ öj­hf­ b­cnj­rb­ vté­le­ tpt­hf­nf­ b­ åj­uf­nbz­pt­vt­ltk­crb­ ht­ub­jy­ yf­ pf­gfl­ b­ñuj­pf­gfl.­Rf­yf­kün­Bkb­yjq­Vb­xb­ufy,­ xfcn­ jn­ rjq­nj­ vb­yf­df­ ghtp­wty­nü­hf­yf­uhf­lf,­t­gjc­nhj­ty­ghtp­1848­ u.,­ pf­ lf­ cdüh­ét­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf­b­htx­yf­nf­cbc­nt­vf­yf­Vb­cb­cb­gb.­ Xt­nb­hb­ uj­lb­yb­ gj­rüc­yj­Xb­rf­uj­t­cdüh­pfy­c­Yñ­Qjhr­xhtp­ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­ kb­ybz­ b­ cnf­df­ jc­yj­dty­ ht­ubj­yf­kty­ ég­ wty­nüh­ yf­Chtl­ybz­pf­gfl.

Xb­rf­uj­gju­kü­of­öb­kz­lb­tvbu­hfy­nb­ ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 19­dtr­ b­ hfp­ib­hz­df­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­nf­vht­éf­ lj­ Bkb­yjq,­ Ebc­rjy­cby,­ b­xfr­ lj­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­of­nb.­Jrj­kj­uj­kt­vb­nt­rkf­yb­wb­d­uhf­lf­ct­hfp­db­df­vtc­yf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn.­Düp­ybr­dfn­b­lhe­ub­ghj­bp­djlcn­df­rf­nj­vt­åtk­yf­b­ ntr­cnbk­yf­ by­lec­nhbz,­ rjb­nj­ ct­düp­gjk­pdfn­ jn­ hfp­hfcn­df­obz­ ct­vtc­nty­ gf­pfh­ b­ jn­ eljå­ybz­ljc­nüg­lj­gf­pf­hb­lf­ktx­yf­pf­gfl.­D­yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­ dtr­ cnj­vf­yj­lj­åbd­yf­nf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­yfd­kb­pf­d­hf­qj­yf­yf­Xb­rf­uj­ñé­yj­jn­cf­vbz­uhfl,­yj­ct­ghb­lüh­éf­ rüv­ åht­uf­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ d­Bkb­yjq­ b­ By­lbf­yf,­ jn­rü­lt­nj­ bvf­kt­cty­ ljc­nüg­ lj­ ght­düp­öjl­yf­nf­ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­vht­éf­yf­uhf­lf.

Xb­rf­uj,­ rjq­nj­ bvf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­­1­ vb­kb­jy­ le­ib­ ghtp­ 1890­ u.,­el­djz­df­ éb­nt­kb­nt­ cb­ ght­lb­ 1910­u.,­f­d­cht­lf­nf­yf­20­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ve­yfl­ödüh­kz­3­vb­kbj­yf­ le­ib.­Jåt­vün­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­d­Xb­rf­uj­lytc­cü­jn­dtncn­df­ yf­ ju­hjv­yj­nj­ hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­ jn­ ghj­bp­dt­lt­yb­ cnj­rb,­ rjt­nj­lf­df­düp­vjé­yjcn­yf­uhf­lf­lf­jcü­otcn­dz­df­gj­yt­jn­xfc­nb­ tatr­nb­dty­åf­kfyc­vté­le­ht­ubj­yf­b­by­nty­pbd­yj­ hfp­db­df­ob­nt­ ct­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­wty­nhj­dt­d­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc. ∆

57

Rfh­nf­nf­ yf­ bp­njx­ybz­åhzu­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ gj­­rfp­df,­ xt­ gj­ rhfq­åht­

ébt­nj­ yf­ ct­dth­ jn­ Åjc­nüy­yz­vf­ uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lj­dt.­ Cüd­ctv­ vfk­rj­ dfé­yb­ gün­yb­kb­ybb­yfd­kb­pfn­düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ jn­ nf­pb­xfcn­yf­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­f­uhf­lj­dt­nt,­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ gj­yf­dün­ht,­ cf­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­gj­vfk­rb­d­chfd­yt­ybt­c­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ gjr­hfq­ jrtf­yf.­ Pf­ nf­pb­jå­kfcn,­ jå­ödf­of­of­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl­ b­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­Flb­hjy­lfr­d­Yñ­Qjhr,­vj­ét­lf­ct­uj­­dj­hb­ rf­nj­ pf­ Pfj­åb­rf­kz­ybz­ bp­njr­(Rfh­nf­5).

Pfj­åb­rf­kz­yb­zn­ bp­njr­ t­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ åkb­pj­ lj­ bkb­ lj­hb­ jn­ ldt­nt­cnhf­yb­ yf­ dfé­yb­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­kb­ybb,­yj­nt­yt­vb­yf­dfn­ghtp­yt­uj.­Nj­dfh­yb­nt­ght­djp­df­xb­ktc­yj­pfj­åb­rj­kzn­ht­ubj­yf,­jc­nf­dzq­rb­uj­dcnhf­yb­d­czy­rf,­rjt­nj­dj­lb­lj­pf­åf­dt­yj­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ nf­pb­jå­kfcn­b­lj­hb­lj­cnfu­yf­wbz.

Ñé­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl­ct­xbc­kb­ rüv­vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf.­ Ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl,­ d­ gj­uj­kt­vbz­ cb­ lzk,­ yt­ghb­yfl­kt­éb­ rüv­ nzö.­ Nz­ ghb­kb­xf­gj­dt­xt­yf­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rb­nt­ ghj­dby­wbb­yf­Rf­yf­lf.

GHb­HJl­yb­Ec­kJ­dbzD­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ cb­ xfcn­ Pfj­åb­rf­

kz­yb­zn­ bp­njr­ t­ rhf­cbd­ ht­ub­jy.­Dt­hb­uf­nf­ Ght­pb­lty­iük­ yf­ Efqn­Vf­ey­nüyc­d­Yñ­Öfv­giüh­ct­ckf­db­

c­ yfq­crf­kbc­nbz­ ht­kta­ d­bp­njx­yb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­ of­nb.­Ib­hj­rj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ ct­dhzp­df­d­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­jrt­fy,­xbb­nj­dük­yb­ct­hfp­åb­dfn­d­ cbk­yj­ hfp­xkt­yt­yf­nf­ ce­if,­yf­ct­xt­yf­ jn­ bp­lf­lt­yb­ yf­dün­ht­ d­ vj­ht­nj­ dye­ib­ntk­yb­

crf­kb­b­vyj­étcn­dj­vfk­rb­pf­kb­db,­jgf­cf­yb­ jn­ crf­kbc­nb­ gkf­éj­dt.­Jå­ibh­yb­gec­nb­ghjc­nhfycn­df,­ gjx­nb­bp­wz­kj­yt­yf­ct­kt­yb,­ct­ghjc­nb­hfn­cf­vj­yf­yz­rjk­rj­xf­cf­gün­jn­yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­uhf­lj­dt­yf­rjy­nb­yty­nf.

Pfj­åb­rf­kz­yb­zn­ bp­njr­ gjx­nb­bp­wz­kj­ t­ xfcn­ jn­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yj­nj­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­ujh­yb­nt­lz­kj­dt­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­ Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ gj­düh­ö­yb­yf­nf­ yf­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ yf­gjv­yz­ndüh­lt­ vfk­rj­ pf­ zc­yj­ jxth­nf­yf­nf­cbc­nt­vf­ jn­ öük­vj­dt­ b­ lj­kb­yb­ yf­ñé­yb­nt­Fgf­kf­xb.

Gkf­yb­yb­nt­ Flb­hjy­lfr­ d­ ct­dt­hty­Yñ­ Qjhr­ cf­ ñé­yj­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­ Rf­yfl­crbz­ obn.­ Nf­pb­ jå­ibh­yf­gkf­yby­crf­vtcn­yjcn­t­åb­kf­gjl­kj­ét­yf­yf­cbk­yf­thj­pbz­jn­rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­nt­ktl­yb­wb­b­gj­düh­öyjcn­yb­nt­q­ ajh­vb­ cf­ jå­oj­ dpt­nj­ gj­crj­hj­pf­jå­kt­yb,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ üu­kj­df­nb.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ d­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­ Flb­hjy­lfr­yz­vf­uj­kt­vb­düp­db­it­ybz,­jå­kfcn­nf­t­dye­ib­ntk­yf­gj­hfp­vt­hb.

Gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ Yñ­ By­­ukfyl­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ uj­kz­vj­ gkf­yby­crj­ gkf­nj.­ Nf­pb­ gkf­yby­crf­vtcn­yjcn­t­utj­kjé­rb­cnf­hf­b­cü­oj­t­åb­kf­gjl­kj­ét­yf­yf­cbk­yf­thj­pbz­jn­ nt­xf­of­ dj­lf­ b­ kt­lj­dt.­ Tlby­

pfj­åb­Rf­kz­yb­zN­bp­NjR

ukf­df

6

58 59

ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ nj­pb­ ghj­wtc­ t,­xt­d­wz­kf­nf­jå­kfcn­düp­db­it­ybz­nf­ hzl­rj­ ljc­nb­ufn­ db­cj­xb­yf­1­500­vtn­hf.­Rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­nt­ ktl­yb­wb­ cf­ pf­jå­kb­kb­ gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­öük­vj­dt­nt­b­gkf­yb­yb­nt­gj­gkf­nj­nj.­ Cf­vj­ nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ nt­ cf­ ct­bp­lb­uf­kb­ yfl­ ldb­ét­ob­nt­ ct­ kt­lj­dt,­cf­jc­nf­yf­kb­lj­yz­rü­lt­crf­kbc­nb­gkf­yb­yb.

RfH­nf­5­Ldt­nt­ukfd­yb­gkf­yby­crb­jå­kfc­nb­d­ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl­ cf­Uhbqy­ Vf­ey­nüyc­ düd­ Düh­vjyn­ b­Efqn­ Vf­ey­nüyc­ d­ Yñ­ Öfv­giüh.­Uhbqy­Vf­ey­nüyc­t­gj­ybc­rf­dt­hb­uf,­

yfq­db­cj­rb­nt­q­njx­rb­yt­ljc­nb­ufn­1­500­vtn­hf,­ f­düh­öj­dt­nt­q­cf­ljå­ht­pf­jå­kt­yb.­D­

chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ ytz­ Efqn­ Vf­ey­nüyc­cnb­uf­ lj­ db­cj­xb­yf­ 1­ 900­ vtn­hf­ b­ujh­yb­nt­ q­ crkj­yj­dt­ cf­ crf­kbc­nb­ b­cnhüv­yb.

Yf­ñu,­rü­lt­nj­gkf­yby­crj­nj­gkf­nj­ t­ åb­kj­ gjl­kj­ét­yj­ yf­ cbk­yf­­thj­pbz­ jn­ nj­gz­ob­nt­ ct­ ktl­yb­wb,­yz­rjk­rj­jn­ltk­yb­gkf­yby­crb­düh­öj­dt­ ct­ jn­rhjz­dfn­ dcnhf­yb­ jn­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ gkf­yby­crb­jå­kfc­nb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­yf­ ct­dth.­ Yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ t­ dhüö­Vü­yfl­yjr­ d­ ñéty­ Yñ­Öfv­giüh.­Vü­yfl­yjr­ ct­ yf­hb­xfn­ b­ dcbx­rb­nf­rb­df­ jå­kfc­nb­ jn­ ndüh­lb­ crf­kb,­

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5

rjb­nj­cf­ct­ght­düh­yf­kb­d­jn­ltk­yb­ybc­rb­gkf­yb­yb,­rj­uf­nj­djl­yf­nf­thj­pbz­ght­vtc­nb­kf­crf­kb­nt­jn­vtc­nf­nf­bv.­ Dhüö­ Rf­nf­lüy,­ yt­ gj­vfk­rj­dye­ib­nt­kty,­ dkfcn­df­ yfl­ gtq­pf­éf­yf­wty­nhf­kty­Vtqy.

Vf­rfh­ xt­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­ jajh­vzn­jå­kb­rf­ yf­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­ (drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ b­ yf­of­nf­Yñ­ Qjhr),­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ éb­dtt­ b­hf­åj­nb­d­lj­kb­yb­nt­b­hfd­yb­yb­nt­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­Yfq­uj­kt­vb­nf­rb­df­jå­kfc­nb­cf­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­ht­rf­Rü­yt­nb­rün­vté­le­ Yñ­ Öfv­giüh­ b­ Düh­vjyn,­hfd­yb­yf­nf­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ Ifv­gktqy,­gjr­hfq­ ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­ uhf­yb­wf­nf­ Düh­vjyn­Yñ­Qjhr,­ b­ lj­kb­yf­nf­Fhj­ec­nür­ d­ ct­dt­hty­ Vtqy.­ Vyj­étcn­dj­ gj­vfk­rb­ hfd­yb­yb­ jgfc­dfn­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­ f­ åtp­åhjq­ gj­nj­wb­ghj­hzp­dfn­gkf­nj­nj­yf­ibh­b­lküé.

Pfj­åb­rf­kz­yb­zn­ bp­njr­ t­ vzc­nj,­rü­lt­nj­ ct­ cht­ofn­ gj­kzh­yb,­ rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­ b­ ghb­vjh­crb­ düp­lei­yb­nt­xt­ybz,­d­ht­pek­nfn­yf­rjt­nj­rkb­vf­nün­ hzl­rj­ t­ uj­hto­ –­ gj­xtc­nj­njq­ t­ cne­lty­ b­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ t­ dkf­éty.­Gj­hf­lb­nj­df,­xt­ct­yf­vb­hf­yf­bp­njx­yf­nf­cnhf­yf­yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­düp­lei­yb­nt­ vf­cb­ cüp­lf­dfn­ rjy­nb­yty­nf­kty­rkb­vfn­b­ju­hf­yb­xf­dfn­rhfq­vjh­crj­nj­dkbz­ybt­d­ht­ubj­yf.­Uj­kz­vf­nf­ hfp­kb­rf­ d­ rkb­vf­nf­ vté­le­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ b­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ ct­pf­cbk­df­jot­gj­dt­xt­b­jn­yf­kb­xbt­nj­yf­gkf­yb­yb.

Kfå­hf­ljh­crj­nj­ nt­xt­ybt,­ rjt­nj­ght­vb­yf­df­ yf­ñu­ gjr­hfq­ Pfj­åb­rf­kz­ybz­ bp­njr,­ t­ cne­lt­yj.­ Lj­hb­ d­rüc­yj­kz­nj­cf­vj­yfq­åtpc­nhfi­yb­nt­gked­wb­ct­jc­vt­kz­dfn­lf­dkz­pfn­pf­

vfk­rj­ düd­ dj­lf­nf.­ Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­rkb­vf­nün­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ t­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­jvt­rj­nty­pf­hf­lb­åkb­pjcn­nf­lj­jrtf­yf.­Dt­ut­nf­wb­jy­yb­zn­gt­hb­jl­ yt­lf­ktx­ jn­ åht­uf­ t­ åkb­pj­ 70­lyb­ gj­lü­küu­ jn­ chtl­ybz­ 120­lyt­dty­ gt­hb­jl­ pf­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­Chtl­yb­nt­pbv­yb­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­xtc­nj­cf­c­3­lj­6­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq­gj­db­cj­rb­d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ åkbp­rb­ vtc­nf­ yf­ce­if­nf.­Jå­hfn­yj,­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ ktn­yb­nt­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­ cf­ vfk­rj­gj­db­cj­rb.

C­rhfq­vjh­crj­nj­dkbz­ybt­t­cdüh­pf­yf­ xtc­nf­nf­ jå­kfx­yf­ gjr­hbd­rf­ b­vüu­kf,­ jcj­åt­yj­ gj­ ñé­yf­nf­ rhfq­åhté­yf­bdb­wf,­f­nj­df­dj­lb­lj­jot­gj­uj­kz­vj­ gj­yb­ét­ybt­ yf­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt­ ghtp­kz­nj­nj.­Ckt­lj­df­ntk­yj­ner­t­nhel­yj­lf­ct­jn­ukté­lfn­rek­ne­hb,­rjb­nj­jåb­xfn­kzn­yf­njg­kb­yf­b­cküy­xt­df­cdtn­kb­yf.

Gjx­nb­ yfl­ wt­kbz­ ht­ub­jy­ gf­lfn­pyf­xb­ntk­yb­ df­kt­éb,­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­vté­le­ 100­ b­ 150­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­uj­lbi­yj.­Df­kt­éb­nt­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ cf­hfd­yj­vth­yj­ hfp­ght­lt­kt­yb­ ghtp­wz­kf­nf­ uj­lb­yf.­ Cyt­uj­df­kt­éb­nt­jå­oj­ dpt­nj­ cf­ jåbk­yb­ b­ cyt­uün­jcb­ue­hz­df­vté­le­25­b­50­ghj­wty­nf­dkf­uf­yf­gj­dt­xt­nj­vtc­nf.­Düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ gf­lf­ chtl­yj­ 250­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ cyzu­ uj­lbi­yj.­ Pbv­yf­nf­cyté­yf­gjr­hbd­rf­åkb­pj­lj­åht­uf­t­yt­gjc­nj­zy­yf,­ cyt­uün­ xtc­nj­ ct­ nj­gb­b­ jujk­df­ pt­vz­nf,­ yj­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­njq­ct­pf­lüh­éf­dcz­rf­pb­vf­jn­nhb­lj­gtn­vt­ct­wf.

60 61

yf­ct­kt­ybt­b­by­lEc­nHbzPfj­åb­rf­kz­yb­zn­ bp­njr­ yt­ t­ vzc­nj,­rü­lt­nj­ ktc­yj­ ct­éb­dtt­ b­ hf­åj­nb.­Ce­hj­db­zn­ rkb­vfn,­ öük­vbc­nb­zn­nt­hty­ b­ gj­düh­öyjcn­yb­nt­ crf­kbc­nb­gjx­db­ ju­hf­yb­xf­dfn­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj,­jc­dty­d­yz­rjb­jcj­åt­yj­jå­kf­uj­lt­ntkcn­df­yb­vtc­nf.­Pf­ct­uf­ ner­ cf­ jn­rhb­nb­ cf­vj­ ytp­yf­xb­ntk­yb­ pf­kt­éb­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­ db­lf­gj­ktp­yb­ bp­rj­gft­vb.­ Dcbx­rj­ nj­df,­yf­htl­ c­ vfk­rbz­ vtc­nty­ gf­pfh­ b­jn­yj­cb­ntk­yf­nf­ bpj­kb­hf­yjcn,­ ju­hf­yb­xf­df­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ghj­bp­djl­­cn­dj­nj.­Pf­nj­df­ght­lbvcn­df­nf,­rjb­nj­ bvf­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn,­ ghb­lj­åb­dfn­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­gj­uj­kz­vj­pyf­xt­ybt.

Pfj­åb­rf­kz­yb­zn­ bp­njr­ yt­db­yf­ub­ t­åbk­ dcnhf­yb­ jn­ ukfd­ybz­ gün.­ Nüq­rf­nj­cf­bp­lf­lt­yb­yfg­htl­b­ct­dhzp­dfn­yf­dün­ht­d­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­jrt­fy,­ åht­uj­dt­nt­ yf­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ cf­åb­kb­chtl­güh­db­nt­xfc­nb­yf­Yj­dbz­cdzn,­yf­rjb­nj­td­hj­gtq­crb­nt­bp­ckt­lj­df­nt­kb­b­pf­ctk­yb­wb­cf­ct­yf­nür­df­kb.­Ghtp­cht­lf­nf­yf­17­dtr­vyj­uj­jn­vfk­rb­nt­ghbc­nf­yb­of­yf­wty­nhf­kty­ b­ ñéty­ Vtqy­ ghbñ­nb­kb­fy­ukbq­crb­ pf­ctk­yb­wb.­ Pf­ctk­df­yt­nj­düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­åb­kj­ düp­gb­hf­yj­ jn­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb­lj­cht­lf­nf­yf­18­dtr.

Pf­ hfy­yb­nt­ td­hj­gtq­crb­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­åj­uf­nb­nt­yf­hb­åf­dj­lb­gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­yf­Vtqy­åb­kb­jn­yt­gjc­htlcn­dt­yj­ pyf­xt­ybt.­ Dj­lb­nt­ d­gkbn­xb­yb­nt,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ ib­hj­rb­gz­cüx­yb­ yf­cb­gb­ yf­ lük­åj­xb­yf­ jn­30­lj­60­vtn­hf­d­jrtf­yf,­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ gj­ düy­iyb­nt­ rhfb­of­ yf­itk­af,­ cf­ åj­uf­nb­ yf­ hb­åf.­Gkbn­

rjcn­nf­ gjp­dj­kz­df­ yf­ cküy­xt­db­nt­kü­xb­lf­ghj­ybr­dfn­ktc­yj­d­jrt­fy­crb­nt­ lük­åb­yb,­ rjt­nj­ cnb­ve­kb­hf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ gkfy­rnjy,­ jc­yjd­yf­öhf­yf­yf­vyj­uj­hb­åb.­Cne­lt­yj­djl­yb­nt­hb­åb­rf­nj­nhtc­rf­b­gbr­if­cf­d­ bpj­åb­kbt.­ Bp­gjk­pdfq­rb­ nj­pb­ht­cehc,­ hfy­yb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ pf­gjx­yf­kb­lf­bp­yf­czn­pyf­xb­ntk­yb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­jcj­kt­yf­nhtc­rf.

Lhe­ub­zn­ jc­yj­dty­ ht­cehc­ yf­ht­ubj­yf­ cf­ uj­hb­nt.­ Dtq­ve­nj­db­zn­åjh­ t­ ght­jå­kf­lf­df­ob­zn­ lüh­dt­cty­dbl­d­uj­hb­nt­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl.­Nt­pb­dt­kb­rj­ktg­yb­ lüh­dt­nf­ ct­ bp­lb­uf­kb­yf­db­cj­xb­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­60­vtn­hf­b­hfc­nt­kb­ ghf­dj­ yf­uj­ht.­Gj­ke­xt­yb­zn­jn­nzö­lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk­åbk­xbcn,­ktr,­ yj­ plhfd­ b­ ktc­yj­ jå­hf­åjn­df­tv.­ Gjx­nb­ dcbx­rb­ ltdcn­dt­yb­ uj­hb­dt­xt­cf­bp­xtp­yf­kb,­f­dnj­hj­nj­b­nht­nj­nj­gj­rj­kt­ybt,­rjb­nj­cf­jc­nf­yf­kb,­cf­ybc­rb­b­åtp­jcj­åt­yf­cnjq­yjcn­d­chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ ght­lbi­yb­nt.­ Uj­hb­nt­ghf­dzn­of­nf­Vtqy­­rj­hf­åjc­nhjb­nt­kty­wty­nüh.

Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ t­ nht­nf­nf­ jc­yjd­yf­ltq­yjcn­ yf­ hfy­yb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb,­ yj­ath­vb­nt­ bv­ åb­kb­ vfk­rb,­ f­ ghj­ler­wbz­nf­ –­ ju­hf­yb­xt­yf.­ Pt­vz­nf­ ct­jå­hf­åjn­df­kf­ukfd­yj­pf­lf­ct­jcb­ue­hb­ght­gb­nf­ybt­nj.

Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­d­ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Yñ­ By­ukfyl­ ljc­nb­uf­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­hfp­db­nbt­ d­ cf­vj­nj­ yf­xf­kj­ yf­ 19­dtr.­Yj­ ldf­ ghj­wt­cf,­ bp­düh­idf­ob­ct­yf­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­d­Fvt­hb­rf,­crj­hj­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­jn­rüc­dfn­öj­hf­nf­jn­ath­vb­nt,­ jn­yf­xf­kj­ gjt­lb­ybx­yj,­ f­cktl­nj­df­–­vf­cj­dj.­Tlb­yb­zn­ghj­wtc­ t­ pfd­kf­lz­df­yt­nj­ yf­Pf­gf­lf.­D­

yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ dt­rf­ uhf­yb­wf­nf­ yf­pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­nj­ ct­ ght­vtcn­df­jn­dül­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ rüv­ gkj­lj­hjl­yb­nt­jå­hf­åjn­dft­vb­pt­vb­ñé­yj­jn­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf.­ Cktl­ nj­df,­ ghtp­20­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­dtr,­bp­uhfé­lf­yt­nj­yf­rf­yf­kf­Bhb,­f­gj­rüc­yj­b­yf­lhe­ub­rf­yf­kb­jot­gj­yf­pf­gfl,­ghf­db­gf­pf­hb­nt­yf­bp­njx­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­gj­ljc­nüg­yb­pf­ath­vt­hb­nt­jn­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­ ht­ubj­yb.­ Åtl­yb­nt­ath­vb­ d­ ujh­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­åüh­pj­pf­ueå­dfn­b­vfk­rb­nt­gf­pf­hb­pf­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ghj­ler­nb,­ dyt­ct­yb­ jn­ nf­rb­df­ vtc­nf­rf­nj­Jöf­qj­b­By­lbf­yf.­Éb­nt­kb­nt­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl­bpjc­nf­dzn­ath­vb­nt­cb­b­ct­dkb­dfn­d­vbu­hf­wb­jy­ybz­gj­njr­yf­pf­gfl,­pf­lf­cvt­yzn­ytg­kj­lj­hjl­yf­nf­pt­vz­c­gkj­lj­hjl­yf.

Dnj­hb­zn­ elfh­ düh­öe­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­t­yf­yt­cty­cü­oj­d­rhfz­yf­18­dtr­b­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­19­dtr­ c­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­d­ñé­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Yñ­By­­ukfyl,­ rü­lt­nj­ pf­gjx­df­ By­lec­nhb­fk­yf­nf­ ht­dj­kñ­wbz­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­ By­lec­nhb­fk­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­gj­hfé­lf­ uj­kz­vj­ nüh­ct­yt­ yf­hf­åjn­yf­ cb­kf.­ Yf­ nj­df­ nüh­ct­yt­jn­yf­xf­kj­jn­rkbr­dfn­ath­vt­hb­nt­jn­Yñ­By­ukfyl,­rjb­nj­bc­rfn­gj­db­cj­rj­ pfg­kf­of­yt­ b­ cnf­åb­kty­ lj­öjl,­rf­rüd­nj­ bv­ ghtl­kf­ufn­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­nt­ ghtl­ghbz­nbz.­ Gj­ib­hj­rj­nj­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­ltn­crbz­b­éty­crbz­nhel,­jcj­åt­yj­d­ntr­cnbk­yb­nt­afå­hb­rb,­ ghf­db­ ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­ nhel­jot­ gj­bp­uj­lty­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ cüc­pt­vt­ltk­crbz.

Egf­lü­rün­d­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ghj­lük­éf­df­ dt­xt­ cnj­ b­ gtn­lt­ctn­ uj­lb­yb­gjx­nb­ d­ wt­kbz­ ht­ub­jy­ yf­Pfj­åb­rf­kz­ybz­bp­njr.­Lytc­ath­vb­nt­d­nhb­nt­of­nf­ yf­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­ pft­vfn­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 10­ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ pt­vz­nf;­ ght­lb­ cnj­uj­lb­yb­ ntö­yb­zn­ lzk­ t­ åkb­pj­ 50­ghj­wty­nf.­ Ljg­ht­lb­ tl­yj­ bkb­ ldt­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ vyj­uj­uhf­lj­dt­ d­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­yf­vf­kz­df,­cktl­dfq­rb­tl­yf­nty­lty­wbz,­ ghj­lük­éf­df­of­ gj­dt­xt­jn­dtr.­Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ct­bp­ntu­kz­jn­öük­vbc­nb­nt­ vtcn­yjc­nb,­ rjb­nj­ gj­­c­nt­gty­yj­ ct­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ jn­yj­dj­ d­uj­hb.­Lj­hb­d­lj­kb­yb­nt­gjx­db­nt­xtc­nj­ ct­ jrfp­dfn­ ndüh­lt­ ytg­kj­lj­hjl­yb,­ rkb­vf­nün­ –­ ndüh­lt­ cne­lty,­ f­ath­vb­nt­–­ndüh­lt­vfk­rb­pf­lj­öjl­yf­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­ghj­ler­wbz.

Nfv,­rü­lt­nj­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­jc­nf­df­dfé­yf­ ltq­yjcn­ d­ Pfj­åb­rf­kz­ybz­bp­njr,­ nj­ ct­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­ d­ jn­­ukté­lf­yt­nj­yf­ tl­yf­rek­ne­hf­b­ ct­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­df­ d­ yz­rjk­rj­ åkf­uj­­g­hb­zn­yb­pf­nf­pb­wtk­vtc­nf.­Yfg­hb­vth­ rb­ct­kby­yb­nt­ gjx­db­ yf­ jr­hüu­Df­iby­unjy­ b­ d­ ct­dt­hj­bp­nj­xty­Vtqy­cf­ght­düh­yf­kb­nj­pb­hf­qjy­d­tlby­ jn­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ wty­nhj­dt­ d­Fvt­hb­rf,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­cb­yb­åj­hj­dby­rb.

Vf­rfh­xt­pt­vt­ltk­crf­ltq­yjcn­ct­hfp­db­df­yf­vyj­uj­vtc­nf­d­ht­ubj­yf,­ldt­dfé­yb­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­jå­kfc­nb­ pfc­ke­éf­dfn­ ­ cgt­wb­fk­yj­ dyb­vf­ybt.­ Tl­yf­nf­ t­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ ht­rb­nt­Ctqyn­Léjy­b­Fhj­ec­nür­d­ct­dt­hj­bp­nj­xty­Vtqy­b­pf­gf­lty­Yñ­Åhüy­pe­br­(d­Rf­yf­lf).­Ukb­ytc­nj­gt­cüx­kb­

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db­nt­gjx­db­yf­nf­pb­jå­kfcn­cf­düp­vjé­yj­yfq­ljå­hb­nt­pf­jn­ukté­lf­yt­yf­rfh­nj­ab,­f­rhfn­rb­zn­dt­ut­nf­wbj­yty­gt­hb­jl­åkf­ujg­hb­zncn­df­gj­ke­xf­df­yt­nj­ yf­ ght­düp­öjl­yf­ ht­rjk­nf,­rjz­nj­ib­hj­rj­ct­bp­gjk­pdf­yf­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­pf­gj­ct­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk.­Ner­ct­hfp­db­df­ght­lbv­yj­vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yj­tl­hj­pt­vt­lt­kbt.

Ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ rfh­nj­ab­ jn­lj­kb­yf­nf­ ght­éb­dz­dfn­ nt­éür­gt­hb­jl­ ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ yz­rjk­rj­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ pf­hf­lb­ yf­vf­kt­yj­nj­ nüh­ct­yt­ yf­ rfh­nj­ab­ b­ ghtl­gj­xb­nf­ybz­nf­yf­ rjy­ce­vf­nj­hb­nt­ rüv­ rfh­nj­ab,­jn­ukté­lf­yb­ yf­ pf­gfl.­ D­ ht­pek­nfn­yf­ nj­df­ ct­uf­ lj­vfi­yb­nt­ gnb­wb­ b­zq­wf­nf,­ ljc­nf­dz­yb­ ukfd­yj­jn­ uj­kt­vb­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­d­ñé­yf­nf­b­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Vtqy,­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­ jn­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crbz­ghb­öjl­ yf­ of­nf­ –­ ldjq­yj­ gj­dt­xt,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­yf­rfh­nj­ab.

Dnj­hf­nf­ jå­kfcn­ t­ hfd­yb­yf­nf­ yf­tpt­hj­nj­Ifv­gktqy,­ xbz­nj­ åkb­pjcn­lj­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­q­jcb­ue­hz­df­uj­kz­vj­ nüh­ujd­crj­ ght­lbvcn­dj­ ghtl­gj­jn­lf­kt­xt­yb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ d­ ghj­lfé­åf­nf­ yf­ vkz­rj­ –­ yt­ jcj­åt­yj­elj­åty­ pf­ nhfyc­gjh­nb­hf­yt,­ td­nby­ghj­lern,­rjq­nj­åüh­pj­ct­hfp­df­kz­b­yt­vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ cüö­hf­yz­df­ ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yj­ dht­vt.­ Hfd­yb­yf­nf­ Ifv­gktqy­cyfå­lz­df­c­vkz­rj­b­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ Yñ­ Qjhr­ b­ Åjc­nüy.­ Ktn­yb­zn­ct­pjy­ d­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ t­vtr­ b­ dkf­éty,­ f­ nf­rüd­ rkb­vfn­ t­ lj­åüh­ pf­ae­hfé­yb­ rek­ne­hb.­ Ghjö­kfl­yb­nt­kt­nf­cf­gjl­öj­lz­ob­b­pf­jn­ukté­lf­yt­yf­vkt­rj­lfq­yb­rhf­db.

Düh­vjyn­ jn­lfd­yf­ pft­vf­ dj­lt­oj­vzc­nj­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­gj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­yf­vktx­yb­ghj­bp­dt­lt­ybz­yf­ ukf­df­ jn­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj.­ Rhf­dt­ath­vb­nt­b­vfy­lhb­nt­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­90­ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­yf­of­nf,­f­vyj­uj­jn­nzö­ct­ yf­vb­hfn­ d­ hfd­yb­yf­nf­ yf­ Ifv­gktqy.

Uj­kzv­lzk­jn­ pt­vz­nf­ yf­Pfj­åb­rf­kz­ybz­ bp­njr­ t­ pft­nf­ jn­ uj­hb,­pf­nj­df­ bp­ukté­lf­ bp­yt­yfl­df­oj,­ xt­ner­yt­t­hfp­db­nf­lüh­djg­ht­hf­åjn­df­ntk­yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn.­ Yj­ gj­hf­lb­yt­rjy­nhj­kb­hf­yf­nf­ ctx­ d­ vb­yf­kj­nj­b­ yt­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ gkf­yj­vth­yj­nj­pf­kt­cz­df­yt­vyj­uj­jn­uj­hb­nt,­pft­kb­vzc­nj­nj­ yf­ yz­rj­ufi­yb­nt­ lüh­dt­nf,­yt­ cf­ ljå­hj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yb­nj­ yf­ lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk,­yb­nj­yf­lüh­dt­cty­gekg.

Bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­ d­ nf­pb­ ju­hf­yb­xt­yf­gj­ cdjz­ rf­gf­wb­ntn­ lüh­djg­ht­hf­åjn­df­ntk­yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­ t­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ lüh­dt­cb­yf­ d­ ct­dt­hty­Vtqy.­Ner,­yf­yz­rjb­jn­yfq­nhel­yj­ljc­nüg­yb­nt­vtc­nf­d­bp­njx­yb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­ of­nb,­ rü­lt­nj­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­ ujh­crb­nt­ gkj­ob­ ct­ eg­hfd­kz­dfn­ jn­ yz­rjk­rj­ xfcn­yb­ cjåcn­dt­yb­wb,­ lüh­djg­ht­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ jc­nf­df­df­éty­jn­hf­cük.

Hb­åj­kj­dün­ cü­oj­ jc­nf­df­ df­éty,­vf­rfh­ b­ bp­gbn­dfo­ pfn­hel­yt­ybz,­jn­hf­cük­ d­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­Pfjåbrfkzybz­ bp­njr.­ Ekj­dün­ yf­jvf­hb­ d­ Vtqy­ düp­kb­pf­ yf­ 80–90­ghj­wty­nf­jn­wt­kbz­ekjd­yf­jvf­hb­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb;­Vtqy­bvf­dj­lt­oj­ vzc­nj­ d­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­hbå­yb­rjy­cth­db.

D­ ht­ubj­yf­ ct­ ghfr­nb­re­dfn­ ldf­db­lf­jrt­fy­crb­hb­åj­kjd.­Rhfq­åhté­yb­zn­ hb­åj­kjd,­ rjq­nj­ t­ yfq­dfé­yb­zn,­ bp­gjk­pdf­ vfk­rb­ gkf­df­ntk­yb­cü­lj­dt­b­bpbc­rdf­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­vfk­rb­ by­dtc­nb­wbb,­ f­ yt­uj­db­zn­ yfq­wt­yty­ekjd­cf­jvf­hb­b­nhtc­rf.­Lük­åj­rj­djl­yb­zn­hb­åj­kjd­bpbc­rdf­vyj­uj­gj­uj­kt­vb­gkf­df­ntk­yb­cü­lj­dt­b­gj­uj­kt­vb­ by­dtc­nb­wbb.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­hb­åb,­ ekj­dt­yb­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­­rf­nj­nhtc­rf,­rfv­åf­kf­b­gfk­nec,­cf­lüy­yb.

Lük­åj­rj­djl­yb­zn­ hb­åj­kjd­ d­ gj­­c­ktl­yj­ dht­vt­ t­ pfc­nhf­ity­ jn­ yfc­njq­xb­dj­nj­nüh­ct­yt­yf­ytan­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­ Jgf­ct­ybz­nf,­ xt­åj­uf­nj­nj­ yf­ hb­åf­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ ot­åü­lt­ pf­vüh­ct­yj­ jn­ by­cnf­kb­hf­yt­nj­yf­ gtn­hjk­yb­ cjy­lb,­ cf­ jn­ödüh­kt­yb­b­ ghtp­ 1979­ u.­Vb­ybc­nthcn­dj­nj­ yf­dün­hti­yb­nt­ hf­åj­nb­ lf­df­ hfp­ht­it­ybt­ pf­ ghj­ex­df­ybz­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­yta­nt­yb­rjv­gf­ybb,­rjb­nj­jn­rhb­dfn­uj­kt­vb­ bp­njx­yb­wb­ yf­ ytan­ b­ ghb­hj­lty­ufp.

Rf­nj­bp­rkñ­xbv­yta­nf­b­ghb­hjl­ybz­ ufp,­ lhe­ub­ ce­hj­dby­yb­bp­njx­yb­wb­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ yf­ Pfj­åb­rf­kz­ybz­bp­njr­ pf­ct­uf­ yt­ ct­ hfp­hf­åjn­dfn.­Ytdb­yf­ub­ jåf­xt­ t­ åb­kj­ nf­rf.­ D­Flb­hjy­lfr­ct­t­lj­åb­df­kf­ét­kzp­yf­he­lf­gj­dt­xt­jn­cnj­uj­lb­yb­b­pf­gf­cb­nt­nfv­cf­dct­jot­pyf­xb­ntk­yb,­yj­rf­gf­wb­nt­nün­ yf­ vb­yb­nt­ t­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­vf­kür.

Dek­rf­ybx­yb­nt­ b­ vt­nf­vjh­ayb­nt­crf­kb­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­ jn­lfd­yf­ cf­ght­düh­yf­kb­nf­pb­jå­kfcn­düd­df­éty­ghj­bp­dj­lb­ntk­ yf­ cnhjb­ntk­yb­vf­nt­hbf­kb.­ D­ wty­nhf­kty­ Düh­vjyn­ b­

gjr­hfq­wty­nhfk­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­yf­Vtqy­ bvf­ vyj­uj­ rf­hbt­hb­ pf­ uhf­ybn.­ Düh­vjyn­ t­ yf­ güh­dj­vzc­nj­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­gj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­yf­ vhf­vjh.­ Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­dcbx­rb­nt­pb­cnhjb­ntk­yb­vf­nt­hbf­kb­yt­t­njk­rj­df­dfé­yj­d­chfd­yt­ybt­c­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­vb­yt­hf­kb­d­lhe­ub­xfc­nb­yf­rjy­nb­yty­nf,­yj­nj­ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ t­ df­éty­ tkt­vtyn­ d­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­ldf­nf­of­nf.

uHf­lJ­dt­b­EH­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ltq­yJc­nb

Gj­dt­xt­jn­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­Pfj­åb­rf­kz­ybz­ bp­njr­éb­dtt­ d­ uhf­lj­dt.­Düg­ht­rb­nj­df­d­ht­ubj­yf­bvf­vfk­rj­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­jå­kfc­nb.­Ldf­nf­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lf­ d­ ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­ cf­ Åüh­kby­u­nüy­ d­of­nf­Düh­vjyn­ b­Ke­bc­nüy­ d­of­nf­Vtqy­ c­ jrj­kj­ 40­ 000­ le­ib­yf­ct­kt­ybt.

Vfk­rb­nt­ vf­of­åb­ yf­ ukfd­yb­nt­ht­ubj­yfk­yb­wty­nhj­dt­ pf­ufn­dfn­rjz­åb­vju­kf­ lf­ åü­lt­ jc­yjd­yf­nf­ ghb­xb­yf­pf­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ybc­rj­nj­yb­dj­yf­lj­öjl­yf­ukf­df­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­d­ ht­ubj­yf.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­ ljå­ht­ pfg­kf­nt­yb­ ghj­at­cbb­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ ct­ eg­hfé­yz­dfn­ d­ uj­kt­vb­nt­uhf­lj­dt,­ f­ d­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ yz­vf­åf­pf­pf­nf­rb­df­ghj­at­cbb.­Vf­rfh­b­gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ gj­kj­db­yf­nf,­ yj­ dct­gfr­ db­cjr­ ghj­wtyn­ jn­ hf­åjn­yf­nf­cb­kf­ t­ fy­uf­éb­hf­yf­ d­ cat­hf­nf­ yf­ab­pb­xtc­rbz­nhel,­rjq­nj­gj­nhf­lb­wbz­t­yfq­ybc­rj­gkf­nt­yb­zn­d­Fvt­hb­rf.­ Kbg­cf­nf­ yf­ uj­kzv­ vtc­nty­gf­pfh­b­nhel­yb­zn­ljc­nüg­lj­uj­kt­vb­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ jå­kfc­nb­ jp­yf­xf­

64

df,­xt­jc­yjd­yb­nt­ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ghj­bp­djlcn­df­ yt­ cf­ gjc­ke­éb­kb­ pf­åf­pf,­ düh­öe­ rjz­nj­ lf­ ct­ hfp­db­zn­yfq­hfp­kbx­yb­by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­jn­hfc­kb,­rfr­nj­t­cnf­yf­kj­yf­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.

Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ bvf­ jc­yj­df­ybt­ lf­ct­ jxfr­df,­ xt­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ d­ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl­ot­ct­jéb­db.­Lfy­yb­nt­jn­cnf­nbc­nb­xtc­rj­nj­ ghtå­hjz­df­yt­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ghtp­1980­u.­gj­rfp­dfn,­ xt­Vtqy,­ Yñ­Öfv­giüh­b­ Düh­vjyn­ cf­ tlbycn­dt­yb­nt­ of­nb­bp­düy­Ñuf­ b­ Pf­gf­lf,­ xbt­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­hfcn­df­gj­åüh­pj­d­chfd­yt­ybt­ cüc­ chtl­yb­nt­ cnjq­yjc­nb­ pf­cnhf­yf­nf.­ Ghtp­ 80­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ Yñ­Öfv­giüh­ghj­lük­éf­df­lf­yf­hfcn­df­ljc­nf­gj­åüh­pj­d­chfd­yt­ybt­c­nt­pb­cnjq­yjc­nb,­ f­ Düh­vjyn­ b­ Vtqy­ ct­pf­lüh­éfn­ vfk­rj­ gjl­ chtl­yj­nj­hfd­yb­ot.

Bvf­ yz­rjk­rj­ ghb­xb­yb­ pf­ nf­pb­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yf­ ghj­vz­yf­ d­ ghb­hfc­nf­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj.­Tl­yf­nf­t­gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ hfp­hfcn­df­yt­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­yf­ct­dth.­C­hfp­ib­hz­df­yt­nj­yf­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ yf­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­ybz­ ht­ub­jy­yj­db­nt­gt­hb­ath­yb­jå­kfc­nb­ct­eh­åf­yb­pb­hfn­b­ cnf­dfn­xfcn­jn­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­f­nüq­rf­nj­öj­hf­nf­nüh­czn­ vtc­nf­ pf­éb­dtt­yt­ gj­yf­lf­ktx­ jn­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt,­ gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ ct­ bp­ntu­kz­egj­hb­nj­ yf­ ct­dth­ b­ yfd­kb­pf­ d­Yñ­By­ukfyl.

Ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­ghbd­kb­xf­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­ yj­db­ ghj­bp­djlcn­df,­ ukfd­yj­ yf­ kt­rf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz,­ cüc­ chtl­yj­ uj­kz­vf­ hf­åjn­yf­

cb­kf.­ Nt­ ct­ hfp­gj­kf­ufn­ d­ ht­ubj­yf,­pf­oj­nj­b­vt­ybl­éü­hb,­b­hf­åjn­yb­wb­cvz­nfn,­xt­ t­ljå­ht­lf­ ct­éb­dtt­d­vf­kür­uhfl­b­d­åkb­pjcn­lj­ghb­hj­lf­nf.­Jc­dty­nj­df­gjc­nhjz­df­yt­nj­yf­yz­rjk­rj­ vté­le­ofn­crb­ ij­ct­nf­ d­ht­ubj­yf­ghtp­60­nt­uj­lb­yb­jcb­ue­hz­df­gj­kt­cty­ljc­nüg­lj­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­d­cnhf­yf­nf.

Ne­hbp­vün­ t­ ghj­wüa­nz­df­of­ by­­lec­nhbz­ d­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Yñ­By­ukfyl­jn­cht­lf­nf­yf­20­dtr.­Tpt­hj­nj­Gkf­cbl,­ lj­vf­rby­ yf­ pbv­yb­nt­jkbv­gbq­crb­ bu­hb­ ghtp­ 1932­ u.­ b­1980­ u.,­ t­ tl­yj­ jn­ vyj­uj­nj­ vtc­nf­pf­ crb­ cgjhn.­ Xhtp­ ofn­crbz­ gfhr­Flb­hjy­lfr,­ yfq­uj­kt­vbz­ ofn­crb­gfhr­yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­dkfc­nb­nt­yf­Yñ­Qjhr­ rjy­nhj­kb­hfn­ cüc­njz­ybt­nj­ yf­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­nf­pb­jå­kfcn.

Gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­ ghj­nj­xb­kb­ ct­düd­ dt­hb­uf­ jrj­kj­ tpt­hf­nf­ b­ chtl­gkf­yb­yb­nt,­hfc­nt­åhj­zn­yf­df­rfy­wb­jy­yb­nt­ct­kb­of­–­bp­düy­uhfl­crb­éb­­kb­of­yf­pf­vjé­yb­öj­hf.­Nt­pb­öj­hf­ght­rfh­dfn­ gj­ yz­rjk­rj­vt­ct­wf­ bkb­yz­rjk­rj­ ctl­vb­wb­ d­ nzö­ dcz­rf­uj­lb­yf,­f­ghtp­jc­nf­yf­kj­nj­dht­vt­ub­lf­dfn­gjl­yf­tv,­pf­lf­vj­ufn­lf­ub­bp­gkf­nzn­ b­ lf­ gjt­vfn­ hfp­yjc­rb­nt­gj­gjl­lhüé­rf­nf­bv.­D­vyj­uj­jr­hü­pb­d­ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­ct­dth­yf­Yñ­By­ukfyl­dht­vty­yj­yft­nb­nt­rü­ob­cf­vyj­uj­ gj­dt­xt,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ gjc­nj­zy­yj­jåb­nf­df­yb­nt.

B­yfr­hfz,­vyj­uj­jn­rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ct­kb­of­yf­Vtqy,­vfk­rb­nt­rj­kt­éfy­crb­uhf­lj­dt­yf­Düh­vjyn­b­Yñ­Öfv­giüh,­rfr­nj­b­cnf­hb­nt­ct­kf­bp­wt­kbz­ht­ub­jy,­ cf­vtc­nf,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­jn­ntu­kzn­lf­éb­dt­zn­gty­cbj­yt­hb.­∆

65

Jrj­kj­ 400­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­hfp­cnjz­ybt­ gj­ ce­if­nf­lt­kb­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­rjb­nj­

ct­ghjc­nb­hfn­jn­Yñ­Qjhr­lj­Fkf­åf­vf,­ jn­ gkf­yby­crf­nf­dt­hb­uf­Jpfhr­Ej­iü­nj.­Dcüo­yjcn­ nj­df­ cf­ ldt­ xfc­nb­ yf­tl­yf­ ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crf­jå­kfcn,­rjb­nj­gj­cdjz­ht­kta­vyj­uj­cb­ghb­kb­xfn­b­rü­lt­nj­dpfb­vj­pf­db­cb­vjcn­nf­vté­le­ht­kta­b­pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­t­ytj­åbr­yj­dt­yj­cbk­yf.

Rj­uf­nj­ cnbu­yf­kb­ åht­uj­dt­nt­ yf­rj­kj­yb­fk­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf,­ güh­db­nt­pf­ctk­yb­wb­ xe­kb,­ xt­ yf­ pf­gfl­ ct­ghjc­nb­hf­åtp­rhfq­yf­dt­hb­uf­jn­db­cj­rb­ gkf­yb­yb.­ Ghbl­dbé­dfq­rb­ ct­ lj­nt­pb­ gkf­yb­yb,­ nt­ ec­nf­yj­db­kb,­ xt­db­cj­xb­yf­nf­ bv­ t­ ghte­dt­kb­xt­yf.­Cf­vj­yz­rjb­jn­ltk­yb­xfc­nb­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­b­Jpfhr­crb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­bvfn­jy­pb­ dye­ib­nt­kty­ dbl,­ c­ rjq­nj­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ct­cdüh­pdf­Pf­gf­lün.

Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ öj­hf,­rjb­nj­yt­cf­åtp­hfp­kbx­yb­rüv­nj­pb­düg­hjc,­ot­ct­cüu­kf­czn,­xt­d­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ cb­xfcn­ ht­kt­aün­ d­ hf­qj­yf­yf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ b­ Jpfhr­ nhzå­df­ lf­åü­lt­ yf­ht­xty­ gkf­yby­crb.­ Vyj­uj­vtc­nf­ bvfn­ yfl­vjh­crf­ db­cj­xb­yf­yfl­ 500­ vtn­hf,­ f­ yz­rü­lt­ nz­ yfl­ödüh­kz­ 1­ 000­ vtn­hf.­ Crkj­yj­dt­nt­xtc­nj­cf­cnhüv­yb.

Xj­dti­rj­nj­ ghb­cücn­dbt­ d­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­nf­cht­lf­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­jc­nf­df­nzc­yj­jå­düh­pf­yj­c­ht­kt­af.­Frj­ub­yz­vf­it­gkf­yb­yb­nt,­nf­pb­jå­kfcn­ot­it­lf­åü­lt­cf­vj­xfcn­jn­yz­rjk­rj­ cü­ctl­yb­ jå­kfc­nb,­ rfr­df­nj­ t­

Lük­åj­rb­zn­ ñu.­ Pf­hf­lb­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ b­ Jpfhr­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ jn­lt­kty,­cf­vjc­njz­nt­kty­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ht­ub­jy­(Rfh­nf­6).

HfP­yJ­Jå­Hf­Pty­Ht­ktaFgf­kf­xb­nt­ ct­ cüc­nj­zn­ jn­

yfq­vfk­rj­ nhb­ ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crb­gj­ljå­kfc­nb.­ Nt­pb­ gj­ljå­kfc­nb­ cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ d­ gf­hf­ktk­yb­ gjz­cb,­cktl­df­ob­yfq­jå­of­gj­cj­rf­ct­dt­hj­bp­njr­ñ­uj­pf­gfl.

Rhfq­yb­zn­ bp­nj­xty­ gj­zc­ t­ Åke­Hblé.­ Bp­uhf­lty­ jn­ lhtd­yb­ rfv­åhbq­crb­ crf­kb,­ nj­pb­ lzk­ t­ åbk­gjl­kj­éty­ yf­ nté­rf­ thj­pbz­ b­ct­ufi­yb­nt­ yfq­db­cj­rb­ öht­åt­nb­ cf­rf­nj­åkt­lb­cty­rb­yf­jyj­df,­rjt­nj­t­åb­kj­yz­rj­uf.­Ñé­yj­fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rb­nt­ghtl­gkf­yb­yb­ Gbl­vjyn­ ght­vb­yf­dfn­d­ Åke­ Hblé­ gj­ bp­njx­yf­nf­ cnhf­yf­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­jn­Yñ­Qjhr­lj­Fkf­åf­vf.

Uj­hbc­nb­zn­öht­åtn­Åke­Hblé­cnf­df­ gj­db­cjr­ b­ gj­ib­hjr­ jn­ ct­dth­yf­ ñu.­ Yf­ ñu,­ jcj­åt­yj­ ñé­yj­ jn­Hjf­yj­er,­of­nf­Düh­léb­ybz,­ t­ yfq­gkf­yby­crf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­Ghj­vt­yb­nt­ düd­ db­cj­xb­yf­nf­ jn­Gbl­vjyn­rüv­Åke­Hblé­cf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­htp­rb­b­uj­kt­vb.­D­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ b­ Düh­léb­ybz­ Åke­ Hblé­ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ nzc­yf­ gkf­yby­crf­dt­hb­uf­vté­le­Gbl­vjyn­b­Uj­kz­vf­nf­ lj­kb­yf­ yf­ pf­gfl;­ gj­ uhf­yb­wf­nf­vté­le­Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf­b­Nt­yt­cb­nz­ ct­hfp­ib­hz­df­lj­åkb­pj­150­rb­kj­vtn­hf.

fGf­kf­xb­Nt­b­jpfhR­cRb­Nt­Gkf­yb­yb

ukf­df

7

66 67

Yf­ pf­gfl­ jn­Åke­Hblé­ ct­ghjc­nb­hf­tl­yf­jå­kfcn­jn­öht­åt­nb­ b­ lj­kb­yb.­ Nj­df­ t­ xfcn­jn­ jå­ibh­yj­ ghjc­nhfycn­dj­vté­le­Åke­Hblé­b­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb,­yf­xbt­nj­lü­yj­kt­éfn­enf­tx­yb­crf­kb.­D­bp­njx­ybz­cb­rhfq­nt­pb­crf­kbc­nb­jå­hf­pe­df­ybz­cf­cbk­yj­yf­uü­yf­nb­b­cdkt­xt­yb,­c­rjt­nj­ct­jåzc­yz­df­ bp­lük­ét­yf­nf­ ajh­vf­ yf­jå­kfcn­nf.

Nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ jn­ öht­åt­nb­ b­lj­kb­yb­ t­ ib­hj­rf­ jrj­kj­ 80­rb­kj­vtn­hf.­Öht­åt­nb­nt,­gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­rjb­nj­db­cj­rb­jn­100­lj­200­vtn­hf,­ct­bp­lb­ufn­yfl­

hfp­lt­kz­ob­nt­ ub­ lj­kb­yb.­ Chfd­yb­ntk­yj­vfk­rj­nj­ghj­kj­vb­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cf­jå­hf­pe­df­yb­jn­ht­rb,­ghj­hzp­df­ob­ yfg­htx­yj­ ptv­yb­nt­ gkfc­nj­dt.­D­ib­hj­rb­nt­gj­yz­rjk­rj­rb­kj­vtn­hf­lj­kb­yb­ct­yf­vb­hfn­tl­yb­jn­yfq­öe­

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Scranton

Wilkes-Barre

Altoona

Johnstown

Pittsburgh

Hagerstown

MartinsburgWinchester

Cumberland

Morgantown

Parkersburg

VIRGINIA

Richmond

Roanoke

Staunton

Beckley

Charleston

Huntington

Winston-Salem

Charlotte

AshevilleNORTH CAROLINA

Atlanta

SOUTH

CAROLINAGEORGIA

Bristol

Kingsport

Knoxville

Oak Ridge

Tullahoma

Chattanooga

Huntsville

Somerset

Middlesboro

Hazard

Lexington

KENTUCKY

Cincinnati

Columbus

OHIO

Ft. Smith

SpringfieldJoplin

Kansas City St. Louis

Tulsa

Muskogee

ARKANSAS

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OKLA.TENN.

MISS.

NEW YORK

MARYLANDBaltimore

Washington

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Ohio Rive

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Arkansas River

Transitional Area.

Susquehanna River

Potomac River

James River

Roanoke River

Missouri River

JeffersonCity

Little Rock

Cumberland River

ATLANTIC OCEAN

ALABAMA

NEWJERSEY

INDIANA

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6

åf­db­nt­ jå­hf­åjn­dft­vb­ pt­vb­ d­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­D­wz­kf­nf­jå­kfcn­öht­åt­nb­nt­cf­bp­uhf­lt­yb­jn­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ec­njq­xb­db­ ibc­nb­ b­ gz­cüx­yb­wb,­ f­ yf­lü­yj­nj­ yf­ lj­kb­yb­nt­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­kt­éfn­df­hj­db­wb.

Vté­le­ Åke­ Hblé­ b­ güh­df­nf­dt­hb­uf­öht­åt­nb­t­Uj­kz­vf­nf­lj­kb­yf.­Hfpc­nkf­yf­ åer­dfk­yj­ gj­ wz­kf­nf­lük­éb­yf­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy,­lj­kb­yf­nf­(rjz­nj­ d­ uj­kz­vf­nf­ cb­ xfcn­ t­gj­crj­hj­öük­vbc­nf,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­hfd­yby­yf)­t­tlby­jn­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rb­dfé­yb­nt­vfh­ihe­nb­d­Fvt­hb­rf,­bpbu­hf­kf­ rf­nj­ öf­hfr­nth­yf­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­xth­nf­ yt­ gj­vfk­rf­ jåt­lb­yb­ntk­yf­hj­kz­pf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­cf­vb­nt­gkf­yb­yb.

D­ yfq­pf­gfl­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ nf­pb­gkf­yby­crf­ cbc­nt­vf­ t­ Gkf­nj­nj­ yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­Yf­bp­njr­nj­uhf­yb­xb­c­tlby­cnhü­vty­crkjy,­bp­dtc­nty­rf­nj­Fkb­utq­ybq­crbz­ ahjyn,­ rjq­nj­ t­yfq­ct­hb­jp­yf­nf­åf­hbt­hf­bp­njx­yj­jn­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ ghtl­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ pf­gfl­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf.­ Ht­kt­aün­ yf­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ t­ ht­pek­nfn­ukfd­yj­jn­htx­yf­nf­thj­pbz,­yf­rjz­nj­t­åb­kf­gjl­kj­ét­yf­dün­hti­yf­nf­hfd­yb­yf.­ Thj­pbz­nf­ cüp­lf­df­ crf­kbcn,­yf­ct­xty­ ht­kta­ c­ ntc­yb­ lj­kb­yb,­ghj­hz­pf­yb­jn­ht­rb,­rjb­nj­uhf­yb­xfn­cüc­ cnhüv­yb,­ jc­nhb­ gkf­yby­crb­dt­hb­ub.­Ct­dth­yb­zn­ lzk­yf­Fkb­utq­ybq­crbz­ahjyn,­d­Yñ­Qjhr­b­Gty­cbk­df­ybz,­ bvf­ gj­pf­jå­kty,­ gj­j­vt­rj­nty­ gtq­pfé.­ Rf­nj­ ct­ bp­rkñ­xfn­yz­rjb­ jn­ltk­yb­ jå­kfc­nb,­ hfd­yby­yb­vtcn­yjc­nb­ ct­ cht­ofn­hzl­rj.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­yf­ct­kt­yb­vtc­nf­cf­ju­hf­yb­xt­yb­d­vfk­rb­nt­htx­yb­lj­kb­yb.

Gkf­yby­crf­nf­ dt­hb­uf­ Jpfhr­Ej­iü­nj­pf­gfp­df­ht­kt­af­yf­ht­ubj­yf­b­d­ jå­ob­ kb­ybb­ yf­gjv­yz­ pf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­yj­cktl­df­gj­cj­rf­bp­njr­pf­gfl­dvtc­nj­ct­dt­hj­bp­njr­ñ­uj­pf­gfl.­Gkf­yb­yb­nt­Ej­iü­nj­yf­ñu­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ ct­hbz­ jn­ yf­uü­yf­nb­ ec­gj­htl­yb­öht­åt­nb­ b­ lj­kb­yb.­ Nt­ cf­ jn­lt­kt­yb­jn­ Jpfhr­ jn­ yz­rj­ufi­yf­ gf­lb­yf,­ d­rjz­nj­t­ktu­yf­kj­rj­hb­nj­nj­yf­ht­rf­Fh­rfy­pfc.­ Jpfhr­crb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ cf­yt­hfd­yf,­ öük­vbc­nf­ jå­kfcn­ jn­ thj­pb­hf­yb­gkf­nf,­vyj­uj­cöjl­yb­c­Gkf­nj­nj­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.

yf­ct­kt­ybt­nJ­yf­fGf­kf­xb­ntPf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ ght­rj­cz­dfn­ Åke­

Hblé­b­yfd­kb­pfn­d­uj­hb­nt­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ tl­df­ d­ rhfz­ yf­ rj­kj­yb­fk­ybz­gt­hb­jl,­cnj­b­gtn­lt­ctn­uj­lb­yb­uj­lb­yb­ cktl­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­nj­ pf­­d­kf­lz­df­yt­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­bp­njx­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt.­Yfq­ktc­yb­zn­b­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­ bp­gjk­pdfy­ vfh­ihen­ pf­Uj­kz­vf­nf­ lj­kb­yf­ b­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­jn­dül­ytz­t­ghtp­ñuj­bp­njx­yf­Gty­cbk­df­ybz,­rü­lt­nj­Åke­Hblé­t­cf­vj­tl­yf­ öük­vbc­nf­ dt­hb­uf.­ Vyj­uj­pf­ctk­yb­wb­ yf­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ cvz­nfn,­xt­gkf­yby­crb­nt­pt­vb­yf­ct­dth­b­yf­pf­gfl­ cf­ yt­ujc­njg­hb­tv­yb.­ Pf­nj­df­gjc­nt­gty­yj­ hfp­ghjc­nb­hfn­ ct­kb­of­nf­cb­ yf­lj­ke­ gj­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ düd­ Düh­léb­ybz.­Crj­hj­rüv­nzö­ct­ghb­cüt­lb­yz­dfn­ lhe­ub,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ ghbl­dbé­dfn­ jn­ñé­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ yf­dün­ht­ d­cnhf­yf­nf.

Gj­rüc­yj,­ d­ rhfz­ yf­ 18­ dtr,­pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ct­ec­nf­yj­dzn­d­lj­kb­yb­nt­b­d­ntc­yb­nt­lt­ab­kt­nf­yf­pfj­åb­rf­kz­ob­nt­ub­gkf­yb­yb.­

68 69

Pt­vz­nf,­rjz­nj­bp­åb­hfn,­t­ytg­kj­lj­hjl­yf­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ jå­kfc­nb­nt­ gj­yf­pf­gfl.­Crf­kbc­nb­zn­nt­hty­b­ökfl­yb­zn­ gkf­yby­crb­ rkb­vfn­ ghf­dzn­nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ yt­gjl­öj­lzo­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ cnj­gfycn­df.­Cf­vj­ d­ yz­rjb­ jn­ gj­ghjc­njh­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­ ct­ hfp­db­dfn­ ytv­yj­uj­ yf­åhjq­uj­kt­vb­gkfy­nf­wbb.

Rj­uf­nj­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­pf­ctk­yb­wb­yfd­kb­pfn­d­nt­pb­pt­vb­d­rhfz­yf­18­b­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 19­ dtr,­ ht­ubj­yün­ghtl­kf­uf­ gjl­öj­lz­ob­ ec­kj­dbz­ pf­hfp­db­nbt­ yf­lhtå­yj­nj­ath­vthcn­dj.­Tlby­ath­vth­ vj­ét­ lf­ jå­hf­åjn­df­yt­gj­dt­xt­jn­10–20­ötr­nf­hf­hfp­xbc­nt­yf­ pt­vz.­ Nf­rb­df­ gfh­wt­kb­ bvf­ d­htx­yb­nt­lj­kb­yb.­Uj­hb­nt­cf­gük­yb­c­lb­dtx,­lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk­bvf­d­bpj­åb­kbt,­f­éb­djn­yb­nt­vj­ét­lf­gf­cfn­d­uj­hb­nt­b­gj­gkf­yby­crb­nt­gf­cb­of.­Cgj­htl­ cnfy­lfh­nb­nt­ yf­ dht­vt­nj­nj­df­t­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ljå­hf­pt­vz­b­d­gkf­yby­crb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ crj­hj­ ct­pf­ctk­dfn­ath­vt­hb.

Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ ht­ubj­yf­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­ ct­ bpj­kb­hf­ b­ ct­ jn­lt­kz­ dct­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ lhe­ub­nt­ jå­kfc­nb.­ C­ec­djz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ gj­hfd­yby­yf­ b­gj­gkj­lj­hjl­yf­pt­vt­ltk­crf­pt­vz­yf­pf­gfl­ b­ c­ vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yt­nj­ yf­ püh­yjg­hj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj,­ vfk­rf­nf­ath­vf­d­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ cnf­df­ dct­ gj­vfh­ub­yfk­yf­ d­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ jn­yj­it­ybt.­Lj­hb­ljå­ht­gjp­yf­nb­nt­gü­nb­of­ghtp­ht­ubj­yf,­ rf­nj­ Rüv­åüh­kfyl­crj­nj­gkf­nj­ d­ cf­vbz­ pf­gf­lty­ rhfq­ yf­Düh­léb­ybz­b­Gü­nz­ghtp­gec­nji­nf­lj­„cb­yz­nf“­nht­df­yf­Rty­nü­rb,­cf­d­ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­lük­ub­b­nhel­yb.

Ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­ jn­ bp­njr­ yf­

pf­gfl­ vté­le­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­ b­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf­cktl­df­reh­cf­yf­ht­rf­Vj­öjr­b­hfd­yby­ybz­ åhzu­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ Jy­nf­hbj,­rf­nj­ gj­ nj­pb­ yf­xby­ ct­ bp­åzu­dfn­ct­dth­yb­nt­ lz­kj­dt­ yf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­Ghtp­ ñé­yb­nt­ Fgf­kf­xb­ bpjå­oj­yz­vf­ljc­nü­gty­gün.­Dfé­yb­nt­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­kb­ybb­pfj­åb­rf­kzn­ht­ubj­yf.

Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­jcj­åt­yj­ñé­yb­nt­Fgf­kf­xb,­düp­ghbt­vfn­åfd­yj­vj­lt­kf­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­ hfp­db­nbt.­Nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy,­ rfr­nj­ b­ jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­Ñuf,­ ct­jhb­ty­nb­hf­rüv­pt­vt­lt­kbt­b­nf­pb­jhb­ty­nf­wbz­ct­pf­gfp­df­lük­uj­cktl­rf­nj­lhe­ub­ht­ubj­yb­yf­cnhf­yf­nf­ cnht­vb­ntk­yj­ ct­ yf­cjx­dfn­ rüv­ghj­vbi­kt­yj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ b­ uhfl­crb­ yf­xby­ yf­ éb­djn.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ vfk­rj­ b­nüh­ct­yt­nj­yf­cnj­rb­b­ec­ke­ub­d­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ t­ ju­hf­yb­xt­yj.­ Rüv­ nj­df­nhzå­df­lf­ghb­åf­dbv­b­yt­hfp­db­nb­nt­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­dhüp­rb.

Tlby­df­éty­ht­pek­nfn­jn­kbg­cf­nf­yf­ gkfy­nf­wbb­ b­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­ hfp­db­nbt­t,­xt­rüv­hfy­yb­nt­pf­ctk­yb­wb­ct­ ghb­cüt­lb­yz­dfn­ cüd­ctv­ vfk­rj­yj­db­ bvbu­hfy­nb.­ Öj­hf­nf­ jc­nf­dfn­nfv,­rü­lt­nj­cf,­b­c­nt­xt­ybt­yf­dht­vt­nj­ ghb­düh­pf­yjcn­nf­ rüv­ ct­vtq­­cn­dj,­ jå­oyjcn­ b­ pt­vz­ ct­ pf­cbk­df­dct­ gj­dt­xt.­ Nf­pb­ ht­ubj­yfk­yf­ ectl­yf­kjcn­ dj­lb­ lj­ jåj­cj­åz­df­yt­nj­ yf­tl­yf­ rek­neh­yf­ by­lb­db­le­fk­yjcn,­yt­öf­hfr­nth­yf­pf­jc­nf­yf­kb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­ of­nb.­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ cnf­dfn­ dct­gj­hfp­kbx­yb,­ ghjc­nj­ pf­oj­nj­ jc­nf­dfn­ytg­hj­vt­yt­yb.

Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ t­jn­yj­cb­ntk­yj­åtl­yj.­D­yz­rjb­jå­kfc­

nb,­ jcj­åt­yj­ bp­nj­xty­ Rty­nü­rb,­jc­yjd­yb­zn­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kty­ ht­ub­jy­ d­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­ghb­xb­yf­nf­pf­åtl­yjcn­nf­vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ jn­rhbt­ d­ yf­vf­kt­yj­nj­nüh­ct­yt­yf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf,­ght­lbp­db­rf­yj­jn­vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yt­nj­yf­he­lj­lj­åb­df­ghtp­40­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr.

Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­ht­ubj­yf­bvf­rjy­cth­df­nbd­yf­yfu­kf­cf.­Vyj­uj­jn­yfq­rjy­cth­df­nbd­yb­nt­ ghj­ntc­nfyn­crb­wüh­rdb­d­Fvt­hb­rf­dj­lzn­rj­ht­yb­nt­cb­ jn­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­ Lhe­ub­ nf­rb­df­wüh­rdb­bvf­nfv,­rü­lt­nj­gkf­yby­wb­nt­cf­ct­ght­vtc­nb­kb­pf­tl­yj­c­ht­kb­ubz­nf­cb.­D­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­jn­yj­it­ybt­gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­vtcn­yb­nt­bp­åhf­yb­wb­cf­jnzd­kt­yb­ rjy­cth­df­nj­hb,­ vf­rfh­ xt­yz­rjb­ jn­ nzö­ ghj­gj­dzl­dfn­ gj­ge­kbc­nrb­ bltb.­ Ghj­dby­wbf­kbp­vün­ yf­jå­kfcn­nf­ t­ pf­kj­éty­ d­ cbk­yb­nt­dhüp­rb­cüc­ct­vtqcn­dj­nj­b­jå­oyjcn­nf,­bp­uhf­lt­yb­d­jn­yj­cb­ntk­yf­bpj­kf­wbz,­rjz­nj­cgkj­nz­df­xkt­yj­dt­nt­bv­b­ju­hf­yb­xf­df­jå­oe­df­yt­nj­bv­c­düy­iyb­öj­hf.

Ñé­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ jå­kfcn­nf­ yfq­zc­yj­jn­hf­pz­df­öf­hfr­nt­hf­yf­gkf­yb­yb­nt­b­pf­fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­njx­yj­nj­df­cf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­Yj­vyj­uj­jn­rf­pf­yj­nj­ pf­ éb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ df­éb­cü­oj­ nf­rf­ pf­Jpfhr­crb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­b­pf­ct­dth­ybz­lzk­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.

Éb­nt­kb­nt­yf­ct­dth­yb­nt­Fgf­kf­xb­ct­ jnüé­ltcn­dz­dfn­vyj­uj­ gj­vfk­rj­c­ht­ubj­yf­rf­nj­wz­kj.­Nt­åtp­cgjh­yj­éb­dt­zn­ chtl­ cü­obz­ gkf­yby­crb­ht­kta,­f­bvfn­b­yz­rjb­jn­hfy­yb­nt­ghjå­kt­vb­d­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­ht­ubj­yf,­cdüh­pf­yb­ cüc­ cnhüv­yb­nt­ crkj­yj­dt.­Yj­ åtl­yjcn­nf­ ner­ yt­ t­ njk­rj­df­db­lb­vf,­rjk­rj­nj­yf­ñu.­Jc­dty­nj­df­

rüv­ hfy­yb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ jn­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­ Td­hj­gf­ d­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ ct­ghb­cüt­lb­yz­dfn­ b­ yj­db­ öj­hf.­ Nj­df­df­éb­ jcj­åt­yj­ pf­ Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ b­ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Pf­gfl­yf­ Düh­léb­ybz,­ rü­lt­nj­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­yf­nf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­ ghbd­kb­xf­ vyj­uj­bp­njx­yj­td­hj­gtq­crb­ tvbu­hfy­nb­ d­rhfz­yf­19­b­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­20­dtr.

Vyj­uj­rek­neh­yb­vj­lt­kb­d­ct­dth­yb­nt­Fgf­kf­xb,­chtl­rjb­nj­ht­kb­ubz­nf­t­jn­jcj­åt­yj­pyf­xt­ybt,­cf­cü­düh­it­yj­ hfp­kbx­yb­ jn­ rek­neh­yb­nt­vj­lt­kb­d­ñé­ybz­gkf­yby­crb­hf­qjy.­Aey­lf­vty­nf­kbc­nrb­ wüh­rdb­ ner­ ct­cht­ofn­ gj­hzl­rj;­ d­vyj­uj­ jr­hü­pb,­jcj­åt­yj­d­Gty­cbk­df­ybz,­rf­nj­kb­wb­b­xkt­yj­dt­ yf­ hfp­kbx­yb­ bp­njx­yjg­hf­djc­kfd­yb­wüh­rdb­cüc­nfd­kz­dfn­vyj­pbycn­dj.

Nhfyc­gjh­nün­ d­ ct­dth­yb­nt­ Fgf­kf­xb­ ct­ gj­ljå­hz­df­ vyj­uj­ gj­åüh­pj,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­ d­ ñé­yb­nt­ Fgf­kf­xb,­jn­xfc­nb­ pf­oj­nj­ ner­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­ cf­gj­yf­rü­cf­yb­b­ybc­rb,­gj­hf­lb­rjt­nj­cf­gj­ktc­yj­ghj­öj­lb­vb.­Jc­dty­nj­df­c­åeh­yj­nj­hfp­db­nbt­yf­ujh­ybz­Cht­lty­ pf­gfl­ ct­dth­yb­nt­ Fgf­kf­xb­ cnf­dfn­wty­nüh­yf­yfq­dfé­ybz­hfp­hfcn­dfo­ct­nüh­ujd­crj­ghj­vbi­kty­gj­zc­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.­Crj­hj­ghtp­gkf­yb­yb­nt­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ght­vb­yf­dfn­rf­nj­kty­nb­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ dhüp­rb,­ cüt­lb­yz­df­ob­bp­njx­yb­nt­ b­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­ xfc­nb­ yf­wty­nhfk­ybz­ ghj­vbi­kty­ ht­ub­jy.­Rf­nj­ gjc­kt­lb­wf­ jn­ nj­df­ ct­dth­yb­nt­Fgf­kf­xb­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ct­hfp­db­dfn­vyj­uj­gj­dt­xt­(jcj­åt­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­b­pf­gfl­yf­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­b­Yñ­Qjhr),­jn­rjk­rj­nj­ñé­yb­nt­Fgf­kf­xb.

70 71

bRJ­yJ­vb­xtc­Rb­­b­Pf­ctk­yb­xtc­Rb­vJ­lt­kbD­ ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­

Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ cf­ åtp­cgjh­yj­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­hf­qjy.­D­bp­dtc­nty­cvb­cük­nt­pb­ghtl­cnf­db­ jn­uj­df­hzn­ yf­ ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­nf.­Ghj­wty­nün­ yf­ uhfl­crb­nt­ éb­nt­kb­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ t­ ldf­ gü­nb­gj­vf­kür­ jn­ chtl­ybz­ ghj­wtyn­ pf­cnhf­yf­nf.­Vyj­pbycn­dj­nj­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ct­jg­ht­lt­kz­bkb­rf­nj­pt­vt­ltk­crb­hf­åjn­yb­wb,­bkb­rf­nj­éb­nt­kb­ yf­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ hf­qj­yb,­ rjb­nj­yt­ct­pf­yb­vf­dfn­cüc­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­ ltq­yjcn,­ n.t.­ öj­hf,­ rjb­nj­éb­dt­zn­d­ ctk­crb­hf­qj­yb,­ yj­bvfn­uhfl­crb­ ghj­at­cbb.­ Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­jåf­xt­vyj­ujå­hjq­yj­nj­ctk­crj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­d­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­yt­t­jå­ödf­yf­nj­jn­ vf­ofå­yf­ cbc­nt­vf­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­yf­ ctk­crj­nj­ cnj­gfycn­dj.­ Nj­df­yf­ct­kt­ybt­hfp­xb­nf­yf­vfk­rb­ath­vb­ b­ yf­ yz­rjb­ jn­hfc­kb­ yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­ (ukfd­yj­ yf­ düu­kt­lj­åb­df).

Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ cf­ ukfd­yb­zn­ht­ub­jy­ d­Fvt­hb­rf,­ rü­lt­nj­ ght­jå­kf­lf­dfn­vfk­rb­nt­ ath­vb,­ eg­hfd­kz­df­yb­ jn­tl­yj­kbx­yb­cjåcn­dt­yb­wb,­rf­nj­dj­lt­ob­ pf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ d­ nf­pb­ ltq­yjcn­ cf­Rty­nü­rb­ b­ Pf­gfl­yf­ Düh­léb­ybz.­Nüq­ rf­nj­ d­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ yt­ ct­jn­ukté­lfn­ dfé­yb­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­rek­ne­hb,­fhty­lf­njhcn­dj­nj­gj­yf­xf­kj­t­ckf­åj­hfp­db­nj­b­yz­rj­ufi­yb­zn­vj­ltk­ct­t­pf­gf­pbk­b­lj­lytc.

Tl­yf­ chtl­yj­ uj­kz­vf­ ath­vf­ d­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­bvf­cf­vj­jrj­kj­40­ötr­nf­hf­ pt­vz.­Jc­dty­ nj­df­ crf­kbc­nb­zn­nt­hty,­ ytg­kj­lj­hjl­yf­nf­ gjx­df­ b­rhfn­rb­zn­ dt­ut­nf­wbj­yty­ gt­hb­jl­ pf­

gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­ht­ubj­yf­ju­hf­yb­xf­dfn­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­yf­yf­kbx­yf­nf­jå­hf­åjn­dft­vf­ pt­vz­ b­ gjc­nf­dzn­ yf­ght­lty­ gkfy­ gf­cb­of­nf­ b­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­nj.­Nüq­rf­nj­jå­hf­åjn­dft­vb­nt­ gkj­ob­ cf­vfk­rb­b­hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­d­lj­kb­yb­nt,­tatr­nbd­yj­nj­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­ ntö­yb­rf­ t­gjx­nb­ yt­düp­vjé­yj.­ Rhfq­yb­zn­ht­pek­nfn­jn­dcbx­rj­nj­df­t,­xt­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­nt­ lj­öj­lb­ cf­ ybc­rb.­Vyj­uj­ jn­ ath­vt­hb­nt­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ghb­åzu­dfn­lj­lhe­ub­ltq­yjc­nb,­pf­lf­cb­ jcb­ue­hzn­ lj­gük­yb­nt­kty­ lj­öjl,­rjq­nj­lf­bv­gjp­dj­kb­lf­yt­yf­gec­rfn­ath­vb­nt­cb.

Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­d­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ t­ jn­ yfq­jåo­ nbg,­ n.t.­yb­nj­ tlby­ jn­lt­kty­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ghj­lern­ bkb­ cü­xt­nf­ybt­ jn­ yz­rjk­rj­nf­rb­df­ghj­ler­nf­yz­vf­ght­dtc­d­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ ctk­crj­nj­ cnj­gfycn­dj.­ By­nty­pbd­yj­nj­ éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­ t­ yfq­j­åb­xfq­yb­zn­ b­ dt­hj­zn­yj­ yfq­cvbc­kt­yb­zn­ yf­xby­ jn­pt­vt­ltk­crf­uktl­yf­njx­rf,­gj­rjq­nj­ ct­ jgjk­pjn­dj­hz­dfn­ cnhüv­yb­nt­öük­vj­dt.­ Ht­lb­wf­ rek­ne­hb­ rf­nj­nñ­nñy,­ zåük­rb,­ lj­vf­nb­ b­ pt­kt­bvfn­ dfé­yj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ d­ yz­rjb­lj­kb­yb,­ f­ nñ­nñ­yün,­ jn­ukté­lfy­düh­öe­ vfk­rb­ gkj­ob,­ t­ yfq­hfp­ghjc­nhf­yt­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yf­ rek­ne­hf­ d­ñé­yb­nt­Fgf­kf­xb.­Wf­ht­db­wf­nf­ t­ jc­yjd­yf­nf­ jå­hf­åjn­dft­vf­rek­ne­hf­d­ht­ubj­yf,­yj­nz­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdf­ düd­ath­vb­nt­ pf­ae­hfé.

Bvf­yz­rjb­dfé­yb­bp­rkñ­xt­ybz­d­nj­pb­ vj­ltk­ yf­ gj­ke­vfh­ub­yfk­yj­pt­vt­lt­kbt.­ Lj­kb­yf­nf­ It­yfy­ljf­

düd­Düh­léb­ybz­yfg­hb­vth­d­vb­yf­kj­nj­ t­ yf­hb­xf­yf­ ébn­yb­wf­nf­ yf­Düh­léb­ybz.­D­rhfz­yf­19­dtr­rjy­re­hty­wbz­nf­ c­ git­yb­wf­nf,­ jn­ukté­lf­yf­d­gkj­lj­hjl­yb­nt­pt­vb­yf­Lük­åj­rbz­ñu­b­yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­bp­nkfc­rdf­nf­pb­lj­kb­yf­jn­ébn­ybz­gf­pfh­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ ner­dct­ jot­ ct­ jn­ukté­lf­ pbv­yf­ git­yb­wf,­jc­yjd­yj­nj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ct­uf­t­ ckf­vf­ b­ wf­ht­db­wf­ pf­ ae­hfé,­rfr­nj­ b­ zåük­rb,­ f­ cü­oj­b­ geq­rb,­rjt­nj­bvf­dfé­yj­vtcn­yj­pyf­xt­ybt.­Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­vktx­yb­ghj­bp­dt­lt­ybz­ b­ yf­ zåük­rb­ t­ dfé­yj­ d­vyj­uj­ lj­kb­yb­ yf­ wty­nhfk­yf­ Gty­cbk­df­ybz.­ Lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ Nt­yt­cb­cü­oj­t­uj­kzv­pt­vt­ltk­crb­ht­ub­jy,­rü­lt­nj­ yfq­dfé­yb­ cf­ ae­hfé­yb­nt­rek­ne­hb­b­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­nj.

D­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­jc­yj­dty­cgün­ybr­yf­ath­vthcn­dj­nj­ t­ düu­kt­lj­åb­dün.­ Gjx­nb­ gjl­wz­kj­nj­Fkb­utq­ybq­crj­gkf­nj­kt­éfn­uj­kt­vb­ yf­öj­lb­of­ jn­ åb­ne­vb­yjp­yb­düu­kb­of,­ rjb­nj­ jå­ödf­ofn­ yfq­uj­kt­vbz­rf­vt­yj­düu­kty­ht­ub­jy­d­cdt­nf.­ Düu­kbo­yb­nt­ gkfc­nj­dt­ cf­ juj­kt­yb­ jn­ cü­ob­nt­ ht­rb,­ rjb­nj­ xhtp­thj­pb­jy­yf­nf­ cb­ ltq­yjcn­ cüp­lf­dfn­crf­kbc­nbz­ht­kta­yf­gkf­nj­nj.

Düu­kb­of­nf­ yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ ghb­lj­åb­dfn­ pyf­xt­ybt­ ghtp­ 60­nt­ uj­lb­yb­yf­ 19­ dtr,­ crj­hj­ cktl­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­Uhfé­lfy­crf­djq­yf.­Ghb­xb­yf­nf­ pf­ nüh­ct­yt­nj­ bv­ t­ cdüh­pf­yf­ c­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ yjd­ nbg­ rjr­cj­db­gt­ob­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ xe­uey­ b­cnj­vf­yf,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ rjrc­ ct­ lj­åb­df­jn­åb­ne­vb­yjp­yb­düu­kb­of.­Åj­uf­nb­nt­düu­kbo­yb­ yf­öj­lb­of­ d­ ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­

Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ b­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­Pf­gfl­yf­ Düh­léb­ybz­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­uj­hb­dj­ yf­ Gbn­cåühu,­ Gty­cbk­df­ybz,­pf­lf­ct­ght­düh­yt­uhf­lün­ghtp­nj­pb­gt­hb­jl­d­Uhfl­yf­cnj­vf­yf­nf.­Rj­uf­nj­ghtp­20­dtr­cnhf­yf­nf­pf­gjx­df­lf­bp­gjk­pdf­ tktr­nhb­xtc­rf­ tyth­ubz,­düu­kb­of­nf­ jn­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­uj­hb­dj­pf­tktr­nhj­cnfy­wbb­nt­gj­bp­njx­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ b­ d­ ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­wty­nüh­düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.

Cktl­ rf­nj­ ct­ hfp­db­df­ ec­gti­yj­gj­dt­xt­jn­gj­kj­dby­dtr,­rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­yf­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­ pf­gjx­df­ lf­pf­gf­lf­ghtp­50­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr.­Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ cbk­yj­ yf­vf­kz­df,­pf­oj­nj­ yta­nün­ b­ ghb­hjl­yb­zn­ ufp­pf­vt­yzn­ düu­kb­of­nf­ rf­nj­ jc­yj­dty­bp­njx­ybr­yf­uj­hb­dj.­Vté­le­1950­b­1960­u.­vyj­uj­rf­vt­yj­düu­kt­yb­hf­qj­yb­ pf­ueå­dfn­ gj­ tl­yf­ xtn­dühn­ jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­cb.­Gjc­ktl­df­kf­nf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ ltg­ht­cbz,­ rjz­nj­ pf­lük­åj­xf­df­jot­gj­dt­xt­dct­jå­of­nf­åtl­yjcn­d­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­cüp­lf­df­d­yz­rjb­jå­kfc­nb­vyj­uj­nté­rb­ghjå­kt­vb.

Lytc­ dct­ gj­uj­kt­vb­zn­ tyth­ub­ty­ukfl,­ rfr­nj­ b­ nht­dj­uf­nf­ pf­ yf­kb­xbt­nj­ b­ ct­åtc­njq­yjcn­nf­ yf­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­yf­gtn­hjk­yb­nt­pf­gf­cb,­f­cü­oj­b­nht­dj­uf­nf­pf­åt­pj­gfc­yjcn­nf­yf­ fnjv­yf­nf­ tyth­ubz,­ jn­yj­dj­ ght­yf­cjx­dfn­ dyb­vf­ybt­nj­rüv­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­nf­ jn­ düu­kb­of­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ tktr­nhb­xtc­rf­ tyth­ubz.­Yj­db­nt­ tktr­nhj­cnfy­wbb­ bp­gjk­pdfn­ju­hjv­yb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­ vtcn­yb­ düu­kb­of­pf­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­yf­tktr­nhb­xtcn­dj,­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ rjt­nj­ ct­ghtö­düh­kz­d­jå­kfc­nb­bp­düy­ht­ubj­

72 73

yf.­ Jn­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ uj­lbi­yj­ ct­bp­yf­czn­ åkb­pj­ 100­ vb­kbj­yf­ nj­yf­düu­kb­of.

Düu­kb­of­ jn­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ ct­ lj­åb­dfn­ gj­ yz­rjk­rj­ hfp­kbx­yb­ yf­xb­yf.­Ifö­nb­nt,­rjb­nj­cf­ct­bp­gjk­pdf­kb­d­vb­yf­kj­nj,­ dct­ jot­ cf­vyj­uj­ dfé­yb,­ jcj­åt­yj­ d­ ct­dth­yb­nt­ xfc­nb­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.­Ghb­kf­uf­yt­nj­yf­cüd­ht­vty­yb­ ntö­yb­rb­ pf­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­ yf­vb­yb­ gjl­ pt­vz­nf­ (c­ ju­hjv­yb­ gjl­dbé­yb­ cjy­lb­ b­ pf­åjq­yb­ vf­ib­yb,­rjb­nj­ bp­nhüu­dfn­ düu­kbo­ybz­ gkfcn­b­ uj­ gj­kf­ufn­ düh­öe­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­kty­nb,­ pf­ lf­ åü­lt­ bp­yt­cty­ yf­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf)­jp­yf­xf­df,­xt­pf­tl­yf­vb­ye­nf­ jn­ tlby­ gkfcn­ vj­ufn­ lf­åü­lfn­bp­dkt­xt­yb­nj­yj­dt­düu­kb­of.

Lj­åb­df­yt­nj­ yf­ düu­kb­of­ jn­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­ yf­ pt­vz­nf,­ rjt­nj­ t­gj­td­nb­yj,­ rj­uf­nj­ düu­kbo­yb­nt­gkfc­nj­dt­ cf­ ktc­yj­ ljc­nüg­yb,­ bvf­dct­ gj­uj­kz­vj­ pyf­xt­ybt.­ D­ wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ (ukfd­yj­bp­nj­xty­ Rty­nü­rb,­ pf­gfl­yf­ Düh­léb­ybz­b­ñé­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Pf­gfl­yf­Düh­léb­ybz),­rü­lt­nj­lytc­ct­yf­vb­hf­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­nj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj,­ju­hjv­yb­vf­ib­yb­jn­vtcn­dfn­crf­kb­nt­gj­ crkj­yj­dt­nt­yfl­düu­kbo­yb­nt­gkfc­nj­dt­ b­ cktl­ nj­df­ dlb­ufn­ juj­kt­yb­nt­ düu­kb­of.­ Bp­dkb­xf­yt­nj­ yf­düu­kb­of­gj­nj­pb­yf­xby­jn­yz­rjk­rj­ gkfc­nf­ yf­ tlby­ crkjy­ cüp­lf­df­jcj­åty­cnü­gf­kj­db­lty­ht­kta,­rjq­nj­jn­lf­ktx­ bp­ukté­lf­ rf­nj­ gj­ht­lb­wf­jn­ dct­ gj­vfk­rb­ re­nbb,­ cnhe­gf­yb­tl­yf­düh­öe­lhe­uf.

Jrj­kj­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­düu­kb­of­nf­d­Rty­nü­rb­b­gjx­nb­dcbx­rb­düu­kb­of­d­Jöf­qj­b­Fkf­åf­vf­ct­lj­åb­dfn­gj­

vt­nj­lf­ yf­ gj­düh­öyjcn­yj­ jujk­df­yt­yf­ ptv­yb­ gkfc­nj­dt,­ lj­rf­nj­ gj­dt­xt­jn­düu­kb­of­nf­d­Gty­cbk­df­ybz,­Düh­léb­ybz­ b­ Pf­gfl­yf­ Düh­léb­ybz­ –­rfr­nj­b­ldt­nht­nb­jn­düu­kb­of­nf­jn­wt­kbz­ ht­ub­jy­ yf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ –­ ct­lj­åb­dfn­d­hel­yb­wb.

Güh­db­zn­ df­éty­ rf­vt­yj­düu­kty­åf­ctqy­d­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­yt­ t­åf­ctq­yün­yf­ åb­ne­vb­yjp­yb­ düu­kb­of­ d­ gkf­nj­nj.­Bp­dkb­xf­yt­nj­yf­nt­pb­düu­kb­of­t­ghtl­itcn­df­yj­jn­hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­yf­åf­ctq­yf­ c­ fy­nhf­wbn­yb­ düu­kb­of­ d­ct­dth­ybz­rhfq­yf­dt­hb­uf­nf­b­lj­kb­yf­nf­d­Gty­cbk­df­ybz.­Fy­nhf­wbn­yb­nt­düu­kb­of­ cf­ vyj­uj­ gj­ndüh­lb,­ åtp­lbv­yb­b­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­pf­jnjg­kt­ybt­yf­ éb­kb­of.­ Fy­nhf­wb­nün­ t­ dfé­yj­uj­hb­dj­pf­nj­gt­yt­yf­he­lb­lj­60­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­dtr,­rj­uf­nj­ct­dü­dté­lfn­ yj­db­ ntö­yj­kj­ubb­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ rjrc­ jn­ åb­ne­vb­yjp­yb­düu­kb­of.­ Dct­ gj­vfk­rj­nj­ bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­ düu­kb­of­nf­ pf­ jnjg­kt­ybt,­rfr­nj­ b­ kbg­cf­nf­ yf­ fk­nth­yf­nbd­yj­ghb­kj­ét­ybt­ yf­ fy­nhf­wbn­yb­nt­ düu­kb­of,­ dj­lb­ lj­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ ltg­ht­cbz­ d­ ht­ubj­yf.­ Vf­rfh­ xt­ bvf­pyf­xb­ntk­yb­ pf­gf­cb­ jn­ fy­nhf­wbn­yb­düu­kb­of,­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ lytc­ t­vb­yb­vfk­yj.

Düu­kb­of­nf­cf­yjé­c­ldt­jc­nhbt­nf­ pf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­Lük­uj­ dht­vt­ nt­ jc­nf­dfn­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ jgj­hf­ pf­ uj­kt­vb­ xfc­nb­ jn­ht­ubj­yf­ b­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ hf­åj­nf,­ ghz­rj­bkb­ytg­hz­rj,­yf­cnj­nb­wb­öb­kz­lb­öj­hf.­ Yj­ lt­ctn­rb­ öb­kz­lb­ le­ib­pf­ub­dfn­ghb­pkj­gj­ke­rb­d­vb­yb­nt,­f­åtp­åhjq­ lhe­ub­ cnf­dfn­ éth­ndf­ yf­cb­kb­rj­pf­nf,­ jn­ rjz­nj­ ct­ hfp­åj­kz­

dfn,­cktl­rf­nj­lük­ub­uj­lb­yb­dlbi­dfn­ düu­kb­oty­ ghfö.­ Düp­cnf­yj­dz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj,­ rjt­nj­ ct­yf­kf­uf­ ct­uf­jn­yf­hfc­yf­kb­nt­yeé­lb­yf­ gf­pf­hf,­ ct­ jcü­otcn­dz­df­ ukfd­yj­xhtp­ gj­uj­kz­vj­ vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yt­ yf­ghj­bp­djlcn­dt­yb­nt­ ghj­wt­cb.­D­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ cke­xfb­ ghf­df­nf­ pf­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­vb­yb­ cf­ lf­lt­yb­ yf­rjh­gj­hf­wbb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ ub­ gj­ke­xb­kb­jn­lfd­yf­b­yf­ybc­rb­wt­yb.­Vf­rfh­xt­ht­lb­wf­of­nb­d­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­cf­dü­dt­kb­ lj­gük­yb­ntk­yj­ jå­kf­uf­yt­ pf­lj­åbd­yf­düu­kb­of­yf­ntö­yb­nt­nt­hb­nj­hbb,­ lf­yü­wb­nt­ jc­nf­dfn­ ybc­rb­ b­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ gt­xfk­åb­nt­bp­nb­xf­jn­ht­ubj­yf.

Oj­ct­jn­yf­cz­lj­lhe­ub­ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ghj­bp­djlcn­df,­jå­kfcn­nf,­rü­lt­nj­ct­cht­ofn­uhf­yb­wb­nt­yf­Jr­kf­öj­vf,­Rfy­pfc­b­Vb­ce­hb­d­Jpfhr­crb­nt­gkf­yb­yb,­ jn­lfd­yf­ t­ df­éty­jkjd­yj­lj­åb­dty­ wty­nüh.­ D­ ñuj­bp­nj­xty­Vb­ce­hb,­ bp­düy­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­ ct­ ghj­bp­dté­lf­jkj­dj­gj­dt­xt­jn­250­uj­lb­yb­b­d­wz­kf­Fvt­hb­rf­nj­pb­jn­hf­cük­jc­nf­df­ yfq­cbk­yj­ hfp­dbn­ nfv.­Vb­ce­hb­ t­ jcb­ue­hz­dfk­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­ jn­ jkj­dj­nj,­ lj­åb­df­yj­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­ f­ ct­uf­ ghj­bp­dté­lf­gj­dt­xt­jn­nhb­xtn­düh­nb­jn­jå­of­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­pf­cnhf­yf­nf.

Güh­db­zn­yta­nty­rkf­lt­ytw­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ t­ hfp­hf­åj­nty­ d­ct­dth­yf­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­ghtp­1859­u.­b­nj­pb­ ofn­ t­ dj­lto­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf­ gj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­yf­gtn­hjk­gjx­nb­ghtp­wt­kbz­ 19­ dtr.­ Lytc­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­pf­lj­dj­kz­df­ cf­vj­ vfk­rf­ xfcn­ jn­yeé­lb­nt­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ jn­ ce­hjd­ytan,­ yj­jc­nf­df­df­éty­ghj­bp­dj­lb­

ntk­ yf­ db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb­ vfc­kf­ b­cvf­pjx­yb­vf­nt­hbf­kb.

B­ yfr­hfz,­ ñuj­bp­nj­xty­ Nt­yt­cb­ t­dct­jot­yfq­dfé­yb­zn­hf­qjy­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ lj­åb­df­wbyr.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­ yz­rjk­rj­ vb­yb­jrj­kj­ Lür­nf­ey,­ Nt­yt­cb,­ åkb­pj­ lj­uhf­yb­wb­nt­cüc­Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf­b­Léjh­lébz,­cf­tlbycn­dt­yb­nt­dfé­yb­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­ yf­ vtl­ ñé­yj­ jn­ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb.

GHJu­Hf­vb­Pf­Ht­ubJ­yfk­yJ­HfP­db­nbt

Rfr­nj­ düu­kb­of­nf,­ b­ ht­rb­nt­ yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ cf­ yjé­ c­ ldt­ jc­nhbt­nf­pf­ht­ubj­yf.­Yz­rjb­jn­nzö­cf­dfé­yb­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ gü­nb­of­ b­ djl­yf­nf­tyth­ubz­ct­bp­gjk­pdf­pf­yfq­hfy­yb­nt­vtk­yb­wb­ b­ lüc­rj­htp­yb­wb.­ Nt­pb­ht­rb­ bvfn­ b­ cdjz­nf­ kj­if­ cnhf­yf,­pf­oj­nj­ xtc­nj­ yf­djl­yz­dfn­ ntc­yb­nt­cb­ lj­kb­yb,­ rj­uf­nj­ df­kzn­ gj­hjq­yb­lüé­lj­dt.­Ñé­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­cf­yfq­dkfé­yb­zn­ hf­qjy­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf­ yf­bp­njr­jn­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbz­åhzu.

Pf­lf­åü­lt­rjy­nhj­kb­hf­yf­tl­yf­jn­nt­pb­ht­rb,­Nt­yt­cb,­ct­ghb­kf­uf­yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ b­ vj­ét­ åb­ yfq­ec­gt­ity­gkfy­ pf­ ht­ubj­yfk­yj­ hfp­db­nbt­ d­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­bc­nj­hbz.­Ghtp­30­nt­uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr­ ct­ ghtl­ghbt­vfn­ltqcn­dbz­ lf­ ct­ dghtu­yt­ djl­yf­nf­cb­kf­yf­ht­rf­nf­b­nz­lf­ct­bp­gjk­pdf­pf­gj­ljå­hz­df­yt­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­nt­ec­kj­dbz­d­wz­kf­nf­lj­kb­yf­yf­Nt­yt­cb.­ D­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ „Nt­yt­cb­Df­kb­Jnj­hb­nb“­(NDJ)­t­yf­nj­df­ht­yf­lf­ ght­düh­yt­ Nt­yt­cb­ d­ gkf­df­ntk­yf­ht­rf.­Gjc­nhj­ty­t­rf­yfk­pf­ikt­gj­dt­c­ ib­hb­yf­ nhb­ vtn­hf,­ rjq­nj­ cnb­uf­

74 75

yf­uj­ht­gj­ht­rf­nf­xfr­lj­Yjr­cdbk,­Nt­yt­cb.

Gjx­nb­dcbx­rb­lhe­ub­ltq­yjc­nb­yf­NDJ­vj­ét­lf­ct­hfp­ukté­lfn­rf­nj­kj­ubx­yj­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yf­nf­ pf­lf­xf.­ Hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­yf­db­uf­wbz­nf­ drkñx­df­ bp­uhfé­lf­yt­yf­ gj­ht­lb­wf­ jn­ zpj­dbh­yb­ cnt­yb,­rjb­nj­ lf­ gjl­lüh­éfn­ yb­dj­nj­ yf­dj­lf­nf­ b­ lf­ yt­ lj­gec­rfn­ yf­djl­yz­df­ybz.­ Cktl­ rf­nj­ bvf­ zpj­dbh­yb­cnt­yb,­ tc­ntcn­dt­yj­ t­ lf­ bvf­ b­ öbl­hjt­yth­ubq­yb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz.­ Lytc­NDJ­rjy­nhj­kb­hf­yfl­nhb­lt­ctn­zpj­db­hf­ yf­ ht­rb­nt­Nt­yt­cb­ b­Rty­nü­rb,­rüv­gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­rjb­nj­bvf­bp­uhf­lt­yb­ tktr­nhj­cnfy­wbb.­ Pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­jrj­kj­80­ghj­wty­nf­jn­tktr­nhb­xtcn­dj­nj­yf­NDJ­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­ njg­kjt­ktr­nhb­xtc­rb­ wty­nhf­kb,­drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­lt­ctn,­rjb­nj­hf­åj­nzn­c­düu­kb­of,­b­yz­rjk­rj­fnjv­yb­wty­nhf­kb.­ NDJ­ jgjk­pjn­dj­hz­df­ åkb­pj­gtn­lt­ctn­ nj­yf­ düu­kb­of­ uj­lbi­yj­ b­t­yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­rjy­ce­vf­njh­yf­düu­kb­of­d­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.

Td­nb­yj­nj­ tktr­nhb­xtcn­dj­ ghbd­kb­xf­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­yz­rjb­by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­ghj­bp­djlcn­df,­ rjb­nj­ rjy­ce­vb­hfn­vyj­uj­tktr­nhj­tyth­ubz,­drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ tlby­ uj­kzv­pf­djl­ pf­ fke­vb­ybq­ñé­yj­jn­Yjr­cdbk.­Güh­db­zn­bp­ckt­lj­df­ntk­crb­wty­nüh­pf­fnjv­yf­tyth­ubz­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf­ t­ gjc­nhj­ty­ d­ Jer­Hblé,­pf­gfl­yj­jn­Yjr­cdbk,­pf­hf­lb­yf­kbx­yf­nf­tyth­ubz­d­uj­kt­vb­rj­kb­xtcn­df.­Yjr­cdbk,­Xf­nf­ye­uf­b­Nhjq­yb­zn­ uhfl­ –­ Åhbc­njk,­ Léjy­cüy­ b­Rbyu­cgjhn,­ cf­ dfé­yb­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­wty­nhj­dt.­NDJ­cnf­df­b­ukf­dty­ghj­bp­dj­lb­ntk­ yf­ öb­vb­xtc­rb­ nj­hj­dt,­

lheu­ghj­vbi­kty­rkjy,­rjq­nj­bpbc­rdf­vyj­uj­tktr­nhb­xtc­rf­tyth­ubz.

D­ hf­qj­yb­nt­ yfl­ zpj­db­hb­nt­ NDJ­ghtl­ghbt­vf­lhe­uf­dfé­yf­ghju­hf­vf­pf­ rjy­nhj­kb­hf­yt­ yf­ thj­pbz­nf­ düd­ath­vb­nt­ jn­ lj­kb­yf­nf.­Wtk­nf­ t­ lf­ct­ pf­lüh­éb­ xfcn­ jn­ ght­kb­df­ob­nt­dj­lb­düd­ath­vb­nt­b­lf­ct­yf­vf­kb­ntv­gj­nj,­c­rjt­nj­tpt­hf­nf­ct­gük­yzn­c­yf­yjc­yf­gjx­df.

Jc­dty­ djl­yj­nj­ åj­ufncn­dj,­ „Nt­yt­cb­ Df­kb­ Jnj­hb­nb“­ ghb­nt­éf­df­ 250­000­ ötr­nf­hf­ pt­vz­ gjr­hfq­ ht­rf­nf.­Düh­öe­ nf­pb­ pt­vz­ cf­ bp­uhf­lt­yb­re­hjh­nyb­ct­kb­of­b­cgjh­nyb­åf­pb­b­ct­uf­ hf­qj­yün­ t­ uj­kzv­ wty­nüh­ pf­jn­lbö­b­hfp­dkt­xt­ybz.

Ghtp­ 1965­ u.­ Rjy­uht­cün­ ghbt­vf­Pf­rjy­pf­gj­yf­nf­nüi­yj­hfp­db­nbt­yf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt,­d­ht­pek­nfn­yf­rjq­nj­ct­cüp­lf­df­ Ht­ubj­yfk­yf­ rj­vb­cbz­ pf­Fgf­kf­xb­nt.­ Gjt­kf­ jn­uj­djh­yjcn­nf­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­tl­yf­jå­kfcn,­rjz­nj­ ct­ ghjc­nb­hf­ jn­ Yñ­ Qjhr­ lj­Fkf­åf­vf,­ Rj­vb­cbz­nf­ bp­hfp­öjl­df­yz­rjk­rj­ vb­kb­fh­lf­ lj­kf­hf,­ pf­ lf­cü­éb­db­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf.­Güh­dj­yf­xfk­yf­nf­ q­ pf­lf­xf­ t­ lf­gj­ljå­hb­ cüc­njz­ybt­nj­ yf­ gü­nb­of­nf­d­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­c­yf­lté­lf­nf,­xt­nj­df­ot­yf­vf­kb­bpj­kf­wbz­nf­b­ot­yf­cüh­xb­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­lf­yfd­kz­pfn­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.

Lhe­uf­ltq­yjcn­yf­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­nj­ct­ bp­hf­pz­df­ d­ bp­uhfé­lf­yt­nj­ yf­Gkf­df­ntk­yf­ cbc­nt­vf­ yf­ ht­rf­Fh­rfy­pfc.­ Cbc­nt­vf­nf,­ gjc­nhjt­yf­ghtp­60­nt­b­70­nt­uj­lb­yb­b­jn­rhb­nf­ghtp­1971­u.,­ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­gkf­df­nt­kty­ rf­yfk,­ ib­hjr­ nhb­ vtn­hf,­gj­ ht­rf­ Fh­rfy­pfc­ jn­ vzc­nj­nj,­

rü­lt­nj­nz­ct­dkb­df­d­ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb,­ lj­ Rf­ne­cf,­ Jr­kf­öj­vf,­ vfk­rj­gj­yf­lj­ke­jn­Nük­cf.­Nj­df­dj­lb­lj­edt­kb­xf­df­yt­ yf­ htx­ybz­ nhf­abr­ b­lj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ tktr­nhb­xtc­rf­tyth­ubz­ jn­ vyj­étcn­dj­nj­ zpj­db­hb,­bp­uhf­lt­yb­lf­er­ht­gzn­nt­xt­ybt­nj­yf­ht­rf­nf.

Rfr­dj­ t­ åü­lt­ot­nj­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf?­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­ b­ Jpfhr­crb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­cüc­cb­ueh­yjcn­yz­vf­lf­cnf­yfn­xfcn­jn­Ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­wty­nüh­yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­ f­ b­ vfk­wb­yf­ d­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ét­kf­zn­ nj­df.­ Yj­ düg­ht­rb­ dcbx­rj­ghj­vz­yf­ct­ect­of.­Xfc­nb­jn­ñé­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ d­ Léjh­lébz,­ Ct­dth­yf­

b­ñé­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf­b­Nt­yt­cb­ght­éb­dz­dfn­hfp­wdtn­d­cnhjb­ntkcn­dj­nj­yf­wty­nhj­dt­pf­jn­lbö­b­hfp­dkt­xt­ybz­b­yf­ re­hjh­nyb­ ct­kb­of.­ Pf­vjé­yb­öj­hf­ ct­ jn­ntu­kzn­ lf­ éb­dt­zn­ d­Ct­dth­yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf,­ Düh­léb­ybz,­Jpfhr­crb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ b­ Ej­iü­nj.­Lük­uj­uj­lbi­yf­nf­ nty­lty­wbz­ yf­jåtp­kñ­lz­df­yt­yf­ht­ubj­yf,­vf­rfh­b­lf­ yt­ t­ yf­gük­yj­ bp­xtp­yf­kf,­ yf­vf­kz­df,­f­hfp­kb­rf­nf­vté­le­lj­öj­lb­nt­yf­ ukf­df­ jn­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ d­ nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­ b­ jc­nf­yf­kb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­ ct­ cnj­gz­df.­ D­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­jn­yj­it­ybt­vj­ét­åb­yfq­kj­ij­nj­t­jn­vb­yf­kj. ∆

7776

Ht­ubj­yün­ yf­ ñé­yzi­rf­nf­rek­ne­hf­ –­ Lük­åj­rb­zn­ñu­(rfh­nf­7)­–­vj­ét­lf­

ct­ hfp­ukté­lf­ rf­nj­ ut­ju­hfa­crj­cü­xt­nf­ybt­jn­eåté­lt­ybz,­yfu­kf­cb,­ vj­lt­kb,­ yf­db­wb­ b­by­cnb­ne­wbb.­Vyj­uj­jn­hfy­yb­nt­ vj­lt­kb­ b­ jn­ ct­ufi­yb­nt­ghj­vt­yb­ bvfn­ zcty­ ut­ju­hfa­crb­öf­hfr­nth;­ lhe­ub­ cf­ cktlcn­dbt­ jn­ut­ju­hfa­crb­lf­lt­yjc­nb.

Yf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz­nf­ yf­ Ñuf­ cü­ot­­cn­de­dfn­ uj­kt­vb­ hfp­kb­xbz.­ Rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­ pf­kbd,­ñé­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb,­ ghtl­gkf­yb­yb­nt­Gbl­vjyn­ d­ Léjh­lébz,­ Ct­dth­yf­ b­Ñé­yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf­ b­ vyj­uj­ ct­dth­yb­xfc­nb­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Ñuf­bvfn­ cdjb­ df­hb­fy­nb­ yf­ ñé­yzi­rf­rek­ne­hf.­ D­ cü­oj­nj­ dht­vt­ jåf­xt­jå­oj­nj­ vté­le­ nzö­ t­ „ñé­yz­xtcn­dj­nj“.

yfc­ktlcn­dJ­nJYfq­hfy­yf­nf­ td­hj­gtq­crf­ rj­kj­yb­pf­wbz­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­bvf­pf­wtk­hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ nüh­ujd­crb­ dhüp­rb­ b­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­ yf­ ghb­hjl­yb­ åj­ufncn­df.­ F­rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ ñé­yj­ jn­pf­kb­df­Lt­kfe­th­b­jcj­åt­yj­yf­ñu­jn­pf­kb­df­Xt­cf­gbqr­bp­ukté­lfn­bp­düy­htl­yj­ gjl­öj­lz­ob­ pf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt.­Lük­ub­nt­ uj­ht­ob­ kt­nf,­ ht­ljd­yb­nt­df­kt­éb­b­vt­rb­nt­pb­vb­gjp­dj­kz­dfn­yf­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ lf­ jn­ukté­lfn­ b­ht­lb­wf­lhe­ub­rek­ne­hb­jc­dty­jyt­pb,­rjb­nj­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ d­ ct­dth­yf­Td­hj­gf.­ Gj­ vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­nt­ ht­rb,­rjb­nj­ ght­cb­xfn­ hfd­yb­yf­nf,­ vj­ufn­

lf­ ct­ ldb­éfn­ gj­yt­ vfk­rb­htx­yb­ cü­lj­dt­ b­ nj­df­ lf­df­düp­vjé­yjcn­ cdj­åjl­yj­ lf­ ct­hfp­hfcn­dfn­ ct­kb­of­nf­ vté­le­ht­rf­ Létqvc­ düd­ Düh­léb­ybz­ b­ ht­rf­ Jk­nü­vü­öj­ d­Léjh­lébz.­ Uüc­nj­nf­nf­ yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ jc­nf­df­ ybc­rf­ d­

gjx­nb­ wt­kbz­ ht­ub­jy,­ f­ uhfl­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­ rjt­nj­éb­dtt­ d­ ct­kb­of,­gj­uj­kt­vb­ jn­ hfp­vt­hb­nt­ yf­ tl­yj­ct­kj,­ ct­ cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­df­ d­ ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­ uhf­lj­dt­ (Yjh­aür,­ Düh­léb­ybz;­Ebk­vby­unüy,­Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf;­ Xfhk­cnüy,­ Ñé­yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf;­Cf­df­yf,­ Léjh­lébz)­ bkb­ gjr­hfq­dfé­yb­nt­ gkf­df­ntk­yb­ ht­rb­ (Hbx­vüyl,­ Düh­léb­ybz,­ f­ gj­rüc­yj­Rü­küv­åbz,­ Ñé­yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf­ b­Juüc­nf,­Léjh­lébz).­Cbk­yj­ bpz­dt­yb­nt­ ghj­dby­wb­fk­yj­pt­vt­ltk­crb­tkt­vty­nb­ yf­ ñé­yzi­rf­nf­ rek­ne­hf­yf­kf­ufn­ tlby­ vj­ltk,­ rjq­nj­ ct­pf­gfp­df­lj­cht­lf­nf­yf­20­dtr.

Yfq­uj­kz­vj­nj­düp­yfu­hfé­lt­ybt­pf­ecb­kbz­nf,­dkj­ét­yb­jn­td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­d­pf­ctk­df­yt­nj­yf­ñé­yj­fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb,­ t­ db­cj­rj­hfp­db­nj­by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­ pt­vt­lt­kbt.­ Gkfy­nf­wbb­nt­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­ cnf­dfn­ dj­lto­rkjy­ d­ hfy­yf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­ yf­rj­kj­yb­fk­ybz­ ñu.­ Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­ nñ­nñy­ gjr­hfq­ ht­rf­ Létqvc­ b­yf­ ñu­ d­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yf­ Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf,­rfr­nj­b­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­jhbp­b­by­lb­uj­rhfq­vyj­uj­rhfq­åhté­yb­ åkf­nf­ d­Ct­dth­yf­ b­Ñé­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf­ b­ Léjh­lébz,­ cnf­dfn­dfé­yb­ jn­ 1695­ u.­ yf­nf­nür.­ Ghj­bp­

lük­åj­Rb­zN­ñu

ukf­df

8

djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ gf­ver­ yf­åb­hf­ åfd­yj­crj­hjcn­lj­rüv­1800­u.,­cktl­rjt­nj­åüh­pj­ ct­ hfp­ghjc­nb­hf­ jn­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yb­nt­ gkfy­nf­wbb­ yf­ jc­nhj­db­nt­vté­le­Xfhk­cnüy­b­pfd­kf­lz­yf­nf­jn­Bc­gf­ybz­ Akj­hb­lf­ rüv­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­Vf­rfh­xt­bvf­vyj­étcn­dj­ vfk­rb­ xfcn­yb­ ath­vb,­gkfy­nf­wbb­nt­ ct­ hfp­db­dfn­ njk­rj­df­ec­gti­yj,­xt­ghtp­güh­df­nf­gj­kj­db­yf­yf­ 19­ dtr­ ct­ yf­kf­ufn­ rf­nj­ajh­vf­yf­ jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­ d­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­ gf­ver­ yf­ pf­gfl,­ jcj­åt­yj­ d­Léjh­lébz,­ Fkf­åf­vf,­Vb­cb­cb­gb­ b­Keb­pbf­yf.­Gj­gj­lj­åty­yf­xby­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­nñ­nñy­ct­ght­yf­cz­yf­pf­gfl­ d­ Rty­nü­rb­ b­ Nt­yt­cb­ jn­pf­ctk­yb­wb,­rjb­nj­ct­ghbl­dbé­dfn­jn­Düh­léb­ybz­b­Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf.

D­ ghjc­nhfycn­dt­yj­ jn­yj­it­ybt­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­Ñuf­t­ckf­åj­hfp­db­nf­ c­ vfk­rb­ gf­pfh­yb­ wty­nhj­dt,­rjb­nj­cke­éfn­rf­nj­cü­åb­hf­ntk­yb­b­hfp­ght­lt­kb­ntk­yb­gey­rnj­dt;­cüd­ctv­vf­kür­ t­ åhj­zn­ yf­ gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­uhf­lj­dt,­ d­ rjb­nj­ ct­ jcü­otcn­dz­df­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ ltq­yjcn.­ Nhfyc­gjh­nyf­nf­ vht­éf,­cü­güncn­df­of­nj­pb­vj­ltk,­t­hfp­db­nf­lj­njk­rj­df,­lj­rjk­rj­nj­gjp­dj­kz­df­ cnj­rb­nt­ jn­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf­ lf­ åü­lfn­ ght­djp­df­yb­ gj­yfq­ghzr­ vfh­ihen­ lj­ rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­trc­gjh­nyb­wty­nhj­dt;­dhüp­rb­nt­vté­le­gj­vfk­rb­nt­gf­pf­hb­jc­nf­dfn­yt­hfp­db­nb.­ Dfé­yf­ gjc­kt­lb­wf­ jn­nj­df­pf­gj­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ t­ ghj­dby­wb­fk­yf­nf­bpj­kf­wbz.

Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ d­ jå­ibh­yb­nt­ gkfy­nf­wbb­bpbc­rdf­pyf­xb­ntk­yb­uj­lbi­yb­

by­dtc­nb­wbb­b­ uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­ nt­pb­by­dtc­nb­wbb­cf­gjl­ajh­vf­nf­yf­hjå­crb­nhel­jn­Fa­hb­rf.­Dtl­yüé­ec­nf­yj­dt­yf,­ nf­pb­ ghfr­nb­rf­ ju­hf­yb­xf­df­vbu­hf­wb­jy­ybz­ gj­njr,­ pf­oj­nj­gj­nty­wb­fk­yb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ b­ uhfl­crb­nt­ hf­åjn­yb­wb­ yf­vb­hfn­ gj­yt­ju­hf­yb­xt­yb­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­ yf­ Ct­dth.­Pf­nj­df­ jn­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 19­ dtr­lt­kün­yf­éb­nt­kb­nt­yf­Ñuf,­hj­lt­yb­d­lhe­ub­cnhf­yb,­t­gj­yb­cür­d­chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ dcbx­rb­ jc­nf­yf­kb­ ht­ubj­yb­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­B­nüq­rf­nj­pyf­xb­ntk­yf­ tvbu­hf­wbz­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­jn­ lhe­ub­ cnhf­yb­ jc­dty­ jn­Dt­kb­rj­å­hb­nf­ybz­bvf­cktl­40­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­ dtr,­ ght­jå­kf­lf­df­oj­nj­ vyj­pbycn­dj­ jn­ åt­kb­ ñé­yz­wb­ cf­ jn­åhb­nfy­crb­ghj­bp­öjl.

Ldt­ cnf­hb­ uhe­gb­éb­nt­kb,­ rjb­nj­yz­vfn­yb­nj­åhb­nfy­crb,­yb­nj­fa­hb­rfy­crb­ghj­bp­öjl,­cf­rtq­léü­yb­nt­jn­ñé­yf­Keb­pbf­yf­b­yz­rjk­rj­gkt­vt­yf­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ by­lb­fy­wb.­Rtq­léü­yb­nt,­rjb­nj­cf­ahty­crj­uj­dj­ht­ob­ b­ rf­nj­kb­wb,­ cf­ yfc­ktl­yb­wb­ yf­ahty­crb­ bp­uyf­yb­wb­ jn­ Rf­yf­lf.­Nj­df­ ctk­crj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ ct­ ec­nf­yj­dz­df­ d­ ñé­yf­ Keb­pbf­yf­ b­ pf­gfp­df­rek­neh­yf­nf­ cb­ cf­vj­åbn­yjcn­ düg­ht­rb­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ by­ntu­hb­hf­yt­ yf­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­xfcn­jn­of­nf­d­rek­ne­hf­nf­yf­Lük­åj­rbz­ñu.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­gkt­vt­yf­nf­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb­ cf­ bp­nkfc­rf­yb­ jn­ Ñuf­ gj­cü­obz­ åtp­vb­kjc­nty­ yf­xby­ b­ gj­cü­oj­nj­dht­vt,­rfr­nj­nj­df­ cnf­df­d­Chtl­ybz­ pf­gfl,­ yj­ yz­rjk­rj­ uhe­gb­ghf­dzn­ bp­rkñ­xt­ybt.­ Yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­chtl­nzö­cf­gkt­vt­nj­küv­åb­d­ñuj­bp­njx­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­

77

78

yf,­yfc­ktl­yb­wb­yf­vj­uü­ob­nt­yz­rj­uf­xt­hj­rb­jn­ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf,­ gkt­vt­nj­ xjr­nj­d­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Vb­cb­cb­gb­b­gkt­vt­nj­ ct­vü­yjk­ d­ ñé­yf­nf­ xfcn­yf­Akj­hb­lf.

Lheu­ öf­hfr­nt­hty­ tkt­vtyn­ jn­rek­ne­hf­nf­ yf­ Lük­åj­rbz­ ñu­ ct­rj­ht­yb­ d­ ctk­crb­nt­ jå­oyjc­nb­ b­vfk­rb­nt­ ath­vb­ yf­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt.­Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Ñuf­ jn­lfd­yf­ t­bp­dtcn­yj­ c­ ght­lf­yjcn­nf­ cb­ rüv­tdfy­ut­kbc­nrb­nt­ ghj­ntc­nfyn­crb­ht­kb­ubb.­Ctk­crb­nt­vtcn­yjc­nb­b­lj­lytc­cf­jctz­yb­c­vfk­rb,­ytg­ht­nty­wb­jp­yb­ wüh­rjd­yb­ cuhf­lb,­ rjb­nj­dcz­rf­yt­lt­kz­cü­åb­hfn­åj­uj­vjk­wb­nt­jn­ hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­nt­ ct­kf­ b­ uhfl­xt­nf.­Vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­ cf­ ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kb­nt­yf­ vt­nj­lbc­nrf­nf,­ tgbc­rj­gfk­yf­nf­ b­ghj­ntc­nfyn­crf­nf­wüh­rdf,­yj­ght­düp­öjé­lf­ob­ gj­ cdjz­nf­ xbc­kt­yjcn­ cf­åfg­nbc­nb­nt.

Ib­hj­rj­nj­ bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­ hj­åb­ d­Ñé­yb­nt­rj­kj­ybb­kt­éb­d­jc­yj­df­nf­yf­ ldf­ lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­ rjv­gj­yty­nf­yf­ñé­yzi­rf­nf­rek­ne­hf.­Tl­yf­gjc­kt­lb­wf­jn­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­yf­hjå­crbz­nhel­t,­xt­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­ct­ght­yf­czn­ vyj­uj­ tkt­vty­nb­ yf­ fa­hb­rfy­crb­nt­rek­ne­hb,­rjb­nj­ct­cvtc­dfn­c­rek­ne­hf­nf­ yf­ åz­kj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt.­Güh­db­nt­ fa­hb­rfy­wb­ ghbc­nb­ufn­ düd­Düh­léb­ybz­ ghtp­ 1619­ u.,­ cf­vj­lt­ctn­ uj­lb­yb­ cktl­ cüp­lf­df­yt­nj­ yf­ct­kb­ot­nj­ rhfq­ ht­rf­ Létqvc.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ lj­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 18­ dtr­åhj­zn­yf­hj­åb­nt­t­vf­kür,­xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­ ghb­cücn­dfn­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ b­ jn­cf­vj­nj­yf­xf­kj­cf­xfcn­jn­yt­uj­df­nf­cnher­ne­hf­ b­ cj­wb­fk­yf­ cht­lf.­ Åtp­

cgjh­yj­t­dkbz­ybt­nj,­rjt­nj­nt­jrfp­dfn,­ düh­öe­ yf­xb­yf­ yf­ uj­dj­ht­yt,­öhf­yt­yt­nj­b­ve­pb­rf­nf­yf­Ñuf.

Lhe­uf­nf­åtp­cgjh­yf­rek­neh­yf­gjc­kt­lb­wf­ jn­ ghb­cücn­dbt­nj­ yf­ hj­åb­nt­yt­ t­ njk­rj­df­ gj­pb­nbd­yf.­ Pf­ lf­ ct­jg­hfd­lft­ ghtd­hü­of­yt­nj­ yf­ xj­dti­rb­cü­otcn­df­d­hj­åb,­t­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­gj­hj­åt­yf­nf­ uhe­gf­ lf­ åü­lt­ jåz­dt­yf­pf­gj­ybp­if.­Åt­kb­nt­ñé­yz­wb­ghbt­vfn­nj­pb­düp­uktl­pf­xth­yj­rj­éb­nt,­rjq­nj­ yt­ ct­ hfp­kb­xf­df­ jn­ ujc­gjl­cn­df­obz­ xfr­ lj­ rhfz­ yf­ 18­ dtr­düp­uktl­ d­ Td­hj­gf.­ D­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­19­ dtr­ jåf­xt­ cüg­hj­nb­df­nf­ cht­oe­hjåcn­dj­nj­ yf­åb­hf­ cb­kb­ d­ jyt­pb­ht­ubj­yb,­ rü­lt­nj­ nj­ yz­vf­ njk­rj­df­uj­kz­vj­ pyf­xt­ybt.­ Rjk­rj­nj­ gj­dt­xt­ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ düy­iyb­zn­ yf­nbcr­hjåcn­dj­nj­ lf­ åü­lt­ ght­vfö­yf­nj,­njk­rj­df­ gj­yfc­njz­ntk­yb­ b­ db­cj­rj­ljå­hj­lt­ntk­yb­ cf­ ukf­cj­dt­nt,­ rjb­nj­ct­bp­lb­ufn­d­pf­ob­nf­yf­nf­pb­by­cnb­ne­wbz.

Ghtp­ 60­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 19­ dtr,­rj­uf­nj­bp­åeö­df­Uhfé­lfy­crf­nf­djq­yf,­chtl­xbb­nj­jc­yjd­yb­ghb­xb­yb­t­b­düg­hj­cün­ pf­ hjåcn­dj­nj,­ bp­ghf­dzo­Ct­dt­hf­ cht­oe­Ñuf,­ ut­ju­hfa­crb­zn­vj­ltk­yf­ pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­b­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­ yf­Ñuf­ t­lhf­vf­nbx­yj­ ghj­vt­yty­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­c­vj­lt­kf­jn­rj­kj­yb­fk­yj­nj­vb­yf­kj.­Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ ht­ubj­yün­ pf­gfp­df­ctk­crbz­cb­öf­hfr­nth­–­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­ t­ ju­hf­yb­xt­yj­ lj­vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­nt­ ct­kf­ b­ uhfl­xt­nf,­lj­rf­nj­ gjx­nb­ dcbx­rb­ gj­uj­kt­vb­uhf­lj­dt­ cf­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ bkb­rhfq­ dfé­yb­ hfp­ght­lt­kb­ntk­yb­ gey­rnj­dt­ gj­ dün­hti­yb­nt­ djl­yb­ gü­nb­

79

of,­f­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­b­rj­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­yb­nt­ vht­éb­ cf­yt­lj­hfp­db­nb.

Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ gf­ver­d­ gkfy­nf­wbb­nt­ t­ njk­rj­df­ec­gti­yj,­ xt­ nf­pb­ rek­ne­hf­ujc­gjlcn­df­ d­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.­ Jn­ukté­lfn­ ct­ b­ lhe­ub­rek­ne­hb­ –­ yfg­hb­vth­ nñ­nñy,­ jhbp,­pf­öfh­yf­nhüc­nb­rf­b­rj­yjg,­yj­ukfd­yj­pf­pf­lj­dj­kz­df­yt­yf­vtcn­yb­yeé­lb­ bkb­ rf­nj­ dnj­hjc­nt­gty­yf­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yf­ rek­ne­hf.­ Ghtp­ 1860­ u.­gf­ve­rün­dkfcn­df­yt­cf­vj­d­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ Ñuf,­ yj­ cü­oj­ nf­rf,­gj­yt­ jn­ uktl­yf­ njx­rf­ yf­ trc­gjh­n­yb­nt­ ghb­öj­lb,­ d­ wz­kf­nf­ cnhf­yf;­

gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 60­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­jå­of­nf­cnjq­yjcn­yf­cnj­rb­nt,­bp­yt­ct­yb­ jn­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­ ct­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ jn­gf­ve­rf.­Ct­uf,­rj­uf­nj­ct­ghj­bp­dté­lf­d­pyf­xb­ntk­yb­rj­kb­

xtcn­df­ bp­düy­ Ñuf,­ gf­ve­rün­ ghj­lük­éf­df­lf­åü­lt­gt­nb­zn­yfq­wt­yty­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ ghj­lern,­ rjq­nj­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­bp­yf­czn.

Ñuün­ ue­åb­ Uhfé­lfy­crf­nf­ djq­yf­b­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­nt­ve­jgj­hb­ct­hfp­he­if­dfn.­Ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­nt­kb­ybb­cf­ght­rüc­yf­nb,­ jåj­hel­df­yt­nj­ t­ rjy­abc­re­df­yj,­ gey­rnj­dt­nt­ pf­ ght­djp­df­yt­ yf­ cnj­rb­ cf­ hfp­he­it­yb,­ f­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­hfp­ghüc­yf­nf­nf­

Missouri River

Ohio River

Mississippi River

Ala

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Ch

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Springfield

MISSOURI

Jefferson City

Kansas City

Indianapolis

Cincinnati

LouisvilleLexington

Charleston

OHIO

KENTUCKY

GEORGIA

SOUTHCARLOLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

VIRGINIA

WESTVIRGINIA

FLORIDA

LOUISIANA

ARKANSAS

TEXAS

Fort Smith

Little Rock

Pine Bluff

Memphis

Jackson

Birmingham

Huntsville

NashvilleKnoxville

Columbia

Charleston

Savannah

Augusta

Macon

Atlanta

Columbus

Montgomery

Jacksonville

GainesvilleTallahassee

Ocala

Tampa

Miami

Mobile

Baton Rouge

New Orleans

Shreveport

BeaumontHouston

Tyler

Charlotte

Wilmington

RaleighGreensboro

Richmond

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Norfolk

Mis

siss

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Riv

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GULF OF MEXICO

MISSISSIPPI

TENNESSEE

ILLINOIS INDIANA

KANSAS

Transitional Area

Tennessee River

Chattanooga

James River

Roanoke River�

OKLAHOMA

ALABAMA

Evansville

FALLLINE

Washington, D.C.

Rfh­Nf

7

80 81

by­lec­nhb­fk­yf­ åf­pf­ t­ eyb­oj­ét­yf.­Gf­hb­nt­ b­ wty­yb­nt­ ryb­éf­ yf­ Rjy­at­lt­hf­wbz­nf­ cf­ yf­gük­yj­ jåtp­wt­yt­yb.­Gf­ve­rün,­cüö­hf­yz­dfy­d­crkf­lj­dt­b­ghbc­nf­yb­of,­pf­lf­åü­lt­ghj­lf­lty­ cktl­ djq­yf­nf,­ t­ rjy­abc­re­dfy­jn­ cb­kb­nt­ yf­ Ct­dt­hf.­ Ath­vb­nt­ b­yb­db­nt­ cf­ pf­gec­yf­nb,­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ct­xb­df­ b­ lj­åb­nü­rün­ cf­ jr­hf­lt­yb­bkb­hfp­gb­kt­yb.­Ghb­nj­rün­yf­hj­åb­t­jab­wb­fk­yj­ ght­rüc­yfn,­ f­ uj­kt­vb­nt­pt­vt­ltk­crb­gkfy­nf­wbb­cf­hfp­lhj­åt­yb­bkb­jå­kj­ét­yb­c­db­cj­rb­lf­yü­wb.

GJc­kt­lb­wb­ntGüh­db­nt­ gtn­lt­ctn­ uj­lb­yb­ cktl­

Uhfé­lfy­crf­nf­ djq­yf­ cf­ gt­hb­jl­ yf­ght­ec­nhjqcn­dj­ pf­ Ñuf.­ Åz­kj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­htf­ub­hf­gj­yz­rjk­rj­düp­vjé­yb­ yf­xb­yf­ cht­oe­ tvfy­wb­gb­hf­yj­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­yf­vyj­ujå­hjq­yj­nj­xth­yj­rj­éj­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­ lj­rf­nj­ yfr­hfz­ düp­ghbt­vf­ by­cnb­ne­wbj­yf­kb­pb­hf­yf­nf­ ctu­ht­uf­wbz.­ Yf­ xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­jn­lhe­uf­cnhf­yf­ct­ght­ljc­nf­dzn­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­ pf­ gj­lj­åüh­ éb­djn,­gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ rjb­nj­ jåf­xt­ jc­nf­dfn­bp­düy­ ntö­ybz­rjy­nhjk­wt­kb­ gtn­lt­ctn­ uj­lb­yb­ cktl­ djq­yf­nf.­ Ghtp­cü­obz­ nj­pb­ gt­hb­jl­ ñé­yzi­rb­zn­vfy­nf­kb­ntn­b­ect­of­yt­nj­pf­bpj­kb­hf­yjcn­jn­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­xfcn­yf­cnhf­yf­nf­ct­pf­lük­åj­xf­dfn­jot­gj­dt­xt.

Hfp­gf­lf­yt­nj­ yf­ lj­dj­ty­yf­nf­ jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­ yf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ cktl­Uhfé­lfy­crf­nf­ djq­yf­ ghf­db­ nt­éür­éb­dj­nf­yf­gj­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Ñuf­ghtp­ldf­yf­lt­ctn­uj­lbi­ybz­ gt­hb­jl­ yf­ ht­rjyc­nher­wbz­(1865–1877).­Jn­tl­yf­cnhf­yf,­nhfyc­gjh­nün­ b­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ cf­ cü­cb­

gf­yb,­ f­ jn­ lhe­uf,­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­gkfy­nf­wbb­nt­ t­ jhb­ty­nb­hf­yf­ tl­yj­­c­nhfy­xb­dj­ lj­ cnt­gty­ yf­ gük­yf­ yt­­g­hbc­gj­cj­åb­vjcn­ b­ pf­db­cb­vjcn­ jn­hjå­crbz­nhel.­Cktl­djq­yf­nf­ecb­kt­yj­nj­ trc­gkjf­nb­hf­yt­ yf­ ghb­hjl­yb­nt­åj­ufncn­df­nhzå­df­lf­ghj­lük­éb,­ pf­lf­ct­gjc­hto­yfn­nté­rb­nt­lf­yü­wb­b­lhe­ub­nt­hfp­öj­lb­gj­ght­ec­nhjqcn­dj­nj.­ Yf­kbx­yb­zn­ ht­cehc,­ rjq­nj­ gjl­kt­éb­ yf­ trc­gkjf­nb­hf­yt,­ t­ gfr­pt­vz­nf;­ nf­rf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­gf­ver­jc­nf­df­dj­lt­oj­d­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­ht­ubj­yf.

Vj­ét­lf­ct­rf­ét­jåf­xt,­xt­lhe­ub­nt­ ec­kj­dbz,­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vb­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj,­ kbg­cdfn.­Vtcn­yb­nt­rf­gb­nf­kb­yt­cf­ljc­nf­nüx­yb:­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ nzö­ cf­dkj­ét­yb­ düd­ djq­yf­nf­ bkb­ cf­ ght­vb­yf­kb­cktl­djq­yf­nf­yf­Ct­dth­gjl­ajh­vf­nf­yf­lf­yü­wb.­Kbö­db­nt­hzp­rj­ct­ edt­kb­xf­dfn­ b­ ath­vt­hb­nt­ ct­jrfp­dfn­gjc­nj­zy­yb­lküé­yb­wb.­Nj­df­gjc­nf­dz­ Ñuf­ d­ jot­ gj­lük­åj­rf­pf­db­cb­vjcn­jn­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj.

Nüq­ rf­nj­ d­ vfk­rb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­hf­åj­nf­nhel­yj­ct­yf­vb­hf,­gj­dt­xt­nj­xth­yj­rj­éb­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­hf­åjn­yb­wb­ cf­ ghb­ye­lt­yb­ lf­ ct­ jåüh­yfn­rüv­vfk­rj­nj­jc­nf­yf­kb­åt­kb­pt­vt­d­kf­ltk­wb.­ Bp­gj­kb­xfhcn­dj­nj,­ ghb­rjt­nj­xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­gj­ke­xf­dfn­rht­lbn­pf­pt­vt­ltk­crb­by­dty­nfh,­ct­vt­yf,­éb­kb­ot­b­öhf­yf­ cht­oe­pf­lük­ét­ybt­nj­lf­ght­lf­dfn­yf­cjåcn­dt­yb­rf­ yf­ pt­vz­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ ht­rjk­nf­nf,­cnf­df­ chtlcn­dj­ pf­ ght­gb­nf­ybt­ b­yf­xby­ yf­éb­djn­ b­ pf­ vyj­uj­ åt­kb­ñé­yz­wb,­rjb­nj­cf­pf­ue­åb­kb­pt­vz­nf­cb.­Cktl­rf­nj­dtl­yüé­dt­xt­t­düp­

ghb­tn,­nj­pb­vj­ltk­ct­en­düh­élf­df­c­dü­dté­lf­yt­nj­ yf­ „xth­ybz­ rj­ltrc“,­rjq­nj­ ju­hf­yb­xf­df­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­ bp­düy­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­hf­qj­yb­ b­ yt­ bv­ ght­ljc­nf­dz­ ljå­hb­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­pf­jå­hf­pj­df­ybt.­Lj­hb­rj­uf­nj­ cf­ cjåcn­dt­yb­wb­ yf­ pt­vz­nf,­rjz­nj­ jå­hf­åjn­dfn,­ xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­ath­vt­hb­cf­pfn­hel­yt­yb­jn­nj­df,­xt­nhel­yj­gj­ke­xf­dfn­rht­lb­nb,­xt­ath­vb­nt­bv­cf­ndüh­lt­vfk­rb,­ckt­lj­df­ntk­yj­ ybc­rjg­hj­ler­nbd­yb­ b­ xt­ d­rek­ne­hf­nf­yf­ht­ubj­yf­cf­pf­kj­ét­yb­fy­nb­yt­uüh­crb­yfc­nhjt­ybz.

Jrj­kj­ 1880­ u.­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yfd­kb­pf­ d­ yjd­ tnfg.­Ghtp­ nj­df­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbt­ ghj­bp­djl­cn­dj­nj­ åt­kt­éb­ åüh­pj­ hfp­db­nbt­ c­hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­yf­gf­ve­rj­ntr­cnbk­yf­nf­by­lec­nhbz.­Ghtp­1929­u.­57­ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ ntr­cnbk­yb­nt­ vf­ib­yb­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf­ct­yf­vb­hfn­d­Ñuf,­rjt­nj­t­ ldf­ gü­nb­ b­ gj­kj­db­yf­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­lt­kf,­rjq­nj­cf­bvf­kb­ghtp­1890­u.

D­ht­ubj­yf­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ct­ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ tc­ntcn­dt­yb­ b­ cby­nt­nbx­yb­dkfr­yf,­rjb­nj­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ce­hj­db­yf­pf­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ gf­ve­xty­ b­cby­nt­nb­xty­ntr­cnbk,­ f­ntr­cnbk­yb­nt­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­jn­cdjz­cnhf­yf­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ce­hj­db­yf­pf­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­yf­uj­nj­df­rjy­atr­wbz.­Pf­hf­lb­åkb­pjcn­nf­ lj­ ghtl­ghbz­nbz­nf­ yf­ ntr­cnbk­yf­nf­by­lec­nhbz­d­ghtl­gkf­yb­yb­nt­Gbl­vjyn­d­Rf­hj­kb­yf­b­d­ct­dth­yf­Léjh­lébz,­d­ht­ubj­yf­ct­edt­kb­xf­df­åhj­zn­b­rf­gf­wb­nt­nün­yf­ghtl­ghbz­nbz,­ rjb­nj­ ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ ntr­cnbk­yb­dkfr­yf.

Gf­ve­rj­ntr­cnbk­yf­nf­by­lec­nhbz­yt­t­ tlbycn­dt­yb­zn­ cnb­vek­ pf­ brj­yj­

vb­xtc­rj­ hfp­db­nbt.­ Ht­rjyc­nher­wbz­nf­ yf­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­nf­ vht­éf­ yf­ht­ubj­yf­ b­ dü­dté­lf­yt­nj­ yf­ lhe­ub­jå­otcn­dt­yb­ ec­ke­ub­ cnb­ve­kb­hfn­by­dtc­nb­hf­yt­nj­ yf­ chtlcn­df­ b­ hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ uhfl­crb­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­ wty­nhj­dt.­ Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­wb­uf­hb­ct­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­df­d­nñ­nñ­yt­db­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ yf­ Ct­dth­yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf­b­ Düh­léb­ybz.­ C­ ghbt­vf­yt­nj­ yf­yj­df­ at­lt­hfk­yf­ gj­kb­nb­rf­ pf­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­yf­pt­vz­nf­b­c­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­nf­vht­éf­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ct­trc­gkjf­nb­hfn­b­åj­uf­nb­nt­ht­ceh­cb­ yf­ lüh­dty­ vf­nt­hb­fk­ d­Ñuf.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­lüh­dt­ybz­vf­nt­hb­fk­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdf­ pf­ ce­hj­db­yb,­ yj­vt­åtk­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ d­ Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf­ b­ Düh­léb­ybz,­ rfr­nj­ b­(cktl­ 1936­ u.)­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­lüh­dt­cty­ gekg­ b­ öfh­nbz­ d­ wz­kf­nf­nt­hb­nj­hbz­yf­Ñuf,­cf­cü­oj­ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ nj­df­ trc­gkjf­nb­hf­yt­ yf­pt­vz­nf.­Nt­pb­by­lec­nhbb­ghj­lük­éf­dfn­lf­bvfn­dfé­yj­pyf­xt­ybt.

Jc­dty­nj­df­ghtp­gjc­ktl­yf­nf­xtn­dühn­ yf­ 19­ dtr­ dü­dté­lf­yt­nj­ yf­yj­db­ ntö­yj­kj­ubb­ d­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­ ét­kz­pj­ ghtd­hü­of­ Xf­nf­ye­uf,­of­nf­ Nt­yt­cb,­ düd­ df­éty­ ghj­vbi­kty­wty­nüh.­Gj­cü­oj­nj­dht­vt­åkb­pj­ lj­ Åüh­vby­ufv,­ of­nf­ Fkf­åf­vf,­cf­jn­rhb­nb­åj­uf­nb­pf­kt­éb­yf­db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb­rjr­ce­df­ob­ct­düu­kb­of­b­hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­yf­nt­pb­yf­öj­lb­of­pf­gjx­df­ght­lb­rhfz­yf­dt­rf.­Jrj­kj­ Åüh­vby­ufv­ b­ Xf­nf­ye­uf­ ct­hfp­gj­kf­ufn­ vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­yf­ ét­kz­pj,­ f­ cü­oj­ b­ by­lec­nhbb,­rjb­nj­ bp­gjk­pdfn­ét­kz­pj­ b­ cnj­vf­

82 83

yf.­Nt­pb­ldf­uhf­lf­pf­tl­yj­c­Fn­kfy­nf,­of­nf­Léjh­lébz,­ght­düh­yfk­ct­d­ nhfyc­gjh­nty­ dü­ptk­ b­ wty­nüh­ yf­vyj­uj­ cgj­vf­uf­ntk­yb­ ghj­bp­djlcn­df,­jajh­vzn­ d­ rhfz­ yf­ dt­rf­ df­éty­by­lec­nhbf­kty­nhbü­uük­ybr.

Nj­df­ hfp­db­nbt­ t­ jn­ uj­kz­vj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ pf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­nf­ ut­ju­hf­abz­ yf­ Ñuf,­ pf­oj­nj­ ghj­bp­djl­­cn­dj­nj­yf­ét­kz­pj­b­cnj­vf­yf­ghbd­kb­xf­ lhe­ub­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb,­ xbz­nj­ghj­ler­wbz­ hfp­xb­nf­ yf­ cnj­vf­yf­ –­nj­df­ cf­ by­lec­nhbb,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ yeé­lf­zn­jn­gj­rdf­kb­ab­wb­hf­yf­b­gj­db­cj­rj­gkf­nt­yf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf­pf­hfp­kb­rf­jn­ntr­cnbk­yf­nf­b­nñ­nñ­yt­df­nf­by­lec­nhbz.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­ nj­pb­ wty­nhfk­yj­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ hf­qjy­ c­ yt­pt­vt­ltk­crf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­ åb­ vj­uük­ lf­åü­lt­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­ cht­lb­ot­ yf­Ñuf­rf­nj­wz­kj,­rjt­nj­lf­cnb­ve­kb­hf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ghj­at­cbj­yfk­yb­evt­ybz,­edt­kb­xf­df­yt­nj­yf­lj­öj­lb­nt­b­ jå­oj­nj­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ åkf­uj­cüc­njz­ybt­ xhtp­ dhüp­rb­nt­ yf­ dct­rb­tlby­jn­nt­pb­uhf­lj­dt­c­lhe­ub­dfé­yb­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­wty­nhj­dt.

Nj­df­ lj­ bp­dtcn­yf­ cnt­gty­ ct­ gjc­nb­uf,­ yj­ lbc­rhb­vb­yf­wb­jy­yb­nt­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ nf­hb­ab,­ yf­kj­ét­yb­düh­öe­cnj­rb­nt,­ghj­bp­dt­lt­yb­d­Åüh­vby­ufv,­ yf­vf­kz­dfn­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­gj­kj­éb­ntk­ybz­ tatrn.­ Vf­rfh­ xt­nf­pb­ghfr­nb­rf­dgjc­ktlcn­dbt­t­jåz­dt­yf­pf­yt­pf­rjy­yf­b­t­ght­vfö­yf­nf,­nz­ cbk­yj­ ju­hf­yb­xf­df­ rjy­re­hty­nyjcn­nf­ yf­ cnj­vf­yf­nf­ jn­ Fkf­åf­vf­gj­dht­vt­yf­åüh­pf­nf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­trc­gfy­pbz­d­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­20­dtr­b­pf­åf­dz­by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­nj­hfp­db­nbt­yf­Ñuf.

D­ rhfz­ yf­ 80­nt­ b­ ghtp­ 90­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­dtr­düd­dcbx­rb­ñé­yb­of­nb­ ct­ dü­dté­lfn­ htc­nhbr­nbd­yb­pf­rj­yb,­rjb­nj­yf­kf­ufn­hf­cj­dj­hfp­lt­kt­ybt­ düd­ dct­ gj­dt­xt­ jå­kfc­nb­ yf­éb­dj­nf­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.­Jab­wb­fk­yf­nf­ ctu­ht­uf­wbz­ bvf­vyj­uj­ ut­ju­hfa­crb­bp­hf­ét­ybz.­Ltqcn­dfn­ldt­jn­ltk­yb­exb­kbo­yb­cbc­nt­vb.­Nhzå­df­lf­ct­cnhj­zn­b­gjl­lüh­éfn­jn­ltk­yb­htc­nj­hfy­nb,­ vtc­nf­ pf­ jn­lbö­ b­ hfp­dkt­xt­ybz,­uhf­lby­crb­gtq­rb,­uhfl­crb­xti­vb,­njf­ktn­yb­b­lhe­ub­vtc­nf,­rü­lt­nj­bvf­ gj­nty­wb­fk­yb­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­ pf­rjy­nfr­nb­ vté­le­ åt­kb­ b­ xth­yb.­Éb­kbo­yj­nj­ cnhjb­ntkcn­dj­ t­ hfp­lt­kt­yj­yf­hf­qj­yb­pf­åt­kb­b­pf­xth­yj­rj­éb.­Ljc­nü­gün­lj­yz­rjb­ghj­at­cbb­t­ pfn­hel­yty,­ f­ gj­ jn­yj­it­ybt­ yf­bp­åb­hf­ntk­yb­nt­ghf­df­yf­xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­ ju­hf­yb­xt­ybz­nf­ ct­ yf­kf­ufn­ rfr­nj­jn­rhb­nj,­nf­rf­b­ghbr­hb­nj.

D­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­åkb­pj­50­uj­lb­yb­cktl­rhfz­yf­Uhfé­lfy­crf­nf­djq­yf­ gj­nj­rün­ jn­ xth­yj­rj­éb,­ rjb­nj­yf­gec­rfn­Ñuf,­ct­edt­kb­xf­df­cüd­ctv­vfk­rj.­Ghtp­ 1870­ u.­ 91.5­ ghj­wty­nf­jn­dcbx­rb­xth­yj­rj­éb­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­éb­dt­zn­d­Ñuf,­f­ghtp­1910­u.­ntö­yb­zn­lzk­t­89­ghj­wty­nf.­Ghtp­cktl­df­oj­nj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbt­jåf­xt­åhj­zn­ yf­xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­ tvbu­hfy­nb­hzp­rj­ct­edt­kb­xf­df­b­nj­pb­„hfc­nté“­ct­lük­éb­ yf­ htc­nhbr­nbd­yb­nt­ pf­rj­yb,­yf­cb­kbt­nj­ b­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz,­ rjb­nj­ tl­df­ gjp­dj­kz­dfn­ lf­ ct­ght­éb­dz­df.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­ Güh­df­nf­cdt­njd­yf­ djq­yf­ ghb­yeé­lf­df­ by­lec­nhbb­nt­ yf­ Ct­dt­hf­ ecb­kt­yj­ lf­„bp­ntu­kzn“­ xth­yj­rj­éb­ (f­ cü­oj­ b­jåtl­yt­kb­åt­kb­éb­nt­kb)­jn­Ñuf.

Lj­ 1914­ u.­ yf­wbj­yfk­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­hfp­xb­nf­yf­vb­kbj­yb­td­hj­gtq­crb­ tvbu­hfy­nb,­ pf­ lf­ pf­lj­dj­kb­ju­hjv­yj­nj­ nüh­ct­yt­ yf­ hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf.­Ghtp­1910­u.­gj­dt­xt­jn­tl­yf­nht­nf­jn­éb­nt­kb­nt­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ cf­ hj­lt­yb­ d­ xeé­åb­yf­ bkb­bvfn­ gj­yt­ tlby­ hj­lb­ntk,­ hj­lty­bp­düy­Fvt­hb­rf.

Rj­uf­nj­ c­ bp­åeö­df­yt­nj­ yf­ djq­yf­nf­ nj­pb­ ghb­njr­ yf­ öj­hf­ cgb­hf,­jc­nf­df­düp­vjé­yjcn­nf­njq­lf­åü­lt­gj­gük­yty­ jn­ ht­lb­wb­nt­ yf­ åtp­hf­åjn­yb­nt­ b­ gj­ke­åtp­hf­åjn­yb­nt­ñé­yz­wb.

Brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ Ñuf­ vj­ét­ åb­yt­ t­ oz­kf­ lf­ gjc­nhf­lf­ jn­ nj­df­vf­cj­dj­yf­gec­rf­yt,­ frj­tvbu­hfy­nb­nt­yt­cf­åb­kb­jn­tl­yf­jg­ht­lt­kt­yf­düp­hfc­nj­df­ ghjc­kjq­rf.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­xth­yj­rj­éb,­ rjb­nj­ pf­vb­yf­dfn,­ cf­vté­le­18­b­35­uj­lb­yb.­Nt­pb­öj­hf,­bp­hfc­yf­kb­d­Ñuf,­bp­éb­dz­dfn­yfq­ghj­ler­nbd­yb­nt­cb­d­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­jn­yj­it­ybt­ uj­lb­yb­ bp­düy­ ht­ubj­yf.­Vyj­uj­jn­jyt­pb,­rjb­nj­jc­nf­dfn,­cf­bkb­gj­düp­hfcn­yb,­bkb­gty­cbj­yt­hb,­bkb­dct­jot­yt­cf­ct­drkñ­xb­kb­d­hf­åjn­yf­nf­cb­kf.­Ju­hf­yb­xt­yb­nt­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­ pf­ ghj­at­cbj­yfk­yj­ hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ xth­yj­rj­éb­nt­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­dj­lzn­ lj­ pf­ue­åf­nf­ yf­ vyj­uj­ jn­yfq­db­cj­rj­rdf­kb­ab­wb­hf­yb­nt­vkf­lb­öj­hf­d­ht­ubj­yf.

Lhe­uf­ gjc­kt­lb­wf­ jn­ Uhfé­lfy­crf­nf­djq­yf­t­pf­lük­åj­xf­df­yt­nj­yf­dt­xt­ cü­otcn­de­df­of­nf­ crkjy­yjcn­lf­ ct­ pf­ob­nf­dfn­ by­nt­ht­cb­nt­ yf­jg­ht­lt­kty­ ckjq­ jn­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj.­Ñuün­t­tlbycn­dt­yf­nf­xfcn­jn­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­rjq­nj­t­ght­éb­dzk­

dj­ty­yf­jre­gf­wbz,­b­pf­lf­ct­ghtu­kün­yt­ nj­df­ eyb­ét­ybt,­ nhzå­df­ lf­bp­vb­yt­gj­dt­xt­jn­tlby­dtr­b­lf­ct­hfp­dbt­pyf­xb­ntk­yj­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf.

Uhfé­lfy­crf­nf­ djq­yf­ b­ gt­hbj­lün­yf­ht­rjyc­nher­wbz­bpbu­hf­dfn­dfé­yf­hj­kz­ pf­ cgkj­nz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ åt­kb­nt­ñé­yz­wb.­ „Yt­gj­rj­kt­åb­vb­zn­ ñu“­ t­jg­ht­lt­kt­ybt,­ rjt­nj­ gj­rfp­df,­ xt­wt­kb­zn­ ht­ub­jy­ ukf­ce­df­ tlb­yj­lei­yj,­rjt­nj­xtc­nj­ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­hzp­rj­ jn­rkj­yt­ybt­ jn­ nty­lty­wbb­nt­ d­cnhf­yf­nf.­ Djq­yf­nf­ b­ ht­rjyc­nher­wbz­nf­ ct­ cdüh­pdfn­ cüc­Ct­dt­hf­b­ c­Ht­geå­kb­rfy­crf­nf­ gfh­nbz,­ pf­nj­df­åt­kb­nt­ ñé­yz­wb­ ct­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ d­egj­hb­nb­ jgj­pb­wb­jy­yj­ yfc­nhjt­yb­lt­vjr­hf­nb.­Rj­uf­nj­ ht­if­dfn­ lf­ ct­jc­dj­åj­lzn­ jn­ bltj­kj­ub­xtc­rf­nf­jå­düh­pf­yjcn­ c­ Lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rf­nf­gfh­nbz,­ nt­ pf­gjx­dfn­ rhfc­yj­ht­xb­dj­lf­ ct­ yf­hb­xfn­ „ñé­yzi­rb­ lt­vjr­hf­nb“.­Lytc­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­nt­ghj­vt­yb­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf­ b­ ghj­vt­yb­nt­ d­ñé­yzi­rf­nf­ rek­ne­hf­ hfp­rkf­ofn­yt­gj­rj­kt­åb­vjcn­nf­ yf­ Ñuf.­ Lüh­éfd­yb­nt­ cke­éb­nt­kb­ yf­ bp­åjh­yb­lküé­yjc­nb­ ghtl­cnf­dzn­ wt­kbz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­cgtr­nüh,­yj­vyj­uj­jn­nzö­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ lf­ jn­cnjz­dfn­yz­rjb­jn­cnf­hb­nt­wty­yjc­nb.

yf­xf­kJ­yf­GHJ­vz­yfGhjc­nhfycn­dt­yb­nt­b­ht­ubj­yfk­yb­nt­

öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rb­ yf­ Yj­dbz­ ñu­ cf­bp­uhf­lt­yb­ düh­öe­ vj­lt­kb,­ hfp­db­kb­ct­d­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­lt­ctn­rb­uj­lb­yb,­f­d­yz­rjb­cke­xfb­d­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ dt­rj­dt.­ Gü­nzn­ rüv­ yj­db­nt­ghj­vt­yb­vb­yf­df­ghtp­gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­bp­kb­pf­yt­jn­bpj­kf­wbz.

84 85

Lj­cht­lf­nf­yf­20­dtr­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ ñé­yzi­rj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­b­ jcj­åt­yj­ yt­uj­db­nt­ dj­lf­xb­ düp­ghbt­vfn­ cü­åb­nbz­nf­ nf­rf,­ cz­rfi­Ñuün­t­jn­ltk­yf­cnhf­yf,­rjz­nj­ytj­öjn­yj­ ghbt­vf,­ xt­ nhzå­df­ lf­ ghj­lük­éb­ jn­yj­it­ybz­nf­ cb­ cüc­ ct­dth­ybz­ cb­ cü­ctl.­ Jn­ rhfz­ yf­ 30­nt­uj­lb­yb­jåf­xt­b­jcj­åt­yj­jn­rhfz­yf­40­nt­uj­lb­yb­d­ht­ubj­yf­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ghj­ybr­dfn­ düy­iyb­ dkbz­ybz­ b­ nty­lty­wbb,­ rjb­nj­ hfp­xeg­dfn­ yt­uj­df­nf­bpj­kf­wbz.

Brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­Ñuf­ghtp­30­nt­uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr­ yt­ t­ vyj­uj­gj­hfp­kbx­yf­ jn­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ ghtp­1870­ u.­ –­ ght­lbv­yj­ pt­vt­ltk­crf,­ghj­bp­dté­lf­of­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ce­hj­db­yb­ukfd­yj­pf­bp­yjc,­åtl­yf­yf­rf­gb­nf­kb,­ cbk­yj­ pf­db­cb­vf­ jn­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­éb­djn­yb­ b­ab­pb­xtc­rb­nhel,­ltqcn­df­of­xhtp­bp­gj­kb­xf­hb­ b­ fhty­lf­nj­hb,­ jhb­ty­nb­hf­yf­rüv­gj­uf­cz­df­yt­ yf­ lük­uj­dt.­ By­lec­nhb­fk­yj­nj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj,­ lj­rjk­rj­nj­cü­otcn­de­df,­jcb­ue­hz­df­ybc­rb­lj­öj­lb­b­t­yf­cj­xt­yj­rüv­vfk­rb­vtcn­yb­gf­pf­hb.­ Eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­nf­ cnher­ne­hf­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ghj­lük­éf­df­lf­jn­hf­pz­df­jhb­ty­nf­wbz­nf­rüv­vfk­rb­gf­pfh­yb­ wty­nhj­dt,­ uhfl­xt­nf­ yf­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­kb­ybb,­vfk­rb­uhf­lj­dt­c­ntr­cnbk­yb­ afå­hb­rb­ b­ jr­hüé­yb­ wty­nhj­dt,­rjb­nj­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­yfd­kb­pf­obz­ d­ Ñuf­ eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­ tkt­vtyn.

Ghtp­ dnj­hf­nf­ gj­kj­db­yf­ yf­ dt­rf­cnf­dfn­ju­hjv­yb­ghj­vt­yb.­D­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­50­nt­uj­lb­yb­gj­dt­xt­jn­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­hf­åjn­yf­nf­cb­kf­yf­ht­ubj­yf­t­fy­uf­éb­hf­yf­d­yt­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­

crb­ltq­yjc­nb,­hfp­db­df­ob­ct­d­ uhf­lj­dt­nt;­ghj­wty­nün­yf­hf­åj­nt­ob­nt­d­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ öj­hf­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­yf­vf­kz­df.­ Nj­pb­ ghj­wtc­ t­ cüg­hj­dj­lty­ jn­ hzp­rj­ edt­kb­xf­df­yt­ yf­hf­åjn­yf­nf­ cb­kf­ d­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­b­ d­ cat­hf­nf­ yf­ ec­ke­ub­nt.­ Jc­dty­nj­df­ by­lec­nhbz­nf­ yf­Ñuf­ pf­gjx­df­lf­ ghjz­dz­df­ cbk­yf­ nty­lty­wbz­ rüv­hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ hfp­kbx­yb­ jn­hfc­kb;­ nz­dt­xt­yt­ct­ju­hf­yb­xf­df­lj­güh­dbx­yf­nf­ ght­hf­åjn­rf­ yf­ ce­hj­dby­yb­vf­nt­hbf­kb.

D­ctk­crj­nj­cnj­gfycn­dj­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­ cü­of­nf­ nty­lty­wbz.­ Gf­ve­rün­jc­nf­df­ yfq­dfé­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yf­rek­ne­hf­ pf­ ht­ubj­yf;­ lhe­ub­ nf­rb­df­rek­ne­hb­ cf­ nñ­nñ­yün,­ pf­öfh­yf­nf­nhüc­nb­rf,­aüc­nü­wb­nt­ b­jhb­pün.­Yj­hf­qj­yün,­d­rjq­nj­ct­uf­ct­jn­ukté­lf­gf­ver,­ gj­ cdjb­nt­ hfp­vt­hb­ t­ rf­nj­åkt­lf­ czy­rf­ yf­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­ybz­hf­qjy.­Nj­df­cntc­yz­df­yt­ct­lük­éb­b­yf­ egf­lü­rf­ yf­ cnf­hb­nt­afå­hb­rb­ c­gf­ve­rj­xbc­nfx­yb­ vf­ib­yb­ d­ yz­rjb­xfc­nb­yf­yz­rj­ufi­ybz­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kty­hf­qjy.

Lj­rf­nj­ ujc­gjlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ gf­ve­rf­düh­db­ rüv­ cdjz­ rhfq,­ ec­rj­ht­yj­hfp­db­nbt­åt­kt­éfn­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­nj­b­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­lhe­ub­rek­ne­hb,­ yfg­hb­vth­ yf­ cjz.­ Cbk­yj­ ct­edt­kb­xf­df­ b­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­uj­dté­lj­ vt­cj,­ pf­oj­nj­ath­vt­hb­nt­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ gf­cb­of­ c­ gj­öe­åf­df­nht­df­ b­ ae­hfé­yb­ rek­ne­hb,­ rf­nj­bp­gjk­pdfn­ gj­db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb­öb­vb­xtc­rb­nj­hj­dt.­D­cü­oj­nj­dht­vt­ct­hfp­düé­lfn­yj­db­gj­hj­lb­lj­vfi­yb­éb­djn­yb,­ rjb­nj­ gj­yf­czn­ ljå­ht­uj­ht­ob­nt,­ dkfé­yb­ kt­nf­ yf­ Ñuf.­

Ghtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­30­uj­lb­yb­wz­kf­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­d­cnhf­yf­nf­yf­åhjq­kt­hb­b­ gb­kt­nf­ t­ by­lec­nhbf­kb­pb­hf­yf­ b­ t­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yf­yf­ñu.

Jot­ gj­lhf­vf­nbx­yb­ ghj­vt­yb­ ct­yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­d­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­yf­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­ ntö­yb­rf.­ Yfd­cz­rü­lt,­rü­lt­nj­t­düp­vjé­yj,­d­ghj­bp­djlcn­dt­ybz­ghj­wtc­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­vf­ib­yb­b­ ct­uf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ t­vyj­uj­ gj­t­atr­nbd­yj,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­yz­rj­uf.­Ghtp­30­nt­uj­lb­yb­nhf­lb­wb­jy­yf­nf­ ajh­vf­ yf­ fhty­lf­njhcn­dj­gjx­nb­bp­xtp­df­b­hzp­rj­ct­edt­kb­xf­dfn­hfp­vt­hb­nt­yf­ath­vb­nt­d­Ñuf.

Edt­kb­xf­df­ ct­ b­ vbu­hf­wbz­nf­ jn­ctk­crb­nt­ rüv­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­hf­qj­yb­yf­Ñuf,­rjt­nj­t­cdüh­pf­yj­c­exfc­nbt­nj­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­d­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ yf­wbj­yfk­yf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­cktl­Uj­kz­vf­nf­ltg­ht­cbz­d­rhfz­yf­30­nt­ uj­lb­yb.­Ghtp­1940­ u.­ d­Ñuf­bvf­ cf­vj­ 35­ uhf­lf­ c­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­gj­dt­xt­jn­50­000­le­ib.­Ghtp­1950­u.­ åhj­zn­ yf­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ cnf­df­ 42,­ f­ghtp­ 1980­ u.­ ljc­nb­uf­ 75.­ Ht­lb­wf­vfk­rb­ ñé­yzi­rb­ uhf­lj­dt­ xth­gzn­ébp­yt­yjcn­ jn­ gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfp­hf­cn­df­ob­ct­wty­nhj­dt.

Ghb­nt­uf­ntk­yf­nf­cb­kf­yf­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ t­ uj­kz­vf­ pf­hf­lb­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­by­lec­nhbz­nf­ b­ gjz­df­nf­ yf­ yj­db­jn­hfc­kb,­rfr­nj­cnf­df­d­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj,­ f­ nj­df­ dj­lb­ lj­ hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yf­by­lec­nhb­fk­yf­ghj­ler­wbz.­Lt­kün­yf­hf­åjn­yf­nf­ cb­kf­ d­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­hzp­rj­ct­edt­kb­xf­df,­b­nj­düd­dcbx­rb­xfc­nb­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­Nhf­lb­wb­jy­yb­nt­ ghj­bp­djlcn­df­ –­ yf­ cnj­vf­yf,­nñ­nñ­yt­db­ bp­lt­kbz­ b­ ntr­cnbk­ –­bp­dtcn­yj­ dht­vt­ jc­nf­dfn­ dfé­yb­ pf­

ht­ubj­yf,­ yj­ ue­åzn­ dj­lt­oj­nj­ cb­vzc­nj,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ pf­gjx­dfn­ lf­ ct­hfp­db­dfn­b­lhe­ub­ltq­yjc­nb.­Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­cby­nt­nbx­yb­vf­nt­hbb­d­Ct­dth­yf­ b­ ñé­yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf­ b­ yf­uj­nj­dj­ jå­ktr­kj­ ukfd­yj­ d­ ct­dth­yf­Léjh­lébz­hfp­ib­hz­df­cgtr­nü­hf­jn­ltq­yjc­nb­ lj­hb­ d­ nj­pb­ njk­rj­df­ib­hjr­ by­lec­nhbf­kty­ jn­hf­cük.­Öb­vb­xtc­rf­nf­by­lec­nhbz­ct­hfp­db­df­vyj­uj­ åüh­pj­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd.­Åüh­pj­ct­hfp­db­df­ b­ vt­åtk­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ d­ghtl­gkf­yb­yb­nt­Gbl­vjyn­d­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf,­ f­ lüh­dj­­g­ht­hf­åjn­df­ntk­yb­nt­pf­dj­lb­d­bp­njx­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ b­ d­ rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­ yf­ Pf­kb­df­ ghb­lj­åb­dfn­gj­uj­kz­vj­ pyf­xt­ybt.­ Rj­hf­åjc­nhjt­yt­nj­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ ct­ hfp­db­df­ d­Yjh­aür,­ Düh­léb­ybz,­ yj­ ct­ gjc­nhjz­dfn­ b­ yz­rjk­rj­ rj­hf­åjc­nhjb­ntk­yb­ pf­dj­lf­ d­ Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd;­ cf­vj­kt­njc­nhjt­yt­nj­ d­ Vf­­hbt­nf,­ Léjh­lébz,­ ghbd­kb­xf­ db­cj­rjr­df­kb­ab­wb­hf­yf­ b­ ljå­ht­ gkf­nt­yf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf­d­hf­qj­yf­yf­Fn­kfy­nf.

Yfq­dfé­yj­nj­ jåf­xt­ t,­ xt­ cktl­rf­nj­chtl­yb­zn­gjn­ht­åb­ntk­jn­Ñuf­pf­gjx­df­ lf­ gj­ke­xf­df­ gj­db­cjr­lj­öjl,­vtcn­yb­zn­gf­pfh­ct­hfp­ib­hz­df­ ljc­nf­nüx­yj,­ pf­ lf­ vj­ét­ lf­ghbd­kt­xt­ yf­ñu­ vyj­uj­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­yf­gjn­ht­åb­ntk­crb­cnj­rb.­Nj­df­edt­kb­xf­df­ nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ yt­ctk­crj­­c­nj­gfy­crf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf,­rjt­nj­jp­yf­xf­df­gj­dt­xt­öj­hf­c­gj­db­cj­rb­lj­öj­lb­b­er­htg­df­yt­yf­vtcn­ybz­gf­pfh.

Åüh­pj­nj­ by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­ hfp­db­nbt­yf­Ñuf­t­ cktlcn­dbt­jn­hfp­hfcn­df­obz­ ct­ ht­ubj­yf­kty­ gf­pfh,­ rjq­nj­

86

nüh­cb­b­vj­ét­lf­gkf­nb­dct­gj­dt­xt­cnj­rb­ b­ ec­ke­ub.­ Düg­hj­cün­ jåf­xt­jc­nf­df:­ Pf­oj­ gf­pf­hün­ ct­ hfp­ib­hz­df?­Tlby­jn­uj­djh­yf­nj­pb­düg­hjc­t,­xt­ Pf­rj­yb­nt­ pf­ ht­ue­kb­hf­yt­ yf­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­(1935­u.­b­cktl­nj­df),­rjb­nj­ ghbt­vf­at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj,­lf­dfn­jc­yjd­ybz­cnb­vek­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­gf­pf­hf.

Ght­lb­ pf­rj­yb­nt­ lf­ dkz­pfn­ d­cb­kf,­ wt­yb­nt­ yf­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­ct­jg­ht­lt­kzn­lj­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­jn­ ghtl­kf­uf­yt­nj­ b­ nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ vté­le­yf­hjl­yb­nt­ gf­pf­hb.­ Pf­Ñuf­ nj­df­ jp­yf­xf­df,­ xt­ wt­yb­nt­ yf­vtcn­ybz­ gf­ver­ yfg­hb­vth­ pf­db­czn­jn­ ec­gti­yf­nf­ bkb­ yt­ec­gti­yf­nf­ht­rjk­nf­yf­gf­ver­d­lhe­ub­xfc­nb­yf­cdt­nf.­ Yt­oj­ gj­dt­xt,­ ctk­crf­nf­hf­åjn­yf­hü­rf­d­gf­ve­rj­db­nt­ht­ubj­yb­ yf­Ñuf­ ct­ rjy­re­hb­hf­ c­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ gf­ver­ d­ tl­yf­ cdt­njd­yf­ brj­yj­vb­rf,­ rjz­nj­ jc­nf­df­ght­lbv­yj­ rj­kj­yb­fk­yf.­ Rj­uf­nj­ gj­cb­kf­nf­ yf­ Pf­rj­yb­nt­ pf­ ht­ue­kb­hf­yt­yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­lj­öj­lb­nt­b­wt­yb­nt­d­ctk­crj­nj­cnj­gfycn­dj­cnf­dfn­cü­jn­yj­cb­vb­ rüv­ lj­öj­lb­nt­ d­ yf­wbj­yfk­yb­nt­by­lec­nhbb,­cbk­yj­ghj­vt­yt­yb­zn­gf­pfh­yf­Ñuf­gjt­vf­d­tl­yf­düp­öj­lz­of­ gj­cj­rf,­ rjz­nj­ cktl­df­ b­ lj­lytc­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.

Lhe­uf­ yf­vt­cf­ yf­ at­lt­hfk­yb­nt­dkfc­nb,­ rjz­nj­ bvf­ uj­kz­vj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ pf­ cj­wb­fk­yf­nf­ cnher­ne­hf­ yf­Ñuf,­ t­ ht­it­ybt­nj­ yf­ Düh­öjd­ybz­cül­ jn­ 1954­ u.­ lf­ jn­ödüh­kb­ düp­ghbt­nf­nf­ åkb­pj­ 70­ uj­lb­yb­ gj­hf­yj­ctu­ht­uf­wbj­ybc­nrf­nf­ ljr­nhb­yf­„jn­ltk­yb,­yj­hfd­yb“.­Nj­df­ht­it­ybt­ght­lbp­dbr­df­ghj­vt­yb­d­cj­wb­fk­yf­nf­ut­ju­hf­abz­ yf­ Ñuf,­ cnb­uf­ob­ lj­dcbx­rb­ xfc­nb­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ rü­lt­nj­hf­cj­df­nf­ ghb­yfl­kté­yjcn­ jg­ht­lt­kz­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­nt­yf­öj­hf­nf­–­ghj­vt­yb,­xbb­nj­gjc­kt­lb­wb­yt­cf­jn­pde­xf­kb­b­lytc.

Jå­oj­nj­ d­ vyj­uj­ jn­ ghj­vt­yb­nt,­yfc­nü­gb­kb­ d­ Ñuf­ jn­ cht­lf­nf­ yf­30­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr,­t­gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ bp­åktl­yz­df­yt­ yf­ by­lb­db­le­fk­yjcn­nf­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf.­ Brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­nj­ vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­ ght­vfö­df­ pf­db­cb­vjcn­nf­jn­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj.­Pf­åt­kzp­dfn­ct­ ghbp­yf­wb,­ xt­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­nt­ yf­ht­ubj­yf­lf­jcb­ue­hz­df­ybc­rj­gkf­nt­yf­ hf­åjn­yf­ cb­kf­ cf­ bp­xth­gf­yb;­yj­db­nt­ by­lec­nhbb­ b­ ec­ke­ub­ ot­nhzå­df­lf­ct­rjy­re­hb­hfn­gj­fr­nbd­yj­ b­ lj­öj­lb­nt­ vj­ét­ åb­ ot­ ghj­lük­éfn­ åfd­yj­ lf­ ct­ gj­db­if­dfn.­Pyf­xb­ntk­yb­zn­ ghb­njr­ yf­ öj­hf­ jn­ct­dth,­ jcj­åt­yj­ d­ hfp­hfcn­df­ob­nt­ ct­vtn­hj­gj­kbb­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf,­ jn­yt­vf­ñé­yzi­rj­nj­ yf­ nt­pb­ uhf­lj­dt­ b­ ub­ghf­db­dct­gj­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb. ∆

87

Ñé­yb­nt­ gjr­hfq­yb­yb­yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­­nb­ vj­ufn­ lf­ åü­lfn­

hfp­lt­kt­yb­ yf­ ldt­ ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ hfd­yb­ xfc­nb.­ Tl­yf­nf­gj­kj­db­yf,­ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­uhf­ybx­yf­ jå­kfcn,­ bvf­ lük­uf­uhf­yb­wf­gj­ce­if­c­Vtr­cb­rj­b­jå­ödf­of­tl­yf­jå­ibh­yf­dün­hti­yf­jå­kfcn,­rjz­nj­t­gjd­kbz­yf­d­vyj­uj­jn­yj­it­ybz­ jn­ Vtr­cb­rj.­ Lhe­uf­nf­gj­kj­db­yf,­ rjz­nj­ ot­ hfp­ukt­lf­vt­ner,­cktl­df­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­bp­njx­yj­jn­ ec­nbt­nj­ yf­ ht­rf­ Hbj­ Uhfy­lt­ d­Ntr­cfc­ lj­ Ct­dth­yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf­ b­drkñx­df­ gj­ke­jc­nhjd­ Akj­hb­lf­(rfh­nf­ 8).­ B­ ldt­nt­ nt­hb­nj­hbb­ cf­jå­kfc­nb­yf­ñé­yb­nt­ib­hb­yb,­rjb­nj­ct­ ght­gjr­hb­dfn­ d­ tl­yf­ njx­rf­ d­ñé­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Ntr­cfc,­yj­ñé­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ ct­ jn­kb­xf­df­ zc­yj­jn­ ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­ uhf­ybx­yf­ jå­kfcn,­rfr­nj­ ct­ jn­kb­xf­dfn­ tlby­ jn­ lheu­dcbx­rb­jc­nf­yf­kb­cü­ctl­yb­ht­ubj­yb­d­Fvt­hb­rf.

Cgt­wb­abx­yb­zn­ öf­hfr­nth­ yf­ ñé­­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­ct­lük­éb­yf­ldt­ukfd­yb­ ghb­xb­yb.­ Güh­dj,­ nj­ bvf­dkf­éty,­ceå­nhj­gb­xty­rkb­vfn.­Njg­kb­nt­ dj­lb­ yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­ pf­kbd­cü­oj­ nf­rf­ ljg­hb­yf­czn­ pf­ cbk­yj­nj­ghb­vjh­crj­dkbz­ybt­düh­öe­rkb­vf­nf­yf­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj.­ Ht­ubj­yün­ ghbd­kb­xf­vyj­uj­gj­ct­nb­nt­kb­b­gj­nty­wb­fk­yb­éb­nt­kb,­ f­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ve­ t­cgt­wb­abx­yj­ bvty­yj­ gj­hf­lb­ nt­pb­ec­kj­dbz.

Dnj­hj,­hj­kz­nf­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ pf­ec­­nf­yj­dz­df­yt­ yf­ nüh­ujd­crb­ dhüp­rb­

vté­le­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ b­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ cdt­nf,­rfr­nj­b­jcj­åt­yj­nj­by­lec­nhb­fk­yj­hfp­db­nbt,­ljg­hb­yf­czn­pf­cgt­wb­abx­ybz­ve­öf­hfr­nth.

Nht­nb­zn­ afr­njh,­ cdüh­pfy­cüc­cgt­wb­ab­rf­nf­yf­ht­ubj­yf,­t­ yt­uj­dj­nj­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­ybt­

vté­le­ Lük­åj­rbz­ ñu­ b­ Kf­nby­crf­Fvt­hb­rf.­Ghj­ybr­df­yt­nj­yf­rek­neh­yb­dkbz­ybz­d­ht­ubj­yf­jn­Kf­nby­crf­Fvt­hb­rf­lük­uj­dht­vt­t­düp­gb­hf­yj­jn­ vjh­crf­nf­ åf­hbt­hf,­ hfp­lt­kz­of­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ jn­yt­uj­db­nt­ cü­ct­lb.­ Ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ jåf­xt­ pf­ctk­df­yt­nj­ yf­dct­ gj­dt­xt­ re­åby­wb­ d­ñé­yf­Akj­hb­lf­b­ecb­kt­yf­nf­ nüh­uj­dbz­vté­le­Kf­nby­crf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ b­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ pf­lük­åj­xf­dfn­ cgt­wb­abx­ybz­öf­hfr­nth­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.

cEå­nHJ­Gbx­yb­zn­Rkb­vfnChtl­ rjv­gj­yty­nb­nt­ yf­ ghb­hjl­yf­nf­cht­lf­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­ dkbz­ybt­ düh­öe­xj­dti­rj­nj­ ghb­cücn­dbt­ d­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­nf­ cht­lf­ yf­Ñé­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­bvf­rkb­vf­nün.­Dkfé­yb­zn­ceå­nhj­gb­xty­ rkb­vfn,­ ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yb­zn­ dt­ut­nf­wbj­yty­ gt­hb­jl,­ vt­rb­nt­pb­vb­b­ njg­kb­nt­ dkfé­yb­kt­nf­ljg­hb­yf­czn­pf­jajh­vz­yt­nj­yf­jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­ vj­lt­kb­ yf­ xj­dti­rf­ ltq­yjcn,­rjb­nj­ct­cdüh­pdfn­c­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.

Cf­vj­d­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ñuj­­­pf­gfl­yf­ Fhb­pj­yf­ b­ Öf­dfb­nt­ chtl­yf­nf­ ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn­ yf­ dt­ut­nf­wb­jy­ybz­gt­hb­jl­t­cü­of­nf,­rfr­df­nj­t­ d­Ñé­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt.­Bp­vth­

ñé­yj­Nj­Rhfq­åht­ébt

ukf­df

9

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Waco

San Antonio

Corpus Christi

Panama City

Jackson

Columbus

Huntsville

Birmingham

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Macon

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Miami

Fort Smith

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Orlando

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Oklahoma City

Mobile

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Pine Bluff

Shreveport

Alexandria

Houston

Beeville

BiloxiJacksonville

Columbia

Augusta

Savannah

Albany

OKLAHOMA

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LOUISIANA

SOUTHCAROLINA

GEORGIA

ALABAMA

FLORIDA

Key West

GULF OF MEXICO

Baton Rouge

New Orleans

Colorado River

Ar kansas River

MISSISSIPPI

Savannah River

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ChattahoocheeRiver

Alabama River

Mississippi River

Naples

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OuachitaRiver �

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TENNESSEE NORTHCAROLINA

CharlotteARKANSAS

88

dfy­c­åhjz­yf­lyb­nt­vté­le­gjc­ktl­yf­nf­gj­gfh­df­of­ckf­yf­ghtp­ ghj­ktn­nf­ b­ güh­df­nf­ckf­yf­ghtp­tcty­nf,­nj­pb­gt­hb­jl­pf­hfc­nté­ yf­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ rek­ne­hb­ghj­lük­éf­df­lt­dtn­vt­ct­wf­gjx­nb­d­wt­kbz­ht­ub­jy.­Cü­oj­nf­rf­gjx­nb­d­wt­kbz­ ht­ub­jy­ gf­lfn­ ljc­nf­nüx­yj­jåbk­yb­ df­kt­éb,­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vb­ pf­gj­dt­xt­nj­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ ltq­yjc­nb­ –­yfl­ 1250­ kbn­hf­ yf­ rdfl­hf­nty­vt­nüh,­rf­nj­yfq­vyj­uj­lüél­df­kb­ghtp­ kz­nj­nj­ vté­le­ fg­hbk­ b­jr­njv­dhb,­rj­uf­nj­cbk­yf­nf­cküy­xt­df­cdtn­kb­yf­b­db­cj­rb­nt­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­ec­rj­hz­dfn­hfc­nt­éf.

Ldt­ cf­ ukfd­yb­nt­ gjc­kt­lb­wb­ jn­nt­pb­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­jcj­åt­yjc­nb.­Güh­df­nf­ t,­ xt­ frj­ yf­kb­wt­ cf­ yz­rjb­

lhe­ub­ ec­kj­dbz­ rf­nj­ gkj­lj­hjl­yf­gjx­df,­ljå­hj­jn­djl­yz­df­yt­b­ec­gti­yf­åjh­åf­c­dht­

lb­nt­kb­nt,­ ath­vt­hb­nt­ vj­ufn­ lf­jn­ukté­lfn­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ rek­ne­hb,­åtp­lf­ct­cnhf­öe­dfn­jn­ckf­yb­xfr­lj­ rhfz­ yf­ tcty­nf.­ Yf­ yz­rjk­rj­vtc­nf­ t­ düp­vjé­yj­ lf­ ct­ cü­åb­hfn­gj­ ldt­ ht­rjk­nb­ d­ tlby­ ct­pjy,­ f­yz­rjb­ath­vt­hb,­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­yf­pt­kty­xe­wb,­bvfn­b­gj­uj­kt­vb­gjc­nb­ét­ybz.­Dnj­hf­nf­ b­ lj­hb­ gj­dfé­yf­gjc­kt­lb­wf­t­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­cgt­wb­fk­yb­ rek­ne­hb,­ rjb­nj­ ct­jn­ukté­lfn­ cf­vj­yf­ldt­nhb­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.

Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ wbn­he­cj­db­gkj­lj­dt­t­jcj­åt­yj­dfé­yj­pf­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­Akj­hb­lf­jot­jn­16­dtr,­

Rfh­Nf

8

89

rj­uf­nj­ bc­gfy­wb­nt­ ght­yf­czn­ nt­pb­gkj­lj­dt­ d­ ht­ubj­yf,­ vf­rfh­ xt­ ct­uf­vtc­nf­nf,­ rü­lt­nj­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­ cf­jn­ukté­lf­yb­ wbn­he­cj­db­ hfc­nt­ybz,­gjc­nt­gty­yj­ ct­ bp­ntu­kzn­ yf­ñu­ düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­gj­ke­jc­nhj­df.

Yfq­dfé­yb­jn­ct­ltv­nt­wbn­he­cj­db­gkj­lj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ d­of­nf,­ cf­gjh­nj­rf­kb­nt­b­uhtqg­ahe­nün.­ Ghtp­ 1992­ u.­ cf­ ghj­bp­dt­lt­yb­gj­dt­xt­jn­6­vb­kbj­yf­nj­yf­gjh­nj­rf­kb.­Jn­1945­u.­yf­cfv­dct­gj­uj­kzv­lzk­jn­gjh­nj­rf­kj­df­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­–­jrj­kj­80­ghj­wty­nf­lytc­–­ct­jå­hf­åjn­df,­ f­ jc­nf­yf­kb­zn­ ct­ ghj­lf­df­rf­nj­ghtc­yb­gjh­nj­rf­kb.­Jå­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ gjh­nj­rf­kb­nt­ (ukfd­yj­ pfv­hf­pty­rjy­wty­nhfn)­jcb­ue­hz­df­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ uj­kz­vf­ by­lec­nhbz­ düd­Akj­hb­lf,­ rjz­nj­ gjp­dj­kz­df­ vyj­uj­gj­uj­kzv­ lzk­ jn­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­of­nf­ lf­ ct­ jå­kf­uj­lt­ntkcn­df­ jn­nf­pb­ cgt­wb­abx­yf­ rek­ne­hf,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ frj­ cü­ob­nt­ gkj­lj­dt­nt­ cf­vj­ct­ bp­ghf­of­öf­ yf­ ct­dth­ d­ ghzc­yj­cüc­njz­ybt.­Jc­dty­nj­df­jå­hf­åj­nt­yf­nf­ ghj­ler­wbz­ gjp­dj­kz­df­ wt­kj­uj­lbi­yb­ghj­lfé­åb,­f­yt­cf­vj­ct­pjy­yb­ghb­åhf­yt­nj­yf­gkj­lj­dt­nt.

Ec­kj­dbz­nf , ­ ghb­ rjb­nj­ ct­jn­ukté­lfn­uhtqg­ahe­nb­b­gjh­nj­rf­kb,­ cüd­gf­lfn­ gjx­nb­ yf­gük­yj,­ yj­nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ uhtqg­ahe­nb­ rf­nj­wz­kj­t­gj­vfk­rj­b­nt­cüc­nfd­kz­dfn­cf­vj­ jrj­kj­ tl­yf­ xtn­dühn­ jn­ ghj­ler­wbz­nf­ yf­ gj­dfé­yb­nt­ gjh­nj­rf­kj­db­ yf­cfé­lt­ybz.­ Gjh­nj­rf­kb­ b­uhtqg­ahen­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ cü­oj­ d­rhfq­ybz­ ñéty­ lzk­ yf­ Ntr­cfc,­rü­lt­nj­ ct­ ghb­kf­uf­ bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt.

Nüq­ rf­nj­ wbn­he­cj­db­nt­ gkj­lj­dt­hfc­nfn­yf­lüh­dt­nf,­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­ghj­bp­djlcn­dt­yb­nt­ hfp­öj­lb­ t­ cdüh­pf­yf­ c­ ghb­åb­hf­yt­nj­ yf­ ht­rjk­nf­nf.­Gkj­lj­dt­nt­ nhzå­df­ lf­ ct­ åt­hfn­ yf­hü­rf,­ xtc­nj­ c­ gj­vjo­nf­ yf­ db­cj­rf­cnük­åf.­Pf­rhfn­rj­nj­dht­vt,­lj­rf­nj­nhft­ åt­hbn­åf­nf­ yf­ wbn­he­cj­db­nt­gkj­lj­dt,­ t­ yeé­yf­ uj­kz­vf­ hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf,­rjz­nj­dcz­rf­uj­lb­yf­ct­gj­gük­df­ jn­ öb­kz­lb­ ct­pjy­yb­ hf­åjn­yb­wb,­yf­cj­xb­kb­ct­rüv­uüc­nb­nt­rf­nj­gfh­rj­dt­ gjh­nj­rf­kj­db­ uj­hb,­ pf­ lf­ ct­pf­kj­dzn­c­nt­éür­ab­pb­xtc­rb­nhel.

Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­pf­öfh­yf­nhüc­nb­rf­t­ju­hf­yb­xt­yj­düd­dün­hti­yb­nt­xfc­nb­ yf­ Ñé­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt.­Pf­öfh­yf­nf­nhüc­nb­rf­t­vyj­uj­uj­lbi­yj­hfc­nt­ybt,­yf­rjt­nj­ve­t­yeé­yj­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ uj­lb­yf,­ pf­ lf­ ljc­nbu­yt­gük­yf­ phz­kjcn,­ b­ rjt­nj­ yt­ vj­ét­lf­ bp­lüh­éf­ yf­ ckf­yb.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­nj­ jåb­xf­ vyj­uj­ dj­lf­ –­ vb­yb­vev­1250­ kbn­hf­ lüél­ yf­ tlby­ rdfl­hf­nty­vt­nüh­uj­lbi­yj.­Db­cj­rb­nt­bpbc­rdf­ybz­ pf­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­ b­ dj­lf­cz­rfi­ bp­rkñx­dfn­ düp­vjé­yjcn­nf­pf­öfh­yf­ nhüc­nb­rf­ lf­ ct­ jn­ukté­lf­düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­ jc­dty­ xhtp­ bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt,­ yj­ d­ Keb­pbf­yf­ b­Akj­hb­lf­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­uj­kt­vb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­jn­ytz.

Jhb­pün­ t­ gj­vfk­rj­ dpbc­rf­nt­kty­rüv­ rkb­vf­nf­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ cüc­pf­öfh­yf­nf­nhüc­nb­rf.­Ghb­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yt­ jhb­pün­ ep­hz­df­ pf­tlby­ct­pjy­d­pf­db­cb­vjcn­jn­njg­kb­yf­nf,­rjz­nj­gj­ke­xf­df­ghtp­kz­nj­nj.­D­ht­ubj­yf­yf­Ñé­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­jhbp­ ct­ jn­ukté­lf­ d­ Keb­pbf­yf­ b­

90 91

Ntr­cfc,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ ghb­kf­uf­ bp­re­­cn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt.

Jc­dty­ hf­qj­yb­nt,­ d­ rjb­nj­ ct­jn­ukté­lfn­nt­pb­rek­ne­hb,­d­Ñé­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­cf­b­yz­rjb­jn­yfq­dfé­yb­nt­hf­qj­yb­yf­cnhf­yf­nf,­rü­lt­nj­ ct­ ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ pt­kty­xe­wb.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­ ghtc­yb­ pt­kty­xe­wb,­ rjb­nj­cnb­ufn­ lj­ uhfl­crb­nt­ gf­pf­hb­ ghtp­pb­vf­nf,­ct­jn­ukté­lfn­düd­Akj­hb­lf­b­d­ñé­yb­nt­rhfb­of­yf­lhe­ub­rhfq­åhté­yb­ of­nb­ yf­ Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd.­ Cü­oj­ nf­rf­ ecb­kbz­nf­ lf­åü­lfn­ eyb­oj­ét­yb­ rüh­kt­éb­nt­ gj­lj­åb­nü­rf,­lf­ct­gjl­lüh­éf­ljå­hj­nj­cüc­njz­ybt­yf­gf­cb­of­nf­b­lf­ct­cüp­lf­dfn­ bp­lhüé­kb­db­ gj­hj­lb­ tlüh­hj­ufn­ lj­åb­nür­ ghf­dzn­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­uj­dté­lj­vt­cj­düd­Akj­hb­lf­ df­éty­ jn­hf­cük­ d­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­of­nf.

Düg­ht­rb­xt­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­nt­ec­kj­dbz­d­ht­ubj­yf­cf­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yb­pf­hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj,­ rf­xtcn­dj­nj­ yf­ gjx­db­nt­ t­ hfp­kbx­yj.­ Nt­df­hb­hfn­jn­gkj­lj­hjl­yb­nt­gjx­db­yf­åht­uf­ yf­ Keb­pbf­yf­ b­ ltk­nf­nf­ yf­Vb­cb­cb­gb,­rjb­nj­jåf­xt­yt­ct­jn­nb­xfn­ljå­ht,­lj­rhfq­yj­gt­cüx­kb­db­nt­gjx­db­ yf­ ct­dth­yf­ b­ wty­nhfk­yf­Akj­hb­lf.­ Rfh­nb­yf­nf­ ct­ ec­kjé­yz­df,­nüq­rf­nj­xfc­nb­jn­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ yf­ Akj­hb­lf­ yf­ Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd­ b­ jå­ibh­ybz­ hf­qjy­ Tdüh­uktqlc­bvfn­åkf­nbc­nb­xth­yb­gjx­db­bkb­ pkt­jn­djl­yz­df­ob­ ct­gt­cüx­kb­db­ gjx­db,­ f­ åht­uj­dt­nt­ yf­ Ntr­cfc,­Léjh­lébz­ b­ Ñé­yf­ Rf­hj­kb­yf­bvfn­bkb­åkf­nbc­nb,­bkb­gt­cüx­kb­db­gjx­db­ d­ pf­db­cb­vjcn­ jn­ vtcn­yb­nt­ec­kj­dbz.­Xth­yb­nt­gjx­db­d­Keb­pbf­

yf­ ct­ jrfp­dfn­ bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ gkj­lj­hjl­yb,­ jcj­åt­yj­ gjl­öj­lz­ob­ pf­pf­öfh­yf­ nhüc­nb­rf­ b­ jhbp,­ cktl­rf­nj­åü­lfn­jn­djl­yt­yb.

Pf­hfp­kb­rf­jn­nt­pb­hf­qj­yb­gjx­nb­wz­kf­nf­jc­nf­yf­kf­xfcn­yf­Ñé­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­ nhzå­df­ lf­ åü­lt­bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yf.­ Wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ db­cj­rb­ xfc­nb­ yf­ Akj­hb­lf­ yf­­g­hb­vth­bvfn­gt­cüx­kb­db­gjx­db­cüc­cht­lty­ bkb­ vyj­uj­ ckfå­ rf­gf­wb­ntn­lf­ pf­lüh­éfn­ dkf­uf.­ Hf­qj­yb­nt,­ d­rjb­nj­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ wbn­he­cj­db­gkj­lj­dt­ b­ pt­kty­xe­wb,­ lf­dfn­ lj­lt­ctn­ gü­nb­ gj­ljå­hf­ uj­lbi­yf­ht­rjk­nf,­ rj­uf­nj­ ct­ ghb­kf­uf­ bp­­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt,­f­yt­ct­hfp­xb­nf­ cf­vj­ yf­ df­kt­éb­nt­ rf­nj­ tlby­­cn­dty­bp­njx­ybr­yf­dkf­uf.­Ghb­düp­vjé­yjcn­nf­ lf­ ct­ ghf­dzn­ nf­rb­df­gj­ljå­ht­ybz­ b­ ghb­ yf­kb­xbt­nj­ yf­ntö­yj­kj­ubb,­ xhtp­ rjb­nj­ nt­ lf­åü­lfn­jcü­otcn­dz­df­yb,­cgt­wb­abx­yf­nf­ceå­nhj­gbx­yf­ghb­hj­lf­yf­Ñé­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ ct­ jgjk­pjn­dj­hz­df­pf­ hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ ytc­hfd­yb­vj­ gj­dt­xt,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ düd­dün­hti­yb­nt­hf­qj­yb­yf­Ñuj­bp­nj­rf.

Jc­yjd­yb­ by­lec­nhbb­ pf­ Ñé­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­ cf­ hfp­dkt­rf­ntk­yb­zn­åbp­ytc­ b­ cnhjb­ntkcn­dj­nj­ yf­ éb­­kbo­yb­ hf­qj­yb­ pf­ gty­cbj­yt­hb.­Jot­jn­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­50­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr­ ct­ jn­xb­nf­ pyf­xt­ybt­nj­ yf­ nj­pb­dbl­ jå­otcn­dt­yb­ ec­ke­ub­ pf­ cnb­ve­kb­hf­yt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yfk­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­yf­Akj­hb­lf;­jn­nj­uf­df­nzö­yj­nj­pyf­xt­ybt­yf­hfcn­df.

Ghz­rf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ bp­uj­lf­ ct­bp­dkb­xf­ jn­ ne­hbp­vf­ d­ ht­ubj­yf.­Vté­le­ Yñ­ Jh­kb­üyc,­ Keb­pbf­yf­ b­

Vj­åbqk,­ Fkf­åf­vf,­ rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­xfcn­ yf­ Vb­cb­cb­gb­ ct­ ghtd­hü­of­ d­ghj­wüa­nz­dfo­ ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rb­ hf­qjy­c­ åtp­åhjq­ öj­nt­kb,­ vj­nt­kb,­ htc­nj­hfy­nb­b­bp­recn­dt­yb­gkf­éj­dt.

Yfq­ghbd­kt­rf­nt­kty­ ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rb­wty­nüh­d­ht­ubj­yf­jåf­xt­t­Akj­hb­lf.­C­ lük­ub­nt­ cb­ gkf­éj­dt,­ jåüh­yf­nb­rüv­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­ jrt­fy­ b­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd,­nj­pb­ofn­jn­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ ghbd­kb­xf­ re­hjh­nbc­nb­pb­vt.­ Nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ eljåcn­df­ b­elj­djkcn­dbz­ chtl­ ceå­nhj­gbx­yf­nf­ghb­hj­lf­cnf­df­njk­rj­df­uj­kz­vj,­xt­cnhjb­ntkcn­dj­nj­ yf­ wty­nhj­dt­ pf­jn­lbö­b­hfp­dkt­xt­ybz­ct­hfp­ghjc­nb­hf­yf­ct­dth­gj­rhfb­of­nf­yf­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­ åhzu­ d­ rhfq­åhté­yf­Léjh­lébz­b­d­rhfq­åhté­yf­Ñé­yf­b­Ct­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf.

Yt­ dcbx­rb­ ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rb­ fn­hfr­wbb­ pf­db­czn­ jn­ bp­njx­yb­wb,­ rjb­nj­ghb­hj­lf­nf­ ght­ljc­nf­dz.­ Gjc­nhjz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ Lbc­ybe­ühkl­ ghbd­kb­xf­vb­kbj­yb­gj­ct­nb­nt­kb­jn­lhe­ub­of­nb­d­ñé­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­Akj­hb­lf.­Vyj­uj­lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­yj­db­fn­hfr­wbb­cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­d­nf­pb­xfcn­yf­of­nf,­jcj­åt­yj­jrj­kj­Jh­kfy­lj,­rü­lt­nj­ct­hfp­xb­nf­yf­ne­hbc­nb­b­yf­gt­xfk­åb­nt,­rjb­nj­ nt­ yj­czn.­ Jxfr­df­ ct­ nj­pb­uj­kzv­wty­nüh­pf­jn­lbö­b­hfp­dkt­xt­ybz­ d­ wty­nhfk­yf­ Akj­hb­lf­ lf­ ct­ght­düh­yt­ düd­ dün­hti­yj­ cdüh­pdf­oj­pdt­yj­ vté­le­ bp­njx­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ yf­Akj­hb­lf­ b­ creg­xt­yb­nt­ gj­pf­gfl­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­uhf­lj­dt.

Vf­rfh­xt­ceå­nhj­gbx­yb­zn­rkb­vfn­yf­Ñé­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­bvf­vyj­uj­ght­lbvcn­df,­ghb­hjl­yb­nt­ec­kj­dbz­yt­ cf­ cüd­ctv­ åt­pj­åbl­yb.­ Gj­ jn­yj­

it­ybt­ yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ ec­gti­yj­nj­jn­ukté­lf­yt­yf­pt­kty­xe­wb­yf­cüh­xf­df­ jgb­nb­nt­ yf­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­ lf­gj­ke­xf­dfn­ ht­rjk­nf­ wt­kj­uj­lbi­yj.­Yj­rj­uf­nj­ct­cke­xb­d­Ñé­yf­Akj­hb­lf­lf­gfl­yt­pbv­yf­ckf­yf,­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­ jn­ ht­rjk­nf­nf­ vj­ét­ lf­ åü­lt­gjd­ht­lt­yf.­Gj­cü­obz­yf­xby­wbn­he­cj­db­nt­ gkj­lj­dt­ yf­ Akj­hb­lf­ ct­åt­hfn­ vté­le­ jr­njv­dhb­ b­ rhfz­ yf­vfq­b­frj­yfc­nü­gb­pbv­yj­pfc­ne­lz­df­yt,­phtt­ob­nt­gkj­lj­dt­ct­gjd­hté­lfn.­ Yt­ gj­vfk­rf­ pfg­kf­öf­ pf­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ pf­öfh­yf­ nhüc­nb­rf­d­ Keb­pbf­yf­ cf­ b­ yt­yfd­ht­vty­yb­nt­cbk­yb­dtn­hj­dt­ghtp­pb­vf­nf.

Gj­ytc­nf­åbk­yb,­ gj­cgj­hf­lbx­yb,­gj­lhf­vf­nbx­yb­ b­ gj­hfp­he­ib­ntk­yb­pf­ht­ubj­yf­cf­ehf­uf­yb­nt­–­ju­hjv­yb­gjl­dbé­yb­ dbö­hb,­ ght­lbp­db­rf­yb­ jn­cbk­yj­nj­ cküy­xt­dj­ yfu­hz­df­yt­ yf­uj­kt­vb­vf­cb­njg­kf­dj­lf.­Nüq­rf­nj­ct­pyft,­xt­nt­pb­åe­hb­cf­öf­hfr­nth­yb­pf­ht­ubj­yf­b­nüq­rf­nj­bvf­cf­nt­kb­nb­ b­ lhe­ub­ vt­ntj­hj­kj­ubx­yb­ chtl­cn­df,­ öj­hf­nf­ vj­ufn­ ghtl­df­hb­ntk­yj­lf­ ct­ gjl­ujn­dzn­ lf­ gjc­hto­yfn­ b­yfq­uj­kt­vbz­ yf­gjh­ yf­ dz­nü­hf­ b­lüé­lf.­ Yfq­nté­rb­nt­ gj­hf­ét­ybz­åe­hz­nf­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ yf­yf­cz­ rf­nj­tl­yjr­hf­nty­ jn­rjc­ b­ ghj­lük­éf­df­rüv­ ce­if­nf,­ gj­hf­lb­ rjt­nj­ vyj­uj­xfc­nb­ jn­ ht­ubj­yf­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­htl­jc­nf­dfn­ yt­pf­ctu­yf­nb.­ Jn­ lhe­uf­cnhf­yf,­ ehf­uf­yb­nt­ cf­ vyj­uj­ ghj­vty­kb­db­rf­nj­zd­kt­ybt­b­bvfn­vyj­uj­ hfp­kbx­yf­ cb­kf,­ gj­hf­lb­ rjt­nj­düg­ht­rb­ ght­leg­hté­lt­ybz­nf­ ct­kb­of­nf­ ct­ hfp­ghjc­nb­hfn­ b­ d­ rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ hf­qj­yb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ bp­kj­ét­yb­yf­jgfc­yjc­nb­jn­ehf­uf­yb.

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yf­Hü­åf­yf­RJy­nb­yty­nf:­­nüH­uJ­dbz

Gj­åht­uj­df­nf­kb­ybz­ yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd­bvf­cf­vj­yz­rjk­rj­ljå­hb­ ghbc­nf­yb­of,­ gjl­öj­lz­ob­ pf­vf­ofå­yb­ nüh­ujd­crb­ ltq­yjc­nb.­Rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­ bdb­wf­ t­ nzc­yf,­ yf­vtc­nf­yf­xe­gt­yf,­ c­vyj­uj­gkf­éj­dt,­f­ cf­vb­zn­ åhzu­ uhf­yb­xb­ c­ jå­ibh­yb­åkf­nf­ bkb­ t­ xfc­nbx­yj­ pfr­hbn­jn­rüv­ce­if­nf­c­yf­yj­cb.­Ghj­ke­rb­nt­vté­le­gz­cüx­yb­nt­yf­yj­cb,­ghtp­rjb­nj­vj­ét­lf­ct­ght­vb­yt,­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­pf­ob­nf­ jn­ åeh­yj­nj­ vj­ht.­ Nf­pb­pf­ob­nf­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdf­ ghb­ ght­djp­df­yt­nj­ yf­ cnj­rb­ gj­ rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­djl­yb­gü­nb­of.­Yj­nüq­rf­nj­gj­dt­xt­nj­pf­kb­db­pfl­gz­cüx­yb­nt­yf­yj­cb­cf­ndüh­lt­ gkbn­rj­djl­yb,­ pf­ lf­ gec­rfn­d­ nzö­ rjn­df­ ght­pj­rt­fy­crb­ nüh­ujd­crb­rj­hf­åb,­gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ghbc­nf­yb­of­cf­ct­hfp­db­kb­bkb­yf­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­ gjr­hfq­ ib­hj­rj­ htx­yj­ec­nbt,­bkb­yf­ce­if­nf,­yt­lf­kt­xt­jn­vzc­nj­nj,­ rü­lt­nj­ ht­rb­nt­ ct­ dkb­dfn­d­ Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­ pf­kbd,­ bkb­ d­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­jrt­fy.

Dct­rb­ pf­kbd,­ jcb­ue­hz­dfo­ ljå­hb­ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­ ec­kj­dbz,­ t­ bp­kfp­ yf­ht­rf,­gj­rjz­nj­ct­jn­nb­xfn­dj­lb­jn­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf,­yj­nt­pb­ht­rb­ cf­ gkf­df­ntk­yb­ d­ hfp­kbx­yf­cnt­gty.­ Dcbx­rb­ nt­ ljg­hb­yf­czn­ pf­hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ hfy­yb­nt­ ct­kb­of­b­gj­yz­rjb­jn­nzö­dct­jot­gkf­dfn­vfk­rb­ ikt­gj­dt.­ Dhüp­rf­nf­ bv­ c­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ t­ektc­yt­yf­ xhtp­ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­vht­éf­lj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ dün­hti­yb­ gf­pf­hb,­ f­ d­cke­xfq­xt­ht­rf­nf­ct­dkb­df­d­ghbc­nf­ybo­ybz­pf­kbd,­nz­t­ght­ec­nhjt­yf­

nf­rf,­ xt­ lf­ cnf­yt­ gj­gkf­df­ntk­yf.­Léfr­cüy­dbk­ yfg­hb­vth­ t­ tlby­ jn­cnf­hb­nt­ rhfq­yb­ gey­rnj­dt,­ rü­lt­nj­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­nt­ kb­ybb­ jn­ Léjh­lébz­yfd­kb­pfn­düd­Akj­hb­lf.­Njq­cü­oj­t­b­wty­nhfk­yf­njx­rf­yf­tlby­hf­qjy,­rjq­nj­ct­ghjc­nb­hf­yf­pf­gfl­lj­„Jgfi­rf­nf“­yf­of­nf­b­yfd­kb­pf­d­Ntr­cfc,­f­yf­ñu­cnb­uf­lj­gkj­lj­hjl­yb­nt­ wty­nhfk­yb­ gkf­yb­yb.­ D­ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ Léfr­cüy­dbk­ ct­hfp­db­df­åüh­pj­jot­ght­lb­lf­åü­lfn­gjc­nhjt­yb­ vf­ubc­nhfk­yb­ dhüp­rb,­rjb­nj­ lf­ uf­hfy­nb­hfn­ hfp­hfcn­df­yt­nj­ve.

Ljc­nü­gün­lj­Yñ­Jh­kb­üyc­t­njk­rj­df­ektc­yty,­xt­d­nj­df­jn­yj­it­ybt­uhf­lün­ t­ yt­yfl­vb­yfn.­ D­ vb­yf­kj­nj­njq­ t­ hfp­ght­lt­kb­nt­kty­ geyrn­ b­wty­nüh­pf­ght­djp­yf­cnj­rb­d­wz­kf­nf­htx­yf­ cbc­nt­vf­ yf­ Vb­cb­cb­gb.­ Gj­jyj­df­dht­vt­Vb­cb­cb­gb­t­gkf­df­ntk­yf­ (c­ bp­dtcn­yb­ hbc­rj­dt)­ pf­ vfk­rb­gkjc­rj­lüy­yb­ htx­yb­ gf­hf­öj­lb,­ rjb­nj­ cnb­ufn­ lf­ktx­ yf­ ct­dth­ d­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­hf­qj­yb.­Ukfd­yb­nt­ghb­nj­wb­yf­ ht­rf­nf­ hfp­ib­hz­dfn­ nf­pb­ cf­vj­­c­njz­ntk­yf­ djl­yf­ cbc­nt­vf­ yf­ pf­gfl­lj­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­b­yf­bp­njr­lj­ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­ wty­nüh.­ Yñ­ Jh­kb­üyc,­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ jn­ dün­hti­yf­nf­cnhf­yf­yf­ tl­yf­ uj­kz­vf­bp­dbd­rf­yf­ht­rf­nf­ b­ yf­ ybc­rf­nf­ ltk­nf,­ cf­vj­yz­rjk­rj­vtn­hf­ yfl­ chtl­yj­nj­vjh­crj­ hfd­yb­ot,­ t­ pfg­kfi­dfy­ dcz­rf­uj­lb­yf­ jn­ yf­djl­yt­ybz­ b­ pfg­kf­öf­nf­xtc­nj­ ct­ jcü­otcn­dz.­ Yj­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ uhf­lf­ bvf­ njk­rj­df­uj­kt­vb­ght­lbvcn­df­pf­dcbx­rb,­rjb­nj­ ct­ pf­yb­vf­dfn­ c­ nüh­uj­dbz,­ xt­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ d­ yf­xf­

kj­nj­yf­19­dtr­b­jc­nf­df­uj­kz­vj­b­lj­lytc.

Vb­yf­kj­nj­ yf­ Yñ­Jh­kb­üyc­ rf­nj­ahty­crf­ rj­kj­ybz­ t­ cüö­hf­yt­yj­ düd­Ahty­crbz­ rdfh­nfk­ yf­ uhf­lf.­ Uhf­lün­ghbd­kb­xf­vb­kbj­yb­ne­hbc­nb­cüc­cgt­wb­abx­yj­nj­cü­xt­nf­ybt­jn­vtcn­yf­rht­jk­crf,­ rtq­léüy­crf­ b­ td­hj­gtq­crf­reö­yz,­c­vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­nt­bp­gük­yt­ybz­ yf­ léfp­ b­ hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­nt­rek­neh­yb­ ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybz­ b­ c­ fh­öb­ntr­ne­hf­nf­ cb­jn­18­dtr.­Gj­ct­nb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ Yñ­ Jh­kb­üyc­ ot­ åü­lfn­bp­yt­yf­lf­yb­ jn­ uj­kz­vj­nj­ ldb­ét­ybt­yf­ikt­gj­dt­ b­ gf­hf­öj­lb­ gj­ ht­rf­nf­(nj­df­ t­yfq­j­éb­dt­yj­nj­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­d­ Fvt­hb­rf)­ b­ jn­ nté­rf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz,­ pf­ xbt­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­ cü­ltqcn­df­htx­yb­zn­nhf­abr.

Lhe­ub­zn­ df­éty­ uhfl­ d­ pf­gfl­ybz­lzk­yf­Ñé­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt,­rjq­nj­ jn­ 1970­ u.­ cnf­df­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­uhfl­ d­ wt­kbz­ ht­ub­jy,­ t­ rj­hty­yj­ghj­nb­dj­gj­kj­éty­ yf­ Yñ­ Jh­kb­üyc.­Öñc­nüy,­Ntr­cfc,­t­yjd­uhfl­d­vyj­uj­ jn­yj­it­ybz.­ Jn­yf­xf­kj­ njq­ yt­ t­ghbc­nf­yb­oty­uhfl,­yj­cnf­df­nf­rüd­c­gjc­nhjz­df­yt­nj­ (pf­gjx­yf­kj­ ghtp­1873­ u.)­ b­ vyj­ujr­hfn­yj­ bp­düh­idf­yb­nt­ gj­ljå­ht­ybz­ yf­ Öñc­nüy­crbz­rf­yfk,­ ght­cb­xfo­ gkbn­rbz­ pf­kbd­Ufk­dtc­nüy.­ Ghbc­nf­yb­ot­nj­ pf­gjx­df­lf­ bu­hft­ gj­dfé­yf­ hj­kz­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ uhf­lf­ d­ rhfz­ yf­ 40­nt­uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr,­ rj­uf­nj­ yf­åb­hf­cb­kb­ vtcn­yf­nf­ yta­nj­öb­vb­xtc­rf­by­lec­nhbz.

Jc­yjd­yb­nt­ nt­vb,­ rjb­nj­ öf­hfr­nt­hb­pb­hfn­ Ñé­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt,­ cf­jn­hf­pt­yb­ gj­ yt­gjd­nj­hbv­ yf­xby­ d­eyb­rfk­yf­nf­ gj­ hj­lf­ cb­ rek­neh­yf­

nhfyc­ajh­vf­wbz­yf­hf­qj­yf­yf­Vfz­vb,­Akj­hb­lf.

Ghtp­ 50­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr­ghbd­kt­rf­ntk­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Vfz­vb­ ct­düp­ghbt­vf­ rf­nj­ gf­cbd­yf­ öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rf­ yf­ hf­qj­yf.­ Ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ t­xj­dtr­ lf­ ct­ yfc­kfé­lf­df­ yf­ nj­df,­rjt­nj­ghtl­kf­uf­ghb­hj­lf­nf.­Rkb­vf­nün­ t­ nj­gük­ ghtp­ wz­kf­nf­ pb­vf;­rhfq­åhté­yj­nj­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ yf­uhf­lf­ jcb­ue­hz­df­ kt­cty­ ljc­nüg­ lj­jå­ibh­yb­ gkf­éj­dt­ b­ njg­kj­ nhj­gb­xtc­rj­vj­ht;­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­nj­bpbc­rdf­cf­vj­ kt­rb­ gj­ljå­ht­ybz,­ pf­ lf­ ct­ektc­yb­ ght­djp­df­yt­nj­ yf­ kt­njd­yb­wb­jn­Fvt­hb­rf­lj­åkbp­rb­nt­rf­hbå­crb­jc­nhj­db.­ Tl­df­ ghtp­ 60­nt­ uj­lb­yb­vzc­nj­nj,­ rjt­nj­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ pft­vf­d­rhfq­yf­nf­Ñé­yf­njx­rf­yf­rjy­nb­yty­nf,­ lj­dté­lf­ lj­ gük­yj­nj­ by­ntu­hb­hf­yt­ yf­Vfz­vb­ d­ tl­yf­ cdt­njd­yf­ab­yfy­cj­df­b­nüh­ujd­crf­cbc­nt­vf.

Ghj­vz­yf­nf­ d­ yf­xb­yf,­ gj­ rjq­nj­Vfz­vb­pf­gjx­df­lf­ct­düp­gjk­pdf­jn­vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ cb,­ ct­ lük­éb­ yf­re­åby­crf­nf­ tvbu­hf­wbz.­ Vté­le­1959­u.­b­1981­u.­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­jå­kfcn­nf­Vfz­vb­(jrj­kj­85­ghj­wty­nf­jn­rjt­nj­t­re­åby­crj)­ yf­hfcn­df­ jn­ 25­ 000­ lj­åkb­pj­700­000.

Re­åby­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ åüh­pj­ ec­djz­df­ ab­yfy­cj­db­nt­b­nüh­ujd­crb­ltq­yjc­nb.­Åüh­pb­yf­nf,­c­rjz­nj­uj­kzv­åhjq­re­åby­wb­ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­d­Vfz­vb,­cüp­lf­df­„vbu­yj­dty“­gf­pfh.­Nüh­ujd­crb­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­d­ lhe­ub­ xfc­nb­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­ rjb­nj­ bc­rfn­ lf­ yfd­kz­pfn­gj­ib­hj­rj­ d­ kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­gf­pf­hb,­ght­yf­czn­gj­yt­xfcn­jn­ghj­

94 95

bp­djlcn­dt­yb­nt­ cb­ ltq­yjc­nb­ d­Vfz­vb,­ rü­lt­nj­ yft­vfn­ bc­gf­yjt­pbx­yb­nt­re­åby­wb.­ Rf­hbå­crb­nt­ nüh­ujd­crb­rjy­nfr­nb,­ pf­gjx­yf­nb­ c­ re­åby­crb­nt­åt­éfy­wb,­ cf­ ghbd­kt­rf­ntk­yb­ b­ pf­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ åbp­ytc­ by­nt­ht­cb.­Edt­kb­xt­yb­vyj­ujr­hfn­yj,­ gj­vyj­uj­yf­xb­yb­d­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­yz­rjk­rj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz,­ nt­ hfp­ib­hz­dfn­ vj­lt­kf­ yf­ tc­ntcn­dt­yf­nf­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­jhb­ty­nf­wbz­yf­Vfz­vb­rüv­Ñuf.

by­lEc­nHb­fk­yJ­HfP­db­nbtLtqcn­db­ntk­yf­nf­ab­pb­xtc­rf­uhf­yb­wf­yf­ Ct­dth­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ rf­nj­ rjy­nb­ytyn­ yt­ cüd­gf­lf­ c­ rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­kb­ybz.­Jn­dül­rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­kb­ybz­ct­ ghjc­nb­hf­ rjy­nb­yty­nf­kty­itka,­rjq­nj­t­gjl­vjh­crj­nj­hfd­yb­ot.­Yf­yz­rjb­vtc­nf­itk­aün­t­lü­küu­cf­vj­ldf­nhb­ rb­kj­vtn­hf,­ yj­ gjr­hfq­uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­b­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd­rhf­zn­ ve­ kt­éb­ yf­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 80­rb­kj­vtn­hf­ jn­ åht­uf.­ Ghb­ bp­düh­idf­yt­nj­ yf­ utj­kjé­rb­ ghj­ex­df­ybz­gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ jn­ ht­rf­ Hbj­Uhfy­lt­lj­ec­nbt­nj­yf­Vb­cb­cb­gb­cf­jn­rhb­nb­uj­kt­vb­yf­öj­lb­of­yf­ytan­b­ ghb­hj­lty­ ufp­ rfr­nj­ yf­ åht­uf,­nf­rf­b­d­vj­ht­nj.

D­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 90­nt­ uj­lb­yb,­rj­uf­nj­ pf­gjx­df­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­yta­nt­ybz­åf­ctqy­yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd,­Öñc­nüy­dct­jot­t­cht­lty­gj­uj­kt­vb­yf­uhfl­c­yf­ct­kt­ybt­gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 75­ 000­ le­ib.­ Yj­ cnf­nbc­nb­xtc­rb­nt­lfy­yb­jn­ghtå­hjz­df­yt­nj­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ghtp­1990­u.­gj­rfp­dfn,­xt­uhf­lün­t­yf­hfc­yfk­yf­1.6­vb­kbj­yf­le­ib­b­ t­ yf­xtn­düh­nj­vzc­nj­ d­

Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ cktl­Yñ­Qjhr,­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­b­Xb­rf­uj.­Hfp­gj­kj­éty­ gj­ cht­lf­nf­ yf­ lük­uf­nf­ rhfq­åhté­yf­ lü­uf­vté­le­ ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb­b­vtr­cb­rfy­crf­nf­uhf­yb­wf,­Öñc­nüy­ pft­vf­ rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­ dhüö­yf­njx­rf­ yf­ Ntr­cfc­rbz­ nhbü­uük­ybr,­rf­nj­gj­nj­pb­yf­xby­ct­ghb­cüt­lb­yz­df­ rüv­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ Lf­kfc­Ajhn­Eühn­b­Cfy­Fy­nj­ybj.­Pf­en­düh­élf­df­yt­nj­ yf­ Öñc­nüy­ ljg­hb­yf­czn­Lf­kfc,­rjq­nj­t­jc­vb­zn­gj­åhjq­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ ghtp­ 1990­ u.,­ b­ Cfy­Fy­nj­ybj,­ rjq­nj­ t­ lt­ct­nb,­ rfr­nj­ b­dhüp­rb­nt­ vté­le­ Öñc­nüy­ b­ nt­pb­dfé­yb­ hfp­db­df­ob­ ct­ wty­nhj­dt­ düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ f­ cü­oj­b­ uj­kt­vb­zn­ bp­yjc­ yf­ gf­ver­ jn­bp­nj­xty­Ntr­cfc.

Nüh­ct­yt­nj­yf­lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­yta­nt­yb­ yf­öj­lb­of­ d­ Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd­ dct­ gj­yf­dün­ht­ d­ vj­ht­nj­pf­gjx­df­ght­lb­1950­u.­C­jn­rhb­df­yt­nj­ yf­ yf­öj­lb­of­nf­ yz­rjb­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ ghjå­kt­vb­ dht­vty­yj­ ct­ hfp­ht­if­dfn,­ yj­ec­gt­öün­yf­ yta­nt­yb­nt­rjv­gf­ybb­ cüp­lf­df­ yj­db­ ghjå­kt­vb.­D­ghj­wt­cf­yf­ghtj­lj­kz­df­yt­yf­ntö­yj­kj­ubx­yb­nt­ nhel­yjc­nb­ ghb­ gec­rf­yt­nj­ yf­ cjy­lb­ b­ bp­dkb­xf­yt­nj­ yf­ytan­ jn­ gkfn­ajh­vb­ lf­ktx­ jn­ce­if­nf­ct­hfp­uf­hzn­cgj­hj­dt­vté­le­ofn­crj­nj­ b­ at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­pf­nj­df­gjl­xbz­ñhbc­lbr­wbz­ cktl­df­ lf­ åü­lfn­ ghb­hjl­yb­nt­åj­ufncn­df­ yf­ rjy­nb­yty­nfk­ybz­itka.­ Cktl­ ct­hbz­ jn­ ckjé­yb­cü­ltå­yb­ lt­kf­ nt­pb­ vb­yt­hfk­yb­ht­ceh­cb­ ght­vb­yf­dfn­ gjl­ñhbc­lbr­wbz­nf­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­of­nf:­Akj­hb­lf­b­ Ntr­cfc­ gj­ke­xf­dfn­ ghf­dj­ lf­

ltqcn­dfn­lj­15.3­rb­kj­vtn­hf­yf­dün­ht­d­vj­ht­nj,­f­Keb­pbf­yf,­Fkf­åf­vf­b­ Vb­cb­cb­gb­ ct­ ju­hf­yb­xf­dfn­ d­ltqcn­dbz­nf­cb­lj­4.8­rb­kj­vtn­hf.

Gjc­nj­zy­yf­nf­ b­ åüh­pj­ edt­kb­xf­df­of­ct­rjy­ce­vf­wbz­yf­ytan,­ghb­hj­lty­ ufp­ b­ yta­nt­yb­ ghj­ler­nb­ d­cnhf­yf­nf­ ghb­yeé­lf­df­at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­ d­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 70­nt­uj­lb­yb­ lf­ jåz­db­ nühu­ pf­ trc­gkjf­nf­wbz­ yf­ vjh­crb­ gkj­ob­ vté­le­Åb­kjr­cb,­Vb­cb­cb­gb­ b­ pf­kb­df­Nfv­gf,­Akj­hb­lf,­f­d­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­80­nt­uj­lb­yb­–­b­d­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rbz­jrt­fy.

Njk­rj­df­ uj­kt­vb­ cf­ yta­nt­yb­nt­yf­öj­lb­of­ gj­ åht­uf­ vté­le­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Vtr­cb­rj­ b­ ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb,­ xt­ Ñé­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ot­it­lf­åü­lt­yf­güh­dj­vzc­nj­gj­ ghb­hjl­yb­ åj­ufncn­df,­ lj­hb­ frj­nt­pb­ yf­öj­lb­of­ åz­öf­ tlbycn­dt­yb­nt­vb­yt­hfk­yb­ ht­ceh­cb­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf.­Ntr­cfc­b­Keb­pbf­yf­cf­ct­uf­ldf­jn­nhb­nt­ dj­lt­ob­ of­nf­ (pf­tl­yj­ c­Fkzc­rf)­ d­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ytan.­ B­ vf­rfh­ xt­ bvfn­ uj­kt­vb­yta­nt­yb­åf­ctq­yb­yf­dün­ht­d­ce­if­nf­rhfq­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd,­ntö­yb­nt­rhfq­åhté­yb­ åf­ctq­yb­ ljg­hb­yf­czn­cü ­otcn ­dt ­yj ­ pf ­ wz ­kjcn ­yj ­nj­åj­ufncn­dj­yf­ldf­nf­of­nf.

Vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­nt­ hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­yf­öj­lb­of­yf­ghb­hj­lty­ufp­d­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd­ ct­ht­le­dfn­ c­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­nt­ d­ lük­uf­ lü­uf­ yta­nt­yb­yf­öj­lb­of­ d­ ht­ubj­yf.­ Ghb­hjl­yb­zn­ufp­ct­ght­yf­cz­gj­nhü­åjg­hj­dj­lb­jn­ukfd­yb­nt­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dt­yb­ wty­nhj­dt­gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ lj­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­wty­nhj­dt­yf­rjy­ce­vf­wbz­ghtp­cnhf­yf­nf­b­d­Ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­ht­ub­jy.

Utj­kjé­rb­nt­ ajh­vf­wbb­ yf­ rhfq­åht­ébz­nf­ yf­ Ntr­cfc­ b­ Keb­pbf­yf,­rjb­nj­ cü­lüh­éfn­ ytan­ b­ ghb­hj­lty­ufp,­cü­lüh­éfn­b­ldf­lhe­ub­vb­yt­hf­kf,­rjb­nj­bvfn­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­cnjq­yjcn­–­cz­hf­b­rf­vty­yf­cjk.­Crfk­yb­nt­ bp­dbd­rb­ gjl­ gj­düh­öyjcn­nf,­vté­le­rjb­nj­cf­pf­kt­éb­nt­jn­ytan­b­ ghb­hj­lty­ ufp­ d­ pyf­xb­ntk­yb­ jn­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ uktl­yf­ njx­rf­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­pf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy,­cf­jå­hf­pe­df­yb­ jn­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ gjd­lb­uf­yt­ yf­uj­kt­vb­ vf­cb­db­ jn­ rf­vty­yf­ cjk.­Rf­vty­yf­nf­cjk,­vf­rfh­b­yt­njk­rj­df­ wty­yf,­ rjk­rj­nj­ ghb­hjl­yb­nt­uj­hb­df,­ ct­ lj­åb­df­ d­ pyf­xb­ntk­yb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­ d­ ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­ Keb­pbf­yf.­ Gj­wty­yf­ jn­ rf­vty­yf­nf­ cjk­ t­cz­hf­nf,­rjz­nj­ct­yf­vb­hf­njx­yj­gjl­vf­cb­db­nt­jn­rf­vty­yf­cjk.­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ yf­öj­lb­of­ yf­ cz­hf­ d­ Åje­vjyn,­Ntr­cfc,­ b­ ghtp­ uhf­yb­wf­nf­ yf­ of­nf­åkb­pj­lj­tpt­hj­nj­Xfhkc,­Keb­pbf­yf,­pf­lj­dj­kz­dfn­ yeé­lb­nt­ yf­ dcbx­rb­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ of­nb.­ Lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­nt­pf­kt­éb­rfr­nj­yf­ce­if­nf,­nf­rf­b­gjl­ rjy­nb­yty­nfk­ybz­ itka­ uf­hfy­nb­hfn­ lj­åbd­ yf­ nj­pb­ vb­yt­hfk­ pf­vyj­uj­uj­lb­yb­yfg­htl.­Jn­yf­wbj­yfk­yj­pyf­xt­ybt­t­b­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­ajc­afn­ jn­ åj­uf­nb­nt­ pf­kt­éb­ düd­Akj­hb­lf.

Bp­dkb­xf­yt­nj­yf­ytan­b­ghb­hj­lty­ufp­cf­vj­gj­ct­åt­cb­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­yt­dj­lb­ lj­ uj­kzv­ eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­ b­by­lec­nhbf­kty­hfc­nté.­Ghj­wt­cün­yf­ghj­ex­df­yt­ b­ yf­ gec­rf­yt­ yf­ cjy­lb­bpbc­rdf­ cgt­wb­fk­yb­ b­ crü­gb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz,­ yj­ yt­ b­ hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­ gjl­lüh­éf­ob­jgt­hf­wbb­b­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf,­rfr­db­nj­cf­yeé­yb­ghb­hfp­hf­åjn­df­

96

yt­nj­ yf­ vyj­uj­ lhe­ub­ ghb­hjl­yb­åj­ufncn­df.­ Jn­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ytan­ d­ uj­kt­vb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­ jåf­xt­vj­ufn­ lf­ ct­ yfn­he­gfn­ ju­hjv­yb­rf­gb­nf­kb­ pf­ rhfn­rj­ dht­vt,­ f­ nt­pb­vtcn­yb­rf­gb­nf­kb­ghbd­kb­xfn­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­by­lec­nhbb,­rjb­nj­hfp­gj­kf­ufn­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­nf­cb­d­åkb­pjcn­lj­yf­öj­lb­of­nf­ yf­ ce­hj­db­yb.­ Gtn­hjk­yb­nt­hf­ab­yt­hbb­cf­gjc­nhjt­yb­rhfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­ jn­ Rjh­gec­Rhbc­nb­ d­ Ntr­cfc­ lj­ Gfc­rf­ue­kf­ d­Vb­cb­cb­gb,­yj­yfq–vyj­uj­nt­cf­jrj­kj­ Öñc­nüy,­ Åje­vjyn­ b­ Gjhn­Fh­nüh­d­Ntr­cfc.

Gj­ib­hj­rj­jn­hf­ét­ybt­düh­öe­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ bvfn­ by­lec­nhbb­nt,­ rjb­nj­ bp­gjk­pdfn­ ghj­ler­wbz­nf­ yf­ hf­ab­yt­hbb­nt­ pf­ cjåcn­dt­yj­nj­ cb­ cü­otcn­de­df­yt,­ yfg­hb­vth­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­yta­njg­hj­ler­nb.­Ghb­hjl­yb­zn­ ufp­ b­ yta­njg­hj­ler­nb­nt­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdfn­ rf­nj­ öb­vb­xtc­rb­rjv­gj­yty­nb­ d­ bp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­vyj­uj­ cnj­rb.­ Öb­vb­xtc­rb­nt­ pf­dj­lb­d­pf­gfl­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd­ ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ yfq­hfp­kbx­yb­cnj­rb­ –­ jn­ gkfc­nvf­cb,­ åjb­ b­fy­nba­hbp­ lj­ bp­recn­dt­yb­ nj­hj­dt,­by­ctr­nb­wb­lb­ b­ kt­rfhcn­df.­ Jc­dty­nj­df­ lhe­ub­ öb­vb­xtc­rb­ by­lec­nhbb,­rjb­nj­yt­cf­jå­düh­pf­yb­c­lj­åb­df­yf­ytan­b­ghb­hj­lty­ufp,­ghj­bp­dté­lfn­czh­yf­ rb­ct­kb­yf,­ ajc­afn­yb­ nj­hj­dt­

b­ cby­nt­nb­xty­ rfe­xer,­ cf­ jc­yjd­yb­gjn­ht­åb­nt­kb­ yf­ cz­hf­ b­ rf­vty­yf­cjk.­ Yf­kb­xbt­nj­ yf­ jc­yjd­yb­ vb­yt­hfk­yb­ht­ceh­cb­d­tlby­ht­ub­jy,­rjq­nj­ bvf­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­ pf­ uj­kt­vb­by­dtc­nb­wbb,­dj­lb­lj­åühp­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ hfc­nté­ b­ edt­kb­xf­df­yt­ yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj.

Hfp­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­yf­by­lec­nhbb­nt,­lj­hb­ b­ yf­ nt­pb,­ rjb­nj­ ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ yta­njg­hj­ler­nb,­ ct­ jg­ht­lt­kz­yt­cf­vj­jn­yf­kb­xbt­nj­yf­rf­gb­nf­kb­b­ jn­ åkb­pjcn­nf­ lj­ ce­hj­db­yb,­ f­ t­düg­hjc­ b­ yf­ ljc­nü­gty­ nhfyc­gjhn.­Ñé­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt,­ rfr­nj­ dt­xt­jn­åt­kz­pfö­vt,­t­yf­hü­åf­yf­rjy­nb­yty­nf,­ gj­hf­lb­ rjt­nj­ nfv­ ct­ jcü­otcn­dz­df­ ght­vb­yf­df­yt­nj­ jn­ dj­lty­nhfyc­gjhn­rüv­nhfyc­gjhn­gj­ce­if.­Jc­dty­ nj­df,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ djl­yb­zn­nhfyc­gjhn­t­gj­td­nby­jn­nhfyc­gjh­nf­ gj­ ce­if,­ ght­dj­pün­ yf­ uj­nj­df­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­jn­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­pf­kbd­vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ bp­düh­idf­ tatr­nbd­yj­gj­ vj­ht­ lj­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf­ yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­ b­ c­ikt­gj­dt­ gj­ dü­­n­hti­yjr­hfq­åhté­yb­nt­ djl­yb­ gü­nb­of­ b­ gj­ cbc­nt­vf­nf­ jn­ rf­yf­kb­ yf­ht­rf­ Vb­cb­cb­gb­ lj­ ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­ht­ub­jy.­ B­ jå­hfn­yj­nj,­ ghj­ler­nb­ b­ce­hj­dby­yb­ vf­nt­hbf­kb­ vj­ufn­ lf­åü­lfn­åüh­pj­ght­djp­df­yb­lj­by­lec­nhb­fk­yb­nt­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crb­pf­kbd.­ ­ ­ ∆

97

Pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­ wty­nüh­(Rfh­nf­ 9)­ t­ rek­ne­hty­ht­ub­jy,­ bp­uhf­lty­ düh­öe­

ec­nf­yj­dt­yb­ yf­db­wb,­ yfu­kf­cb­b­ jn­yj­it­ybz­ rüv­ nhf­lb­wb­jy­yb­nt­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­pf­ght­gb­nf­ybt­b­rjy­nfr­nb­ c­lhe­ub­uhe­gb­d­ht­ubj­yf.­D­jc­yj­df­nf­cb­Pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­wty­nüh­ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ghj­dby­wb­fk­yf­b­ctk­crf­Fvt­hb­rf,­ jn­rhjz­df­of­ ct­ gj­ jcj­åty­yf­xby­ pf­hf­lb­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ vj­lt­kb­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.­Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ ghjz­dz­df­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rf­ b­ cj­wb­fk­yf­ ghtl­gfp­kb­djcn,­yj­d­cü­oj­nj­dht­vt­b­yt­pf­db­cb­vjcn,­ rf­nj­ ct­ ghb­lüh­éf­ rüv­jyj­df,­rjt­nj­t­lj­rf­pf­kj­tatr­nbd­yjcn­nf­cb,­åtp­lf­t­gjl­kj­ét­yj­yf­cb­kty­yf­nbcr­pf­ghj­vz­yf,­rf­rüd­nj­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­d­uj­kt­vb­nt­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ wty­nhj­dt­ bkb­ d­ ght­öjl­yb­nt­pj­yb­ vté­le­ jn­ltk­yb­nt­ ht­ubj­yb.­Jg­ht­lt­kt­ybt­nj,­ c­rjt­nj­t­cdüh­pfy­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy,­t­„Chtl­yf­Fvt­hb­rf“.

Lj­rhfz­yf­19­dtr­Pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­wty­nüh­ yf­åb­hf­ cdjt­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­xhtp­hj­lt­yb­d­lhe­ub­ cnhf­yb­ tvbu­hfy­nb,­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ rjb­nj­ cf­ jn­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­ Td­hj­gf.­ Gj­rüc­yj­ghbc­nbu­yf­kb­nt­tvbu­hfy­nb­jn­bp­njx­yf­ Td­hj­gf­ b­ jn­ Cht­lb­ptv­yj­vjh­crb­nt­ cnhf­yb­hfp­åb­hfn,­ xt­ gj­gkj­lj­hjl­yb­nt­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ pt­vb­ cf­dt­xt­ ec­djt­yb­ b­ ct­ ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­ d­åkbp­rb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­nt­yf­Ghj­vbi­kt­ybz­wty­nüh.

JRJk­yf­nf­cHt­lfPf­ctk­yb­wb­nt,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ ghb­­l­dbé­dfn­ ghtp­ Fgf­kf­xb­nt­rüv­ bp­njx­yb­nt­ dün­hti­yb­hfd­yb­yb,­ cf­ pfu­hb­ét­yb­ pf­jwt­kz­df­yt­nj­cb­b­nüh­czn­ght­gb­nf­ybt.­ Rf­nj­ ct­ bp­rkñ­xb­cüg­hj­nb­df­nf­yf­vtcn­yb­by­lb­

fy­crb­gkt­vt­yf­b­jåb­xfq­yb­nt­rfg­hb­pb­yf­ghb­hj­lf­nf,­ jrjk­yf­nf­ cht­lf­ t­åkf­ujc­rkjy­yf.­Gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­Jöf­qj­b­lj­kty­Vb­xb­ufy­cf­gjr­hb­nb­cüc­ cvt­ct­yb­ ib­hj­rj­kbcn­yb­ uj­hb.­Lüh­dt­nf­nf­ gj­rfp­dfn­ yf­ jgbn­ybz­pf­ctk­ybr­ jn­ bp­njx­yb­nt­of­nb­ rü­lt­ct­ yf­vb­hfn­ yfq­ljå­hb­nt­ gjx­db.­Lüh­dt­nf­nf­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­ pf­lj­dj­kz­dfn­d­ pyf­xb­ntk­yf­ cnt­gty­ yeé­lb­nt­ jn­vtcn­yj­uj­hb­dj­b­cnhjb­nt­kty­vf­nt­hb­fk.­ Åkb­pj­ lj­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­ rhfb­of­yf­By­lbf­yf­b­jot­gj­lf­ktx­d­Bkb­yjq­b­ñéty­Ebc­rjy­cby­dct­gj­xtc­nj­ ct­ cht­ofn­ gj­ib­hj­rb­ ghj­kj­vb­b­ ujh­crb­ gj­kz­yb.­Rf­nj­ ct­ bp­rkñ­xfn­ yz­rjb­ vtc­nf­ gjr­hfq­ ht­rb­nt­ b­gj­öük­vbc­nb­nt­vtcn­yjc­nb,­Bkb­yjq,­Fqj­df­b­xfc­nb­jn­ñé­yf­Vb­yt­cj­nf­b­ct­dt­hty­Vb­ce­hb­cf­pft­nb­rjk­rj­nj­ jn­ jn­rhb­nb­ gf­cb­of,­ njk­rj­df­ b­jn­ uj­hb.­ Rj­uf­nj­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ ljc­nb­ufn­ct­dth­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­b­pf­gfl­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Fqj­df,­ uüc­nb­nt­ uj­hb­cf­jc­nf­yf­kb­yf­rb­kj­vtn­hb­pfl­uüh­åf­bv.

Gj­ ghby­wbg,­ ghb­cücn­dbt­nj­ yf­lüh­dt­nf­ jp­yf­xf­df,­ xt­ bvf­ ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ dkf­uf­ pf­ hfc­nté­ yf­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ rek­ne­hb.­ B­ c­ bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­yf­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­ybz­üuük­yf­ht­ubj­yf­

pt­vt­ltk­cRb­zN­wty­Nüh

ukf­df

10

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Allegh

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Missouri River

Mississippi R

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Erie

RoanokeFrankfortLouisville

Peoria

Omaha

Sioux City

Sioux Falls

Watertown

Tulsa

Fort Smith

St. Paul

Lake

Mich

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Lake Huron

Lake Erie

Lake Ontario

N.Y.

PA.

OHIO

INDIANA

ILLINOIS

MICHIGAN

WESTVIRGINIA

KENTUCKY VIRGINIA

NORTH CAROLINATENNESSEE

SOUTHCAROLINA

ARKANSAS

OKLAHOMA

KANSAS MISSOURI

IOWANEB.

S. DAK.

MINNESOTAWISCONSIN

N. DAK.

Grand Rapids

Platte R

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Minneapolis

Lincoln

Columbus

TopekaKansas City

Madison

Milwaukee

Green Bay

Marinette

Cedar Rapids

Des Moines

Chicago

Springfield

GarySouth Bend

Fort Wayne

Indianapolis

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Jonesboro

Memphis

Nashville

Knoxville

Fort Smith

St. Louis Evansville

Greenville

Winston-Salem

Charleston

Cincinnati

ColumbusWheeling

PittsburghClevelandToledo

DetroitLansing

Buffalo

Rochester

Toronto

Alpena

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Rockford

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98

b­yz­rjb­xfc­nb­yf­Vb­xb­ufy­b­bp­nj­xty­Ebc­rjy­cby,­ d­ wt­kbz­Pt­vt­ltk­crb­wty­nüh­chtl­yj­d­uj­lb­yf­nf­gf­lfn­gj­dt­xt­jn­75­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ df­kt­éb.­ D­ñé­yb­nt­ rhfb­of­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­df­kt­éb­nt­ ljc­nb­ufn­ lj­ 100­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf.­Gj­dfé­yj­nj­t,­xt­gj­dt­xt­nj­df­kt­éb­ gf­lfn­ vté­le­ rhfz­ yf­fg­hbk­ b­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ yj­tv­dhb,­lj­rf­nj­ nhft­ dt­ut­nf­wb­jy­yb­zn­ gt­hb­jl.­ Lheu­ df­éty­afr­njh­ pf­ hfc­nt­éf­ t,­ xt­ pf­ lt­ctn­uj­lb­ity­ gt­hb­jl­jn­ dht­vt­ nt­pb­ df­kt­éb­ cf­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ gjc­nj­zy­yb.­ Ktn­yb­nt­ lüé­lj­dt­ xtc­nj­ ct­ bp­kb­dfn­ rf­nj­ cbk­yb­gj­hjb,­ ghbl­he­ét­yb­ jn­ uhü­vj­nt­db­wb­ b­ cdtn­rf­db­wb,­ f­ gj­yz­rj­uf­ b­ jn­

eyb­oj­éb­ntk­yb­ uhf­lei­rb­ b­åeh­yb­ dtn­hj­dt,­ yj­ lj­hb­ b­nj­uf­df­ ath­vt­hb­nt­ d­ nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­ cf­ gj­vfk­rj­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ jot­nt­yb­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­c­ath­vt­hb­nt­d­jn­rhb­nb­

nt­hfd­yb­yb.Rfr­nj­ b­ jc­nf­yf­kb­nt­ dün­hti­yb­

ht­ubj­yb­ yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­ Pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­ wty­nüh­ ct­ jn­kb­xf­df­ c­ ib­hj­rf­fv­gkb­ne­lf­yf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt.­Yfq­ybc­rb­nt­ pbv­yb­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­ yf­nf­pb­ ut­ju­hfa­crf­ ib­hb­yf­ xtc­nj­cüd­gf­lfn­c­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt­yf­vtc­nf,­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ vyj­uj­ gj­ yf­ct­dth.­ Gj­ cü­obz­ yf­xby­ ktn­yb­nt­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­ vj­ufn­ lf­ ljc­nbu­yfn­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt­ yf­ gj­ñé­yb­nt­ ib­­

Rfh­Nf

9

99

hb­yb.­ Yfg­hb­vth­ d­ Gbj­hbz,­ Bkb­yjq,­åkb­pj­lj­zl­hj­nj­yf­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh,­ chtl­yf­nf­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­ghtp­zyef­hb­t­vb­yec­4­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq,­f­chtl­yf­nf­ghtp­ñkb­t­24­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq.

Pf­ath­vt­hf­db­cj­rb­nt­ktn­yb­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­ ec­rj­hz­dfn­ hfc­nt­éf;­ pf­jåbr­yj­dt­ybz­ uhfl­crb­éb­ntk­ kz­nj­nj­ vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ jrf­ét­ vü­xb­ntk­yj­cü­xt­nf­ybt­ jn­ uj­ht­ob­ lyb,­ njg­kb­yj­ob­ b­ vyj­uj­ dkf­éty­ düp­leö.­Pb­vb­nt­ d­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ cf­lük­ub,­ xtc­nj­ vhfx­yb­ b­ ytg­hb­zn­yj­cne­lt­yb.

Yt­ cf­vj­ rkb­vf­nbx­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­yf­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ cf­ vyj­uj­gjl­öj­lz­ob­pf­hfp­db­nbt­yf­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj,­ yj­ b­ ht­kt­aün­ t­ gj­lj­åf­df­oj­tl­yj­jå­hf­pty.­Gtq­pf­éün­t­kt­rj­öük­vbcn,­ hzl­rj­ ct­ cht­ofn­ vyj­uj­hfd­yby­yb­ bkb­ vyj­uj­ öük­vbc­nb­jå­kfc­nb.­Ybc­rb­zn­ht­kta­jp­yf­xf­df,­xt­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ wz­kf­nf­ pt­vz­vj­ét­ lf­ åü­lt­ jå­hf­åjn­df­yf­ yf­njk­rj­df­uj­kt­vb­gfh­wt­kb,­rjk­rj­nj­yf­ ghfr­nb­rf­ t­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vj,­ pf­ lf­åü­lfn­ ljå­ht­ cnj­gf­ybc­df­yb,­ åtp­bp­kbi­yb­hbc­rj­dt­jn­thj­pbz.

C­ ecü­düh­itycn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ ctk­crj­c­nj­gfy­crf­nf­ ntö­yb­rf­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­vf­ib­yb­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­d­wt­kbz­ht­ub­jy.­Hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­nt­yfd­cz­rü­lt­ vfk­rb­ öük­vj­dt­ b­ ht­rb­nt,­rjb­nj­ ghj­hzp­dfn­ nt­pb­ åtp­rhfq­yb­düp­db­it­ybz,­cf­tc­ntcn­dt­yb­nt­vtc­nf,­rü­lt­nj­ vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ gjl­lüh­éfn­jn­rhb­nb­ ghjc­nhfycn­df­ c­ lüh­dt­nf­bkb­ gf­cb­of.­ Öük­vbc­nb­zn­ nt­hty­jcb­ue­hz­df­ ljå­hj­ jn­djl­yz­df­yt­ yf­gjx­db­nt­b­d­gj­dt­xt­nj­cke­xfb­ju­hf­

yb­xf­df­hfp­ib­hz­df­yt­nj­yf­åkf­nf­nf.Öf­hfr­nth­yb­zn­ pf­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­

wty­nüh­gtq­pfé­lj­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­t­ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ cü­of­nf­ ktl­yb­rj­df­ltq­yjcn,­ rjz­nj­ cüp­lf­df­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf­ yf­ Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.­ Rj­uf­nj­nté­rf­nf­ kt­lt­yf­ vf­cf­ pf­gjx­df­ lf­ct­ ghbl­dbé­df­ bp­düy­ Rf­yfl­crbz­obn,­düh­öj­dt­nt­yf­vt­rb­nt­enf­tx­yb­crf­kb­ cf­ cvf­pf­yb­ jn­ nt­étcn­nf­ b­ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ kt­lf.­ Crfk­yb­nt­jn­kjv­rb­ ct­ cvtc­dfn­ c­ kt­lt­yb­nt­åkj­rj­dt­ b­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­ ct­ yfc­kfu­dfn,­rf­nj­pf­gük­dfn­xfc­nbx­yj­lj­kb­yb­nt­vté­le­jåtp­ukf­dt­yb­nt­crf­kbc­nb­ öük­vj­dt.­ Cktl­ dht­vt,­ rj­uf­nj­ktl­yb­wb­nt­ ct­ jn­ntu­kzn,­ yf­ nzö­yj­vzc­nj­ jc­nf­dfn­ ghj­lük­uj­df­nb,­ ybc­rb­öük­vj­dt,­ rjb­nj­jajh­vzn­vfk­rj­ gj­db­cj­rbz­ ht­kta,­ rjq­nj­ lytc­ybt­ yfå­kñ­lf­df­vt.­ Ju­hjv­yb­nt­rj­kb­xtcn­df­ nj­gz­of­ ct­ dj­lf,­ jå­hf­pe­df­yf­ ghb­ jn­ntu­kz­yt­nj­ yf­ ktl­yb­wb­nt,­thj­pb­hf­rj­hb­nf­nf­yf­yz­rjk­rj­uj­kt­vb­ht­rb­rf­nj­ht­rf­Bkb­yjq­yf­pf­gfl­b­yf­ñu­jn­tpt­hj­nj­Vb­xb­ufy­b­lj­kb­yb­nt­yf­ht­rf­Vj­öjr­Öül­cüy­yf­bp­njr­b­yf­ñu­jn­tpt­hj­nj­Jy­nf­hbj.­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf,­ rjb­nj­ ghtp­nj­pb­ gt­hb­jl­ cf­ ljc­nf­ gj­db­cj­rj­yfl­ vjh­crj­nj­ hfd­yb­ot,­ pf­kb­dfn­jå­ibh­yb­jå­kfc­nb­jn­lyti­yb­nt­åtp­djl­yb­ pt­vb­ ñé­yj­ jn­ Xb­rf­uj,­ñé­yj­ jn­ pf­kb­df­ Cf­uü­yj­ d­Vb­xb­ufy,­rfr­nj­b­hfd­yb­yf­nf­yf­tpt­hj­nj­Åkfr­Ce­jvg,­rjz­nj­ct­ghjc­nb­hf­jn­Nj­kb­lj,­ Jöf­qj,­ lj­ Ajhn­ Etqy,­By­lbf­yf.

D­ ct­dth­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­Rty­nü­rb­bvf­tl­yf­uj­kz­vf­jå­kfcn,­rjz­nj­ cgj­htl­ vyj­pb­yf­ yt­ ghb­yfl­

100 101

kt­éb­rüv­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.­ Yj­ jå­kfcn­nf­ Åkeu­hfc­bkb­ hfd­yb­yb­nt­ Åkeu­hfc­ ct­ zdz­dfn­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ c­yb­cür­ ht­kta­ b­ db­cj­rjg­hj­bp­dj­lb­ntk­yj­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­ xfr­ lj­ rhfq­yb­nt­njx­rb­ yf­ gkf­nj­nj­ Fgf­kf­xb.­ Rfh­cnj­db­zn­nt­hty­yf­ybc­rb­nt­öük­vbc­nb­ hfd­yb­yb­ ct­ t­ jajh­vbk­ düh­öe­gkün­yf­vf­cf­df­hj­db­wb.­Df­hj­db­wb­nt­gjc­nt­gty­yj­ct­hfp­ndf­hzn­jn­dj­lf­nf­b­ vyj­uj­ uj­kt­vb­ gj­düh­öyjcn­yb­jå­hf­pe­df­ybz­ ct­ hfp­he­if­dfn.­ Df­hj­db­wb­nt­cf­hfp­ndj­hb­vb­b­gjl­pt­vz­nf­ b­ jå­hf­pe­dfn­ lük­ub­ wt­kb­ rb­kj­vtn­hb­gt­ot­hb­c­rj­kj­yb­jn­cnf­kfr­nb­nb­b­cnf­kfu­vb­nb.­Yfq­bp­dtcn­yf­d­ht­ubj­yf­ t­gt­ot­hf­nf­Vf­vjn,­rjz­nj­ct­yf­vb­hf­d­ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­jå­kfcn­nf­Åkeu­hfc.

Gjx­db­nt­ yf­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­cf­ ljå­hb,­ f­ xtc­nj­ b­ ljc­nf­ ljå­hb,­yj­yt­b­jn­kbx­yb.­Rf­nj­ct­bp­rkñ­xb­wty­nhf­kty­Bkb­yjq­b­ñé­yj­wty­nhf­kty­ Ebc­rjy­cby,­ gjx­db­nt­ bp­njx­yj­jn­ wty­nhfk­yf­ Fqj­df­ cf­ rf­yt­kt­yb­ujh­crb­gjx­db,­jå­hf­pe­df­yb­ghb­evt­ht­yf­dkf­uf­gjl­bu­kj­kbcn­yb­lüh­dt­nf­b­öhfc­nj­df­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn.­Vf­rfh­xt­gj­düh­öyjcn­yb­zn­ckjq­t­åt­lty­yf­öe­vec,­ nt­pb­gjx­db­ cü­lüh­éfn­dfé­yb­vb­yt­hf­kb.­D­jå­ob­kb­ybb,­pf­lf­jc­nf­yfn­ gkj­lj­hjl­yb,­ gjx­db­nt­ d­wz­kf­nf­ bp­njx­yf­ xfcn­ yf­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­nhzå­df­lf­åü­lfn­dyb­vf­ntk­yj­ hf­pj­hf­df­yb,­ pf­cz­df­yb­ c­hfp­kbx­yb­rek­ne­hb­b­jåj­uf­nz­df­yb­c­rfk­wb­td­jr­cbl.

Yf­ pf­gfl­ b­ d­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­yf­ Bkb­yjq­ gjx­db­nt­ cf­ vj­kb­cj­kb,­rjb­nj­cf­chtl­yfq­gkj­lj­hjl­yb­nt­jn­

dcbx­rb­ gjx­db­ b­ tc­ntcn­dt­yj­ gjl­öj­lz­ob­ pf­ jn­ukté­lf­yt­ yf­ püh­yt­yb­rek­ne­hb.­Nt­ cf­ jå­hf­pe­df­yb­ gj­dt­xt­gjl­ nht­dbc­nf,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ gjl­ ujh­crf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn.­Wdt­nün­bv­t­jn­nüv­yj­rf­azd­lj­xt­hty,­rjt­nj­uj­dj­hb­pf­db­cj­rj­cü­lüh­éf­ybt­yf­jh­uf­ybx­yj­ dt­otcn­dj.­ Nt­ cf­ b­ ljc­nf­lük­åj­rb,­c­gj­düh­öyjc­nty­öj­hb­pjyn­vté­le­50­b­150­cfy­nb­vtn­hf.

Jc­dty­ nt­pb­ ldt­ uj­kt­vb­ rf­nt­uj­hbb­gjx­db,­cht­ofn­ct­b­fke­db­fk­yb­gjx­db­d­ukfd­yb­nt­htx­yb­lj­kb­yb­b­d­yz­rj­ufi­yb­nt­tpth­yb­rj­hb­nf,­rfr­nj­b­ åkf­nbc­nb­ gjx­db.­ Nt­ vj­ét­ lf­åü­lfn­vyj­uj­gkj­lj­hjl­yb,­yj­xtc­nj­bpbc­rdfn­cgt­wb­fk­yb­uhb­éb.

Ghb­hjl­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ d­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ ght­ljc­nf­dzn­ vyj­uj­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yb­düp­vjé­yjc­nb­pf­hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ nhfyc­gjh­nf.­ Jot­ ght­lb­yfd­kb­pf­yt­nj­yf­ét­ktp­yb­wb­nt­b­hfp­ib­hz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ gün­yf­nf­ vht­éf,­htx­yb­nt­ b­ tpth­yb­nt­ dhüp­rb­ d­ht­ubj­yf­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ kt­cty­ b­ td­nby­ght­djp­ yf­ cnj­rb­ lj­ bp­njx­yb­nt­rhfq­åhté­yb­wty­nhj­dt­b­lj­ukfd­yb­nt­vté­le­yf­hjl­yb­ nüh­ujd­crb­ ghbc­nf­yb­of.

Yfq­hfy­yb­nt­ ct­kb­of­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­düp­ybr­dfn­rhfq­gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­djl­yb­gü­nb­of.­ ñé­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­ tpt­hf,­ht­rf­ Jöf­qj,­ ht­rb­nt­ Bkb­yjq,­Ej­åfi­ b­ Ebc­rjy­cby­ yf­ bp­njr­ jn­Vb­cb­cb­gb­b­ht­rf­Vb­ce­hb­yf­pf­gfl­jn­uhfl­Rfy­pfc­cf­jc­yjd­yb­nt­gü­nb­of,­gj­rjb­nj­pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­dkb­pfn­d­nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ b­ cktl­ nj­df­ bp­yf­czn­ghj­ler­wbz­nf­ cb­ yf­ gf­pf­hf.­ Bp­njx­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­ tpt­hf­ ghtl­kf­ufn­ gj­ghzr­ght­djp­ gj­vfh­ihe­nf­Vj­öjr­

Öül­cüy­lj­uhfl­Yñ­Qjhr.­Wz­kf­nf­dün­hti­yj­htx­yf­ vht­éf­ t­ yf­cj­xt­yf­rüv­ ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb­ b­ c­ bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­yf­yz­rjk­rj­vtc­nf­t­gkf­df­ntk­yf­pf­vfk­rb­rj­hf­åb­b­ikt­gj­dt.

Uhfl­ Ltn­hjqn­ d­ of­nf­ Vb­xb­ufy,­ct­ hfp­db­df­ rf­nj­ djt­yty­ geyrn­ b­gf­pf­hty­ wty­nüh­ yf­ pt­vt­ltk­crf­ghj­ler­wbz.­ Nj­pb­ uhfl,­ xbt­nj­ bvt­yf­ahty­crb­ pyf­xb­ „Ghj­kb­db­nt“,­ t­hfp­gj­kj­éty­ yf­ yfq­e­ljå­yf­nf­ ght­ctx­yf­ njx­rf­ vté­le­ Jy­nf­hbj,­Rf­yf­lf,­b­Vb­xb­ufy­b­t­cü­oj­nf­rf­åkb­pj­lj­döj­lf­yf­ct­dth­yb­nt­tpt­hf­rüv­ tpt­hj­nj­ Bhb.­ Pt­vz­nf­ yf­ñéty­Vb­xb­ufy­yt­t­jåf­xt­njk­rj­df­gkj­lj­hjl­yf,­rjk­rj­nj­pt­vz­nf­yf­ct­dt­hty­Jöf­qj,­ b­ Rkbd­kfyl,­ Jöf­qj,­ bvf­ gj­uj­kz­vj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ lj­1910­ u.,­ rj­uf­nj­ fd­nj­vj­åbk­yf­nf­by­lec­nhbz­ ght­jå­hf­pz­df­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­nf­cnher­ne­hf­yf­Ltn­hjqn.

Hfp­gj­kj­éty­ yf­ Uj­kt­vbz­ pf­djq­yf­ ht­rf­ Jöf­qj,­ uhfl­ Cby­cb­yf­nb­ d­Jöf­qj­ cnf­df­ jot­ ghtp­ 1820­ u.­ukfd­yb­zn­ hfp­ght­lt­kb­nt­kty­ wty­nüh­yf­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­ ghj­ler­wbz­ jn­ñuj­bp­njx­yb­nt­ lz­kj­dt­ yf­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh.­Uhfl­Rfy­pfc­d­Vb­ce­hb,­ hfp­gj­kj­éty­ nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ Rfy­pfc­ ct­ dkb­df­ d­ Vb­ce­hb,­ cü­oj­ ct­hfp­db­df­ hf­yj­ pf­hf­lb­ uj­kt­vb­nt­rj­kb­xtcn­df­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ ghj­ler­nb,­rjb­nj­ct­ght­djp­dfn­gj­htx­ybz­gün.­Vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ Xb­rf­uj,­åkb­pj­ lj­ yfq­ñé­ybz­rhfq­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ Vb­xb­ufy­ b­ yf­ rhfn­rj­ hfp­cnjz­ybt­gj­ce­if­jn­ujh­yj­nj­nt­xt­ybt­yf­ht­rf­Bkb­yjq,­cü­oj­cgj­vf­uf­pf­ åüh­pj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt.­ Düp­vjé­yjc­nb­nt­ pf­ jcü­otcn­dz­df­yt­ yf­ nhfyc­

gjh­nyb­ ltq­yjc­nb,­ rjb­nj­ nj­df­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ jcb­ue­hz­df,­ cf­ lj­hfp­db­nb­ xhtp­ vht­éf­nf­ jn­ rf­yf­kb­ b­gün­yb­nt­ dhüp­rb,­ bp­uhf­lt­yb­ yf­pf­gfl­ b­ yf­ ñu­ ghtp­ gkj­lj­hjl­ybz­Pt­vt­ltk­crb­ wty­nüh,­ f­ gj­rüc­yj­ b­yf­ bp­njr­ lb­htr­nyj­ lj­ hfp­hfcn­df­ob­nt­ct­uhf­lj­dt­yf­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc.

HfP­db­nbt­yf­Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nJD­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­19­dtr­tl­yjd­ht­vty­yj­ c­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­ yf­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf­ yf­ pf­gfl­ ghtp­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ ct­ hfp­db­df­ b­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ git­yb­wf,­ ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­yf­ pf­ bp­njx­yb­nt­ gf­pf­hb.­Nj­df­hb­nt­ jn­ yf­cbg­yf­ git­yb­wf­ yt­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ uj­kzv­ ghjå­ktv­ pf­ght­djp­df­xb­nt,­ lj­rf­nj­ bvf­ gjc­njz­yty­ dj­lty­ nhfyc­gjhn,­ yj­ crj­hj­nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ cnj­rf­nf­ ct­ nj­df­hb­(yfg­hb­vth­ d­ Cby­cb­yf­nb­ yf­ ht­rf­Jöf­qj)­ bkb­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ ghtö­düh­kz­jn­ tlby­ dbl­ nhfyc­gjhn­ yf­ lheu­(yfg­hb­vth­d­Åü­af­kj,­Yñ­Qjhr,­d­rhfq­ybz­geyrn­yf­rf­yf­kf­Bhb),­ ct­gjz­dz­dfn­vtk­yb­wb­pf­åhfi­yj.­Ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yj­nj­ pf­cz­df­yt­yf­ pt­vz­nf­c­git­yb­wf­ct­jn­hf­pz­df­pkt­yf­gjx­db­nt­b­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yb­nt­ébn­yb­gkj­ob­ ct­ bp­vtcn­dfn­ yf­ pf­gfl­ c­ ghb­­l­dbé­df­yt­nj­yf­pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt.

Pf­ ath­vt­hb­nt,­ rjb­nj­ jc­nf­dfn,­cktl­df­ob­zn­ yfq­lj­åüh­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ghj­lern­t­vt­cj­nj­jn­lj­vfi­­­yb­ éb­djn­yb.­ Jn­ukté­lfn­ ct­ tlüh­hj­ufn­ lj­åb­nür­ b­ cdb­yt.­ Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ae­hfé­yb­ rek­ne­hb­ b­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­nj­ct­jrfp­dfn­njk­rj­df­ bp­ujl­yb­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb,­ xt­åüh­pj­ bp­vtcn­dfn­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­

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yf­git­yb­wf­rf­nj­lj­vb­yb­hfo­jn­hf­cük­ yf­ ctk­crj­nj­ cnj­gfycn­dj­ d­wt­kbz­Pt­vt­ltk­crb­wty­nüh.

Wf­ht­db­wf­nf­ t­ rek­ne­hf­nf,­ rjz­nj­yfq­ljå­ht­jn­uj­df­hz­yf­bpbc­rdf­ybz­nf­yf­ghb­hjl­yf­nf­cht­lf­b­bvf­yfq­db­cj­rf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ düp­dhü­oft­vjcn.­ Ljå­ht­ ghbc­gj­cj­åb­vf­ rüv­dkfé­ybz­kt­nty­rkb­vfn,­wf­ht­db­wf­nf­db­htt­ljå­ht­d­ht­ubj­yf,­rü­lt­nj­lyb­nt­cf­lük­ub­b­uj­ht­ob,­f­yj­ob­nt­–­njg­kb.­Ht­rjk­nf­nf­t­db­cj­rf­b­gj­hf­lb­ nj­df,­ xt­ nf­pb­ rek­ne­hf­ hfc­nt­yf­uüc­nj­ b­ dcz­rj­ cnüå­kj­ lf­df­ gj­ldf­bkb­gj­dt­xt­rj­xf­yf.­Jc­dty­nj­df­uj­kz­vj­nj­ rj­kb­xtcn­dj­ kbc­nf­ jn­dcz­rj­hfc­nt­ybt­vj­ufn­lf­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­ pf­ ae­hfé,­ cktl­ rf­nj­ åü­lfn­yf­hz­pf­yb­ b­ jåj­uf­nt­yb­ c­ yz­rjb­lj­åfd­rb.

Nj­df­cvt­ct­yj­pt­vt­lt­kbt,­jc­yj­df­yj­yf­püh­yjg­hj­bp­djlcn­dj­b­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj,­ lf­df­ yf­ ath­vt­hb­nt­nf­rf­df­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ cb­ueh­yjcn,­rfr­df­nj­ yz­vf­ d­ yb­rjq­ lheu­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ ht­ub­jy­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.

Tl­yf­ jn­kb­xb­ntk­yf­ xth­nf­ jn­ gtq­pf­éf­yf­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­t­gj­ke­cb­vtn­hbx­yj­nj­ ghf­djü­uük­yj­ hfp­ght­lt­kt­ybt­ yf­nt­hb­nj­hbz­nf.­ Güh­dj­yf­xfk­yb­nt­ 13­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ of­nf­ jajh­vzn­ dün­hti­yb­nt­cb­uhf­yb­wb,­åtp­lf­cktl­dfn­jg­ht­lt­kty­ ghby­wbg,­ bp­gjk­pdfq­rb­ptv­kt­vth­crf­nf­ cbc­nt­vf,­ pf­ lf­jåjp­yf­xfn­ rü­lt­ vb­yf­dfn­ hfp­lt­kb­ntk­yb­nt­kb­ybb,­rf­nj­ct­jc­kf­yzn­yf­db­lb­vb­nt­ xth­nb­ yf­ gtq­pf­éf,­ yf­gj­cj­rb­nt­yf­rjv­gf­cf­b­yf­vth­rb­nt­pf­ lük­éb­yf.­ Yt­cb­vtn­hbx­yj­ jajh­

vt­yb­nt­gj­nj­pb­yf­xby­uhf­yb­wb­cnf­dfn­ xtc­nj­ ghtl­vtn­ yf­ yt­zc­yj­ nük­re­df­yt­ b­ yf­ cü­ltå­yb­ cgj­hj­dt.­ C­tlby­pf­rjy­jn­1785­u.­uhf­yb­wb­nt­yf­hf­qj­yf­ yf­ ct­dth­ jn­ ht­rf­ Jöf­qj­ b­yf­pf­gfl­jn­Gty­cbk­df­ybz,­bp­dtc­nty­rf­nj­ Ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz,­ ct­jg­ht­lt­kzn­ xhtp­ tl­yf­ cbc­nt­vf,­ gj­rjz­nj­ pt­vz­nf­ ct­hfp­lt­kz­yf­ cb­vt­n­hbx­yb­ghf­djü­uük­yb­exfc­nü­wb,­ght­ljc­nf­dz­yb­ pf­ pf­ctk­df­yt.­ Nf­pb­ cbc­nt­vf­ct­jrfp­df­njk­rj­df­ghfr­nbx­yf,­xt­yf­ytq­ybz­ghby­wbg­t­bp­uhf­lt­yf­b­ghf­djü­uük­yf­ gün­yf­ vht­éf­ d­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­of­nb­nt­vté­le­Fgf­kf­xb­nt­b­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb.

Vf­rfh­ xt­ ghf­djü­uük­yb­nt­ hfp­lt­kb­ntk­yb­kb­ybb­yf­pt­vz­nf­pf­tl­yj­c­ghb­hjl­yb­nt­ b­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­nt­ht­fk­yjc­nb­ yt­vb­yet­vj­ ghb­lf­dfn­tl­yj­jå­hf­pbt­ yf­ gtq­pf­éf,­ yz­rjb­xfc­nb­ jn­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ cf­bp­düy­ „Wf­ht­dbx­ybz­ gj­zc“.­ D­ Ebc­rjy­cby­ b­ wty­nhfk­yf­Vb­yt­cj­nf,­ yf­ct­dth­ jn­ püh­yjg­hj­bp­dj­lb­ntk­yb­nt­wty­nhj­dt,­rü­lt­nj­rkb­vf­nün­yt­gjp­dj­kz­df­ lf­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ae­hfé­yb­rek­ne­hb,­ ath­vt­hb­nt­ ct­ yf­cjx­dfn­rüv­ lheu­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ jn­hf­cük,­rf­rüd­nj­t­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­vkz­rj­b­vktx­yb­ghj­bp­dt­lt­ybz.

Cb­kfé­yf­ wf­ht­db­wf,­ lhe­ub­ püh­yt­yb­ rek­ne­hb­ rf­nj­ jdtc,­ txt­vbr­ b­bpj­åb­kbt­nj­jn­nht­df­pf­ct­yj­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­öhf­yf­pf­uj­kt­vb­cnf­lf­vkt­rj­lfq­yb­ rhf­db.­ Nüq­ rf­nj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­ghzc­yj­vkz­rj­t­njk­rj­df­ uj­kz­vj,­ xt­ yfl­db­if­df­ lj­hb­uj­kz­vj­nj­ nüh­ct­yt­ d­åkbp­rb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt,­ cdhüö­lj­åb­dün­ ct­ ght­hf­åjn­df­d­vfc­kj­b­cb­ht­yt,­rjb­nj­vj­ufn­lf­

åü­lfn­ght­yf­cz­yb­gj­åfd­yj­lj­gj­lf­ktx­yb­ gf­pf­hb.­ Ebc­rjy­cby­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ jcb­ue­hz­df­ uj­kzv­ lzk­ jn­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ cdhüö­ghj­ler­wbz­ yf­vkz­rj­ b­ ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­ghj­ler­wbz­nf­yf­cb­ht­yt.

Lhe­uj­ öf­hfr­nth­yj­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­ uhf­yb­wb­nt­ yf­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­jrj­kj­pf­gfl­yb­nt­Uj­kt­vb­tpt­hf,­rü­lt­nj­yf­tl­yf­nzc­yf­bdb­wf­rhfq­åht­uj­dt­nt­yf­tpt­hj­nj­Vb­xb­ufy­ d­ Ebc­rjy­cby­ b­ Vb­xb­ufy­vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ gkj­lj­dt.­Åkf­ujn­djh­yj­nj­dkbz­ybt­yf­tpt­hj­nj­pf­åf­dz­wüa­nt­éf­yf­lüh­dt­nf­nf­ghtp­ghj­ktn­nf­ lj­ gjc­ktl­yf­nf­ ckf­yf,­ f­cü­oj­nf­rf­pf­åf­dz­b­güh­df­nf­gj­gfh­df­of­ ckf­yf­ ghtp­ tcty­nf.­ Dfé­yb­gkj­lj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ ner,­cf­ xt­ht­ib,­ zåük­rb­ b­ d­ gj­vfk­rf­cnt­gty­ –­ uhjp­lt.­ Gj­ljå­yf­ rfh­nb­yf­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­b­gj­ñé­ybz­åhzu­yf­tpt­hj­nj­Bhb,­jcj­åt­yj­d­yz­rjk­rj­nj­rhf­qt­pth­yb­jr­hü­pb­yf­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­b­pf­gf­lty­Yñ­Qjhr,­rü­lt­nj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ uhjp­lt­ pft­vf­ dfé­yj­vzc­nj­jn­tlby­dtr­yf­cfv.

GHJ­vz­yf­d­vJ­lt­kb­ntD­rhfz­yf­19­dtr­Pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­

wty­nüh­ t­ ljc­nf­ ljå­ht­ pf­ct­kty­ b­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­zn­vj­ltk,­ cü­xt­nf­dfo­ püh­yjg­hj­bp­djlcn­dj­ b­ éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj,­rjq­nj­ltqcn­df­ec­gti­yj­d­ñé­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Jöf­qj,­t­ght­yt­cty­ yf­ pf­gfl­ lj­ cf­vbz­ rhfq­ yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ b­ ghbc­gj­cj­åty­rüv­ vtcn­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz.­ Hfy­yb­nt­ntö­yb­xtc­rb­ yj­dj­dü­dt­lt­ybz­ rf­nj­éün­dfh­rf­nf­ (1831)­ b­ ét­ktp­ybz­gkeu­ (1837),­ rfr­nj­ b­ lhe­ub­ pt­vt­

ltk­crb­bycnhe­vty­nb,­bp­gjk­pdf­yb­d­jc­yjd­yf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ ltq­yjcn­yf­ht­ubj­yf,­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ec­gti­yj­nj­hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ nt­pb­ jn­hfc­kb.­ Yz­rjb­ghj­vt­yb­ jn­ gj­yj­dj­ dht­vt­ jåf­xt­dj­lzn­ lj­ bp­vt­yt­ybz­ d­ nhf­lb­wb­jy­yb­nt­ut­ju­hfa­crb­vj­lt­kb.

Tl­yf­ xedcn­db­ntk­yf­ ghj­vz­yf­ d­Wf­ht­dbx­ybz­ gj­zc,­ rjz­nj­ ct­ pf­åt­kzp­df­ jn­ 50­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr­yf­cfv,­t­yf­hfcn­df­oj­nj­pyf­xt­ybt­yf­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­cjz.­Lj­1925­u.­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­bvf­gj­vfk­rj­jn­ 200­ 000­ ötr­nf­hf­ cüc­ cjz.­Ghtp­1949­u.­pf­ct­nb­nt­cüc­cjz­gkj­ob­ct­edt­kb­xf­dfn­ yf­ 4.5­ vb­kbj­yf­ ötr­nf­hf,­f­ghtp­cktl­df­ob­nt­20­uj­lb­yb­nt­cnb­ufn­ ht­rjh­lyf­nf­ wba­hf­ 16.1­vb­kbj­yf;­ d­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­nt­pb­gkj­ob­cf­gj­dt­xt­jn­10­vb­kbj­yf­ ötr­nf­hf.­ Lytc­ d­ wz­kf­nf­ cnhf­yf­jrj­kj­20­vb­kbj­yf­ötr­nf­hf­cf­pf­ct­nb­cüc­cjz.

Bvf­ yz­rjk­rj­ ghb­xb­yb­ pf­ nj­df­ju­hjv­yj­ hfp­hfcn­df­yt­ yf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ cjz.­ Güh­dj,­ rf­nj­åj­åj­dj­hfc­nt­ybt­cjz­nf­düp­cnf­yj­dz­df­gjx­df­nf,­edt­kb­xf­dfq­rb­fpjn­yj­nj­q­cü­lüh­éf­ybt.­Dnj­hj,­cjz­vj­ét­lf­ct­jn­ukté­lf­d­gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­bp­njx­yb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­ of­nb­ b­ lj­hb­ d­jå­kfc­nb,­rü­lt­nj­gf­lfn­gj­vfk­rj­jn­50­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ df­kt­éb,­ yj­ bvf­ec­kj­dbz­ pf­ bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yt.­Nht­nj,­cjz­nf­vj­ét­lf­åü­lt­lb­htr­n­yj­rjy­ce­vb­hf­yf­bkb­ght­hf­åj­nt­yf­d­ujl­yf­pf­egjn­ht­åf­hfc­nb­ntk­yf­vfp­yb­yf­b­d­öhf­yb­nt­kty­ghj­lern­c­ybc­rj­ cü­lüh­éf­ybt­ yf­ vfp­yb­yb,­ yj­ c­db­cj­rj­ cü­lüh­éf­ybt­ yf­ ghj­ntb­yb.­Nj­pb­ ghj­lern­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdf­ ukfd­yj­

104 105

rf­nj­lj­åfd­rf­rüv­öhf­yf­nf­yf­lj­åb­nü­rf,­ yj­ dct­ gj­dt­xt­ yfd­kb­pf­ b­ d­öhf­yb­ntk­yb­nt­vj­lt­kb­yf­öj­hf­nf.­B­xtn­düh­nj,­ gj­kj­ét­ybt­nj­ d­ cdt­nf­ c­bp­öhfy­df­yt­nj­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ t­nf­rj­df,­ xt­ nüh­ct­yt­nj­ yf­ cjz­ pf­bp­yjc­t­vyj­uj­uj­kz­vj.­Nj­df­pf­lüh­éf­wt­yb­nt­yf­nf­pb­rek­ne­hf­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ cnf­åbk­yb,­ rjt­nj­ yf­cüh­xf­df­ath­vt­hb­nt­lf­z­jn­ukté­lfn.

Pf­hf­lb­ght­lbvcn­df­nf,­rjb­nj­bvf­cjz­nf,­ uj­kzv­lzk­jn­cjt­dj­nj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­t­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yj­d­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh.­ Nhf­lb­wb­jy­yj­nj­ht­le­df­yt­yf­rek­ne­hb­ghtp­nhb­bkb­xt­nb­hb­ uj­lb­yb­ jn­cnüg­df­ vzc­nj­ yf­ht­le­df­yt­nj­ yf­ ébn­yb­ rek­ne­hb­ b­cjz­ghtp­ldt­uj­lb­yb.­D­yz­rjb­cke­xfb­ d­ ñé­yb­nt­ lz­kj­dt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­hfy­yj­ cüp­hz­df­ob­ cjh­nj­dt­ cjz­vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ pf­cf­lzn­ d­ rüc­yf­ ghj­ktn­cktl­ht­rjk­nf­jn­pbv­yf­git­yb­wf,­rf­nj­gj­nj­pb­yf­xby­ath­vt­hb­nt­ht­le­dfn­ nhb­ rek­ne­hb­ (wf­ht­db­wf,­git­yb­wf,­cjz)­yf­dct­rb­ldt­uj­lb­yb,­åtp­ nj­df­ lf­ yf­vf­kz­df­ ghj­ler­nbd­yjcn­nf­ghtp­yz­rjz­uj­lb­yf.

Gj­ckjé­yb­nt­ ghj­vt­yb­ d­ ut­ju­hf­abz­nf­ yf­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ ct­lük­éfn­ yf­ gj­db­cj­rf­nf­ cnt­gty­ yf­vt­öf­yb­pf­wbz­ b­ yf­ bp­vt­yt­ybz­nf­ d­chtl­yb­nt­ hfp­vt­hb­ yf­ ath­vb­nt.­Güh­db­nt­ptv­kt­vt­hb­d­ht­ubj­yf­ght­wt­yz­dfn,­ xt­vb­yb­vfk­yf­nf­ gkjo­yf­tl­yf­ath­vf­ghb­ytq­yj­nj­pf­re­ge­df­yt­ nhzå­df­ lf­ åü­lt­ 64.75­ ötr­nf­hf­(160­fr­hf),­f­ghb­cktl­df­oj­pf­re­ge­df­yt­ yf­ pt­vz­ –­ gj­kj­db­yf­nf­ bkb­tl­yf­ xtn­dühn­ jn­ nf­pb­ gkjo.­ Cktl­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yf­nf­gj­reg­rf­gfh­wt­kb­nt­vj­ét­ lf­ åü­lfn­ hfp­lhj­åt­yb­ b­ ghj­

lf­lt­yb­yf­jot­gj­vfk­rb­xfc­nb­bkb­lf­ åü­lfn­ ghb­cüt­lb­yt­yb­ rüv­ dt­xt­cü­otcn­de­df­ob­ath­vb.

Ghtp­ 1900­ u.­ ath­vb­nt­ d­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­ wty­nüh­ cf­vyj­uj­ hfp­kbx­yb­ gj­ cdjz­nf­ gkjo:­ jrj­kj­ tl­yf­nht­nf­jn­nzö­cf­jn­73­lj­202­ötr­nf­hf,­lhe­uf­tl­yf­nht­nf­cf­jn­40­lj­72­ötr­nf­hf,­f­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­jc­nf­yf­kb­nt­cf­gj­vfk­rb­jn­40­ötr­nf­hf.­ Ath­vb­nt,­ gj­vfk­rb­ jn­ 73­ötr­nf­hf,­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­pf­gf­lfn­cktl­1935­u.­Ghtp­1964­u.­gj­dt­xt­jn­50­ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ jå­hf­åjn­dft­vf­nf­ pt­vz­d­ nt­pb­of­nb­ t­ jå­ödf­yf­nf­ jn­ath­vb,­ gj­uj­kt­vb­ jn­ 105­ ötr­nf­hf;­tlby­ötr­nfh­yf­dct­rb­gtn­ötr­nf­hf­ct­ yf­vb­hf­ düd­ ath­vf,­ gj­uj­kz­vf­jn­ 202­ ötr­nf­hf­ b­ nf­pb­ nty­lty­wbz­ghj­lük­éf­df.

Ghb­xb­yb­nt­ pf­ ghj­vt­yb­nt­ d­gkjo­nf­ yf­ ath­vb­nt­ cf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­b­cf­cdüh­pf­yb­c­vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yt­nj­yf­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­nt­ltq­yjc­nb.­ Ath­vt­hb­nt­ jn­ Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­ jn­rhfq­ dht­vt­ ct­ düp­gjk­pdfn­ jn­ ntö­yb­xtc­rb­nt­ yj­dj­dü­dt­lt­ybz,­ pf­ lf­ edt­kb­xfn­ gj­xf­cj­df­nf­ghj­bp­dj­lb­ntk­yjcn.­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ gkj­ob­b­hfd­yb­zn­nt­hty­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­gjp­dj­kz­dfn­ ghtp­ wz­kf­nf­ uj­lb­yf­gjc­nj­zy­yj­ lf­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdfn­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ vf­ib­yb,­ rjt­nj­ åb­åb­kj­ yt­düp­vjé­yj­ d­ gj­vfk­rb­ath­vb­ bkb­ düd­ath­vb­ chtl­ öük­vbc­nb­ vtcn­yjc­nb,­ xbz­nj­ gjx­df­ t­gj­lfn­kb­df­yf­thj­pbz.

Yt­ljc­nb­uün­ yf­ hf­åjn­yf­ cb­kf­ d­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­40­nt­uj­lb­yb­d­ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ Dnj­hf­nf­ cdt­njd­yf­ djq­yf­ec­rj­hz­df­ghj­wt­cf­yf­vt­öf­yb­pf­wbz­b­

yj­dj­dü­dt­lt­ybz­nf,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ ghb­kf­ufn,­cf­jhb­ty­nb­hf­yb­dct­gj­dt­xt­rüv­gj­vf­ofå­yb­ ltqcn­dbz.­Vf­ib­yb­ pf­jå­hf­åjn­rf­ jn­ ldf­ lj­ xt­nb­hb­ ht­lf­ct­pf­vt­yzn­c­vf­ib­yb,­rjb­nj­jå­hf­åjn­dfn­tl­yjd­ht­vty­yj­itcn­lj­jctv­ht­lf.­Cüö­hf­yz­df­yt­nj­b­ght­djp­df­yt­nj­yf­ cnj­rb­nt­ cü­oj­cnf­df­vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yj­b­cü­jå­hf­pt­yj­c­bpbc­rdf­ybz­nf­yf­uj­kt­vb­nt­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb.

Ghj­vt­yb­nt­d­gkjo­nf­yf­ath­vb­nt­cf­ cüg­hj­dj­lt­yb­ c­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­yf­vf­kz­df­yt­yf­hfp­vt­hf­yf­jå­hf­åjn­dft­vf­nf­pt­vz­d­ht­ubj­yf.­Ghtp­1987­u.­pt­vz­nf,­jå­ödf­yf­nf­düd­ath­vb,­t­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 80­ ghj­wty­nf­ d­ uj­kz­vf­xfcn­ jn­ ht­ubj­yf,­ rf­nj­ d­ Fqj­df­ b­Bkb­yjq­nj­pb­lzk­dct­jot­t­yfl­90­ghj­wty­nf.­ Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ ghtp­ gj­­c­ktl­yb­nt­ ldt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ d­ gj­dt­xt­nj­jr­hü­pb­yf­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­wty­nüh­ath­vth­crb­nt­pt­vb­yf­vf­kz­dfn.

Vf­rfh­ b­ dct­ jot­ lj­vb­yb­hf­of,­xfcn­yf­nf­ ct­vtq­yf­ ath­vf­ åüh­pj­bp­xtp­df­jn­of­nb­nt­d­Pt­vt­ltk­crbz­

wty­nüh.­ Nj­pb­ egf­lür­ t­ cdüh­pfy­ c­bpbc­rdf­ybz­nf­ pf­ gj­uj­kz­vf­ tatr­nbd­yjcn­ yf­ ctk­crj­nj­ cnj­gfycn­dj.­By­lb­db­le­fk­yb­nt­ecb­kbz­b­kbx­yb­nt­rf­xtcn­df­ dct­ jot­ ljg­hb­yf­czn­ pf­ec­gti­yj­nj­aeyr­wbj­yb­hf­yt­yf­tl­yf­ath­vf,­yj­vf­of­åb­nt­ct­ghtd­hü­ofn­düd­ afr­njh­ jn­ dct­ gj­ht­if­df­oj­pyf­xt­ybt.

C­yf­hfcn­df­yt­nj­yf­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­nf­jn­gj­dt­xt­pt­vz­pf­tl­yf­pt­vt­ltk­crf­ ltq­yjcn­ pf­ ath­vt­hb­nt­ cnf­df­dct­gj­ghb­tv­kb­dj­lf­dpt­vfn­bkb­lf­lf­dfn­ lj­gük­yb­ntk­yf­ pt­vz­ gjl­yf­tv,­ dvtc­nj­lf­ z­re­ge­dfn.­Lhe­ub­ath­vt­hb­cnf­dfn­bp­wz­kj­fhty­lf­nj­hb­b­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­hf­åj­nzn­pf­cjåcn­dt­yb­rf­yf­pt­vz­nf­gj­cb­kf­nf­yf­ghtl­df­hb­ntk­yj­crkñ­xt­yj­cgj­hf­pe­vt­ybt.­Jc­dty­ nj­df­ jrj­kj­ tl­yf­ nht­nf­ jn­bp­gjk­pdf­ob­nt­ pt­vz­ gjl­ yf­tv­ z­yft­vfn­ jn­ hjl­yb­yf,­ rjt­nj­ xtc­nj­ t­yf­xby­ pt­vz­nf­ lf­ ct­ ght­lf­df­ jn­gj­rj­kt­ybt­yf­gj­rj­kt­ybt.­ ∆

107106

D­ryb­uf­nf­ cb­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­ bc­nj­hb­rün­Ejk­nüh­ Ghtc­rjn­ Etå­

hfp­db­df­ bltz­nf,­ xt­ tvbu­hfy­nb­nt­jn­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­Td­hj­gf,­pf­ct­kb­kb­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­ct­cåküc­rdfn­ c­ nhb­ uj­kt­vb­ „ght­lbp­db­rf­ntkcn­df­ yf­ jrjk­yf­nf­ cht­lf“,­rj­uf­nj­ ct­ jpj­df­dfn­ chtl­ pt­vb,­ c­rkb­vfn­njk­rj­df­hfp­kb­xty­jn­rkb­vf­nf­ yf­ hjl­yb­nt­ bv­ vtc­nf,­ xt­pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ rek­ne­hb­ b­ pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rb­nt­vj­lt­kb,­hfp­db­nb­d­Td­hj­gf,­ner­ct­jrfp­dfn­yt­gjl­öj­lz­ob.­Güh­dj­nj­ jn­ nt­pb­ ght­lbp­db­rf­ntkcn­df­ t­db­cj­rf­nf­ kzn­yf­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­ b­db­cj­rf­nf­ dkfé­yjcn­ yf­ düp­le­öf­ d­Ñuj­bp­nj­rf.­Dnj­hj­nj­ t­ åtp­dj­lbt­nj­yf­ Ñuj­pf­gf­lf­ b­ yf­ dün­hti­yb­nt­hf­qj­yb­yf­Pf­gf­lf.­Nht­nj­nj­cf­ytj­åzn­yb­nt­ ght­hbb,­ vb­yf­df­ob­ ghtp­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­(Rfh­nf­10).

Chtl­ghjå­kt­vb­nt,­rjb­nj­düp­ybr­dfn­d­nt­pb­ght­hbq­yb­ghjc­nhfycn­df,­nhzå­df­lf­jn­åt­kt­ébv,­xt­chtl­yb­nt­uj­lbi­yb­df­kt­éb­cf­vyj­uj­gj­vfk­rj­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ df­kt­éb­nt­ yf­Bp­nj­rf,­ yj­ ner­ xtc­nj­ ct­ bp­db­dfn­cbk­yb­åe­hb,­dbö­hei­rb,­uhf­lei­rb­b­njh­yf­lj.­Gjl­yf­gj­hf­yf­pbv­yb­dbt­kb­wb­cne­lün­ct­ecbk­df­b­cyt­uün­ct­yfn­heg­df­ yf­ ju­hjv­yb­ ghtc­gb.­Ktn­yb­nt­uj­ht­ob,­ce­öb­dtn­hj­dt­bp­ce­if­dfn­gjx­df­nf­b­gj­yz­rj­uf­z­jn­dz­dfn­yf­uj­kt­vb­rük­åtc­nb­jå­kf­wb­ghfö.

Jc­rül­yb­nt­ djl­yb­ ht­ceh­cb­ yf­ht­ubj­yf­ yt­ vj­ufn­ lf­ gjl­lüh­éfn­

hfc­nt­éf­ yf­ lüh­dt­nf­nf­ jc­dty­gjr­hfq­ ht­rb­nt.­ Vyj­uj­ jn­nt­pb­ht­rb­cf­vfk­rb­b­nt­rfn­yt­hfd­yj­vth­yj.­ Ath­vt­hb­nt­jn­ Bp­nj­rf,­ cdbr­yf­kb­ lf­bvfn­ d­ bpj­åb­kbt­ dj­lf­ pf­gj­ct­db­ b­ pf­éb­djn­yb,­ rfr­nj­b­ ght­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ lüh­dty­

vf­nt­hb­fk­pf­cnhj­té,­ju­hfé­lt­ybz­b­jnjg­kt­ybt,­nhzå­df­lf­ct­ghbc­gj­cj­åzn­rüv­cüd­ctv­hfp­kbx­yb­ec­kj­dbz,­rj­uf­nj­ pf­gjx­dfn­ lf­ ct­ pf­ctk­dfn­ d­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb.

GHb­HJl­yb­Ec­kJ­dbz­­yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt

Ht­kt­aün­ b­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­nf­ yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ cf­ chtl­ yfq­tl­yj­jå­hfp­yb­nt­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­Hfy­yb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb,­ rjb­nj­ cktl­dfn­vfh­ihe­nf­ pf­ Jht­ujy,­ ec­gz­dfn­ lf­cnbu­yfn­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­cf­vj­pf­tlby­ct­pjy,­nüq­rf­nj­ght­hbb­nt­ ct­ ght­rj­cz­dfn­ ktc­yj.­Ht­ubj­yün­ ct­ yf­vb­hf­ bp­wz­kj­ düd­ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crb­nt­ uhf­yb­wb­ yf­jå­kfcn­nf­ yf­ dün­hti­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb.­Ct­lb­vty­nyb­nt­ crf­kb­ cf­ kt­rj­ yf­­r­kj­yt­yb.­Yfl­vjh­crf­nf­db­cj­xb­yf­ct­edt­kb­xf­df­gjc­nt­gty­yj,­gjx­nb­yt­pf­åt­kt­éb­vj,­ jn­ bp­njr­ yf­ pf­gfl.­Gj­bp­njx­ybz­rhfq­nz­t­cf­vj­500­vtn­hf,­ lj­rf­nj­ yf­ pf­gfl­Lty­düh,­of­nf­Rj­kj­hf­lj,­ bvf­yfl­vjh­crf­db­cj­xb­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­1­500­vtn­hf.

Jn­ ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crf­ uktl­yf­njx­rf­yfq­jå­ibh­yb­zn­lzk­jn­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­cf­Db­cj­rb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­rjb­nj­ ct­ ghjc­nb­hfn­ gj­ pf­gfl­ybz­

uj­kt­vb­Nt­hfd­yb­yb­b­Ght­hbb­Nt

ukf­df

11

rhfq­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ jn­ ñéty­ Ntr­cfc­yf­ct­dth­lj­ñé­yf­Ytå­hfc­rf.­Nj­pb­lzk,­gjr­hbn­c­gkü­nty­ckjq­enfq­rb,­rjb­nj­ xtc­nj­ cf­ bp­wz­kj­ gt­cüx­kb­db­b­cbk­yj­ghj­gec­rkb­db,­d­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ cb­ xfcn­ t­ hf­dty.­ Cf­vj­ gjr­hfq­ht­rb,­ yfg­hb­vth­ d­ Crjnc­åküa­ yf­ht­rf­Gkfn­d­pf­gfl­yf­Ytå­hfc­rf­bkb­d­rf­ymj­yf­Gf­kj­Le­hj­yf­ht­rf­Htl­d­ct­dt­hj­pf­gf­lty­Ntr­cfc,­d­ht­pek­nfn­yf­ thj­pbz­nf­ vtcn­yb­zn­ ht­kta­ t­gj­db­cjr.­ Åf­ctq­yün­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­Fuf­cbp,­ rü­lt­nj­ yz­rj­uf­ cf­ åb­kb­yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf­ jn­ gt­hbj­lf­ yf­gktq­cnj­wt­yf,­ t­lhe­uf­bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­hfd­yby­yf­jå­kfcn,­rjz­nj­drkñx­df­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­ht­rf­Htl­yf­ct­dth­d­Ct­dth­yf­Lf­rj­nf­b­Vb­yt­cj­nf.

Yt­ dcbx­rb­ lz­kj­dt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­bvfn­ njk­rj­df­ tl­yj­jå­hf­pty­ ht­kta.­Yfq­åtp­cgjh­yj­nj­ bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­ cf­Åkfr­ Öbkc­ d­ Ñé­yf­ Lf­rj­nf­ b­Ef­qj­vbyu.­ Nt­pb­ öük­vj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ jå­ibh­yf­ re­gj­kj­dbl­yf­jå­kfcn­jn­thj­pb­hf­yb­dek­rf­ybx­yb­crf­kb,­cf­cdüh­pf­yb­gj­cdjt­nj­jå­hf­pe­df­yt­b­gj­ht­kt­af­cb­cüc­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ yf­ pf­gfl.­ D­ñéty­ Ntr­cfc­ gkf­nj­nj­ Tle­fhlc­ t­cbk­yj­thj­pb­hf­yj­b­gj­ñuj­bp­njx­ybz­rhfq,­rü­lt­nj­uhf­yb­xb­c­rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­ lj­kb­yf,­ bvf­ vyj­uj­ rf­ymj­yb.­Cfyl­Öbkc­ d­ wty­nhfk­yf­ b­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­ Ytå­hfc­rf­ jajh­vzn­ uüc­nf­ckjé­yf­vht­éf­jn­jå­hfc­kb­c­nht­df­gz­cüx­yb­ lñ­yb,­vyj­uj­ jn­ rjb­nj­ cf­db­cj­rb­gj­dt­xt­jn­30­vtn­hf.­Gz­cü­rün,­ bp­uhfé­lfo­ lñ­yb­nt,­ t­ yf­dzn­gj­ ñé­yb­nt­ rhfb­of­ yf­ rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­nt­ ktl­yb­wb­ ghtp­ gt­hbj­lf­ yf­gktq­cnj­wt­yf.­ Yf­xe­gty,­ ghb­xel­kbd­

ht­kta,­rjq­nj­t­ht­pek­nfn­jn­ltqcn­dbt­nj­yf­dz­nü­hf­b­djl­yf­nf­ thj­pbz­yf­enf­tx­yb­crf­kb,­t­öf­hfr­nt­hty­pf­jyf­pb­ xfcn­ jn­ gkf­nj­nj­ Vb­ce­hb,­rjz­nj­yt­t­åb­kf­gjr­hb­nf­c­ktl­yb­wb­–­jn­ct­dth­yf­Ytå­hfc­rf­yf­ct­dth­lj­ht­rf­ Vb­ce­hb.­ Yf­ ct­dth­ jn­ ht­rf­Vb­ce­hb­ b­ yf­ pf­gfl­ jn­ åf­ctq­yf­ yf­tpt­hj­nj­ Fuf­cbp­ lhe­uf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­gkf­nj­nj­ Vb­ce­hb,­ rjz­nj­ t­ åb­kf­gjr­hb­nf­ c­ ktl­yb­wb,­ vf­rfh­ b­ yf­vtc­nf­ lf­ t­ hfd­yby­yf,­ bvf­ vfk­rb­tpt­hf,­ vj­ht­yb­ b­ lhe­ub­ ktl­yb­rj­db­xth­nb.

Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ t­ eyb­oj­éb­kj­ lj­uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yf­nf­nhtd­yf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­ yj­ gj­dkfé­yb­nt­bp­njx­yb­lz­kj­dt­(jå­kfc­nb­nt­yf­ct­dth,­rü­lt­nj­gf­lfn­uj­lbi­yj­gj­dt­xt­jn­60­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­df­kt­éb,­f­yf­ñu­–­gj­dt­xt­jn­90)­cf­ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­kb­ åtp­rhfq­yf­ ght­hbz­ c­ nht­df,­db­cj­rf­ vté­le­ 30­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ b­ 1­vt­nüh.­ Gj­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­ rhfb­of­ yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt­db­cj­rf­nf­nht­df­jn­cnüg­df­vzc­nj­yf­gj­ybc­rb­nt,­gj­hfp­ht­lt­yb­ne­ab,­ rjb­nj­ vj­ufn­ lf­ jwt­kt­zn­ d­gj­ke­gec­nby­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ yf­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­Hfd­yb­yb.

Ght­hbq­yb­nt­nht­db­bvfn­lük­åj­rf,­ckjé­yf­ rj­ht­yj­df­ cbc­nt­vf,­ rjz­nj­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ljc­nb­uf­ vyj­uj­ lük­åj­rj­ d­ gjx­df­nf,­ rf­nj­ lf­df­ düp­vjé­yjcn­yf­yt­njk­rj­df­db­cj­rb­nt­cnhü­rj­dt­nht­df­lf­bp­gjk­pdfn­yf­kbx­yf­nf­dj­lf.­ Pf­hf­lb­ pfg­kt­nt­yb­nt­ rj­ht­yb­hf­pj­hf­df­yt­nj­ yf­ ght­hbz­nf­ t­bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ nhel­yj.­ Güh­db­nt­pf­ctk­yb­wb­ xtc­nj­ nhzå­df­ lf­ bp­gjk­pdfn­nté­rb­hf­kf,­ ntu­kt­yb­gj­yz­rj­uf­jn­20­éb­djn­yb,­pf­lf­hfp­xe­gzn­

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108

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10109

njh­af.­Ght­hbq­yb­zn­njha­vj­ét­lf­åü­lt­„yf­hz­pfy“­yf­uj­kt­vb­gfh­xt­nf,­rjb­nj­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­rf­nj­neö­kb­pf­cnhj­té­yf­rü­ob­ghtp­hfy­ybz­gt­hb­jl­ yf­ td­hj­gtq­crj­nj­ pf­ctk­df­yt­ yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.

Njg­kb­zn,­ dkf­éty,­ nhj­gb­xtc­rb­ghb­vjh­crb­ düp­leö,­ rjq­nj­ yfö­ke­df­jn­Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­ pf­kbd­ b­ t­ ukfd­yb­zn­bp­njx­ybr­yf­dkf­uf­d­Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­ yf­cjx­df­ yf­uj­ht­rüv­ Lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ Vb­cb­cb­gb,­ f­cktl­ nj­df­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ yf­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njr,­ rf­nj­ gjl­vb­yf­df­ bp­wz­kj­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­Uj­kt­vb­hfd­yb­yb.­ D­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ yf­pf­gfl­ cbk­yj­ yf­vf­kz­df­ chtl­yj­nj­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­ df­kt­éb.­ D­Rfy­pfc­ yf­­g­hb­vth,­ chtl­yj­nj­ uj­lbi­yj­ rj­kb­xtcn­dj­df­kt­éb­df­hb­hf­jn­105­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­düd­dkfé­yb­nt­ñuj­bp­njx­yb­xfc­nb­lj­40­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­d­gj­ke­gec­nby­ybz­ñuj­pf­gfl.

D­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­bvf­gt­hbj­lb,­ ghtp­ rjb­nj­ gf­lfn­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­jåb­xfq­yb­nt­ df­kt­éb.­ Nt­pb­ gt­hbj­lb­yfc­nüg­dfn,­rj­uf­nj­nhj­gb­xtc­rb­düp­lei­yb­vf­cb­ct­ldb­éfn­yf­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­ jn­ Vtr­cb­rfy­crbz­ pf­kbd­ b­gj­gf­lfn­ yfl­ xfc­nb­ jn­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­Yf­ nt­pb­ htl­rb­ gt­hbj­lb­ jåf­xt­ yt­vj­ét­lf­ct­hfp­xb­nf.­Pf­ofc­nbt­yf­ath­vt­hb­nt­ jn­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt­ jrj­kj­nhb­xtn­düh­nb­jn­lüé­lj­dt­nt­gf­lfn­jn­ fg­hbk­ lj­ fd­uecn,­ rj­uf­nj­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ åüh­pb­zn­ hfc­nté­ yf­ rek­ne­hb­nt.

Xfcn­jn­df­kt­éb­nt­d­ht­ubj­yf­ghtp­ghj­ktn­nf­b­kz­nj­nj­cf­gj­dht­vt­yf­cbk­yb­uhü­vj­nt­dbx­yb­åe­hb.­Uhf­lei­rf­nf­ gj­yz­rj­uf­ t­ ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ nt­pb­

åe­hb.­ Kt­lt­yb­nt­ püh­yf,­ xbb­nj­ hfp­vt­hb­ ljc­nb­ufn­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 5­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ d­ lbf­vt­nüh,­ vj­ufn­ lf­ eyb­oj­éfn­yf­nt­éf­kf­nf,­ep­hz­kf­git­yb­wf.­ Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ ñé­yb­nt­ b­pf­gfl­yj­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ Hfd­yb­yb­ xtc­nj­ cnf­dfn­ éth­ndf­ yf­ åe­hb­ c­ uhf­lei­rb,­yj­chtl­yj­pf­wz­kf­nf­cnhf­yf­yfq­vyj­uj­ uhf­lei­rb­ gf­lfn­ d­ñuj­bp­nj­xty­Ef­qj­vbyu.

Njh­yf­lj­nj,­xbq­nj­düh­nzo­ct­düp­le­ity­ cnükå­ hfp­db­df­ crj­hjcn­gj­uj­kz­vf­ jn­ 350­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ d­xfc,­ t­lhe­uf­hfp­he­ib­ntk­yf­ghjz­df­yf­ åe­hb­nt­ d­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ ae­ybz­nf­ yf­ njh­yf­lj­nj­gj­hf­pz­df­ vfk­rf­ gkjo,­ xtc­nb­nt­åe­hb,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ bp­db­dfn­ yfl­ wty­nhfk­yb­nt­ Hfd­yb­yb,­ uj­ ghtd­hü­ofn­düd­ df­éty­ hbc­rjd­ tkt­vtyn­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.

Dz­nü­hün­t­yjé­c­ldt­jc­nhbt­nf­pf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb.­ Crj­hjcn­nf­ yf­rüc­yb­nt­ghj­ktn­yb­b­ktn­yb­dtn­hj­dt­d­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­b­d­ñé­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­t­ chtl­ yfq­db­cj­rf­nf­ pf­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf.­ D­ vb­yf­kj­nj­nj­df­ct­t­bp­gjk­pdf­kj,­pf­lf­ct­edt­kb­xb­ tatr­nbd­yjcn­nf­ yf­ dz­nüh­yb­nt­vtk­yb­wb­ d­ ht­ubj­yf.­ Gjc­nj­zy­yb­nt­dtn­hj­dt­ jåf­xt­ jp­yf­xf­dfn,­ xt­ d­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­ht­ubj­yf­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­dkf­uf,­rjt­nj­ct­bp­gf­hz­df­b­jn­lt­kz­jn­hfc­nt­ybz­nf,­t­uj­kz­vj.

Pbv­yb­zn­dz­nüh­ib­yer­ct­gjz­dz­df,­rj­uf­nj­ceö,­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­nj­gük­düp­leö­ jn­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ct­ghbl­dbé­df­yfl­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb.­ Rj­uf­nj­ ct­ cgec­yt­ d­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb,­ düp­le­öün­ ct­pf­njg­kz­jot­gj­dt­xt­b­cnf­df­vyj­uj­

110 111

gj­nj­gük­ jn­ cne­lt­yb­nt­ rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­ düp­lei­yb­ vf­cb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­jåb­xfq­yb­ pf­ ht­ubj­yf­ ghtp­ pb­vf­nf.­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­zn­ düp­leö­ dht­vty­yj­bp­nkfc­rdf­ cne­lt­ybz­ düp­leö­ jn­pf­gfl­yb­nt­ Hfd­yb­yb­ b­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­ åüh­pj­ b­ hzp­rj­ ct­ gj­db­if­df.­ C­nj­df­by­nt­htc­yj­zd­kt­ybt­jn­xfc­nb­ct­jåzc­yz­df­ pf­oj­ pb­vf­nf­ d­ gj­db­cj­rf­nf­ pf­gfl­yf­ jå­kfcn­ t­ vfk­rj­gj­njg­kf­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ bp­njx­ybz­rhfq­yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.

Jc­dty­ nj­df­ uj­lbi­yf­nf­ ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn­ yf­ åtp­cyté­ybz­ ct­pjy­df­hb­hf­ d­ ib­hj­rb­ uhf­yb­wb­ cghz­vj­chtl­yf­nf­ ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn.­Rfr­nj­b­ ghb­ uj­lbi­yb­nt­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb,­rjb­nj­ ct­ ldb­éfn­ d­ uj­kzv­ lbf­gf­pjy,­hfp­kb­rb­nt­ct­edt­kb­xf­dfn,­rjk­rj­nj­gj­dt­xt­ct­jnb­df­yf­ct­dth.

Cyt­uün,­ dz­nü­hün­ b­ cne­lün­ cf­ghjz­db­ yf­ tlby­ jn­ yfq­j­gec­nj­ib­ntk­yb­nt­ tkt­vty­nb­ yf­ rkb­vf­nf­ d­Hfd­yb­yb­nt:­ cyté­yf­nf­åe­hz.­Pbv­yf­nf­ dbt­kb­wf­ bp­kb­pf­ ghtp­ pb­vf­nf,­rj­uf­nj­ vyj­uj­ cne­lt­yf­ gj­kzh­yf­düp­lei­yf­ vf­cf­ ct­ ghbl­dbé­df­ yf­ñu­ gjr­hfq­ Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ b­ct­cgec­rf­d­Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­ghj­vt­yzq­rb­jåb­xfq­yf­nf­gj­cj­rf­yf­ldb­ét­ybt­yf­åe­hz­nf­ jn­ pf­gfl­ yf­ bp­njr.­ Frj­dbt­kb­wf­nf­ghj­lük­éb­yz­rjk­rj­lyb,­cyt­uj­df­kt­éün­ vj­ét­ lf­ ljc­nbu­yt­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­chtl­yj­nj­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­ cyzu,­ rjq­nj­ gf­lf­ ghtp­ pb­vf­nf.­Nüq­ rf­nj­ ath­vt­hb­nt­ d­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ jc­nf­dzn­éb­djn­yb­nt­ yf­jn­rhb­nj­ ghtp­ pb­vf­nf,­ dbt­kb­wf­nf­vj­ét­lf­pfn­he­gf­gü­nz­bv­lj­öhf­yf­nf­b­lf­lj­dt­lt­lj­db­cj­rf­cvüh­n­yjcn­chtl­nzö.

Pf­ctk­yb­xtc­Rb­vJ­lt­kbGht­lb­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­ lf­ pfd­pt­vfn­Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­nt­pb­jå­kfc­nb­cf­xfc­nbx­yj­yf­ct­kt­yb­jn­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­by­lb­fy­wb.­ Jc­yjd­yf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ltq­yjcn­t­kj­dün­–­ukfd­yj­yf­åb­pj­yb.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­gkt­vt­yf­éb­dt­zn­gjr­hfq­ ht­rb­ düd­ dht­vty­yb­ ct­kb­of.­Nüq­rf­nj­yz­vfn­düp­vjé­yjcn­lf­ct­ghbl­dbé­dfn­ åüh­pj­ yf­ uj­kt­vb­ hfp­cnjz­ybz­ (re­xt­nj­ t­ tlbycn­dt­yj­nj­jgb­nj­vt­yj­ éb­djn­yj­ d­ ght­ltd­hj­gtq­crf­Ct­dth­yf­Fvt­hb­rf),­ by­lb­fy­wb­nt­ yt­ vj­ufn­ lf­ ct­ jn­lt­kzn­ pf­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yj­ dht­vt­ jn­ yf­lté­lyb­nt­ djl­yb­ bp­njx­yb­wb.­ Nj­df­ t­ct­hbj­pty­ ghjå­ktv,­ pf­oj­nj­ vbu­hf­wbz­nf­ yf­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ cnf­lf­ åb­pj­yb­xtc­nj­kb­if­df­pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­pf­wt­kb­ctl­vb­wb­jn­jc­yjd­ybz­bv­bp­njx­ybr­yf­öhf­yf.

Rj­uf­nj­ bc­gfy­wb­nt­ yf­gec­rfn­ñé­yb­nt­ Hfd­yb­yb,­ cktl­dfq­rb­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­ybz­ gkfy­ yf­ cdjb­nt­ trc­gt­lb­wbb,­ nt­ jc­nf­dzn­ xfcn­ jn­ rj­yt­nt­cb­b­nj­pb­„gj­lf­hür“­ghj­vt­yz­lhf­vf­nbx­yj­yf­xb­yf­yf­éb­djn­yf­by­lb­fy­wb­nt­ jn­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­ D­ yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­19­dtr,­rj­uf­nj­cnb­ufn­lj­Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­ jn­rhb­dfn­ nfv­–­gj­le­vb­nt­yf­vyj­pb­yf­–­yfq­ljå­hf­nf­ kt­rf­ rf­df­kt­hbz­ d­ bc­nj­hbz­nf­yf­cdt­nf.­Rj­yt­nt­cf­ct­ghüc­yf­kb­bp­wz­kf­nf­ ght­hbz,­ f­ by­lb­fy­wb­nt­ jn­Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­rjb­nj­dt­xt­vj­ufn­lf­ct­jn­lt­kzn­ jn­ djl­yb­nt­ bp­njx­yb­wb,­cktl­dfn­ cdj­åjl­yj­ vbu­hf­wbz­nf­ yf­åb­pj­yb­nt.

Hfy­yf­nf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­ ghtl­cnf­df­pf­ ht­ubj­yf­ rf­nj­ yt­yf­lté­lyj­ b­nhel­yj­ vzc­nj­ pf­ pf­ctk­df­yt­ yt­ t­

yf­gük­yj­ yt­jc­yj­df­ntk­yf.­ Kbg­cf­nf­yf­lüh­dt­nf­jp­yf­xf­df,­xt­ath­vt­hb­nt­yt­hfp­gj­kf­ufn­c­yb­rfr­db­nhf­lb­wb­jy­yb­vf­nt­hbf­kb,­rjb­nj­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­ pf­ cnhj­té­ yf­ rü­ob­ b­ jåj­hb,­pf­bp­lb­uf­yt­yf­ju­hf­lb­bkb­pf­njg­kb­dj.­ Djl­yb­ bp­njx­yb­wb­ ct­ cht­ofn­hzl­rj;­ xtc­nj­ d­ ht­rb­nt­ b­ gj­nj­wb­nt­bvf­ dj­lf­ cf­vj­ ghtp­ lf­lty­ ct­pjy.­Güh­db­nt­pf­ctk­yb­wb­ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­åkb­pj­ lj­ dj­lj­bp­njx­yb­wb­nt.­ Pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ rek­ne­hb,­ rjb­nj­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ ght­yf­czn­ d­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­ xtc­nj­ct­ gj­öf­åz­dfn,­ f­ ht­rjk­nf­nf­ pf­db­cb­lj­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­jn­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­df­kt­éb,­rjt­nj­dcz­rf­uj­lb­yf­t­hfp­kbx­yj.­Ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­ rf­nj­ wz­kj­ t­ gj­ybc­rf,­ f­65­ötr­nf­hj­df­nf­ ath­vf,­ rjz­nj­bp­ukté­lf­ njk­rj­df­ gjl­öj­lz­of­ gj­gkjo­ pf­ hf­qj­yb­nt­ yf­ bp­njr,­ ct­jrfp­df­ndüh­lt­vfk­rf­pf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb.

Jn­xfc­nb­ gj­hf­lb­ nt­pb­ ghjå­kt­vb­pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­uhf­yb­wf­ct­rj­kt­åft­jrj­kj­bp­njx­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­ Pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt­ bp­åzu­dfn­ nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­ b­ cf­ crkjy­yb­ lf­ ct­ yf­cjx­dfn­ rüv­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt,­ lj­rf­nj­ yj­db­nt­ ntö­yj­kj­ubb­ b­ghj­vt­yb­nt­ d­ pt­vtd­kf­lt­ybt­nj­ yt­ghtd­hü­ofn­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt­ d­ gj­gjl­öj­lz­oj­vzc­nj­pf­jåb­nf­df­yt.

Lj­rf­nj­ nj­df­ rj­kt­åf­ybt­ ghj­lük­éf­df,­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ ct­ ec­nf­yj­dz­df­lheu­ dbl­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ cbc­nt­vf.­Bc­gfy­wb­nt­ d­ ñéty­ Ntr­cfc­ b­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­pf­ctk­yb­wb­d­bp­nj­xty­Ntr­cfc­ dü­dté­lfn­ trc­nty­pbd­yj­ pt­vt­lt­kbt,­ d­ rjt­nj­ jc­yjd­yf­ tlb­yb­wf­ t­hfy­xj­nj.­Nf­pb­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­cbc­nt­

vf­ ct­ hfp­ghjc­nhf­yz­df­ yf­ ct­dth­ jn­Ntr­cfc­ ghtp­ gt­hbj­lf­ 1867–1885­uj­lb­yf.

Uj­kt­vb­ cnf­lf­ tlüh­ hj­ufn­ lj­åb­nür­ ct­ rf­hfn­ jn­ ñéty­ Ntr­cfc­ yf­ct­dth­ lj­ rhfq­yb­nt­ cgbh­rb­ yf­cnhjz­ob­nt­ ct­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­ kb­ybb­d­ Rfy­pfc,­ pf­ lf­ vj­ét­ jn­nfv­éb­djn­yb­nt­ lf­ åü­lfn­ ght­dj­pt­yb­ yf­bp­njr­ bkb­ ghtö­düh­kt­yb­ d­ ckf­åj­yf­ct­kt­yb­nt­Hfd­yb­yb.­Lj­1880­u.­cf­ghtö­düh­kt­yb­ vj­ét­ åb­ 5­ vb­kbj­yf­ukf­db­lj­åb­nür.

Nj­pb­ vj­ltk­ yf­ éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­ct­ghj­df­kz­åüh­pj­d­rhfz­yf­80­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­dtr.­Tl­yjd­ht­vty­yj­nj­bp­nj­of­df­yt­yf­vyj­uj­gf­cb­of,­rjy­re­hty­wbz­nf­ yf­ gj­rf­xtcn­dt­yj­nj­uj­dté­lj­vt­cj,­ghtl­kf­uf­yj­jn­hfp­db­df­oj­nj­ ct­ éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­ d­Chtl­ybz­ pf­gfl,­ åjr­ce­df­of­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf,­rf­nfc­nhj­afk­yf­nf­ pb­vf­ yf­ 1887–1888­ uj­lb­yf­ b­vf­cj­dj­nj­yfö­ke­df­yt­yf­ath­vt­hb­d­Hfd­yb­yb­nt­ ckf­ufn­ rhfq­ yf­ nj­pb­rhf­nür­ gt­hb­jl­ jn­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­bc­nj­hbz.­Jn­rhb­nj­nj,­yt­jå­kf­uj­hj­lt­yj­hfy­xj­t­bp­nkfc­rf­yj­rüv­gj­ce­öf­nf­pf­gfl­yf­xfcn­yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­f­cjåcn­dt­yb­wb­nt­ cf­ ghb­ye­lt­yb­ lf­ ct­ghb­lüh­éfn­rüv­ju­hf­lt­yb­gf­cb­of.

Åjl­kb­df­nf­ ntk,­ rjz­nj­ ct­ gjz­dz­df­yf­gf­pf­hf­ghtp­70­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­ dtr,­ t­ gjl­öj­lzo­ vf­nt­hb­fk­ pf­ju­hfé­lt­ybz­b­xhtp­ytz­ct­ht­if­df­ghjå­kt­vün­ c­ kbg­cdf­obz­ gj­ pt­vt­ltk­crf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf­ bp­njx­ybr­ yf­lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk.­Pf­bp­dtcn­yj­dht­vt­njh­at­yb­nt­éb­kb­of­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­lj­åüh­ gjl­ckjy.­ Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­gj­dt­xt­nj­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ bp­lb­ufn­ gf­zy­

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nj­db­ lüh­dt­yb­ rü­ob­ dtl­yf­uf,­ ojv­nj­df­ cnf­df­ düp­vjé­yj.­ Lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk­ ct­ ght­yf­cz­ c­ nj­dfh­yb­dkf­rj­dt­ gj­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­ kb­ybb,­rjb­nj­ghtp­70­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­dtr­ct­ ghj­rfh­dfn­ yfl­küé­ b­ibh­ ghtp­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­C­ghbc­gj­cj­åz­df­yt­nj­yf­jåbr­yj­dt­yf­nf­ dz­nüh­yf­vtk­yb­wf­ pf­df­lt­yt­yf­dj­lf­cüc­cjy­lb­ct­jcb­ue­hz­df­gj­vtc­nf­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­dj­lf­pf­öj­hf­b­éb­djn­yb,­rfr­nj­b­pf­yf­gjz­df­yt.­ Ib­hj­rj­nj­ bp­gjk­pdf­yt­ yf­dz­nüh­yb­nt­ vtk­yb­wb­ d­ ght­hbb­nt­ ct­düp­ghbt­vf­ cktl­ dht­vt­ b­ d­ gjx­nb­dcbx­rb­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ hf­qj­yb­ yf­Fvt­hb­rf.­ Püh­yjg­hj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­cü­oj­nf­rf­cnf­df­dct­gj­vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yj­ b­ nj­df­ lf­df­ düp­vjé­yjcn­ yf­ath­vt­hb­nt­lf­jå­hf­åjn­dfn­gj­uj­kt­vb­ gkj­ob,­ rf­nj­ gj­ nj­pb­ yf­xby­rjv­gty­cb­hfn­gj­ybc­rb­nt­ht­rjk­nb.

Jc­dty­ nj­df­ath­vt­hb­nt­ pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ drkñx­dfn­ d­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­ rek­ne­hb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­gj­ghbc­gj­cj­åb­vb­rüv­ec­kj­dbz­nf­yf­ht­ubj­yf,­b­ct­jhb­ty­nb­hfn­dct­gj­ec­gti­yj­ rfr­ lf­ ct­ düp­gjk­pdfn­ jn­ghb­hjl­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ yf­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­Ndüh­lf­nf­ pbv­yf­ git­yb­wf­ t­ vj­ét­åb­ yfq­ljå­hb­zn­ ghb­vth­ d­ nj­df­jn­yj­it­ybt.­ Ght­yt­ct­yf­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ jn­ hec­rb­ tvbu­hfy­nb­vt­yj­yb­nb,­nz­db­htt­vyj­uj­gj­ljå­ht­d­ åtp­djl­yb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­ cjh­nj­dt­nt­ git­yb­wf,­jn­ukté­lf­yb­nfv­gj­hf­yj.

Lytc­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­cf­ukfd­yb­zn­ püh­yjg­hj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kty­ ht­ub­jy­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ b­ åkf­uj­lf­ht­ybt­ yf­åj­uf­nb­nt­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ ht­rjk­nb­ yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­cf­yf­

güh­dj­ vzc­nj­ d­ cdt­nf­ gj­ bp­yjc­ yf­git­yb­wf.

Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nJ­d­Hfd­yb­yb­ntD­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­rjt­nj­t­trc­nty­pbd­yj­b­vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yj,­ cf­ ct­ yf­kj­éb­kb­ yz­rjk­rj­rek­ne­hb,­ yfq­dfé­yf­nf­ jn­ rjb­nj­ t­git­yb­wf­nf.­ Pbv­yf­nf­ git­yb­wf­ ct­pf­cz­df­ ghtp­ tcty­nf.­ Ght­lb­ lf­ yf­­c­nü­gb­ pb­vf­nf,­ git­yb­wf­nf­ bp­hfcn­df­yz­rjk­rj­cfy­nb­vtn­hf.­Bc­nby­crb­zn­q­hfc­nté­t­ghtp­ghj­ktn­nf­b­d­yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ kz­nj­nj,­ rj­uf­nj­ df­kt­éb­nt­cf­ yfq­vyj­uj,­ ght­lb­ lf­ pf­gjx­yfn­bp­ce­if­df­ob­nt­ ktn­yb­ dtn­hj­dt.­Éü­yt­ ct­ d­ rhfz­ yf­ vfq­ b­ ghtp­ñyb.­ Lytc­ pbv­yf­ git­yb­wf­ ct­jn­ukté­lf­ d­ vyj­uj­ of­nb,­ yj­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­nj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­t­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yj­ d­ ñé­yb­nt­ Hfd­yb­yb­ –­ jn­ct­dt­hty­Ntr­cfc­lj­ñé­yf­Ytå­hfc­rf.

Ghj­ktn­yf­nf­ git­yb­wf,­ rjz­nj­ ct­jn­ukté­lf­ jn­ wty­nhfk­yf­ Ñé­yf­Lf­rj­nf­ yf­ ct­dth­ lj­ Rf­yf­lf,­ ct­pf­cz­df­d­hfy­yf­ghj­ktn,­f­ht­rjk­nf­nf­ ct­ ghb­åb­hf­ d­ rüc­yj­ kz­nj­ bkb­ghtp­ tcty­nf.­ Nz­ t­ gjl­öj­lz­of­ pf­hf­qj­yb,­rü­lt­nj­pb­vb­nt­cf­njk­rj­df­cne­lt­yb,­ xt­ gj­rük­yf­kf­nf­ pbv­yf­git­yb­wf­pf­ub­df.

D­ght­hbb­nt­git­yb­wf­nf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­ jn­ukté­lf­ xhtp­ ce­öb­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ ntö­yb­rb­ åtp­ yf­gjz­df­yt.­Gjx­df­nf­ct­hf­pj­hf­df­vyj­uj­lük­åj­rj,­pf­lf­ct­hfp­xe­gb­ce­öf­nf­pt­vz­b­lf­ct­pf­åf­db­bp­gf­ht­ybt­nj­yf­dkf­uf­nf.­Ghfr­nb­rf­nf­lf­ct­jc­nf­df­pt­vz­nf­ yf­ eufh,­ rf­nj­ ct­ hf­pj­hf­df­ b­jå­hü­of,­ yj­ yt­ ct­ pf­cz­df­ tlby­ct­pjy,­ pf­ lf­ ct­ pf­lüh­éb­ dkf­uf­nf,­

ct­ ghb­kf­uf­ yfq­vyj­uj­ d­ ct­dth­yb­nt­Hfd­yb­yb.

Jn­1­ñyb,­rj­uf­nj­t­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­éün­df­nf­ yf­ pbv­yf­nf­ git­yb­wf­ d­Ntr­cfc,­cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­yb­pt­vt­ltk­crb­trb­gb­pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ghb­åb­hfn­ht­rjk­nf­nf,­rf­nj­gjc­nt­gty­yj­ct­ghbl­dbé­dfn­yf­ct­dth.­Pf­hfp­kb­rf­jn­ct­pjy­yb­nt­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ hf­åjn­yb­wb,­rjb­nj­cü­åb­hfn­lhe­ub­rek­ne­hb,­nt­pb­öj­hf­ hf­åj­nzn­ yf­ uj­kt­vb­ uhe­gb,­ c­rjv­åfq­yb­ b­ rf­vbj­yb,­ b­ db­yf­ub­ cf­åb­kb­ljå­ht­gkf­nt­yb.­Ct­uf­ath­vb­nt­d­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Püh­yt­ybz­gj­zc­ pft­vfn­ gkj­ob,­ gj­uj­kt­vb­ jn­400­ ötr­nf­hf,­ rjt­nj­ jp­yf­xf­df,­ xt­gj­dt­xt­nj­ath­vt­hb­vj­ufn­lf­hfp­gj­kf­ufn­ cüc­ cjåcn­dt­yb­ rjv­åfq­yb.­Düg­ht­rb­nj­df­jrj­kj­tl­yf­nht­nf­jn­wz­kf­nf­git­yb­wf­d­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­ ct­ cü­åb­hf­ jn­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­yb­pt­vt­ltk­crb­trb­gb.

Jc­yj­dty­ ghjå­ktv­ yf­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­yf­db­cj­rj­lj­öjl­yf­nf­git­yb­wf­t­rfr­åüh­pj­lf­ght­yt­cfn­ht­rjk­nf­nf­ yf­ cüö­hf­yt­ybt­ d­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ébn­yb­ cb­kj­pb,­ hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­ bp­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­ Pf­hf­lb­ rjy­re­hty­wbz­nf­jn­ cnhf­yf­ yf­ nj­dfh­ybz­ fd­nj­vj­åb­kty­ nhfyc­gjhn­ (f­ nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­jn­ukté­lf­ pbv­yf­ git­yb­wf,­ b­ yf­htx­ybz­ nhfyc­gjhn)­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­nt­dhüp­rb­dt­xt­yt­cnb­ufn­lj­vfk­rb­nt­ébn­yb­ cb­kj­pb,­ f­ ct­ jhb­ty­nb­hfn­rüv­uj­kt­vb­nt­cb­kjp­yb­rjv­gktr­cb,­rjb­nj­cf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­d­gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt.­ Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ git­yb­wf­nf­pf­bp­yjc­vb­yf­df­ghtp­Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf­bkb­ct­ght­yf­cz­c­ikt­gj­dt­gj­dün­hti­yf­nf­htx­yf­cbc­nt­vf­b­gj­Vb­cb­cb­gb.

Ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­jc­yjd­yf­rek­ne­hf­d­ñé­yb­nt­Hfd­yb­yb­cnf­df­cjh­uj­nj.­Nf­pb­fa­hb­rfy­crf­ébn­yf­ rek­ne­hf,­ rjz­nj­ db­htt­ ghb­ceö­rkb­vfn,­bvf­yt­gj­vfk­rj­pyf­xt­ybt­jn­pbv­yf­nf­git­yb­wf­d­uj­ht­ob­nt,­ åtp­djl­yb­ ñuj­pf­gfl­yb­ rhfb­of­yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­Ct­uf­b­d­Ntr­cfc,­b­ d­Ytå­hfc­rf­ cüc­ cjh­uj­ cf­ pf­ct­nb­gj­dt­xt­gkj­ob,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­c­git­yb­wf.­Gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­ jn­ht­rjk­nf­nf­ct­bp­gjk­pdf­pf­ae­hfé.

D­ ct­dth­yb­nt­Hfd­yb­yb­ dnj­hb­nt­ gj­pyf­xt­ybt­ rek­ne­hb­ cf­ txt­vb­rün­ b­jdt­cün,­rf­nj­gjx­nb­wz­kf­nf­ht­rjk­nf­jn­ jdtc­ pf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ ct­ cü­åb­hf­ d­åf­ctq­yf­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­ Fuf­cbp­ d­Ct­dth­yf­Lf­rj­nf­b­Vb­yt­cj­nf.­Gjx­nb­wz­kf­nf­ht­rjk­nf­jn­kty­d­Ct­dth­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­t­jn­ct­dth­yb­nt­Hfd­yb­yb.­Cküy­xju­kt­lün,­rjq­nj­ct­bp­gjk­pdf­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ jkbj,­ f­cü­oj­ b­ rf­nj­ dfé­yf­ cüc­nfd­rf­ yf­vyj­uj­ae­hfé­yb­öhf­yb,­lj­åb­df­dct­gj­uj­kz­vj­pyf­xt­ybt­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­ht­rf­Htl­d­Vb­yt­cj­nf­b­d­Ct­dth­yf­Lf­rj­nf.

dJ­lJ­cyfå­lz­df­yt­­b­bP­REcn­dt­yJ­yf­GJz­df­yt

D­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ct­ghb­kf­uf­d­åtp­djl­yb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ yf­ lf­ktx­ybz­Pf­gfl.­Yj­ght­lbvcn­df­nf­yf­bp­recn­dt­yj­nj­yf­gjz­df­yt­vj­ufn­lf­ct­jrf­éfn­ gj­uj­kt­vb­ d­ vyj­uj­ gj­ken­hj­gb­xtc­rb­ bkb­ lj­hb­ nhj­gb­xtc­rb­jå­kfc­nb­jn­uktl­yf­njx­rf­yf­gj­uj­kz­vf­ghj­ler­wbz­pf­tlb­yb­wf­by­dtc­nb­hf­yf­ce­vf,­pf­oj­nj­ghb­ce­öj­dht­vt­ dj­lf­nf­ vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdf­

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bkb­pf­lf­ct­edt­kb­xb­ht­rjk­nf­nf­jn­rek­ne­hb,­rjb­nj­dt­xt­ct­jn­ukté­lfn­d­hf­qj­yf,­bkb­pf­jn­ukté­lf­yt­nj­yf­yj­db­rek­ne­hb,­pf­rjb­nj­dkf­uf­nf­yt­t­ljc­nf­nüx­yf.

D­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ bvf­vyj­uj­vtc­nf,­rü­lt­nj­t­dfé­yj­cüp­lf­df­yt­nj­yf­yf­gjb­ntk­yb­cbc­nt­vb­d­uj­kzv­vf­ofå.­ Nj­df­ ct­ jn­yf­cz­ jcj­åt­yj­vyj­uj­ pf­ Db­cj­rb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ jn­Rj­kj­hf­lj­ b­ Ytå­hfc­rf­ lj­ Ntr­cfc.­Gjl­nf­pb­jå­kfcn­kt­éb­ju­hjv­yb­zn­gjl­pt­vty­ utj­kjé­rb­ ht­pth­dj­fh­Ju­kf­kf,­ pft­vfo­ gkjo­ 250­ 000­rdfl­hfn­yb­ rb­kj­vtn­hf,­ rjq­nj­cü­lüh­éf­ ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ 2­ vb­kb­fh­lf­fr­hf­ae­nf­dj­lf.­ (Tlby­früh­aen­t­hf­dty­yf­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­dj­lf­pf­ yf­gjz­df­yt,­ rjt­nj­ gjr­hb­df­ 0.4­ötr­nf­hf­ yf­ lük­åj­xb­yf­ 0.3­vtn­hf.)­Nj­df­ t­ „drf­vt­yt­yf“­ dj­lf,­ uj­kz­vf­xfcn­ jn­ rjz­nj­ t­ enft­yf­ ght­lb­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ tlby­ vb­kb­jy­ uj­lb­yb.­Jrj­kj­ tl­yf­ xtn­dühn­ jn­ nf­pb­jå­kfcn­ct­yf­gjz­df­gjx­nb­bp­wz­kj­c­dj­lf­jn­Ju­kf­kf.­Db­cj­rb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­cf­df­éty­pt­vt­ltk­crb­hf­qjy,­rjq­nj­jcb­ue­hz­df­ ldt­ gt­nb­ jn­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ ghj­ler­wbz­ yf­ cjh­uj,­ tl­yf­itc­nf­jn­ghj­ler­wbz­nf­yf­git­yb­wf­b­tl­yf­xtn­dühn­jn­ghj­ler­wbz­nf­yf­gf­ver.­ Yf­gjz­df­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ ner­lf­dfn­ 45­ ghj­wty­nf­ gj­dt­xt­ git­yb­wf,­ 70­ ghj­wty­nf­ gj­dt­xt­ cjh­uj­ b­135­ ghj­wty­nf­ gj­dt­xt­ gf­ver­ d­chfd­yt­ybt­ cüc­ cü­ctl­yb­ jå­kfc­nb,­rjb­nj­ yt­ ct­ yf­gjz­dfn­ bp­recn­dt­yj.­Jn­1950­u.­bp­ntu­kz­yt­nj­yf­gjl­gjx­dt­yf­ dj­lf­ ct­ t­ edt­kb­xb­kj­ gj­dt­xt­jn­ nhb­ gü­nb­ b­ yfl­ödüh­kz­ 20­vb­kbj­yf­fr­hf­ae­nf­uj­lbi­yj.

D­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­ dtr­ hf­qj­yün­jrj­kj­Kü­åür,­Ntr­cfc,­cnf­df­df­éty­gf­ve­rjg­hj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kty­ wty­nüh.­Ner­gjc­nt­gty­yj­pf­gjx­df­lf­ct­ghb­kf­uf­bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt­c­dj­lf,­rjz­nj­ ct­ bp­ntu­kz­ cüc­ cjy­lb­ jn­pf­lüh­éf­ob­nt­ dj­lf­ gz­cü­wb­ gjl­uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ ñé­yb­nt­ Db­cj­rb­hfd­yb­yb.­ Lytc­ nj­pb­ hf­qjy­ t­ yfq­dfé­yb­zn­ gf­ve­rjg­hj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kty­wty­nüh­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­Gj­dt­xt­jn­50­000­rkf­lty­wb­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ dj­lf­ pf­ yf­gjz­df­yt­ yf­jå­kfcn­nf.

Dnj­hf­nf­ gj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yf­ jå­kfcn­ d­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt­ t­ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yj­ Rj­kj­hf­lj,­ rü­lt­nj­pf­öfh­yj­nj­wdtr­kj­ t­güh­djc­nt­gty­yf­rek­ne­hf.­ Nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ jn­lfd­yf­ ct­yf­gjz­df­ jn­ rkf­lty­wb­ b­ jn­ dj­lb­nt­yf­ ht­rf­ Cf­en­ Gkfn.­At­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­ gjt­vf­ hfp­öj­lb­nt­ gj­cnhjb­ntkcn­dj­nj­ yf­ yf­gjb­ntk­yb­nt­cüj­hü­ét­ybz­ b­ jyt­pb,­ rjb­nj­ bc­rfn­lf­ghb­kf­ufn­bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt,­gkf­ofn­ pf­ dj­lf­nf.­ Nüq­ rf­nj­ nj­df­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­dj­lf­dt­xt­yt­pf­lj­dj­kz­df­ yeé­lb­nt,­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­nj­ab­yfy­cb­hf­ tlby­ ghj­trn­ yf­ ht­rf­Åbu­ Njv­gcüy,­ rjq­nj­ wt­kb­ lf­ ct­ght­yf­cz­dj­lf­jn­pf­gfl­ybz­crkjy­yf­Ahüyn­Htqylé­d­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­lj­bp­njx­ybz­crkjy­b­yf­gjz­df­yb­nt­pt­vb­jn­lhe­uf­nf­cnhf­yf.­Yfq­pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yf­nf­ ntö­yb­xtc­rf­ jcj­åt­yjcn­ yf­ nj­pb­ ghj­trn­ t­ 33­rb­kj­vtn­hj­db­zn­ne­ytk,­rjq­nj­vb­yf­df­yf­1200­vtn­hf­gjl­Dj­lj­lt­kf­yf­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb.

Yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ jn­ ghj­tr­nb­nt­ d­Hfd­yb­yb­nt­ pf­ cü­åb­hf­yt­ yf­ dj­lf­ d­

ht­pth­djf­hb­t­ghj­tr­nün­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­ht­rf­Vb­ce­hb.­Nj­pb­ghj­trn­wt­kb­lf­ hfp­ht­ib­ ldf­ hfp­kbx­yb­ db­lf­ghjå­kt­vb.­Öj­hf­nf,­rjb­nj­éb­dt­zn­d­ljk­ybz­rhfq­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­Vb­cb­cb­gb,­drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­b­éb­nt­kb­nt­yf­uhfl­ Rfy­pfc­ b­ yf­ Ctqyn­ Ke­bc,­ ct­yeé­lf­zn­jn­tatr­nbd­yf­cbc­nt­vf­pf­rjy­nhjk­ yf­ yf­djl­yt­ybz­nf.­ D­ nj­pb­hf­qjy­ dcz­rf­ uj­lb­yf­ gf­lfn­ jrj­kj­100­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ df­kt­éb.­ Cüd­ctv­hfp­kb­xty­ t­ ghjå­kt­vün­ yf­ öj­hf­nf,­rjb­nj­ éb­dt­zn­ d­ ujh­ybz­ rhfq­ yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ Vb­ce­hb,­ jcj­åt­yj­ d­Ct­dth­yf­b­Ñé­yf­Lf­rj­nf­b­d­Vjy­nf­yf­–­nt­ ct­yeé­lf­zn­jn­ cbc­nt­vf,­rjz­nj­lf­jcb­ue­hz­df­jåbk­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt.­Ldf­nf­ghjå­kt­vf­cf­hfp­ht­it­yb­ c­ bp­uhfé­lf­yt­nj­ yf­ rfc­rf­lb­ gj­ujh­yj­nj­nt­xt­ybt­yf­Vb­ce­hb,­rfr­nj­b­yf­vyj­étcn­dj­zpj­db­hb­yf­vyj­uj­jn­ghb­nj­wb­nt­yf­ht­rf­nf.

Nj­pb­ ghj­trn­ b­ vyj­uj­ lhe­ub­gj­vfk­rb­ yf­gjb­ntk­yb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz­b­ rkf­lty­wb­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ uj­kz­vj­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­ d­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­D­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­b­ct­dth­yb­nt­xfc­nb­yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt­kñ­wth­yf­nf,­ rjz­nj­ t­ güh­dj­rf­xtcn­dt­yf­nf­ae­hfé­yf­ rek­ne­hf­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf,­ pft­vf­yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­yf­gjz­df­yb­gkj­ob.­Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­pf­öfh­yj­wdtr­kj­t­ dfé­yj­ d­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ ht­rf­Fh­rfy­pfc­ d­ bp­njx­yj­ Rj­kj­hf­lj­ b­pf­gf­lty­ Rfy­pfc,­ f­ cü­oj­ b­ rhfq­ht­rf­ Cf­en­ Gkfn­ d­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yj­Rj­kj­hf­lj.­Ath­vt­hb­nt­jn­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­ Fh­rfy­pfc­ ct­ ujh­lt­zn­ vyj­uj­ c­rf­xtcn­dj­nj­ yf­ gü­gt­ib­nt,­ rjb­nj­jn­ukté­lfn,­ f­ d­ ñé­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­Ytå­hfc­rf­jc­yjd­yf­rek­ne­hf­t­wf­ht­

db­wf­nf,­ rjz­nj­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­yf­gjz­df­jn­rkf­lty­wb.

GHb­HJl­yb­Ht­cEH­cbEnf­tx­yb­nt­crf­kb­yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­ cü­lüh­éfn­ uj­kt­vb­ pf­gf­cb­ jn­tyth­ubq­yb­ ht­ceh­cb­ –­ ytan,­ ghb­hj­lty­ ufp­ b­ düu­kb­of.­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­åf­ctq­yb­yf­ytan­b­ghb­hj­lty­ufp­yf­ñu­cf­jn­rhfq­dht­vt­chtl­dj­lt­ob­nt­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ht­ubj­yb,­rjb­nj­ljc­nf­dzn­ nt­pb­ ghj­ler­nb.­ Pf­gfl­yb­nt­lz­kj­dt­ yf­ Ntr­cfc,­ Jr­kf­öj­vf­ b­Rfy­pfc­ cf­ chtl­ dj­lt­ob­nt­ d­ cdt­nf­ljc­nfd­xb­wb­ yf­ ghb­hj­lty­ ufp.­ Nt­pb­nhb­of­nf­cf­b­uj­kt­vb­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­yf­ytan,­f­yf­gjc­kt­lür­rüv­uhe­gf­nf­ct­ghb­cüt­lb­yz­df­b­Ef­qj­vbyu.

Ct­dth­yf­ Lf­rj­nf­ hfp­gj­kf­uf­ cüc­pyf­xb­ntk­yb­ tyth­ubq­yb­ ht­ceh­cb,­ukfd­yj­gjl­ajh­vf­nf­yf­xth­yb­düu­kb­of,­ yj­ Ef­qj­vbyu­ t­ dj­lt­ob­zn­ofn­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf­ gj­ düu­kt­lj­åbd.­Ghtp­ 1996­ u.­ vb­yb­nt­ d­ Ef­qj­vbyu­lf­dfn­26­ghj­wty­nf­jn­wt­kbz­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­düu­kt­lj­åbd­bkb­1.06­vb­kb­fh­lf­nj­yf.

Lty­düh­t­wty­nüh,­rjq­nj­ct­hfp­db­df­ec­gti­yj,­åkf­uj­lf­ht­ybt­yf­yta­nf.­Fkf­qüyc,­Ytå­hfc­rf,­ct­hfp­hfcn­df­gjx­nb­ldf­gü­nb­vté­le­1975­u.­b­1980­u.,­ pf­hf­lb­nj­df­xt­ct­yf­vb­hf­vté­le­ Åüh­kby­unüy­ b­ Yjh­lühy­Kfqy­ (Ct­dth­yf­nf­kb­ybz),­gj­rjz­nj­ct­ght­djp­dfn­düu­kb­of­yf­bp­njr­jn­åf­ctq­yb­nt­ yf­ Ef­qj­vbyu.­ Léü­ktn,­yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ uhfl­ d­ wty­nü­hf­ yf­düu­kt­lj­åbd­yf­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­ d­Ef­qj­vbyu­ d­ åf­ctq­yf­ yf­ ht­rf­Gfe­lüh,­edt­kb­xf­df­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­cb­gtn­gü­nb­pf­tl­yj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbt.

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Ghtp­ 70­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr­ c­ghbt­vf­yt­nj­ yf­ pf­rjy­ pf­ jgfp­df­yt­xbc­nj­nf­nf­yf­düp­le­öf­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ pf­gjx­dfn­ ecb­kt­yj­ lf­ ct­nüh­czn­ düu­kb­of­ c­ ybc­rj­ cü­lüh­éf­ybt­yf­cz­hf,­rfr­db­nj­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cf­düu­kb­of­nf­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf.­ Gj­yt­ 100­vb­kb­fh­lf­nj­yf­åb­ne­vb­yjp­yb­düu­kb­of­ c­ ybc­rj­ cü­lüh­éf­ybt­ yf­ cz­hf,­rjb­nj­ jn­uj­df­hzn­ yf­ cnhj­ub­nt­ bpbc­rdf­ybz­ cht­oe­ pf­vüh­cz­df­yt­nj­ yf­düp­le­öf,­ ct­ yf­vb­hfn­ åkb­pj­ lj­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­d­Ct­dth­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb,­f­ nj­df­ rj­kb­xtcn­dj­ åb­ pf­lj­dj­kb­kj­yeé­lb­nt­ pf­ cnj­ ldf­lt­ctn­ b­ gtn­uj­lb­yb­ghb­ct­ufi­yj­nj­yb­dj­yf­rjy­ce­vf­wbz­d­cnhf­yf­nf.­Ghtl­gj­kf­uf­ct,­xt­yf­2­000­vtn­hf­gjl­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­jå­oj­nj­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­t­1.5­vb­kb­fh­lf­ nj­yf.­ Cnher­ne­hf­nf­ yf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­d­ht­ubj­yf­dt­xt­ct­ghj­vt­yz,­rf­nj­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ b­ éb­djn­yj­dül­­cn­dj­nj­jn­cnüg­dfn­gj­pyf­xt­ybt.

yf­ct­kt­ybtGhtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­gtn­lt­ctn­uj­lb­yb­d­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ ct­ yfå­kñ­lf­df­nty­lty­wbz­ yf­ yf­vf­kz­df­yt­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ bkb­ d­ yfq­ljå­hbz­ cke­xfq­yf­cnfu­yf­wbz.­Ht­ubj­yün­yt­vj­ét­lf­ct­gjö­df­kb­c­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­wty­nhj­dt,­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­nt­ ve­ lf­ hfp­db­df­ltq­yjc­nb­ pf­ jn­lbö­ b­ hfp­dkt­xt­ybz­cf­ vb­yb­vfk­yb,­ f­ lj­ yt­jn­lfd­yf­ cf­hfp­hf­åj­nt­yb­ ndüh­lt­ vfk­rj­ dfé­yb­ghb­hjl­yb­ ht­ceh­cb.­ Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ht­ubj­yf­t­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yj­d­gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­uhf­lj­dt­gj­rhfb­of­nf­yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­öj­hf­nf­yf­gec­rfn­gj­vfk­rb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­ b­ ctk­crb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ b­nfv­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­vf­kz­df.

Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ ht­ubj­yf­ ct­jå­ckeé­df­jn­uj­kt­vb­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­wty­nhj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ bp­düy­ gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­ yf­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­ Yfq­dfé­yb­chtl­nzö­ cf­ uhfl­Rfy­pfc­ (Vb­ce­hb)­b­Vb­ytf­gj­kbc­Ctqyn­Gjk­(Vb­yt­cj­nf).­ Lty­düh­ (Rj­kj­hf­lj),­ Lf­kfc­Ajhn­ Eühn­ (Ntr­cfc)­ b­ Cfy­ Fy­nj­ybj­ (Ntr­cfc),­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ uhf­lj­dt­ d­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­ cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ d­ gt­hb­at­hbz­nf.­ Lty­düh­t­ht­ubj­yf­kty­wty­nüh­yf­ec­ke­ub­b­rj­ve­yb­rf­wbb,­rfr­nj­b­ab­yfy­cj­dj­cht­lb­ot­ yf­ hfp­db­df­obz­ ct­ tyth­uj­lj­åbd­ d­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ hfd­yb­yb­ b­ düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf.­ Lf­kfc,­rjq­nj­ cü­oj­ t­ df­éty­ ht­ubj­yf­kty­wty­nüh­ yf­ ec­ke­ub­ b­ rj­ve­yb­rf­wbb­yf­Ñuj­bp­nj­rf,­ bp­ukté­lf­ gj­crj­hj­rf­nj­ uhfl­ yf­ nhj­gb­xtc­rbz­ bp­njr,­lj­rf­nj­ gj­vfk­rb­zn­ Ajhn­ Eühn,­rjq­nj­t­yf­50­rb­kj­vtn­hf­yf­pf­gfl,­rf­nj­ wty­nüh­ yf­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­ b­vtc­yf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­zd­yj­ ghb­yfl­kt­éb­yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­Cfy­Fy­nj­ybj­t­yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ nüh­ujd­crb­ wty­nüh­ d­ñéty­Ntr­cfc,­d­rjq­nj­cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ b­ yz­rjk­rj­ dfé­yb­ dj­ty­yb­åf­pb.

Vyj­uj­ jn­ gj­vfk­rb­nt­ wty­nhj­dt,­jå­ckeé­df­ob­ ht­ubj­yf,­ cf­ cü­oj­gt­hb­ath­yb­ –­ uhf­lj­dt­ rf­nj­ Nük­cf­(Jr­kf­öj­vf)­ b­ Jvf­öf­ (Ytå­hfc­rf).­Nüh­ujd­crb­nt­ pj­yb­ yf­ uhf­lj­dt­nt,­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yb­ gj­ rhfb­of­nf­ yf­Hfd­yb­yb­nt,­ bvfn­ bp­lük­ét­yf­ ajh­vf,­cktl­df­of­gj­cj­rf­bp­njr­pf­gfl.

Gj­dt­xt­nj­ uhf­lj­dt­ d­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt­düp­ybr­dfn­ rf­nj­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ wty­nhj­dt,­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­gjr­hfq­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­kb­ybb.­Jyt­pb­

jn­nzö,­rjb­nj­cf­ght­ec­gt­kb­d­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ cb,­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ lf­bp­gük­yz­dfn­ yz­rfr­df­ nhfyc­gjh­nyf­hj­kz,­yj­cü­oj­nf­rf­cf­ct­yf­kj­éb­kb­ b­ rf­nj­ gf­pfh­yb­ wty­nhj­dt­ d­ht­ubj­yf.­ Pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ yz­rjb­jn­ nzö­ cü­ltqcn­dfn­ b­ rjy­rhtn­yb­vtcn­yb­ec­kj­dbz­–­uhf­lj­dt­nt­Jr­kf­öj­vf­ b­Nük­cf­ yfg­hb­vth­ cf­ dfé­yb­yta­nt­yb­wty­nhj­dt.­D­Eb­xb­nf,­Rfy­pfc,­ t­ hfp­db­nj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­vfk­rb­cf­vj­kt­nb.

Vt­cjg­ht­hf­åjn­df­ntk­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ct­t­hfp­db­kf­ghtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­nhb­lt­ctn­ uj­lb­yb­ d­ vyj­uj­ jn­gj­vfk­rb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­ yf­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt.­D­vb­yf­kj­nj­nf­pb­by­lec­nhbz­t­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yf­d­Chtl­ybz­pf­gfl,­rü­lt­

nj­bvf­uj­kt­vb­rkf­yb­wb­cüc­ckjé­yb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz.­ Vj­lth­yb­pb­hf­yt­nj­yf­ rkf­yb­wb­nt,­ edt­kb­xf­df­yt­nj­ yf­gf­cb­of­nf­d­Hfd­yb­yb­nt­b­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pz­df­yt­nj­yf­gf­pfh­yb­nt­vj­lt­kb­ghf­db­ gj­b­rj­yj­vbx­yb­ gj­vfk­rb­nt­vt­cj­rjv­åb­yf­nb,­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­åkb­pj­lj­yj­db­nt­gf­cb­of­yf­gj­vfk­rb­nt­uhf­lj­dt­d­Hfd­yb­yb­nt.

Gü­nb­of­nf­ d­ Hfd­yb­yb­nt­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­cf­gjc­nhjt­yb,­pf­lf­vj­ét­gj­nzö­lf­ct­ght­vb­yf­df­ghtp­ht­ubj­yf,­f­ yt­ pf­ lf­ åü­lt­ jå­ckeé­dfy­ njq.­Pf­nj­df­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ ukfd­yj­vf­ubc­nhf­kb­b­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­kb­ybb­ght­cb­xfn­Hfd­yb­yb­nt­ jn­ bp­njr­ yf­ pf­gfl­ b­vyj­uj­vfk­rj­–­jn­ct­dth­yf­ñu.∆

119118

Jn­ bp­njx­yb­nt­ crkj­yj­dt­yf­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­yf­ pf­gfl­ lj­ Cbt­hf­

Yt­df­lf­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ lj­Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ yf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbz­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njr­b­d­Fkzc­rf­ct­ghjc­nb­hf­yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­ hzl­rj­ yf­ct­kt­yf­jå­kfcn­d­Fvt­hb­rf­(Rfh­nf­11).­Ybc­rf­nf­uüc­nj­nf­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­t­yfq­dfé­yf­nf­ öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rf­ yf­ nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.­Yj­gj­jn­yj­it­ybt­yf­lhe­ub­ut­ju­hfa­crb­tkt­vty­nb­d­ht­ubj­yf­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­ uj­kz­vf­ güc­nhj­nf:­ crf­kbc­nb­zn­ht­kta­yf­yz­rjb­lz­kj­dt­t­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pty­ c­ dt­hb­uf­ jn­ gkf­nf,­vyj­uj­ jn­ rjb­nj­ jå­ödf­ofn­ib­hj­rb­hfd­yb­vtcn­yjc­nb.­ Uj­lbi­yb­nt­ df­kt­éb­ df­hb­hfn­ jn­ 125­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ d­ct­dt­hty­Fq­lf­öj­lj­gj­vfk­rj­jn­25­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­d­gkf­nf­nf.­Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­ hf­qj­yf­ t­ ght­lbv­yj­ jn­ td­hj­gtq­crb­ghj­bp­öjl,­yj­yf­ñu­uj­kzv­lzk­jn­éb­nt­kb­nt­ cf­ kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wb­b­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ by­lb­fy­wb.­ D­ yz­rjb­jå­kfc­nb­dfé­yj­pyf­xt­ybt­bvf­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj,­gjl­lüh­éf­yj­c­bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt,­ rfr­nj­ b­ éb­djn­yj­dül­­cn­dj­nj,­ f­ d­ lhe­ub­ jå­kfc­nb­ dj­lt­ob­jn­hfc­kb­ cf­ lüh­dj­lj­åb­dün,­ ne­hbp­vün­b­he­lj­lj­åb­dün.

Chtl­ nj­df­ ytj­åzn­yj­ ghjc­nhfy­­cn­dj­ct­yf­vb­hfn­tl­yb­jn­yfq­éb­dj­gbc­yb­nt­ghb­hjl­yb­pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yjc­nb­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf.­ Xj­dti­rj­nj­ ghb­cücn­dbt­ d­ ht­ubj­yf,­ vf­rfh­ xt­ t­jc­nf­db­kj­dfé­yb­ckt­lb­yf­jn­ltk­yb­vtc­nf,­lj­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­t­pf­cty­xt­yj­jn­rhf­cj­nf­nf­yf­gtq­pf­éf.

cE­HJ­df­GHb­HJ­lfFvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­ jn­ bp­njx­yf­nf­xfcn­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf­ cf­ cdbr­yf­kb­ c­ tlby­ dük­yj­jå­hf­pty­ht­kta,­ghb­rjq­nj­hfp­kb­rb­nt­düd­ db­cj­xb­yf­nf­ hzl­rj­ cf­uj­kt­vb.­ Nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ bvf­gkf­yb­yb,­ hfp­kb­rf­nf­ düd­

db­cj­xb­yf­nf­vté­le­jc­yj­df­nf­b­düh­öf­ yf­ gkf­yb­yf­nf­ gjx­nb­ yb­rj­uf­ yt­yfl­db­if­df­1000­vtn­hf.­Pf­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­Pf­gf­lf­jåf­xt­cf­jåb­xfq­yb­ lhf­vf­nbx­yb­ hfp­kb­rb­ düd­ db­cj­xb­yf­nf­jn­1000­b­gj­dt­xt­vtn­hf.

Lheu­ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crb­tkt­vtyn­yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ t­ ce­hj­df­nf­ ghb­hj­lf.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­gkf­yb­yb­nt­d­bp­njx­yb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­ of­nb­ bp­ukté­lfn­pf­jå­kt­yb­ b­ bp­nj­xt­yb;­ gkf­yby­crb­nt­dt­hb­ub­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf­ jåf­xt­ bvfn­cnhüv­yb,­ gjx­nb­ dth­nb­rfk­yb­ crkj­yj­dt,­f­düh­öj­dt­nt­bv­xtc­nj­ghb­kb­xfn­ yf­ yf­pü­åt­yb­ jc­nhbt­nf,­ yf­cj­xt­yb­rüv­yt­åt­nj.­Hfp­kb­rf­nf­ct­lük­éb­jn­xfc­nb­yf­ düp­hfcn­nf.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­pf­gfl­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb,­vf­rfh­b­yt­dcbx­rb,­cf­pyf­xb­ntk­yj­gj­vkf­lb­jn­ bp­njx­yb­nt­ gkf­yby­crb­ dt­hb­ub.­D­pf­gfl­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­thj­pbz­nf,­rjz­nj­d­ rhfq­yf­ cvtn­rf­ dj­lb­ lj­ pfu­kfé­lf­yt­ yf­ ptv­yf­nf­ gj­düh­öyjcn,­ t­ltqcn­df­kf­vyj­uj­gj­rhfn­rj­dht­vt.

Ghtp­ yfq­yj­dbz­ gt­hb­jl­ d­ utj­kjé­rf­nf­ bc­nj­hbz,­ gktq­cnj­wt­yf,­ghj­ht­pb­nt,­ yfg­hf­dt­yb­ jn­ gkf­yby­crb­nt­ktl­yb­wb,­cf­ljg­hb­ytc­kb­vyj­uj­ pf­ jajh­vz­yt­nj­ yf­ ht­kt­af­ yf­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­Pf­gf­lf,­f­jc­nfy­rb­jn­ktl­yb­wb­nt­dct­jot­vj­ufn­lf­ct­

yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­Nf­düN­hti­yf­jå­kfcN

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12

pf­åt­kt­éfn­d­yz­rjb­xfc­nb­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­ Gj­vfk­rb­nt­ ktl­yb­wb­ cf­ hfp­ghjc­nhf­yt­yb­yfq­vyj­uj­d­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­yf­ñé­yf­Fkzc­rf,­yj­ct­cht­ofn­b­yf­ñu­d­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­Crf­kbc­nb­gkf­yb­yb­yf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­b­d­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.

Db­cj­rjg­kf­yby­crb­ ktl­yb­wb­ ct­jå­hf­pe­dfn­ d­ gj­db­cj­rb­nt­ vtc­nf­ b­rj­uf­nj­kt­lt­yf­nf­vf­cf­edt­kb­xb­jåt­vf­ cb,­ ktl­yb­wb­nt­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­ ct­cvür­dfn­gj­crkj­yj­dt­nt.­Ldb­ét­ob­zn­ ct­ ktl­ t­ vj­oty­ ghj­djl­ybr­ yf­thj­pbz­nf.­ Nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ thj­pbz­nf­ t­ltqcn­df­kf­ ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ lük­uj­ dht­vt,­ ct­ cüp­lf­df­ lük­åj­rf­ lj­kb­yf­ c­gjx­nb­ dth­nb­rfk­yb­ cnt­yb­ b­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­hfd­yj­lü­yj.­Frj­ldf­ktl­yb­rf­ct­ldb­éfn­tlby­lj­lheu,­jå­hf­pe­df­ ct­ nt­cty­ crf­kbcn­ öht­åtn­ c­yf­pü­åt­yb­ düh­öj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ yf­hb­xfn­ fht­nb.­ Lj­kb­yf­nf­ Qj­ct­vb­nb­ d­Cbt­hf­ Yt­df­lf,­ rkf­cb­xtc­rf­ ktl­yb­rj­df­ lj­kb­yf,­ lük­åj­rf­ 2­ rb­kj­vtn­hf,­t­vj­ét­åb­yfq­xtc­nj­cj­xt­yb­zn­ghb­vth­pf­db­cj­rjg­kf­yby­crf­ktl­yb­rj­df­ltq­yjcn­d­ht­ubj­yf.

Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­dün­hti­yf­jå­kfcn­t­pft­nf­gj­dt­xt­jn­gkf­nf,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ jn­ gkf­yb­yb.­Vj­ét­åb­yfq­éb­dj­gbc­yf­nf­xfcn­jn­nj­pb­lzk­t­gkf­nj­nj­Rj­kj­hf­lj­gjr­hfq­ chtl­yj­nj­ nt­xt­ybt­ yf­ ht­rf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­d­Ñnf­b­Fhb­pj­yf.­Düg­ht­rb­ yz­rjb­ uj­kt­vb­ cnher­neh­yb­ghj­vt­yb­ d­ ht­kt­af,­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­jå­kfcn­nf­kt­éb­düh­öe­kt­rj­yfr­kj­yt­yb­ enf­tx­yb­ crf­kb.­ Öf­hfr­nth­yb­nt­ xth­nb­ yf­ gtq­pf­éf­ cf­ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ thj­pbz­nf­ yf­ tr­pj­nbx­yb­nt­ ht­rb­ (yf­hb­xf­yb­ nf­rf,­ pf­oj­nj­

yj­czn­ dj­lf,­ yt­oj­ yt­gjp­yf­nj­ bkb­tr­pj­nbx­yj­ pf­ nf­pb­ ce­öf­ jå­kfcn),­gj­cgt­wb­fk­yj­ ht­rf­ Rj­kj­hf­lj­ b­ytq­yb­nt­ ghb­nj­wb,­ rjb­nj­ ght­cb­xfn­gkf­nj­nj.­ D­ nf­pb­ cht­lf­ yfq­cbk­yj­thj­pb­jy­yj­ dkbz­ybt­ bvfn­ ht­rb­nt.­Rj­uf­nj­ tl­yjd­ht­vty­yj­ c­ thj­pbz­nf­ct­ bp­düh­idf­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­ hfp­vtcn­df­yt­ yf­ gkfc­nj­dt­nt­ d­ gj­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­yf­gkf­nj­nj,­d­gj­ybc­rb­nt­xfc­nb,­ jcj­åt­yj­ d­ jyt­pb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ d­yt­gjc­htlcn­dt­yf­åkb­pjcn­lj­ht­rb­nt,­thj­pb­jy­yb­nt­ ghj­wt­cb­ ct­ ghjz­dz­dfn­vyj­uj­cbk­yj.­Nf­rf­jajh­vb­kb­nt­ct­rf­ymj­yb­ cf­ chtl­ yfq­rhf­cb­db­nt­tc­ntcn­dt­yb­ gtq­pf­éb­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf.­Uj­kt­vb­zn­rf­ym­jy­yf­ht­rf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­d­Fhb­pj­yf­t­tl­yf­jn­yfq­bp­dtcn­yb­nt­ ghb­hjl­yb­ pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yjc­nb­yf­ cnhf­yf­nf.­ D­ Yf­wbj­yfk­ybz­ gfhr­yf­Uj­kt­vbz­rf­ym­jy­bvf­tl­yf­gj­ht­lb­wf­ jn­ rf­ymj­yb,­ rjb­nj­ yf­ vtc­nf­cf­ib­hj­rb­gj­dt­xt­jn­16­rb­kj­vtn­hf.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­ hfp­kbx­yf­nf­ ec­njq­xb­djcn­yf­ndüh­lb­nt­b­vt­rb­nt­crf­kb­ d­ nt­pb­ enf­tx­yb­ jå­hf­pe­df­ybz­dj­lb­lj­ cüp­lf­df­yt­nj­yf­ tc­rfh­gb­b­nt­hf­cb,­rjb­nj­cf­jcj­åt­yj­öf­hfr­nth­yb­pf­nj­df­vzc­nj.

Ghtp­ wz­kf­nf­ cnhf­yf­ yf­ ñu­ jn­gkf­nj­nj­Rj­kj­hf­lj­ghtp­ñé­yj­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj­ b­ Fhb­pj­yf,­ yf­ pf­gfl­ d­Lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­cvüh­nnf­b­gec­nb­yz­nf­Vj­öf­dt­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­b­yf­ct­dth­xfr­lj­Jht­ujy­b­Fq­lf­öj­ct­ghjc­nb­hf­ jå­kfcn­ yf­ htx­yb­ åf­ctq­yb­ b­gkf­yby­crb­ dt­hb­ub.­ D­ nf­pb­ib­hj­rf­jå­kfcn­bvf­yfl­200­ghj­lük­uj­df­nb­gkf­yby­crb­dt­hb­ub,­cktl­df­ob­gj­cj­rf­ct­dth­ñu,­rjb­nj­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cf­lük­ub­yt­gj­dt­xt­jn­120­rb­kj­vtn­hf­

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11121

b­ct­bp­lb­ufn­yf­1000­lj­1600­vtn­hf­ chtl­ jrj­kj­ 80­ ib­hj­rb­ hfd­yb­htx­yb­ åf­ctq­yf.­ Yf­ ct­dth­ b­ yf­pf­gfl­jn­åf­ctq­yf­yf­ht­rf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­d­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­cb­xfcn­jå­kfcn­nf­bvf­dün­hti­yj­jn­njx­yf­cbc­nt­vf­–­ ht­rb­nt­ pf­gjx­dfn­ b­ cdüh­idfn­ d­ytz,­ åtp­ lf­ cnb­ufn­ lj­ vj­ht­nj.­ D­ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ yf­vyj­uj­vtc­nf­cf­ yfn­he­gf­yb­ ju­hjv­yb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­yf­yj­cb­ jn­ thj­pb­hf­kb­nt­ jrjk­yb­gkf­yb­yb.

Ghtp­ gt­hbj­lf­ yf­ gktq­cnj­wt­yf­pyf­xb­ntk­yb­xfc­nb­ jn­ ht­ubj­yf­ åb­kb­gjr­hb­nb­ c­ tpt­hf,­ jå­hf­pe­df­yb­ jn­gj­dkfé­ybz­rkb­vfn­b­jn­ nj­gt­yt­nj­yf­ db­cj­rjg­kf­yby­crb­ktl­yb­wb.­Yfq­uj­kz­vj­nj,­ tpt­hj­nj­ Åjy­dbk,­ pft­vf­kj­25­000­rdfl­hfn­yb­rb­kj­vtn­hf­ d­Ñnf.­Lytc­gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­nt­pb­tpt­hf­cf­ bp­xtp­yf­kb­ bkb­ cf­ ytc­hfd­yb­vj­gj­vfk­rb­gj­hfp­vt­hb,­ pf­oj­nj­ct­uf­htx­yb­zn­gj­njr­pf­db­cb­jn­gj­jc­rül­yb­nt­ uj­lbi­yb­ df­kt­éb,­ f­ b­ vyj­uj­jn­ tpt­hf­nf,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ jc­nf­yf­kb,­rf­nj­ tpt­hj­nj­ Gb­hü­vbl­ d­ Yt­df­lf­bkb­Uhtqn­Cjkn­d­Ñnf,­ cf­bp­düy­htl­yj­cj­kt­yb.­Htx­yf­nf­dj­lf­db­yf­ub­gjt­vf­vfk­rb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­hfp­ndj­hb­vb­cj­kb,­rjb­nj­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ljg­hb­yf­czn,­vf­rfh­b­d­vfk­rf­cnt­gty,­pf­cj­kt­yjcn­nf­yf­cdt­njd­ybz­jrt­fy.­Yj­nüq­ rf­nj­ ht­rb­nt­ yz­vfn­ bp­kfp­ yf­jrtf­yf,­tpt­hf­nf­d­nf­pb­jå­kfcn­cf­c­gj­db­it­yf­ rjy­wty­nhf­wbz­ yf­ cjk.­Uhtqn­ Cjkn­ Ktqr,­ rjt­nj­ pft­vf­­5­000­rdfl­hfn­yb­rb­kj­vtn­hf,­t­xfcn­jn­ yz­rj­ufi­yj­nj­ tpt­hj­Åjy­dbk­ b­ d­chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ jrtf­yf­ cü­lüh­éf­ybt­nj­yf­cjk­d­yt­uj­lytc­t­vyj­uj­gj­db­cj­rj.

Yf­ct­dth­jn­ht­ubj­yf­yf­åf­ctq­yb­nt­b­ crf­kbc­nb­nt­ dt­hb­ub­ gkf­nj­nj­Rü­küv­åbz­ct­t­jajh­vb­kj­d­ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ yfn­heg­df­yt­ yf­pfc­nb­yf­kb­gj­nj­wb­kf­df.­Ghb­nbc­yf­nb­jn­pfj­åb­rf­kz­ob­nt­ub­gkf­yb­yb,­nt­pb­vyj­ujr­hfn­yj­ bp­hbu­df­kb­ gj­nj­wb­kf­df,­ dct­rb­ jn­ rjb­nj­ bvfk­ gkün­yjcn­ chtl­yj­ jn­ 3­ lj­ 6­ vtn­hf,­ yf­yz­rjb­vtc­nf­ct­yfn­heg­df­kb­yf­lük­åj­xb­yf­ 650­ vtn­hf.­ D­ jå­kfcn­nf­vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ db­lzn­ yz­rjk­rj­vfk­rb­dek­rf­yb­ b­ rhf­nt­hb,­ yj­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ghjz­db­ yf­ dek­rf­ybx­yf­ ltq­yjcn­ ner­cf­yfn­heg­df­ybz­nf­jn­yz­rj­ufi­yf­hfp­nj­gt­yf­kf­df.­Ht­rb­nt­ cü­oj­cf­jå­hf­pe­df­kb­lük­åj­rb­cnhüv­yb­rf­ymj­yb.

Rf­nj­ct­bp­rkñ­xfn­yz­rjb­ghj­kj­vb,­rfh­nb­yf­nf,­rjz­nj­cüp­lf­dfn­thj­pb­hf­yb­nt­gkf­nf,­ghj­lük­éf­df­lf­ct­hfp­uhü­of­ yf­ ct­dth­ d­ Ñrjy­ d­jå­kfcn­nf­ vté­le­ Crf­kbc­nb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ b­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­nt­ dt­hb­ub.­ D­wty­nhfk­yf­ Fkzc­rf­ åf­ctq­yün­ yf­ht­rf­Ñrjy­ pft­vf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz­nf­ jn­gkf­yb­yf­nf­ Fkzc­rf­ lj­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­Åherc.­ Yf­ gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­ kt­éfn­ukfd­yj­enf­tx­yb­crf­kb.

D­ wz­kf­nf­ dün­hti­yf­ jå­kfcn­ yf­Pf­gf­lf­ ct­ yfå­kñ­lf­df­ cbk­yf­ dpfb­vj­pf­db­cb­vjcn­ vté­le­ df­kt­éb­ b­yfl­vjh­crf­ db­cj­xb­yf.­ Ybc­rb­nt­jå­kfc­nb­ cf­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ce­öb.­Gj­uj­kt­vb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­ df­kt­éb­gf­lfn­ gj­ chtl­yb­nt­ crkj­yj­dt­ yf­gkf­yb­yb­nt.­Wt­kb­zn­ht­ub­jy­gj­ke­xf­df­ gj­düh­öyjcn­yf­ dj­lf­ gjx­nb­ bp­wz­kj­jn­tr­pj­nbx­yb­nt­ht­rb.

Pf­db­cb­vjcn­nf­ vté­le­ ht­kta,­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­ b­ df­kt­éb­ dj­lb­ lj­zc­yf­ jåj­cj­åt­yjcn­ yf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yb­

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pj­yb­d­wz­kf­nf­Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­dün­hti­yf­ jå­kfcn.­ Yfq­ybc­rb­nt­ vtc­nf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cf­jå­hfc­kb­c­gec­nby­yf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­ukfd­yj­c­lbd­gt­kby.­Lf­kt­xt­ yf­ ñu­ rüc­yj­ ghtp­ kz­nj­nj­dkf­uf­nf­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df,­ vf­rfh­ b­ytp­yf­xb­ntk­yj,­ gj­hf­lb­ rjt­nj­ jc­dty­lbd­gt­kby­nfv­ct­ cht­of­b­nhtd­yf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn.­Nf­pb­rjv­åb­yf­wbz­ct­gjz­dz­df­b­yf­gj­db­cj­rb­vtc­nf,­yfl­öhfc­nb­nt­b­ieå­hf­wb­nt.­Jot­gj­yf­uj­ht­ bvf­ lüh­dt­nf,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ yf­nf­rf­df­db­cj­xb­yf­gf­lfn­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­df­kt­éb,­pf­lf­gjl­lüh­éfn­hfc­nt­éf­bv.­ Jn­yf­xf­kj­ uj­hb­nt­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ght­öjl­yf­rjv­åb­yf­wbz­jn­nhtd­yf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­b­vfk­rb­lüh­dt­nf,­rf­nj­zlb­dty­åjh­b­ödjq­yf.­Gj­yf­db­cj­rj­ nt­ ght­kb­dfn­ d­ gj­ib­hj­rj­hfp­ghjc­nht­kb­ct­uj­hb­c­gj­uj­kt­vb­lüh­dt­nf,­ rf­nj­ éükn­ åjh,­ ece­rfy­åjh­b­lüu­kfc­rf­tkf.­D­gj­db­cj­rb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­ ct­ cht­ofn­ hfp­yj­dbl­yjc­nb­yf­gj­vfk­rb­lüh­dt­nf­rf­nj­hfp­kbx­yb­ ce­åfk­gbq­crb­ tkb,­ f­ yfl­ nzö­bvf­ b­ dnj­hf­ uhf­yb­wf­ yf­ lüh­dt­nf.­Jot­gj­db­cj­rj,­rü­lt­nj­cü­xt­nf­ybt­nj­ jn­ cbk­yb­ dtn­hj­dt­ b­ rhf­nür,­ökf­lty­dt­ut­nf­wbj­yty­gt­hb­jl­cüp­lf­df­yt­düp­vjé­yb­ec­kj­dbz­pf­hfc­nté­yf­lüh­dt­nf,­uj­hf­nf­jn­cnüg­df­vzc­nj­yf­ney­lhf­nf.

Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­dün­hti­yf­jå­kfcn­t­åj­uf­nf­yf­lb­db­éb­djn­yb,­chtl­rjb­nj­åb­pjy,­ct­dth­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crb­kjc,­db­kj­hj­uf­ fy­nb­kj­gf,­ vtx­rf,­ åt­kj­­j­gf­ifn­tkty­b­lb­df­geq­rf.

xJ­dti­RJ­nJ­GHb­cücn­dbtD­ of­nf­ Yt­df­lf­ hfp­kbx­yb­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dt­yb­ futy­wbb­ eg­hfé­yz­dfn­

rjy­nhjk­ düh­öe­ gjx­nb­ 90­ ghj­wty­nf­jn­pt­vz­nf.­Vf­rfh­xt­yf­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­d­ht­ubj­yf­nj­pb­ghj­wtyn­t­gj­yb­cür,­ Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­ dün­hti­yf­jå­kfcn­rf­nj­wz­kj­ t­ gjl­rjy­nhj­kf­yf­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­nj.

Yt­ t­ bp­yt­yfl­df­oj,­ xt­ njk­rj­df­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­pt­vz­nf­t­d­hü­wt­nt­yf­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­nj.­ Dün­hti­yf­nf­jå­kfcn­ b­ Fkzc­rf­ cf­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ht­ubj­yb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ yf­ct­kt­yb­ jn­ljc­nf­ uj­kzv­åhjq­ öj­hf,­ yj­at­lt­hfk­yb­nt­ghju­hf­vb­pf­hfp­lf­df­yt­yf­pt­vz­c­wtk­yf­cüh­xf­df­yt­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ yt­ vj­ufn­ lf­åü­lfn­ghb­kj­ét­yb,­nüq­rf­nj­vfk­rf­xfcn­jn­ht­ubj­yf­bvf­ltqcn­db­nt­kty­pt­vt­ltk­crb­ gj­nty­wb­fk.­ Cnf­nbc­nb­xtc­rj­nj­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­jåz­dz­df­rhfz­yf­pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf­ ghtp­ 1890­ u.,­rj­uf­nj­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­Pf­gf­lf­dct­jot­t­yt­yf­ct­kt­yf.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­ rj­uf­nj­ pf­gjx­dfn­lf­ct­ghjz­dz­dfn­lhe­ub­by­nt­ht­cb,­yfg­hb­vth­rüv­lüh­dj­lj­åbd­bkb­he­lj­lj­åbd,­ b­ lf­ ct­ yfc­njz­df­ pf­gj­uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­yf­ cjåcn­dt­yjcn­düh­öe­pt­vz­nf,­at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­dt­xt­ght­jc­vbc­kz­ght­lbi­yb­nt­ ghju­hf­vb,­ cgj­htl­ rjb­nj­pt­vz­nf­ ct­ t­ hfp­lf­df­kf­ gjx­nb­ åtp­gkfn­yj.

Uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ wz­kjcn­yf­nf­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­cbc­nt­vf­yf­yf­wbj­yfk­yb­gfh­rj­dt­ct­yf­vb­hf­düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf,­ drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­nf­rb­df­ bp­dtcn­yb­ gfh­rj­dt­ rf­nj­Qt­kj­ec­nj­ey,­ Uktq­iüh­ b­Uj­kt­vb­zn­rf­ym­jy.­ Yj­ yf­wbj­yfk­yb­nt­ gfh­rj­dt­cf­ cf­vj­ vf­kür­ lzk­ jn­ wt­kbz­

jå­otcn­dty­ ajyl­ pt­vz.­ Yfq­uj­kzv­lzk­ jn­ nj­pb­ajyl­ bvf­ Ckeé­åf­nf­pf­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­yf­pt­vz­nf­rüv­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­Vb­ybc­nthcn­dj­ yf­ dün­hti­yb­nt­ hf­åj­nb,­ rjz­nj­ jg­ht­lt­kz­yf­xb­yb­nt­pf­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­yf­pt­vz­nf­ b­ z­ ghtl­yfp­yf­xf­df­ yfq­dt­xt­ pf­gf­if.­Nf­pb­ckeé­åf­t­cü­oj­b­ukf­dty­ gjc­htl­ybr­ d­ bp­uhfé­lf­yt­nj­ yf­yf­gjb­ntk­yb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz­ b­ djl­yj­­t­ktr­nhb­xtc­rb­cnfy­wbb­d­jå­kfcn­nf.

Eg­hfd­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ uj­hb­nt­ rüv­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­ Vb­ybc­nthcn­dj­ yf­ctk­crj­nj­ cnj­gfycn­dj­ t­ dnj­hf­nf­ gj­uj­kt­vb­yf­at­lt­hfk­yf­futy­wbz,­rjz­nj­ t­ cjåcn­dt­ybr­ yf­ pt­vz.­ Nf­pb­ckeé­åf­ghtl­dbé­lf­pt­vz­nf­lf­åü­lt­bp­gjk­pdf­yf­ gj­ yfq­hfp­kbx­yb­ yf­xb­yb,­yj­jn­lt­kz­jcj­åt­yj­dyb­vf­ybt­yf­lüh­dj­lj­åb­df­ b­ gf­cb­of­nf,­ rfr­nj­ b­yf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ hfp­dkt­rf­ntk­yf­nf­by­lec­nhbz,­ yf­ rjz­nj­ jn­hté­lf­ dct­gj­dt­xt­vzc­nj­b­chtlcn­df.

Lhe­ub­ ldf­ yf­xb­yf,­ gj­ rjb­nj­ ct­bp­gjk­pdf­ pt­vz­nf­ yf­ Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­dün­hti­yf­ jå­kfcn,­ uj­dj­hzn­ vyj­uj­pf­vb­yf­kj­nj­yf­ht­ubj­yf­b­hfp­rhb­dfn­ rfr­dj­ t­ jn­yj­it­ybt­nj­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­ rüv­ rf­xtcn­dj­nj­ yf­pt­vz­nf­b­rüv­ytq­yj­nj­bp­gjk­pdf­yt.­Ner­ct­yf­vb­hfn­tl­yb­jn­yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ ht­pth­df­nb­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb,­yfq­dt­xt­d­ct­dth­yf­Fhb­pj­yf­b­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj.­Ner­cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ cü­oj­ b­ yz­rjb­ jn­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­jhü­étq­yb­rjv­gktr­cb,­rfr­nj­ b­ tlbycn­dt­yb­zn­ gj­kb­ujy­ pf­zl­ht­yb­ jgb­nb.­ Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ t­vf­kjå­hjq­yj­b­ght­nty­wbb­nt­pt­vz­nf­lf­åü­lt­bp­gjk­pdf­yf­gj­lhe­ub­yf­xb­yb­yt­cf­uj­kt­vb.

C­ghbl­dbé­df­yt­nj­yf­pt­vt­ltk­crf­nf­uhf­yb­wf­yf­pf­gfl­ghtp­gjc­ktl­yb­nt­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­yf­19­dtr­gj­dt­xt­nj­pf­ctk­yb­wb­ gjl­vb­yf­dfn­ dün­hti­yb­nt­hf­qj­yb­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf.­ D­ ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­ vfk­wb­yf­ åb­öf­ ct­ yf­cj­xb­kb­rüv­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­ght­lb­cht­lf­nf­yf­20­dtr,­frj­ner­yz­vf­it­vb­yt­hf­kb,­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­dhüp­rb­b­Wüh­rdf­nf­yf­Bb­cec­Öhbc­njc­b­Cdt­nbb­nt­jn­gjc­ktl­ybz­lty.

Cdt­nbb­nt­ jn­ gjc­ktl­ybz­ lty­ bkb­vjh­vj­yb­nt­ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­d­ct­dth­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­of­nf­Yñ­Qjhr­ ghtp­1830­u.­Wüh­rdf­nf­b­ytq­yb­nt­gjc­kt­lj­df­nt­kb­cf­vyj­ujr­hfn­yj­fnf­re­df­yb,­ ckj­dtc­yj­ b­ ab­pb­xtc­rb,­ pf­„cnhfy­yb­nt“­bv,­rfr­nj­vyj­pb­yf­ ub­düp­ghbt­vfn,­ dzh­df­ybz.­Vjh­vj­yb­nt­ct­vtc­nzn­yz­rjk­rj­gü­nb,­nüh­ctq­rb­vzc­nj,­rü­lt­nj­lf­bp­gj­dzl­dfn­ht­kb­ubz­nf­ cb.­ Vyj­uj­ vjh­vj­yb,­ xtc­nj­gt­if,­ ct­ ghbl­dbé­dfn­ yf­ Pf­gfl,­rü­lt­nj­ct­yf­lz­dfn­lf­jc­yj­dfn­yt­pf­db­cb­vf­vjh­vjy­crf­lüh­éf­df.

Vzc­nj­nj,­ rü­lt­nj­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­yf­Pf­gfl,­t­lj­kb­yf­nf­Ej­cfx,­cue­it­yf­vté­le­gkf­yb­yf­nf­ Ej­cfx­ b­ Uhtqn­ Cjkn­ Ktqr­ d­ct­dth­yf­ Ñnf;­ ner­ cktl­ dht­vt­bp­hfcn­df­uhf­lf­Cjkn­Ktqr.­Vzc­nj­nj­cb­ueh­yj­t­bp­ukté­lf­kj­yt­gjl­öj­lz­oj­pf­pt­vt­ltk­crj­ct­kb­ot.­Rkb­vf­nün­ t­ ceö,­ tpt­hj­nj­ t­ cj­kt­yj­ b­yt­bp­gjk­pdft­vj,­ gtq­pf­éün­ –­ ujk­ b­lbd.­Düg­ht­rb­nj­df­vjh­vj­yb­nt­åüh­pj­ct­pf­kf­dzn­cüc­pt­vt­lt­kbt;­ct­kb­of­nf­ bv­ ct­ hfp­ib­hz­dfn­ c­ ghbc­nb­uf­yt­nj­ yf­ yj­db­ gjc­kt­lj­df­nt­kb.­Db­cj­rf­nf­hfé­lft­vjcn­cü­oj­edt­kb­xf­df­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj.­Vjh­vj­yb­nt­vtx­

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nf­zn­ lf­ jc­yj­dfn­ yt­pf­db­cb­vf­ lüh­éf­df,­ yf­ht­xt­yf­ Lt­pt­htn,­ rjz­nj­ yf­ct­dth­lf­cnb­uf­lj­ct­ufi­ybz­Jht­ujy­b­ Fq­lf­öj,­ f­ yf­ ñu­ –­ lj­ Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc,­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ b­ pf­nj­df­vjh­vjy­crb­jå­oyjc­nb­ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­dct­gj­lf­ktx­jn­Cjkn­Ktqr.

Yf­lté­lb­nt­ yf­ vjh­vj­yb­nt­ lf­cüp­lf­lfn­ cdjz­nf­ lüh­éf­df­ Lt­pt­htn­jrjy­xf­ntk­yj­ ct­ ghj­df­kzn.­ C­jn­rhb­df­yt­nj­yf­pkf­nj­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­ Yt­df­lf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ trc­gfy­pbz­ght­vb­yf­df­ghtp­vjh­vjy­crf­nf­jå­kfcn­b­ghj­lük­éf­df­yf­pf­gfl,­f­vjh­vj­yb­nt­jn­yj­dj­cnf­dfn­pf­db­cb­vb­ jn­ dj­kz­nf­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­D­rhfq­yf­cvtn­rf­Lt­pt­htn­ct­gj­lt­kz­ vté­le­ gj­kj­dby­ le­pb­yf­hfp­kbx­yb­of­nb.

Vjh­vj­yb­nt­ cf­ güh­db­nt­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb,­rjb­nj­ct­cåküc­rdfn­c­nhel­yjc­nb­nt­ yf­ éb­dj­nf­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf,­ b­ ct­ cghf­dzn­ c­gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ nzö.­ Yfq­dfé­yj­nj­ht­it­ybt,­rjt­nj­yf­vb­hfn,­t­bp­recn­dt­yj­nj­yf­gjz­df­yt.­Lj­nj­uf­df­fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­ yb­rj­uf­ yt­ cf­ bp­gbn­df­kb­yeé­lf­jn­trc­nty­pbd­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt­b­ntö­yj­kj­ubz­nf­ b­ rjy­nhj­kün,­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vb,­pf­lf­ct­cü­åt­ht­b­hfp­ght­lt­kb­dj­lf­chtl­uj­kzv­åhjq­gjn­ht­åb­nt­kb,­ cf­ gjx­nb­ yt­gjp­yf­nb.­Vjh­vj­yb­nt­ gjc­nhjz­dfn­ vyj­étcn­dj­zpj­db­hb­gj­pf­gfl­yb­nt­crkj­yj­dt­yf­gkf­yb­yf­nf­ Ej­cfx,­ jn­rü­lt­nj­ gj­rf­yf­kb,­ lük­ub­ rb­kj­vtn­hb,­ dj­lf­nf­cnb­uf­ lj­ gjn­ht­åb­nt­kb­nt­ lj­ke­ d­lj­kb­yf­nf.­D­ht­pek­nfn­yf­nt­pb­ecb­kbz­lytc­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­lj­kb­yf­nf­t­pft­nf­jn­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­rek­ne­hb,­lüh­dt­nf­b­pt­kt­yb­gj­kz­yb.­Nt­pb­

hfy­yb­ ecb­kbz­ lf­ ct­ ghb­kj­éb­ib­hj­rj­vf­ofå­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yt­ åt­kt­éfn­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ d­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­yf­gjb­ntk­yj­nj­ lt­kj­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­Pf­gf­lf.

Vjh­vj­yb­nt­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ lf­bvfn­pyf­xb­ntk­yj­dkbz­ybt­düd­dün­hti­yb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf.­ Jn­ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ 11­ vb­kbj­yf­ le­ib,­rjb­nj­éb­dt­zn­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy,­gj­dt­xt­jn­1.5­vb­kbj­yf­cf­vjh­vj­yb.

HfP­lHJ­åt­yf­bRJ­yJ­vb­xtc­Rf­cnHER­nE­Hf

yf­gjz­df­yt­ b­ pt­vt­lt­kbt:­Uj­kz­vf­xfcn­ jn­ dj­lb­nt­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­ jn­gj­dfé­yb­nt­ ht­rb­ d­ Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­dün­hti­yf­ jå­kfcn­ t­ jn­rkj­yt­yf,­ pf­lf­ åü­lt­ bp­gjk­pdf­yf­ pf­ hfp­kbx­yb­wt­kb,­ ght­lbv­yj­ pf­ yf­gjz­df­yt.­Pf­rj­yün­ pf­ jå­kf­uj­hj­lz­df­yt­ yf­pt­vb­nt­ jn­ 1902­ u.­ ght­ljc­nf­dz­at­lt­hfk­yf­gj­vjo­pf­bp­uhfé­lf­yt­nj­yf­ zpj­db­hb,­ rf­yf­kb­ b­ djl­yjt­ktr­nhb­xtc­rb­ wty­nhf­kb­ pf­ 17­nt­ pf­gfl­yb­ of­nf­ (åtp­ Fkzc­rf­ b­ Öf­dfb­nt).­Lytc­yfl­80­ghj­wty­nf­jn­dj­lf­nf­d­nt­pb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz,­ bp­uhf­lt­yb­ c­at­lt­hfk­yf­gj­vjo,­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­pf­yf­gjz­df­yt­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­4­vb­kbj­yf­ötr­nf­hf­ pt­vz.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­yf­gjz­df­yf­nf­pt­vz­t­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­uj­kt­vb­yf­gjb­ntk­yb­cbc­nt­vb­cf­hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­d­wt­kbz­ht­ub­jy.

Yf­gjz­df­yb­nt­ 1­ vb­kb­jy­ ötr­nf­hf­d­hfd­yb­yf­nf­yf­ht­rf­Cytqr­jn­hté­lfn­ dj­lt­oj­ vzc­nj­ yf­ Fq­lf­öj­ gj­yf­gjz­df­yf­ gkjo­ d­ ht­ubj­yf.­ Nj­df­lf­df­ düp­vjé­yjcn­ yf­ nj­pb­ofn­ lf­ct­yf­ht­lb­chtl­dj­lt­ob­nt­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­ yf­ rfh­nj­ab­ b­ pf­öfh­yj­

wdtr­kj­ d­ Fvt­hb­rf;­ jn­ukté­lf­yt­nj­yf­ kñ­wth­yf­ b­ éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­nj­cü­oj­pft­vfn­dfé­yj­vzc­nj.­Ghj­tr­nün­pf­jå­kf­uj­hj­lz­df­yt­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­Rü­küv­åbz,­rü­lt­nj­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­ jåbk­yb­nt­ dj­lb­ yf­ ht­rf­Rü­küv­åbz,­ cü­åb­hf­yb­ d­ zpj­db­hf­Uhfyl­Re­kb­d­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­of­nf­ Df­iby­unjy,­ jå­ödf­of­ yfl­­400­000­ötr­nf­hf­pt­vz,­rjz­nj­hfé­lf­ kñ­wth­yf,­ pf­öfh­yj­ wdtr­kj­ b­rfh­nj­ab.­Yf­gjz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ Ej­cfx­ ct­ bp­düh­idf­ d­ gjx­nb­cü­ob­nt­ vf­of­åb­ jn­ güh­db­nt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ yf­vjh­vjy­crj­nj­ pf­ctk­df­yt.­Jrj­kj­400­000­ötr­nf­hf­yf­gjz­df­yb­ gkj­ob­ cf­ jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­ ght­lbv­yj­ pf­ pf­öfh­yj­ wdtr­kj­ b­kñ­wth­yf.­ D­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ Uhfyl­ rhfq­ht­rf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­d­pf­gfl­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­rek­ne­hb­cf­kñ­wth­yf­nf­b­rfh­nj­ab­nt,­ vf­rfh­ xt­ t­ dfé­yj­ b­ jdj­ofh­cn­dj­nj,­ jcj­åt­yj­ jn­ukté­lf­yt­nj­ yf­ghfc­rj­db.­ Düd­ Df­iby­unjy­ ghb­nj­wb­nt­ yf­ ht­rf­ Rü­küv­åbz,­ jcj­åt­yj­Zrü­vf­b­Eü­yf­xb,­cyfå­lz­dfn­c­dj­lf­yfq­ghj­xe­nb­nt­zåük­rj­db­hf­qj­yb­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.

Düd­ dcz­rf­ jn­ nt­pb­ jå­kfc­nb­ ct­jn­ukté­lfn­ ju­hf­yb­xty­ åhjq­ rek­ne­hb.­ Rü­cb­zn­ dt­ut­nf­wbj­yty­ gt­hb­jl­bp­rkñx­df­ düp­vjé­yjcn­nf­ lf­ ct­jn­ukté­lfn­ rek­ne­hb,­ rjb­nj­ bpbc­rdfn­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yj­dht­vt­pf­hfc­nté.­Vtcn­yj­nj­nüh­ct­yt­t­ytp­yf­xb­ntk­yj­b­ct­cdté­lf­lj­pf­lj­dj­kz­df­yt­yf­yeé­lb­nt­jn­vktx­yb­ghj­bp­dt­lt­ybz­bkb­ghtc­yb­gkj­lj­dt.

Gj­ñé­yb­nt,­bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yb­hf­qj­yb,­vf­rfh­b­xtc­nj­lf­cnhf­

lfn­jn­yt­ljc­nbu­yf­dj­lf­pf­yf­gjz­df­yt,­ bvfn­ tl­yj­ jc­yjd­yj­ ght­lbvcn­dj­ ghtl­ ct­dth­yb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ –­vyj­uj­ gj­lü­küu­ dt­ut­nf­wbj­yty­gt­hb­jl.­ Lj­kb­yf­nf­ Bv­gb­hb­ük­ d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­rü­lt­nj­d­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­300­lyb­yt­gf­lfn­ckf­yb,­ t­ tl­yf­ jn­ güh­djr­kfc­yb­nt­pt­vt­ltk­crb­ jå­kfc­nb­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf.­Uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­pbv­yf­ht­rjk­nf­yf­ukf­dtc­nf­cf­kf­nf,­rfr­nj­ b­ yf­ uhjp­lt,­ gf­ver­ b­kñ­wth­yf­ pf­ eujz­df­yt­ yf­ uj­dt­lf,­rjb­nj­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ pf­ rkf­yt,­ ct­jcb­ue­hz­df­jn­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.­Tl­hb­zn­hj­ufn­lj­åb­nür­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­yfå­hjz­df­gj­dt­xt­jn­250­000­ukf­db.­Tl­yf­yj­dj­gjc­nhjt­yf­ tktr­nhj­cnfy­wbz­bp­gjk­pdf­ bpj­åbk­ybz­ jåjh­crb­ njh­pf­uj­hb­dj.­Ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn­nf­yf­dt­ut­nf­wb­jy­ybz­ gt­hb­jl­ d­ lj­kb­yf­nf­Bv­gb­hb­ük­ t­ ljc­nf­nüx­yj­ uj­kz­vf,­pf­lf­ct­cü­åb­hfn­gj­ldt­ht­rjk­nb­b­nj­df­tc­ntcn­dt­yj­edt­kb­xf­df­jå­of­nf­ghj­ler­nbd­yjcn.

D­lj­kb­yf­nf­Rje­xt­kf­yf­ct­dth­jn­tpt­hj­nj­Cjk­nüy­Cbq­ct­jn­ukté­lfn­nf­rb­df­rek­ne­hb­rf­nj­aeh­vb,­uhjp­lt­b­uhtqg­ahen.­Lj­kb­yf­nf­Ñvf­gj­ljk­yj­nj­nt­xt­ybt­yf­ht­rf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­t­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kty­hf­qjy­yf­gf­ver,­pf­öfh­yj­ wdtr­kj­ b­ gjh­nj­rf­kb.­ D­lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ ht­rf­ Cjkn,­ åkb­pj­ lj­Ab­ybrc,­ Fhb­pj­yf,­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ rek­ne­hb­ cf­ cf­kf­nf,­ gjh­nj­rf­kb­ b­gf­ver.­ Nt­pb­ ñé­yb­ rek­ne­hb,­ pf­hfp­kb­rf­jn­rek­ne­hb­nt,­jn­ukté­lf­yb­gj­ yf­ ct­dth,­ cht­ofn­ ckf­åf­ rjy­re­hty­wbz­jn­cnhf­yf­yf­pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­wty­nhj­dt­ d­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ gf­pf­hb­ yf­bp­njx­yb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb.

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nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ ec­ke­ub:­Nüq­ rf­nj­düd­ dün­hti­yb­nt­ xfc­nb­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf­nhf­ab­rün­t­vf­kür,­ ukfd­yf­wtk­yf­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­ ec­ke­ub­ t­ lf­ jcb­ue­hzn­rjk­rj­nj­t­düp­vjé­yj­gj­åüh­pj­b­ gj­td­nb­yj­ ght­vb­yf­df­yt­ ghtp­ht­ubj­yf.­ Pf­nj­df­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ jc­yjd­yb­vf­ubc­nhf­kb­ b­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­ kb­ybb­vb­yf­dfn­ghtp­ht­ubj­yf­jn­bp­njr­yf­pf­gfl,­jn­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­wty­nhj­dt­yf­Chtl­ybz­pf­gfl­lj­wty­nhj­dt­nt­yf­Pf­gfl­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt.

Düg­ht­rb­ nf­rf­ yf­kj­éb­kbz­ ct­nhfyc­gjh­nty­ vj­ltk,­ ju­hjv­yb­nt­hfp­vt­hb­yf­ht­ubj­yf­yf­kf­ufn­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ vyj­uj­ ec­ke­ub,­ pf­ åü­lt­ektc­yty­ vb­yf­df­ob­zn­ ghtp­ ht­ubj­yf­nhf­abr.­ Vyj­uj­ jn­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ cf­düp­ybr­yf­kb­ rf­nj­ wty­nhj­dt,­ rjb­nj­jå­ckeé­dfn­b­yfg­hfd­kz­dfn­ét­kt­pj­gün­ybz­ nhfyc­gjhn.­ Nt­pb­ wty­nhj­dt­ct­jajh­vzn­nfv,­rü­lt­nj­bvf­yeé­lf­ jn­ jå­ckeé­dfo­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­nf­kb­ybz­ gth­cj­yfk,­ yt­pf­db­cb­vj­ lf­kb­hf­qj­yün­ t­ yf­ct­kty­ bkb­ yt.­Vf­rfh­xt­ c­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ ntö­yj­kj­ubb­nt­jn­rhfz­yf­40­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­zn­ nhfyc­gjhn­ ct­ yeé­lft­ jn­ dct­ gj­vf­kür­ gth­cj­yfk,­yf­hfcn­df­ yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­nf­ jn­ öj­hf,­rjb­nj­ lf­ jå­ckeé­dfn­ nj­dfh­ybz­ b­fd­nj­vj­åbk­ybz­ nhf­abr­ c­ åty­pb­yj­­c­nfy­wbb,­fd­nj­ht­vjy­nyb­åf­pb,­vj­nt­kb­b­htc­nj­hfy­nb.

Vf­rfh­ xt­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­ ec­ke­ub­cf­rkñ­xj­db­zn­afr­njh­pf­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­ yf­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­nt­wty­nhj­dt,­uhf­lj­dt­nt,­rjb­nj­cf­ct­ hfp­hfc­yf­kb­ yfq­vyj­uj,­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ cf­ ektc­yz­df­yb­ d­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­cb­b­jn­yz­rjb­lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­afr­

nj­hb.­Yfg­hb­vth­Cgje­rfy,­Df­iby­u­njy,­ c­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yfl­ 350­ 000­le­ib,­ t­ cnf­yfk­ ukf­dty­ wty­nüh­ yf­„Dün­hti­yf­nf­bv­gt­hbz“­yf­Df­iby­u­njy.­ Nf­pb­ jå­kfcn,­ ut­ju­hfa­crb­jxth­nf­yf­b­jgf­cf­yf­jn­bp­db­df­of­nf­ct­ghtp­wty­nhfk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­of­nf­Df­iby­unjy­ht­rf­Rü­küv­åbz,­jn­lfd­yf­ bvf­ ljå­ht­ hfp­db­nj­ pt­vt­lt­kbt.­Fk­åü­rüh­rb,­ Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj,­ c­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ jrj­kj­ 500­ 000­ le­ib,­ cb­ t­bp­djñ­dfk­ hj­kz,­ gj­ljå­yf­ yf­Cgje­rfy,­pf­hf­lb­wty­nhfk­yj­nj­cb­vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ d­ of­nf.­Ab­ybrc,­ Fhb­pj­yf,­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­ ct­ hfp­db­df­rf­nj­pt­vt­ltk­crb­wty­nüh,­f­gj­rüc­yj­ct­hfp­hfcn­df­ytb­vj­dth­yj,­rj­uf­nj­ vyj­uj­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­ bl­dfn­ ghbd­kt­xt­yb­jn­yt­uj­dbz­nj­gük,­ceö­rkb­vfn.­Njq­ct­ghtd­hü­of­d­gj­ge­kzh­yj­vzc­nj,­rü­lt­nj­ct­pf­ctk­dfn­gty­cbj­yt­hb,­ f­ cü­oj­ b­ d­ by­lec­nhbf­kty­wty­nüh­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ vfk­rb­gj­ hfp­vt­hb,­ crü­gjc­nhe­df­ob­ ghj­ler­nb.­Jcj­åt­yj­vzc­nj­pft­vf­tktr­nhj­yyf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz,­ rjz­nj­ t­vyj­uj­dfé­yf­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­uhf­lf.

Ju­lüy,­Ñnf,­ t­ jc­yj­dty­ét­kt­pj­gü­nty­wty­nüh­b­jn­ cf­vj­nj­yf­xf­kj­t­ chtl­ yfq­dfé­yb­nt­ ct­kb­of­ d­ht­ubj­yf,­ yj­ yt­ ct­ t­ ght­düh­yfk­ d­uj­kzv­eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­wty­nüh.­Njq­t­cf­vj­ yf­ jrj­kj­ 55­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ jn­Cjkn­ Ktqr,­ uhf­lf,­ xbt­nj­ dkbz­ybt­t­cdüh­pf­yj­c­dfé­yb­nt­ve­aeyr­wbb­rf­nj­ cnj­kb­wf­ yf­ Ñnf­ b­ yf­ vjh­vjycn­dj­nj.

ne­hb­püv:­Dcz­rf­uj­lb­yf­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­nj­b­rhf­cj­nf­nf­yf­ghb­hjl­yb­nt­pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yjc­nb­ yf­ Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­ dün­hti­yf­ jå­kfcn­ ghbd­kb­xfn­

vb­kbj­yb­ öj­hf.­ Gj­ct­nb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­gj­dt­xt­nj­ uj­kt­vb­ yf­wbj­yfk­yb­ gfh­rj­dt­ ght­vb­yf­dfn­ güh­dj­ gjr­hfq­lük­uf­dt­hb­uf­jn­åkzc­rf­db­vj­nt­kb,­pf­rec­dfk­yb,­ vf­uf­pb­yb­ pf­ ce­dt­yb­hb­b­lhe­ub­bp­njx­yb­wb­yf­vtc­nty­rj­kj­hbn.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­ hfp­cnjz­ybz­nf­vté­le­ jn­ltk­yb­nt­ fn­hfr­wbb­ cf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ uj­kt­vb­ b­ bvf­ yeé­lf­jn­ lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ec­ke­ub­ lj­ åtp­åhjq­ vtc­nf.­ Rj­uf­nj­rüv­ ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ yf­ht­ubj­yf­ ct­ drkñ­xb­ b­ epf­rj­yt­yb­zn­d­of­nf­Yt­df­lf­ öf­pfhn,­ pyf­xt­ybt­nj­yf­ne­hbp­vf­cnf­df­jot­gj­uj­kz­vj.

lüh­dj­lj­åbd­b­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj:­Vyj­uj­ jn­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ ghtl­gjc­nfd­rb­pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ lüh­dj­lj­åb­df­ b­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­nj­pf­db­czn­jn­lüh­éfd­yf­nf­ pt­vz.­ Eg­hfd­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­uj­hb­nt­b­Ckeé­åf­nf­ pf­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­yf­ pt­vz­nf­ ght­ljc­nf­dzn­ pt­vb­ pf­gf­cb­of,­f­lüh­dj­lj­åb­dün­d­Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­dün­hti­yf­jå­kfcn­ct­bp­düh­idf­yf­pt­vb,­rjb­nj­cf­cjåcn­dt­yjcn­yf­ Eg­hfd­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ uj­hb­nt.­ Ghj­ler­wbz­nf­yf­tlby­ötr­nfh­rfr­nj­pf­éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­nj,­ nf­rf­b­ pf­lüh­dj­lj­åb­df,­ t­ ybc­rf­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ghj­bp­dt­lt­yj­nj­d­xfcn­yb­pt­vb.

Tl­yf­ jn­ ghb­xb­yb­nt­ pf­ nf­pb­ jxt­dbl­yf­ ytt­atr­nbd­yjcn­ t­ kj­ij­nj­rf­xtcn­dj­ yf­ pt­vz­nf.­ D­ vyj­uj­ jn­gj­ce­öb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ cf­ yeé­yb­ 40­ötr­nf­hf­pt­vz­yf­ukf­df­lj­åb­nür,­pf­lf­ bvf­ ljå­hf­ gf­if.­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ct­pjy­yb­hfp­kb­rb­d­rkb­vf­nf,­rjb­nj­ct­ yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­ d­ nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy,­yf­kf­ufn­ner,­rfr­nj­b­yf­jot­tl­yj­ldt­vtc­nf­d­Fvt­hb­rf,­lf­ct­ghb­kf­uf­ ght­ctk­df­yt­ d­ yj­db­ gf­cb­of­ yf­

öj­hf­b­éb­djn­yb­jn­hfd­yb­yb­nt­ghtp­pb­vf­nf­ d­ gkf­yby­crb­nt­ gf­cb­of­ b­kb­df­lb­ghtp­kz­nj­nj.­Nj­df­t­jcj­åt­yj­dfé­yj­pf­jd­wt­dülcn­dj­nj.­Vyj­uj­åfc­rb,­jgbn­yb­jd­xf­hb­jn­Gb­hb­ytb­nt­yf­Bc­gf­ybz­b­Ahfy­wbz,­cf­lji­kb­ ner­rf­nj­ yf­tv­yb­hf­åjn­yb­wb­lf­gf­cfn­ cnf­lf­nf.­ Lytc­ ntö­yb­nt­ yfc­ktl­yb­wb­ cüc­nfd­kz­dfn­ pyf­xb­ntk­yf­xfcn­ jn­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­of­nf,­jcj­åt­yj­yf­Yt­df­lf.

He­lj­lj­åbd:­D­ rhfz­ yf­ 19­ dtr­pkf­nj­nüh­cf­xb­nt­ cktl­dfn­ vjh­vj­yb­nt­ gj­gt­nb­nt­ bv­b­ crj­hj­ ct­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ düd­ dnj­hf­nf­ gj­ uj­kt­vb­yf­uhe­gf­pf­ctk­yb­wb­d­ht­ubj­yf.­Jn­rhb­df­yt­nj­ yf­ pkfn­yb­nt­ b­ cht­åüh­yb­pf­kt­éb­d­Rjv­cnjr­Kj­el­d­Yt­df­lf­t­ghb­xb­yf­pf­düp­ybr­df­yt­nj­yf­uhfl­Düh­léb­ybz,­ xbt­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ ljc­nb­uf­ 20­ 000­ éb­nt­kb­ d­ fgj­utz­ yf­pkfn­yf­nf­ nhtc­rf­ jrj­kj­ 1870­ u.,­ght­lb­ uhf­lün­ lf­ bp­xtp­yt­ gjx­nb­yf­gük­yj,­ rj­uf­nj­ ct­ bp­xth­gdfn­pf­kt­éb­nt­ jn­ db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yf­he­lf.

Hfp­wdt­nün,­ rjq­nj­ åt­kt­éb­ lj­åb­dün­yf­pkf­nj­b­chtå­hj­d­uj­lb­yb­nt­yt­gjc­htlcn­dt­yj­ cktl­ jn­rhb­df­yt­nj­yf­Rjv­cnjr,­dj­lb­lj­åüh­pj­edt­kb­xf­df­yt­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Yt­df­lf.­Rek­vb­yf­wbz­nf­ yf­ nj­df­ hfp­db­nbt­ t­ghbt­vf­yt­nj­yf­of­nf­d­ cüñ­pf­ghtp­1864­ u.,­ vyj­uj­ ght­lb­ ghbt­vf­yt­nj­yf­cü­ctl­yb­nt­ve­of­nb.­D­ht­pek­nfn­yf­bp­xth­gdf­yt­nj­yf­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­nj­pb­ vb­yt­hf­kty­ ht­cehc­ d­ rhfz­ yf­19­dtr­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Yt­df­lf­cbk­yj­yf­vf­kz­df­b­of­nün­yt­vj­ét­lf­ct­düp­cnf­yj­db­yf­gük­yj­xfr­lj­cht­lf­nf­yf­20­dtr.­Lytc­he­lj­lj­åb­dün­

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yt­t­jn­uj­kz­vj­pyf­xt­ybt­pf­Yt­df­lf­bkb­pf­rjz­nj­b­lf­ t­xfcn­jn­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Pf­gf­lf,­ vf­rfh­ xt­yz­rjb­ jn­ bpjc­nf­dt­yb­nt­ vb­yb­ ct­uf­cf­dfé­yb­ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rb­fn­hfr­wbb.

Dj­lt­of­ d­ cgb­cü­rf­ yf­ gj­ktp­yb­nt­bp­rj­gft­vb,­ rjb­nj­ gjl­lüh­éfn­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf,­ t­ vtl­nf,­rjz­nj­ct­lj­åb­df­ukfd­yj­d­Fhb­pj­yf­b­ Ñnf.­ Ju­hjv­yf­nf­ jn­rhb­nf­ vb­yf­Åby­ufv­lj­uhfl­Cjkn­Ktqr,­rjz­nj­ct­cvz­nf­pf­yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­rf­hbt­hf­d­ cdt­nf,­ lf­df­ jrj­kj­ 8­ vb­kbj­yf­nj­yf­ vtl.­ Chtl­ lt­ctn­rb­nt­ uj­kt­vb­b­ vfk­rb­ vt­lj­lj­åbd­yb­ wty­nhj­dt­ d­Fhb­pj­yf­yfq­dfé­yb­zn­t­d­Vj­hty­xb­d­ bp­njx­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ of­nf.­ Lhe­ub­dfé­yb­ vb­yb­ bvf­ d­ Cfy­ Vf­yñük,­Ukj­eå­b­Åbc­åbq,­dcbx­rb­nt­d­ñé­yf­Fhb­pj­yf.

Gj­dt­xt­nj­vtl­yf­he­lf,­lj­åb­df­yf­d­Yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­ dün­hti­yf­ jå­kfcn,­ t­ybc­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yf,­c­vt­nfk­yj­cü­lüh­éf­ybt­ gjl­ 5­ ghj­wty­nf.­ Gj­hf­lb­nj­df­gj­dt­xt­nj­vb­yb­bvfn­cüj­hü­ét­ybz­ pf­ nj­gt­yt­ bkb­ ght­xbcn­df­yt­ yf­he­lf­nf,­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ yfå­kb­pj,­ pf­lf­ct­jå­ktr­xfn­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­hfp­yjc­rb,­ rf­nj­ ct­ yf­vf­kb­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­ntu­kj­nj­yf­nj­df­hf.­Nf­rf­ght­xbcn­df­yt­nj­yf­he­lf­nf­cnf­df­df­éty­by­lec­nhbf­kty­jn­hf­cük­d­ht­ubj­yf.

Jkj­dj­nj­b­wby­rün­cf­dnj­hb­nt­gj­pyf­xt­ybt­ vt­nf­kb­ pf­ ht­ubj­yf,­ rf­nj­xtc­nj­ jc­dty­ nzö­ yf­ tl­yj­ b­ cü­oj­vzc­nj­ct­lj­åb­dfn­b­lhe­ub­vt­nf­kb.­D­vb­yb­nt­Åñn­Öbk­d­Vjy­nf­yf­yfg­hb­vth­ jn­lfd­yf­ ct­ lj­åb­df­ jkj­dj,­wbyr­b­vtl.­D­jå­kfcn­nf­Rjh­L’F­kfy­ d­ ct­dth­yj­ Fq­lf­öj­ ct­ lj­åb­df­

pkf­nj,­ chtå­hj,­ jkj­dj­ b­ wbyr;­ d­jå­kfcn­nf­ Ktl­dbk­ d­ Rj­kj­hf­lj­jc­dty­nt­pb­xt­nb­hb­vt­nf­kf­ct­lj­åb­df­b­vj­kbå­lty,­bp­gjk­pdfy­d­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ cnj­vf­yt­yb­ bp­lt­kbz.­Afr­nb­xtc­rb­ jrj­kj­ nhb­ xtn­düh­nb­jn­wz­kj­nj­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­vj­kbå­lty­d­cdt­nf­ ct­ lj­åb­df­ d­ jå­kfcn­nf­ Ktl­dbk.­ Dfé­yj­ t­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ehf­yj­db­ pf­kt­éb­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ b­ lytc­Ñnf­ b­ Rj­kj­hf­lj­ cf­ ukfd­yb­nt­of­nb,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ lj­åb­df­ ehfy.­Uj­lbi­yj­ ct­ lj­åb­dfn­ b­ jrj­kj­ 25­vb­kbj­yf­nj­yf­düu­kb­of.

Hfp­ghjc­nht­yb­ düh­öe­ öb­kz­lb­rdfl­hfn­yb­ rb­kj­vtn­hb­ jn­ gkjo­nf,­rü­lt­nj­ct­cht­ofn­Ñnf,­Rj­kj­hf­lj­b­Ef­qj­vbyu,­cf­ju­hjv­yb­nt­yf­öj­lb­of­jn­ibc­nj­dj­vfc­kj­d­crf­kbc­nf­nf­ajh­vf­wbz­Uhbqy­Hb­düh.­D­nt­pb­crf­kb­ cf­ duhf­lt­yb­ tlby­ nhb­kb­jy­åf­ht­kf­ ibc­nj­dj­ vfc­kj,­ vyj­uj­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ cü­otcn­de­df­ob­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­ d­ cdt­nf­ yf­ lhe­uj­ ptv­yj­vfc­kj.­ Yj­ ghjå­kt­vb,­ cdüh­pf­yb­ c­hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ nt­pb­ yf­öj­lb­of­b­c­jgfp­df­yt­nj­yf­jrjk­yf­nf­cht­lf,­düp­ght­gzncn­dfn­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­nf­pb­by­lec­nhbz.

Yf­kb­xbt­nj­ yf­ nt­pb­ vb­yt­hfk­yb­ht­ceh­cb­yt­cü­ltqcn­df­pf­gjl­lüh­éf­yt­bkb­ec­rj­hz­df­yt­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt.­ Åñn,­ Vjy­nf­yf,­ c­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ 34­ 000­ le­ib­ ghtp­ 1990­u.,­t­vj­ét­åb­yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­uhfl­d­ht­ubj­yf,­rü­lt­nj­lj­åb­dün­yf­vtl­t­jc­yj­dty­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­jn­hf­cük,­yj­b­nj­pb­uhfl­jn­rhfq­dht­vt­t­b­wty­nüh­pf­ght­hf­åjn­df­yt­yf­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ghj­ler­nb.­ ­ ∆

129

Jå­kfcn­nf,­ bp­dtcn­yf­ rf­nj­Ñuj­pf­gf­lf,­ t­ tl­yf­ jn­yfq­zc­yj­jåj­cj­åt­yb­nt­b­

d­cü­oj­nj­dht­vt­tl­yf­jn­yfq­ghj­vty­kb­db­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ yf­Fvt­hb­rf­ (Rfh­nf­12).­Ytq­yj­nj­ db­lb­vj­ ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crj­tl­yj­jå­hf­pbt­vj­ét­lf­ct­jåzc­yb­ ukfd­yj­ cüc­ ce­öbz­ rkb­vfn,­yj­ d­ ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­ ht­ubj­yün­drkñx­df­ib­hj­rb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­d­ljk­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ Hbj­Uhfy­lt;­ gkf­nf­nf­ yf­ Yñ­ Vtr­cb­rj;­dye­ib­ntk­yb­nt­ybc­rb­crf­kbc­nb­gkf­nf­cüc­cnhüv­yb­cnhf­yb,­gj­kt­uf­nb­nt­öük­vj­dt­b­gec­nb­yb­nt­yf­Fhb­pj­yf­b­gkf­yb­yb­nt­Cfy­uht­lt­Rhbc­nj­d­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj.

Cgt­wb­ab­rf­nf­ yf­ Ñuj­pf­gf­lf­ ct­lük­éb­yf­cü­éb­ntkcn­dj­nj­yf­bc­gf­yj­f­vt­hb­rfy­crf,­ by­lb­fy­crf­ b­fy­ukj­f­vt­hb­rfy­crf­ rek­ne­hb­ yf­aj­yf­ yf­ ghb­hjl­yf­ cht­lf,­ rjz­nj­gjl­xth­nf­df­jcj­åt­yjc­nb­nt­yf­dcz­rf­jn­ nt­pb­ rek­ne­hb.­ Fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb­ b­ bc­gfy­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­cü­éb­ntkcn­dfn­ d­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ht­ubj­yf­ d­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ 250­uj­lb­yb­ cktl­ ghbc­nb­uf­yt­nj­ yf­bc­gfy­wb­nt­d­rhfz­yf­16­dtr­b­ght­lb­td­hj­gtq­crf­nf­tvbu­hf­wbz­d­cht­lf­nf­yf­19­dtr.

Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ d­ nf­pb­ uhf­ybx­yf­jå­kfcn,­ jå­ödf­of­of­ nhb­ rek­ne­hb,­ct­uf­ yt­ ght­jå­kf­lf­df­ yb­nj­ bc­gfy­crf­nf,­ yb­nj­ by­lb­fy­crf­nf­ rek­ne­hf.­Ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ tlby­ yf­ dct­rb­xt­nb­hb­le­ib­yj­cb­bc­gfy­crj­ght­pb­vt­b­vfk­rj­gj­dt­xt­jn­tlby­yf­dct­

rb­ cnj­ le­ib­ t­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­by­lbf­ytw.­ Åb­ vju­kj­ lf­ ct­jxfr­df,­ xt­ nt­pb­ vfk­wbycn­df­ot­ åü­lfn­ gj­uük­yf­nb­ jn­gj­vyj­ujå­hjq­yj­nj­ b­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ öj­vj­uty­yj­ fy­ukj­f­vt­hb­rfy­crj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt.­ Yj­ b­ldt­nt­ uhe­gb­ cf­ jc­nf­db­kb­

df­éty­ b­ nhf­ty­ jn­gt­xf­nür­ düh­öe­ht­ubj­yf.­ Ct­kb­of­nf­ gjr­hfq­ ht­rf­Hbj­Uhfy­lt­b­d­rhfq­åhté­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ yj­czn­ ght­lbv­yj­ bc­gfy­crb­bvt­yf.­ By­lb­fy­crb­nt­ bvt­yf­ cf­ jn­dfé­yj­vtcn­yj­pyf­xt­ybt,­jcj­åt­yj­d­ht­pth­df­nb­nt­ yf­ gkt­vt­yf­nf­ yf­df­öj,­öj­gb­b­gf­gf­uj­d­Fhb­pj­yf.­Kf­nb­yj­f­vt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ct­kb­of­gj­yz­rj­uf­ct­hfp­gjp­yf­dfn­gj­rbh­gb­xt­yb­nt­rü­ob,­yj­ gj­xtc­nj­ gj­ zh­rb­nt­ wdt­nj­dt,­ c­rjb­nj­cf­åjz­lb­cf­yb­éb­kb­of­nf,­gj­düy­iyf­nf­ er­hf­cf­ b­ gj­ ldj­hj­dt­nt,­jgf­cf­yb­ jn­ db­cj­rb­ ju­hf­lb.­ Nb­gbx­yb­zn­ öj­ufy­ (rü­of­ jn­ pf­vf­pf­yb­ c­rfk­ cn­dj­kj­dt­ c­ gjx­nb­ dth­nb­rfk­yb­cnt­yb­ b­ pf­jå­kty­ gjr­hbd)­ dct­ jot­ct­ cht­of­ d­ ht­pth­df­nf­ yf­ gkt­vt­nj­yf­df­öj,­ f­ ct­kb­of­nf­ yf­ by­lb­fy­wb­nt­ge­tå­kj­ d­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj­ cf­ pf­åt­kt­éb­nt­kty­ tkt­vtyn­ jn­ fh­öb­ntr­ne­hf­nf­yf­of­nf.

Rf­ymj­yb­nt­yf­ct­dth­yf­Fhb­pj­yf­b­ñé­yf­ Ñnf­ cf­ ct­hb­jp­yf­ åf­hbt­hf­ghtl­bc­gfy­crf­nf­trc­gfy­pbz­yf­ct­dth­jn­ Vtr­cb­rj.­ Bc­gfy­wb­nt­ ct­ ghb­­l­dbé­dfn­gj­Hbj­Uhfy­lt­rüv­ib­hj­rb­nt­jn­rhb­nb­ghjc­nhfycn­df­yf­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb,­yf­ct­dth­jn­rjb­nj­düp­ybr­dfn­vfk­rj­bc­gfy­crb­ct­kb­of.­D­ Ntr­cfc­ pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­nj­ ct­ cüc­

ñuj­pf­Gfl­yf­Nf­uhf­ybx­yf­jå­kfcN

ukf­df

13

130 131

ht­lj­nj­xf­df­ gjr­hfq­ ht­rb­nt­ Hbj­Uhfy­lt­ b­ Ye­tq­cbc.­ Yj­ dkfé­yb­nt­uj­hbc­nb­ pt­vb­ d­ bp­njx­ybz­ lzk­ yf­of­nf­yt­åkf­ujg­hb­zncn­dfn­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­ trc­nty­pbd­yj­nj­ éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj,­rjt­nj­bc­gfy­wb­nt­dü­dté­lfn­d­ñéty­Ntr­cfc.­Nf­pb­jå­kfcn,­ cke­ét­of­pf­uhf­yb­wf,­d­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­jc­nf­df­yt­yf­ct­kt­yf­jn­bc­gfy­wb.­Gjx­nb­wz­kf­nf­vbu­hf­wbz­yf­bc­gf­yj­f­vt­hb­rfy­wb­ jn­dül­ nf­pb­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yf­pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­ jå­kfcn­ t­ yf­cj­xt­yf­rüv­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­wty­nhj­dt.

Åtp­dj­lbt­nj­ yf­ Fhb­pj­yf,­ Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj­ b­ uhf­ybx­yb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ d­Ñnf­ b­ Rj­kj­hf­lj­ jåtp­re­hf­éf­df­td­hj­gtq­crb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ ghtp­ 19­dtr­lf­hfp­db­dfn­pt­vt­lt­kbt­yf­nt­pb­pt­vb­ b­ nj­df­ gjp­dj­kz­df­ yf­ vyj­uj­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ by­lb­fy­wb­ lf­ jc­nf­yfn­d­xt­nb­hb­nt­of­nf.­By­lb­fy­wb­nt­ge­tå­kj­d­ujh­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­Hbj­Uhfy­lt­ cüp­lf­dfn­ yfq­hfp­db­nf­nf­ d­ntö­yj­kj­ubx­yj­ jn­yj­it­ybt­ by­lb­fy­crf­ wb­db­kb­pf­wbz­ ght­lb­ bl­df­yt­nj­yf­td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­d­åü­lt­ob­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­ of­nb­ b­ nt­ jc­nf­dfn­ dfé­yb­ b­lj­lytc­d­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj.­Gkt­vt­yf­nf­yf­df­öj,­ öj­gb­ b­ fgf­xb,­ dcbx­rb­nt­ght­lbv­yj­ d­ Fhb­pj­yf,­ jwt­kz­dfn­gj­ljå­ht­ ghb­ ght­vb­yf­df­yt­nj­ yf­td­hj­gtq­crf­nf­ dük­yf­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­gj­dt­xt­nj­bp­njx­yb­gkt­vt­yf.

tn­yb­xtc­RJ­vyJ­uJ­Jå­Hf­PbtFvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ by­lb­fy­wb­ jn­Ñuj­pf­gf­lf­ cf­ yj­cb­nt­kb­ yf­ hfp­kbx­yb­rek­ne­hb.­Yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­gkt­vt­yf­cf­yf­df­öj­ d­ jå­kfcn­nf­ „Xt­nb­hb­nt­ üuü­kf“,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ cht­ofn­ of­nb­nt­Rj­kj­hf­lj,­ Ñnf,­ Fhb­pj­yf­ b­ Yñ­

Vtr­cb­rj;­ yz­rjk­rj­ gkt­vt­yf­ fgf­xb­d­Fhb­pj­yf­b­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj;­hfp­kbx­yb­ by­lb­fy­crb­ uhe­gb­ d­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj;­ gf­gf­uj­d­ñé­yf­Fhb­pj­yf;­ öj­gb­d­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­Fhb­pj­yf­ b­ñnb­ d­ñuj­pf­gfl­yj­Rj­kj­hf­lj.

Gj­dt­xt­nj­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ by­lb­fy­wb­éb­dt­zn­d­uj­kt­vb­nt­ht­pth­df­nb,­jcj­åt­yj­ jrj­kj­ „Xt­nb­hb­nt­ üuü­kf“­(rü­lt­nj­yf­62­000­rdfl­hfn­yb­rb­kj­vtn­hf­gkjo­ht­pth­df­nün­yf­gkt­vt­nj­yf­df­öj­ bvf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ 10­ gü­nb­gj­uj­kz­vj­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ dct­rb­lheu­ ht­pth­dfn)­ b­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­Jrj­kj­300­000­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­by­lb­fy­wb­éb­dt­zn­d­Fhb­pj­yf­b­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj.

Wz­kf­nf­jå­kfcn,­rjz­nj­lytc­ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ ñuj­pf­gfl­yb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb,­ t­ åb­kf­ xfcn­ jn­ Bc­gfy­crf­nf­bv­gt­hbz­ d­ hfy­yb­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 16­dtr.­Lj­rüv­1550­u.­bc­gfy­wb­nt­dt­xt­cf­ ghje­xb­kb­ ht­ubj­yf.­ Kbg­cf­nf­ yf­ec­nf­yj­dt­yb,­ ktc­yj­ ljc­nüg­yb­ åj­­ufncn­df,­ rfr­nj­ b­ uj­kz­vj­nj­ hfp­cnjz­ybt­ lj­ wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ njx­rf­ yf­bc­gfy­crj­nj­pf­djt­df­ybt­–­Vtr­cb­rj,­ghf­db­ bc­gfy­wb­nt­ ljc­nf­ åtp­hfp­kbx­yb­rüv­nf­pb­ct­dth­yf­nt­hb­nj­hbz.

Ght­lb­1700­u.­tlbycn­dt­yb­nt­gjc­nj­zy­yb­ bc­gfy­crb­ ct­kb­of­ yf­ ct­dth­jn­ct­ufi­yf­nf­uhf­yb­wf­vté­le­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ b­ Vtr­cb­rj­ cf­ d­lj­kb­yf­nf­ gj­ ujh­yj­nj­ nt­xt­ybt­ yf­Hbj­Uhfy­lt­d­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj.­Cfy­nf­At­t­jc­yj­dfy­ghtp­1610­u.,­f­lhe­ub­ge­tå­kjc­ (uhfé­lfy­crb­ jå­oyjc­nb,­rjb­nj­åb­vju­kj­lj­yz­rü­lt­lf­åü­lfn­hfp­ukté­lf­yb­rf­nj­vfk­rb­uhf­lj­dt),­gj­cgt­wb­fk­yj­ Nf­jc­ b­ Fk­åü­rüh­rb,­cf­jc­yj­df­yb­crj­hj­cktl­nj­df.

Güh­db­nt­ jgb­nb­ yf­ bc­gfy­wb­nt­ lf­pfd­kf­lt­zn­ Fhb­pj­yf­ pf­gjx­dfn­ ghtp­1700­ u.­ Fgf­xb­nt­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­gjc­nj­zy­yf­pfg­kf­öf­c­vyj­ujr­hfn­yb­nt­ cb­ yf­gf­lt­ybz­ cht­oe­ bc­gfy­crb­ct­kb­of­ d­ jå­kfcn­nf.­ Rj­kj­yb­pb­hf­yt­nj­yf­Ntr­cfc­pf­gjx­df­ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­gj­cü­oj­nj­dht­vt­c­gj­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yb­ b­ gj­ec­gti­yb­ ht­pek­nf­nb.­ Yf­rü­lj­xbp­ t­ jc­yj­dfy­ ghtp­1716­ u.,­ gjc­ktl­dfy­ ldt­ uj­lb­yb­gj­rüc­yj­ jn­ Cfy­ Fy­nj­ybj.­ Ghtp­cht­lf­nf­yf­18­dtr­ljk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­ Hbj­ Uhfy­lt­ t­ pf­ct­kt­yf­jn­ bc­gfy­wb­nt.­ Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ d­yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 19­ dtr­ nt­pb­ b­ lhe­ub­wty­nhj­dt­ yf­ bc­gfy­crj­nj­ pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­ct­düp­ghbt­vfn­jn­bc­gfy­crb­nt­ dkfc­nb­ rf­nj­ ju­hf­yb­xt­yf,­ yt­cü­otcn­dt­yf­ rj­kj­yb­pf­njh­crf­ ltq­yjcn­d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ uj­kt­vbz­ åhjq­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb,­ghbl­dbé­df­ob­ct­yf­pf­gfl­rüv­Ntr­cfc.­Nf­rf­xeé­lty­wb,­ ght­lbv­yj­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb,­ gj­ke­xf­dfn­düp­vjé­yjcn­lf­jc­yj­dfn­nfv­ct­kb­of­ ghtp­ 20­nt­ b­ 30­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­19­dtr.

Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ yfq­jn­lf­kt­xt­yf­nf­jn­bc­gfy­crb­nt­ct­dth­yb­nt­hb­nj­hbb,­t­yf­ct­kt­yf­gjc­ktl­yf.­Ghtp­1769­u.­d­Cfy­Lbt­uj­ bvf­ wüh­rjd­yf­vb­cbz­ b­ght­cb­lbj­ (ufh­yb­pjy).­ Ghtp­ cktl­df­ob­nt­ldt­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­yf­ct­dth­jn­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­lj­ Cj­yj­vf­ ct­ yf­hté­lfn­ jot­yz­rjk­rj­wüh­rjd­yb­vb­cbb­b­ ufh­yb­pj­yb.­ Nf­pb­ crhjv­yf­ lt­vjyc­nhf­wbz­yf­pfd­kf­lz­df­yt­yf­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­t­lj­ bp­dtcn­yf­ cnt­gty­ ht­fr­wbz­ yf­pf­cbk­df­obz­ ct­ fy­ukbq­crb­ b­ hec­rb­by­nt­htc­rüv­Pf­gfl­ybz­åhzu.

Cktl­1845­u.,­rj­uf­nj­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ghb­lj­åb­dfn­Ntr­cfc­b­cktl­rhfz­yf­Vtr­cb­rfy­crf­nf­djq­yf­ghtp­1848­ u.­ vtr­cb­rfy­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­d­nf­pb­jå­ibh­yf­nt­hb­nj­hbz­t­ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ 82­ 500­ le­ib.­ Jn­ nzö­­60­000­cf­d­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj,­14­000­d­Ntr­cfc,­ 7­500­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­­1­000­d­Fhb­pj­yf.

Rüv­ 1850­ u.­ vtr­cb­rfy­wb­nt­ d­Ntr­cfc­b­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 10­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­wz­kj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yf­ ldf­nf­ of­nf.­Bvf­ jc­yj­df­ntk­yb­ ghb­xb­yb­ pf­ edt­kb­xf­df­yt­nj­ yf­ yt­bc­gfy­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt.­ Bp­nj­xty­ Ntr­cfc­ t­ yj­df­nf­pf­gfl­yf­ uhf­yb­wf­ pf­ pf­ctk­df­yt­ yf­ñu,­ f­ jn­rhb­df­yt­nj­ yf­ pkf­nj­ d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ ghtp­ 1848­ u.­ t­ lj­uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­ ghb­xb­yf­ pf­ yfö­ke­df­yt­nj­yf­yt­bc­gfy­wb­d­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­b­ct­dth­yb­nt­xfc­nb­yf­of­nf.­Cf­vj­d­Yñ­ Vtr­cb­rj,­ ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­b­d­Ntr­cfc,­ñé­yj­jn­Cfy­Fy­nj­ybj­bc­gfy­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ jc­nf­df­ ght­jå­kf­lf­df­oj­ jot­ yz­rjk­rj­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz.

Güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­nj­ bc­gfy­crj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­Ñuj­pf­gf­lf­ ct­edt­kb­xf­df­vyj­uj­ pf­hf­lb­ pyf­xb­ntk­yf­ bvbu­hf­wbz,­ jcj­åt­yj­ ghtp­ 20­ dtr.­ Ghtp­1990­u.­öj­hf­nf­c­bc­gfy­crb­ght­pb­vt­yf­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­18.8­ghj­wty­nf­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Fhb­pj­yf;­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­nt­cf­26­ghj­wty­nf;­d­Rj­kj­hf­lj­–­13­ghj­wty­nf;­D­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj­–­38­ghj­wty­nf­b­d­Ntr­cfc­–­26­ghj­wty­nf.­ Cnf­nbc­nb­xtc­rb­nt­ lfy­yb­jn­1990­u.­gj­rfp­dfn,­xt­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­jn­bc­gfy­crb­ghj­bp­öjl­t­20.8­vb­kbj­yf,­c­34­

133132

ghj­wty­nf­ gj­dt­xt­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­1980­ u.­ Yfl­ 60­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ nj­df­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ cf­ vtr­cb­rfy­crb­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb.

Brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­nf­ ghj­gfcn­ vté­le­fy­ukjf­vt­hb­rfy­wb,­ kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wb­b­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­by­lb­fy­wb­t­uj­kz­vf.­Hfp­kbx­yf­nf­cnt­gty­yf­eh­åf­yb­pf­wbz­ jåzc­yz­df­ yz­rjb­ jn­ ghb­xb­yb­nt­pf­ cü­otcn­de­df­yt­nj­ yf­ nf­rf­df­ ghj­gfcn;­yf­Ñuj­pf­gfl­yfq­cbk­yj­eh­åf­yb­pb­hf­yb­ cf­ fy­ukjf­vt­hb­rfy­wb­nt,­ f­yfq­ckf­åj­–­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb.­ Eh­åf­yb­pb­hf­yb­nt­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­

jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ bvfn­ gj­db­cj­rb­ lj­öj­lb,­ gj­ljå­hj­ jå­hf­pj­df­ybt­ b­gj­vfk­rj­lt­wf.

Hfp­db­nbz­nf­ d­ ht­pth­df­nf­ yf­ gkt­vt­nj­ yf­df­öj­ jåf­xt,­ vf­rfh­ b­ yt­cüd­ctv­nb­gbx­yb,­cf­gj­rf­pf­ntk­yb­pf­ghj­vz­yf­nf,­ rjz­nj­ yfc­nüg­df,­ d­ec­kj­dbz­nf­ yf­ éb­djn.­ Ht­pth­df­nün­jc­nf­df­ gjl­ rjy­nhj­kf­ yf­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dt­yj­nj­ Åñ­hj­ gj­ by­lb­fy­crb­nt­düg­hj­cb,­ yj­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ht­it­ybz­ct­dpt­vfn­jn­gkt­vt­yty­cü­dtn,­xbb­nj­xkt­yj­dt­ct­bp­åb­hfn­c­ukf­ce­df­yt.­ Jn­ 1950­ u.­ yf­cfv­

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12

ab­yfy­cj­df­nf­ gj­vjo­ pf­ ht­pth­df­nf­ct­ t­ edt­kb­xb­kf­ vyj­uj.­ Gü­nb­of­nf­dt­xt­ cf­ ghj­öj­lb­vb­ düd­ dcbx­rb­ct­pj­yb­b­nj­df­cbk­yj­yf­vf­kz­df­bpj­kf­wbz­nf,­ f­ plhfd­yb­nt­ b­ jå­hf­pj­df­ntk­yb­nt­ ec­ke­ub­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­ cf­ ct­gj­ljå­hb­kb.­ Ju­hjv­yb­ pf­kt­éb­ jn­ndüh­lj­ uj­hb­dj,­ jcj­åt­yj­ düu­kb­of,­cf­ jn­rhb­nb­ d­ pt­vb­nt­ yf­ gkt­vt­nj­yf­df­öj­b­yz­rjk­rj­uj­kt­vb­tyth­ubq­yb­ cnfy­wbb,­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ d­ ht­pth­df­nf,­ jå­ckeé­dfn­ ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­ Tktr­nhb­xtc­rb­nt­ rjv­gf­ybb­dkf­ufn­vb­kbj­yb­lj­kf­hb­uj­lbi­yj­d­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ ht­pth­df­nf.­ Ht­pth­df­nün­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­ t­ hfp­ib­hbk­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­ ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rf­nf­ cb­ by­lec­nhbz­ b­ ghbd­kb­xf­ ht­lb­wf­ yj­db­by­lec­nhbb­ c­ yf­kbx­yf­nf­ cb,­ dt­xt­gj­ljå­ht­jå­hf­pj­df­yf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf.

Ghtp­ Güh­df­nf­ cdt­njd­yf­ djq­yf­ b­gj­dht­vt­nj­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rbz­hfp­wdtn­ d­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­nt­ uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr,­vyj­uj­vtr­cb­rfy­wb­ght­vb­yf­dfn­uhf­yb­wf­nf,­pf­lf­gj­gük­yzn­hf­åjn­yf­nf­ cb­kf­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­Gj­rüc­yj,­ghtp­40­nt­uj­lb­yb,­rj­uf­nj­pf­hf­lb­djq­yf­nf­jn­yj­dj­bvf­yt­ljc­nbu­yf­hf­åjn­yf­hü­rf,­ f­ cü­oj­b­ ghtp­ cktl­df­ob­nt­ ldt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz,­ vtr­cb­rfy­wb­nt­ vj­ufn­ lf­ dkb­pfn­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­b­lf­hf­åj­nzn­rf­nj­ct­pjy­yb­hf­åjn­yb­wb­d­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crbz­ctr­njh.

Ghtp­ 1965­ u.­ Vtr­cb­rj­ pf­gjx­df­cdjz­nf­ Ghju­hf­vf­ pf­ by­lec­nhbf­kb­pf­wbz­yf­uhf­ybx­yf­nf­jå­kfcn.­Wtk­nf­t­lf­ct­ghbd­kt­xt­by­nt­ht­cün­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lec­nhbb­rüv­uhf­ybx­yb­nt­ hf­qj­yb­ d­ ct­dth­yj­ Vtr­cb­rj.­Xeé­lb­ rjv­gf­ybb,­ yf­ht­xt­yb­ vf­rb­

kf­lj­hfc,­ gj­ke­xf­dfn­ ghf­dj­ lf­ dyf­czn­åtp­vb­nf­vf­ib­yb­b­vf­nt­hbf­kb­d­Vtr­cb­rj,­ghb­ec­kj­dbt­xt­ghj­bp­dt­lt­yb­nt­ cnj­rb­ cktl­ nj­df­ åü­lfn­ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­yb­ pf­ bp­yjc­ jn­Vtr­cb­rj.­ Ghtp­ 1989­ u.­ nt­pb­ ec­kj­dbz­ cf­jå­ktr­xt­yb­b­ct­uf­xeé­lb­rjv­gf­ybb­vj­ufn­lf­ghj­lf­dfn­50­ghj­wty­nf­jn­wz­kf­nf­cb­ghj­ler­wbz­d­Vtr­cb­rj.

Nf­pb­ghju­hf­vf­ghtl­kf­uf­yf­Vtr­cb­rj­ hf­åjn­yb­ vtc­nf­ pf­ vtcn­yj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt.­Yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­rjv­gf­ybb­ nz­ ght­ljc­nf­dz­ elj­åty­ cke­xfq­ lf­ bp­gjk­pdfn­ td­nb­yf­ hf­åjn­yf­hü­rf­ d­ åkb­pjcn­ lj­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­gf­pf­hb­ b­ bp­njx­yb­wb­ yf­ ce­hj­db­yb,­rü­lt­nj­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­ hfp­öj­lb­vj­ufn­ lf­ åü­lfn­ cdt­lt­yb­ lj­ vb­yb­vev.­Vyj­uj­abh­vb­cf­ghbd­kt­xt­yb­jn­ düp­vjé­yjcn­nf­ pf­ htf­kb­pb­hf­yt­yf­td­nb­yj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj;­rüv­rhfz­yf­ 1990­ u.­ jrj­kj­ 1800­ vf­rb­kf­lj­hfc­yft­vfn­yfl­500­000­vtr­cb­rfy­crb­hf­åjn­yb­wb.

GHb­Hfcn­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nJÑujp­gf­lün­ t­ yfq­cküy­xt­db­zn­ b­yfq­ce­öb­zn­ jn­ dcbx­rb­ ht­ubj­yb­ yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­ Pf­ wz­kf­nf­jå­kfcn­t­öf­hfr­nth­yf­nhtd­yf­nf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­ vtc­rb­nj­db­nt­ öhfc­nb­ b­rfr­ne­cb­nt.­ Ntv­gt­hf­neh­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­d­ht­ubj­yf­ cf­vyj­uj­hfp­kbx­yb.­Ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ Fhb­pj­yf­ b­ñéty­ Ntr­cfc­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ bvfn­uj­ht­ob­kt­nf­b­rhfn­rf,­vt­rf­pb­vf;­d­ujh­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­Hbj­Uhfy­lt­d­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj­yf­uj­ht­ob­nt­ kt­nf­ cü­jn­dtncn­dfn­ cne­lt­yb­pb­vb,­rj­uf­nj­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt­vj­ufn­lf­gfl­yfn­vyj­uj­gjl­ye­kf­nf.

134 135

Düg­ht­rb­ ntv­gt­hf­neh­yb­nt­ hfp­kb­rb,­cküy­xt­db­zn­rkb­vfn­yf­Ñuj­pf­gf­lf­ ghbd­kb­xf­vyj­uj­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb.­Fhb­pj­yf­ t­ nht­nb­zn­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ofn­cktl­Yt­df­lf­b­Fkzc­rf,­xbt­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ c­ yfq­db­cjr­ ghj­wtyn­ ghtp­ 80­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­20­ dtr.­ Afr­nb­xtc­rb­ dcbx­rb­ of­nb­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­edt­kb­xf­dfn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ cb­ ljc­nf­ yfl­ chtl­yj­nj­ pf­cnhf­yf­nf­ yb­dj.­ Ab­ybrc­ t­ el­dj­bk­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ cb­ yz­rjk­rj­ gü­nb­ jn­1950­u.­yf­cfv­b­ct­uf­t­ghj­wüa­nz­dfo­ eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­ wty­nüh,­ 20­zn­gj­ uj­kt­vb­yf­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf.­ Hf­qj­yün­yf­ Nür­cüy­ yf­hfcn­df­ jn­ 266­ 000­le­ib­ghtp­1960­u.­yf­667­000­ghtp­1990­ u.­ Nt­pb­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ jå­kfc­nb­c­ybc­rf­uüc­nj­nf­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ct­uf­ ct­ ghjc­nb­hfn­ c­ rb­kj­vtn­hb­düh­öe­uj­kt­vb­gkj­ob­jn­yz­rj­ufi­yf­gec­nb­yz.

Jn­yf­xf­kj­Ñuj­pf­gf­lün­ ghbd­kb­xf­vyj­uj­öj­hf­pf­hf­lb­plhf­djc­kjd­yj­nj­dkbz­ybt­ yf­ ce­öbz­ rkb­vfn­ düh­öe­hfp­kbx­yb­pf­åj­kz­df­ybz­yf­lb­öf­ntk­yf­nf­cbc­nt­vf.­Gj­njg­kb­nt­xfc­nb­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ lytc­ ghbd­kb­xfn­ öb­kz­lb­gty­cbj­yb­hf­yb­fvt­hb­rfy­wb.

Jc­dty­ nj­df­ Fhb­pj­yf­ t­ vzc­nj,­rü­lt­nj­ct­hfp­uhü­ofn­vyj­uj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dt­yb­b­fl­vb­ybc­nhf­nbd­yb­ltq­yjc­nb.­Ghtp­Dnj­hf­nf­cdt­njd­yf­djq­yf­düd­Ab­ybrc­ct­hfp­db­df­cf­vj­kt­njc­nhjt­yt­nj,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ uhf­lün­ t­åkb­pj­lj­uj­kt­vbz­cf­vj­kt­nty­rjv­gktrc­d­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­f­bvf­b­gjl­öj­lz­ob­fn­vjc­ath­yb­ec­kj­dbz­pf­ kt­nt­yt.­ Vyj­uj­ hf­åj­nj­lf­nt­kb­hfp­gj­kf­ufn­ åbp­yt­cf­ cb­ d­ ñé­yf­Fhb­pj­yf,­nüq­rf­nj­jrjk­yf­nf­cht­lf­

ghbd­kb­xf­ hf­åjn­yf­ cb­kf.­ Jn­yj­cb­ntk­yf­nf­ bpj­kf­wbz­ yf­ of­nf­ jn­gj­dt­xt­nj­ jc­yjd­yb­ gf­pf­hb­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ rjt­nj­ d­ vb­yf­kj­nj­ t­ dfé­yj­ec­kj­dbt­pf­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­Fhb­pj­yf,­lytc,­ c­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ crü­gj­­c­nhe­df­ob,­ ktc­yj­ ght­yj­cb­vb­ ghj­ler­nb,­ jcj­åt­yj­ yf­ tktr­nhj­yyf­nf­by­lec­nhbz,­ t­ pf­ue­åb­kj­ vyj­uj­ jn­pyf­xt­ybt­nj­cb.

Tk­ Gf­cj,­ Ntr­cfc,­ b­ Fk­åü­rüh­rb,­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj,­ cü­oj­ cf­ edt­kb­xb­kb­ldjq­yj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ cb­ vté­le­1950­ u.­ b­ 1970­ u.­ b­ jn­nj­uf­df­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ åüh­pj­ lf­ yf­hfcn­dfn.­ B­ldf­nf­uhf­lf,­rfr­nj­b­Cfy­Fy­nj­ybj,­ct­ jå­kf­uj­lt­ntkcn­dfn­ jn­ ghb­cücn­dbt­nj­ yf­ uj­kt­vb­ dj­ty­yb­ åf­pb,­ yj­jc­dty­nj­df­bvfn­lzk­b­d­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­hfp­kbx­yb­jn­hfc­kb­yf­kt­rf­nf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn.

Yf­lhe­ub­vtc­nf­d­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj­b­d­jyf­pb­xfcn­yf­Ntr­cfc,­rjz­nj­ghb­yfl­kt­éb­rüv­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy,­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df­ ljc­nf­ gj­yt­hfd­yj­vth­yj.­D­vyj­uj­ctk­crb­jr­hü­pb­d­ljk­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­Hbj­ Uhfy­lt,­ rfr­nj­ b­ d­ gj­dt­xt­nj­nf­rb­df­ jr­hü­pb­ d­ ñé­yj­ Rj­kj­hf­lj­b­bp­njx­yj­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj,­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­vf­kz­df­ ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­yz­rjk­rj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz,­rfr­df­nj­t­b­cül­åf­nf­ yf­ lhe­ub­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­jå­kfc­nb­d­Fvt­hb­rf.

Ec­nJq­xb­dJcn­yf­GkE­Hf­kbc­nbx­yJ­nJ­Jå­otcn­dJ

Pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ gkf­yby­crb­ hf­qj­yb­yf­wty­nhfk­yj­b­ct­dth­yj­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj,­rjb­nj­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­jc­yjd­yj­nj­zl­hj­ yf­ bc­gfy­crj­nj­ pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj­

d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb,­ pf­gfp­dfn­öf­hfr­nth­yb­nt­ cb­ xth­nb­ b­ jc­nf­dfn­bp­yt­yfl­df­oj­yt­pf­ctu­yf­nb­jn­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­dük­yf,­pf­kz­kf­Fk­åü­rüh­rb­b­ñé­yf­Fhb­pj­yf.­Kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­cüc­nfd­kz­dfn­vj­ét­åb­70­ghj­wty­nf­jn­gkf­yby­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­ct­dth­yj­ Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj­ b­ drkñx­dfn­wz­kj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yf­ vyj­étcn­dj­vfk­rb­ uhf­lj­dt.­ Fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb,­ ght­lbv­yj­ ge­tå­kj,­ cf­vyj­uj­ gj­vf­kür,­ yj­ zc­yj­ jxth­nf­dfo­ct­ tkt­vtyn­d­ ctk­crf­nf,­ yt­td­hj­gtq­crf­rek­ne­hf­yf­ht­ubj­yf.

Gjr­hfq­ctk­crb­nt­gü­nb­of­yf­ct­dth­jn­Cfy­nf­At­rek­neh­yb­zn­gtq­pfé­t­bp­güc­nhty­jn­cnf­hb­ct­kf­c­rbh­gb­xt­yb­ rü­ob­ b­ yfl­gb­cb­ yf­ bc­gfy­crb.­Gjr­hfq­ vf­ubc­nhf­kf­nf­ åkb­pj­ lj­Fk­åü­rüh­rb,­ rfr­nj­ b­ gj­ wz­kf­nf­ ct­­dth­yj­wty­nhfk­yf­ xfcn­ yf­of­nf­ bvf­ge­tå­kjc,­vyj­ujt­nfé­yb,­nt­hf­cj­dbl­yb­by­lb­fy­crb­ct­kb­of­jn­ght­lb­yz­rjk­rj­dt­rf;­ nt­ cü­otcn­de­dfn­ d­ gü­kty­rjy­nhfcn­c­ybc­rbz,­hfpc­nkfy­yf­ib­hj­rj­cüd­ht­vt­yty­ uhfl.­ Dcz­rj­ jn­ nt­pb­ct­kb­of­ghb­nt­éf­df­uj­kz­vf­gkjo­jn­ghb­kt­éf­of­nf­pt­vz,­rjt­nj­uj­bpj­kb­hf­jn­fy­ukjf­vt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­jå­oyjcn.­Öj­hf­nf­b­nhf­lb­wbb­nt­d­nt­pb­ct­kb­of­cf­ bp­lhüé­kb­db­ b­ébp­yt­ec­njq­xb­db.­Cfy­nf­At,­cnj­kb­wf­nf­yf­Yñ­Vtr­cb­rj,­ pf­gfp­df­ bc­gfy­crbz­ rj­kj­hbn­ c­fh­öb­ntr­ne­hf­nf­ yf­ rü­ob­nt­ jn­ rbh­gbx,­ jn­rhb­nbz­wty­nhf­kty­gkj­ofl­b­

htc­nj­hfy­nb­nt­ b­ vf­uf­pb­yb­nt,­ rjb­nj­ghtl­kf­ufn­öhf­yf­b­cnj­rb­jn­ct­dth­yj­Vtr­cb­rj.

Hf­qj­yün­ yf­ Pbv­yf­nf­ uhf­lb­yf­ d­ljk­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ Hbj­Uhfy­lt­ d­ Ntr­cfc­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­ bvf­jg­ht­lt­kt­yj­ kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crb­dbl­b­t­dfé­yf­pt­vt­ltk­crf­jå­kfcn,­rü­lt­nj­ ct­ ghb­kf­uf­ bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­­gjz­df­yt.­ Chtl­yf­nf­ ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn­ yf­ dt­ut­nf­wb­jy­ybz­ gt­hb­jl­ t­gj­uj­kz­vf­ jn­ 280­ lyb­ b­ t­ åkf­uj­­g­hb­zn­yf­pf­jn­ukté­lf­yt­nj­yf­nf­rb­df­rek­ne­hb­rf­nj­gjh­nj­rf­kb,­uhtqg­ahen,­ vf­he­kb­ b­ lj­vf­nb.­ Kf­nb­yj­­f­vt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ jn­lfd­yf­jcb­ue­hz­df­ hf­åjn­yf­nf­ cb­kf­ pf­ nj­df­pt­vt­lt­kbt.

D­ Kjc­ Fy­lét­ktc­ kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ fy­rkf­db­ gj­yz­rj­uf­ bvfn­cnj­nb­wb­ öb­kz­lb­ éb­nt­kb.­ Düg­ht­rb­lf­ktx­gj­uj­kz­vj­nj­dkbz­ybt­yf­fy­­ukj­f­vt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­jå­otcn­dj­ner­d­chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ ujh­yf­nf­ bkb­ ljk­yf­nf­xfcn­ yf­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ Hbj­ Uhfy­lt,­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­nhf­lb­wbb­jc­­nf­dfn­ dfé­yb.­ Bvf­ vyj­uj­ hf­lb­j­­c­nfy­wbb­b­dtcn­yb­wb­yf­bc­gfy­crb,­f­uj­kt­vb­nt­ vtr­cb­rfy­crj­f­vt­hb­rfy­crb­ ghfp­yb­wb­ ghbd­kb­xfn­ ju­hjv­yb­vyj­étcn­df­jn­öj­hf.

D­ Ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­nf­ uhf­ybx­yf­ jå­­kfcn­ dkbz­ybt­nj­ yf­ kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­ b­ yf­ by­lb­fy­crf­nf­rek­ne­hf­jc­nf­df­cbk­yj. ∆

137136

Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ rü­lt­nj­éb­dt­zn­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 10­ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ dcbx­rb­

fvt­hb­rfy­wb,­ t­ jc­yj­dty­ tkt­vtyn­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­rek­neh­yf­ nü­rfy.­Vf­rfh­ xt­ yfl­ldt­ nht­nb­ jn­ hj­lt­yb­nt­ d­CFO­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­éb­dt­zn­ d­of­nf,­ d­ rjq­nj­ cf­ ct­ hj­lb­kb,­gj­vfk­rj­jn­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­rf­kb­ajh­ybq­wb­ cf­ hj­lt­yb­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­Nj­pb­ofn­t­dfé­yj­vzc­nj,­rüv­rjt­nj­ ct­ yf­cjx­df­ dün­hti­yf­nf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­ vbu­hf­wbz­ gjx­nb­ dcz­rj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbt­jn­1850­u.­yf­cfv.

Cgj­htl­gj­dt­xt­nj­rhb­nt­hbb,­bp­gjk­pdf­yb­ ghb­ lt­ab­yb­hf­yt­nj­ yf­ gj­yz­nbt­nj­ ht­ub­jy,­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ (Rfh­nf­13)­yt­t­jn­ltk­yf­tlb­yb­wf.­Pt­vt­ltk­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­Bv­gb­hb­ük­yf­ñuj­bp­njr­t­cüd­ctv­hfp­kbx­yj­ jn­ uhfl­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yf­ Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj.­ Bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yf­nf­ hfd­yby­yjcn­ yf­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ Cfy­ Öjf­rby­hzp­rj­ rjy­nhfc­nb­hf­ cüc­ crf­kbc­nb­nt­düp­db­it­ybz­ yf­ gkf­yby­crf­nf­ dt­hb­uf­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf.­D­ñé­yb­nt­dün­hti­yb­xfc­nb­bvf­jå­ibh­yb­gec­nby­yb­jå­kfc­nb,­f­gjr­hfq­ct­dth­yj­nj­rhfq­åht­ébt­–­ öük­vj­dt,­ jå­hfc­kb­ c­ uüc­nb­ uj­hb.­Yfq­ybc­rj­nj­ b­ yfq­db­cj­rj­nj­vzc­nj­d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ bp­düy­Fkzc­rf­b­Öf­dfb­nt,­ cü­jn­dtn­yj­ Lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­cvüh­nnf­ b­ gkf­yb­yf­nf­Ebn­yb,­ cf­ yf­nf­rj­df­ hfp­cnjz­ybt,­ xt­ ct­ dbé­lfn­tl­yj­jn­lhe­uj.

Gj­hf­pb­ntk­yb­nt­ b­ hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­ghb­hjl­yb­ ec­kj­dbz­ yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­cf­bpbu­hf­kb­dfé­yf­hj­kz­d­pf­ctk­df­

yt­nj­ q.­ Lytc­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­of­nf­t­cnhe­gf­yj­ düh­öe­ vfk­rf­ xfcn­ jn­yt­uj­df­nf­nt­hb­nj­hbz,­nüq­rf­nj­crf­kbc­nb­zn­ht­kta­b­kbg­cf­nf­yf­ dj­lf­ yt­ ve­ lf­dfn­ düp­vjé­yjcn­ lf­ ct­ hfp­ghjc­nb­hf.­Dcüo­yjcn­nf­pb­Vt­rf­yf­fvt­

hb­rfy­crj­nj­ ghtr­kj­yt­ybt­ ghtl­éb­dj­nf­chtl­ghb­hj­lf­nf­bp­ght­dfh­df­dcbx­rb­jc­nf­yf­kb­of­nb­gj­db­cj­rj­nj­yb­dj­ yf­ eh­åf­yb­pf­wbz.­ Yz­rjk­rj­afr­nj­hf­ jåzc­yz­dfn­ nj­df,­ yj­ htc­nhbr­nbd­yb­nt­ fc­gtr­nb­ yf­ jrjk­yf­nf­cht­lf­cf­åtp­cgjh­yj­vyj­uj­dfé­yb.

GHb­HJl­yb­Ec­kJ­dbzRhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ t­jgf­cf­yj­jn­lük­ub­gkf­yby­crb­dt­hb­ub,­ rjb­nj­ d­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ cb­ xfcn­cktl­dfn­gj­cj­rf­ct­dth­pf­gfl.­Jå­oj­nj­bvt­yf­nt­pb­dt­hb­ub­t­Åht­uj­db­nt­öht­åt­nb.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ nzö­ yt­ cf­jcj­åt­yj­db­cj­rb­–­düh­öj­dt­nt­bv­ct­bp­lb­ufn­ yf­ db­cj­xb­yf­ jn­ 1­ 000­ lj­­1­600­vtn­hf.­Nt­cf­cbk­yj­yf­uü­yf­nb­b­ yf­xe­gt­yb­ d­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ eg­hfé­yz­df­ybz­jn­pf­gfl­yf­nbcr­yf­ndüh­lf­ptv­yf­ gj­düh­öyjcn.­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybq­crb­nt­ pt­vtn­hüc­yb­ pj­yb­ cktl­dfn­cü­of­nf­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yf­gj­cj­rf,­rfr­nj­b­Åht­uj­db­nt­öht­åt­nb.

Ckf­åb­nt­pt­vtn­ht­ct­ybz­cf­jåb­xfq­yj­ zd­kt­ybt­ pf­ uj­kt­vb­ lz­kj­dt­ jn­ht­ubj­yf,­ jcj­åt­yj­ pf­ jå­kfcn­nf­ yf­pf­kb­df­ Cfy­ Ahfy­cbc­rj­ yf­ ñu­ lj­åkbp­rbz­ Åtq­rüh­cabqkl­ b­ pf­jå­kfcn­nf­yf­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­yf­ñuj­pf­gfl­ghtp­lj­kb­yf­nf­Bv­gb­hb­ük.

Rf­kb­ajh­ybz

ukf­df

14

Yf­ bp­njr­ jn­ Åht­uj­db­nt­ öht­åt­nb­gjx­nb­ gj­ wz­kf­nf­ bv­ lük­éb­yf­ ct­ghjc­nb­hf­ Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ lj­kb­yf.­ Nz­t­ bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ hfd­yby­yf,­ ghj­nj­xb­kf­ct­yf­650­rb­kj­vtn­hf­jn­ct­dth­yf­ ñu­ b­ ib­hj­rf­ yf­ vtc­nf­ gjx­nb­150­ rb­kj­vtn­hf.­ Yz­rj­uf­ Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ lj­kb­yf­ t­ åb­kf­ dye­ib­ntk­yj­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ Nb­öbz­ jrt­fy,­cdüh­pdf­yj­ c­ jrtf­yf­ cf­vj­ xhtp­pf­kb­df­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj.­Nj­pb­yz­rj­uf­ity­ lzk­ jn­ vj­ht­nj­ t­ gjt­vfk­thj­pb­jy­ybz­ vf­nt­hb­fk,­ cdkb­xfo­ ct­gj­pf­gfl­ybz­crkjy­yf­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf,­b­t­åbk­pf­gük­yty­c­yfc­kf­ub.­D­ht­pek­nfn­yf­nj­df­ct­uf­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­ yb­cür­ ht­kta,­ ght­ljc­nf­dzo­åj­uf­nb­ düp­vjé­yjc­nb­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­yf­ib­hj­rj­vf­ofå­yj­pt­vt­lt­kbt.

Yf­bp­njr­jn­Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­lj­kb­yf­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf­ct­bp­lb­uf­gjc­nt­gty­yj­b­t­cbk­yj­thj­pb­hf­yf.­Njx­yj­jå­hfn­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­ t­ ght­nüh­gzk­ bp­njx­yb­zn­ lzk­ yf­ gkf­yb­yf­nf,­ rü­lt­nj­ghj­vz­yf­nf­düd­db­cj­xb­yf­nf­t­vyj­uj­hzp­rf.­ Ner­ ct­ bp­lb­ufn­ vj­yj­kbn­yb­öht­åt­nb,­ uj­kt­vb­ crf­kbc­nb­ vf­cb­db,­b­pf­nj­df­bp­njx­yf­nf­cnhf­yf­ct­bp­db­cz­df­vyj­uj­gj­hzp­rj­jn­ pf­gfl­yf­nf­cnhf­yf.­Pf­hf­lb­ uj­kz­vf­nf­db­cj­xb­yf­b­vfk­rj­nj­ghj­öj­lb,­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf­ct­ jrfp­df­ jc­yjd­yf­ åf­hbt­hf­ ghtl­ldb­ét­ybt­nj­vté­le­chtl­yf­b­ct­dth­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­ jå­kfc­nb­nt­ yf­bp­njr.

Ldt­lhe­ub­jå­kfc­nb,­rjb­nj­gj­vfk­rj­ ct­ jnüé­ltcn­dz­dfn­ c­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­lj­gük­dfn­rfh­nb­yf­nf­yf­ht­kt­af­yf­nj­pb­ofn.­Yf­ct­dth­vj­lt­kün­gkf­yb­yf­lj­kb­yf­gkf­yb­yf­ct­yf­he­if­df­b­uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ ct­dth­ybz­ lzk­ t­

ukfd­yj­gkf­yby­crb.­D­hf­qj­yf­yf­wty­nhfk­yj­nj­ gkf­nj­ ghf­dj­ yf­ ct­dth­ jn­Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­lj­kb­yf­cf­ldf­jn­yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ dek­rf­ybx­yb­ düh­öf­ yf­of­nf,­dhüö­Kf­cüy­b­dhüö­Ifc­nf.­Yf­ñuj­bp­njr­jn­Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­lj­kb­yf­d­Uj­kt­vbz­åf­ctqy­yf­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ct­ht­le­dfn­ ybc­rb­ gkf­yb­yb­ c­ uj­kt­vb­hfd­yby­yb­vtcn­yjc­nb.

Rkb­vf­nün­ b­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­nf­ yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ cf­ gjx­nb­ njk­rj­df­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb,­rjk­rj­nj­b­ht­kt­aün.­Yfq­uj­kz­vj­pyf­xt­ybt­pf­df­kt­éb­nt­bvf­ xtc­nj­nj­ ldb­ét­ybt­ yf­ dkfé­yb­düp­lei­yb­ vf­cb­ yf­ ñuj­bp­njr­ jn­ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Nb­öbz­jrt­fy.­Hfp­cnjz­ybt­nj­d­ñé­yf­gj­cj­rf,­rjt­nj­åe­hb­nt,­ght­lbp­db­rf­yb­jn­nt­pb­ düp­lei­yb­ vf­cb,­ vj­ufn­ lf­bp­vb­yfn,­ pf­db­cb­lj­ uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­jn­tlby­cnf­åb­kty­wty­nüh­yf­db­cj­rj­fn­vjc­ath­yj­yf­kz­uf­yt,­rjq­nj­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­ yf­vb­hf­ yt­lf­ktx­ jn­pf­gfl­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ yf­ Vtr­cb­rj.­ Nj­pb­ yt­gjl­db­éty­ wty­nüh­ åkj­rb­hf­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ d­ ñé­yf­ gj­cj­rf­yf­åe­hb­nt,­gj­hj­lt­yb­jn­ghb­vjh­crb­nt­ düp­lei­yb­ vf­cb,­ b­ bp­nkfc­rdf­yj­ct­obz­ dkf­uf­ düp­leö­ yf­ bp­njr­rüv­åht­uf.­Nj­pb­düp­gb­hf­oj­ltqcn­dfo­ fy­nb­wbr­kjy­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­yf­cjx­df­yf­ct­dth­ghtp­kz­nj­nj­b­yf­ñu­ghtp­pb­vf­nf.

D­ ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ ltqcn­dbt­nj­ yf­nt­pb­ düp­lei­yb­ vf­cb­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ct­yfå­kñ­lf­df­jg­ht­lt­kt­yf­hfp­kb­rf­d­chtl­yb­nt­uj­lbi­yb­cnjq­yjc­nb­ yf­ df­kt­éb­nt:­ ct­dt­hün­ t­ vyj­uj­gj­dkf­éty­ jn­ ñuf.­ Jc­dty­ nj­df­kt­nf­nf­ cf­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ gj­ce­öb­ jn­pb­vb­nt,­jcj­åt­yj­yf­ñu.­Ghtp­kz­nj­

137

Grants Pass

MedfordKlamath Falls

EurekaRedding

Chico

Ukiah Yuba City Carson City

Reno

SacramentoNapa

StocktonBerkeley

OaklandMerced

Salinas Fresno

San Luis Obispo

PortervilleChina Lake

Bakersfield

Las Vegas

BarstowVictorville

San Bernardino

Santa Ana

GlendaleVentura

San Diego Yuma

PACIFICOCEAN

Santa Rosa

CALIFORNIA

NEVADA

OREGON

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Santa Barbara

Salinas River

San Joaquin River

Sacramento River

Colo

rado

Riv

er

IDAHO

SaltonSea

South Lake Tahoe

138

nj­d­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­xtc­nj­yfc­nüg­dfn­lük­ub­gt­hbj­lb,­ghtp­ rjb­nj­ bpjå­oj­ yt­ gf­lf­lüél.­Pf­nj­df­uj­hbc­nb­nt­gkf­yby­crb­crkj­yj­dt­ bp­cüö­dfn­ yf­gük­yj.­ Ujh­crb­nt­gj­éf­hb,­rjb­nj­ cf­lheu­ trj­kj­ub­xty­ ghjå­ktv­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf,­ cf­yfq­xtc­nb­ d­ rüc­yj­nj­ kz­nj­ b­ ghtp­tcty­nf,­ rüv­ rhfz­ yf­ gj­htl­yf­nf­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yf­ce­if.

Ct­pjy­yb­nt­jn­rkj­yt­ybz­d­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ ct­dth­yj­

jn­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­cf­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ vfk­rb;­ ghtp­ wz­kf­nf­uj­lb­yf­gf­lfn­jåbk­yb­df­kt­éb­

b­yt­åt­nj­xtc­nj­t­gjr­hb­nj­c­jå­kf­wb.Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ lj­kb­yf­ t­ vyj­uj­

gj­ce­öf­jn­rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­xfc­nb­yf­of­nf.­ Uj­lbi­yb­nt­ df­kt­éb­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ cf­ yf­gj­kj­db­yf­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­df­kt­éb­nt,­ rjb­nj­ gf­lfn­ yf­ cü­of­nf­ut­ju­hfa­crf­ ib­hb­yf­ gj­ pf­gfl­yb­nt­crkj­yj­dt­ yf­ Åht­uj­db­nt­ öht­åt­nb.­Yfg­hb­vth­ d­ Vty­lj­cb­yj­ yf­ åht­uf­

Rfh­Nf

13

139

ct­dth­yj­jn­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­uj­lbi­yj­ gf­lfn­ chtl­yj­ 92­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­df­kt­éb,­lj­rf­nj­d­uhfl­Ñåf,­ghf­dj­yf­ bp­njr­ jn­Vty­lj­cb­yj­ d­ cüh­wt­nj­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­Cfr­hf­vty­nj,­chtl­yb­nt­df­kt­éb­cf­cf­vj­52­cfy­nb­vtn­hf.­Gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ yf­ ñu­ Cfy­ Ke­bc­Jåbc­gj­gj­ke­xf­df­chtl­yj­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­ df­kt­éb­ 52­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf,­ lj­rf­nj­Åtq­rüh­cabqkl­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­nhzå­df­ lf­ ct­ pf­lj­dj­kb­ cf­vj­ c­ 15­cfy­nb­vtn­hf.

Hfp­kb­rb­nt­ d­ ktn­yb­nt­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­yf­vtc­nf­c­tl­yfr­df­ut­ju­hfa­crf­ib­hb­yf­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ b­ düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­cf­cü­oj­nf­rf­vyj­uj­uj­kt­vb.­ Chtl­yf­nf­ñk­crf­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­d­Cfy­Ke­bc­Jåbc­gj­t­18­uhf­le­cf­ gj­ Wtk­pbq;­ chtl­yf­nf­ ñk­crf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­ d­ Åtq­rüh­cabqkl­ t­ c­åkb­pj­12­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq­gj­db­cj­rf.­Lytd­yb­nt­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­d­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­d­rüc­yj­kz­nj­cf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­gjl­27­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq,­lj­rf­nj­ d­ Cnjr­nüy,­ yf­ 100­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ yf­ bp­njr,­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt­ cf­yfl­ 38­ uhf­le­cf­ gj­ Wtk­pbq.­ Nt­pb­hfp­kb­rb­lj­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­ct­lük­éfn­ yf­ cvtr­xf­df­oj­nj­ dkbz­ybt­ yf­cne­lt­yj­nj­jrt­fy­crj­nt­xt­ybt­jn­rüv­ce­if­nf­b­yf­jåb­xfq­yf­nf­ckt­lj­åtl­yf­bkb­dt­xth­yf­vüu­kf­ghtp­kz­nj­nj­gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj.

Yf­dün­ht­jn­Åht­uj­db­nt­öht­åt­nb­b­Cbt­hf­ Yt­df­lf,­ d­ ñuj­bp­njx­yf­nf­xfcn­ yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ bvf­ tl­yf­jå­ibh­yf­ ce­öf­ cntg­yf­ (gec­nby­yf)­jå­kfcn.­Ghtp­rüc­yb­nt­ktn­yb­vt­ct­wb­ ce­öb­nt­ dtn­hj­dt­ gj­yz­rj­uf­ yf­gb­hfn­yf­pf­gfl­rüv­åht­uf,­ghb­rjt­nj­dkfé­yjcn­nf­yf­düp­le­öf­cnf­df­vyj­

uj­ ybc­rf,­ f­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt­ vj­ufn­lf­yfl­db­if­dfn­40­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq.­ Chtl­yb­nt­ uj­lbi­yb­ df­kt­éb­ d­ñuj­bp­njx­yf­nf­ dün­hti­yf­ jå­kfcn­ yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ cf­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 20­cfy­nb­vtn­hf.

Hfc­nb­ntk­yb­nt­ vj­lt­kb­ d­ of­nf­cktl­dfn­ gkün­yj­ ghj­vt­yb­nt­ d­ rkb­vf­nf.­Gjx­nb­wz­kf­nf­hfd­yby­yf­xfcn­yf­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­ jå­kfcn­nf­bp­njx­yj­ jn­ Cbt­hf­ Yt­df­lf­ b­ Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ t­ gjr­hb­nf­ c­gt­kby,­ieå­hf­wb,­uüc­nf­kf­wb­b­lhe­uf­öf­hfr­nth­yf­gec­nby­yf­b­gj­ke­gec­nby­yf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn.­ Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­lj­kb­yf­ b­ lj­kb­yb­nt­ yf­ ñé­yb­nt­Åht­uj­db­öht­åt­nb­ct­yf­gjz­dfn­vfk­rj­ gj­ljå­ht­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ jå­kfc­nb­nt­gj­yf­ñu;­nj­df­cf­cntg­yb­pt­vb­c­nhtd­yf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn.­Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­lj­kb­yf­b­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­jn­Cfy­nf­Åfh­åf­hf­lj­pf­kb­df­Vjy­nü­htq­cf­jgf­cf­yb­jn­cvt­ct­yb­jn­rhb­nb­uj­hb­c­lü­åj­db­ b­ åj­hj­db­ lüh­dt­nf.­ Rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­yf­ct­dth­jn­pf­kb­df­Vjy­nü­htq­ t­ hj­lb­yf­ yf­ ctr­djz­nf,­ yfq­uj­kt­vbz­lüh­dt­cty­dbl­d­cdt­nf.­Yf­gj­db­cj­rb­nt­ vtc­nf­ d­ Åht­uj­db­nt­öht­åt­nb­ b­ d­ Cbt­hf­ Yt­df­lf­ bvf­cvt­ct­yb­uj­hb­jn­åjh­b­tkf,­f­jot­gj­yf­uj­ht­ d­ Cbt­hf­ Yt­df­lf­ bvf­ce­åfk­gbq­crb­ uj­hb­ c­ rf­yfl­crf­ tkf,­nwe­uf­b­ctr­djz.

HfP­db­nbt­nJ­yf­Rf­kb­aJH­ybzYfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ yt­ljc­nf­nür­ yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­gj­yt­lj­yt­jn­lfd­yf,­t­xt­ct­yf­vb­hf­d­lf­ktx­yf­nf­gt­hb­at­hbz­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­yf­jrj­kj­3­500­rb­kj­vtn­hf­jn­yfq­dfé­yb­nt­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­jå­kfc­nb­yf­ce­hj­

140 141

db­yb­b­gf­pf­hb­d­cnhf­yf­nf.­Pf­nf­pb­jn­yj­cb­ntk­yf­ bpj­kb­hf­yjcn­ ljg­hb­yf­cz­b­öf­hfr­nt­hün­yf­pt­vz­nf­vté­le­Cbt­hf­ Yt­df­lf­ b­ Ñuf,­ b­ Chtl­ybz­pf­gfl,­jå­ödf­of­of­tlby­ib­hjr­lzk­jn­cnhf­yf­nf,­rü­lt­nj­yz­vf­ec­kj­dbz­pf­hfp­db­nbt­yf­dün­hti­yjn­hfy­cgjh­n­yb­ltq­yjc­nb.

Rkb­vf­nün,­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ dcbx­rj­jc­nf­yf­kj,­ct­zdz­df­jc­yj­dty­afr­njh­pf­ ghtj­lj­kz­df­yt­ yf­ nj­df­ zd­yj­ yt­­å­kf­ujg­hb­zn­yj­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt;­rkb­vf­nün­ bu­hft­ dfé­yf­ hj­kz­ b­ d­pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­bc­nj­hbz­yf­of­nf,­b­d­hfp­db­nbt­nj­yf­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj.

Ght­lb­ bl­df­yt­nj­ yf­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ by­lb­fy­wb­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ ct­ pf­yb­vf­dfn­ c­ kjd­ b­cü­åb­hf­yt­ yf­ öhf­yf.­ Bp­öhfy­dfn­ ct­bkb­c­lf­hj­dt­nt­yf­vj­ht­nj,­bkb­cüc­ct­vt­yf­ b­ zl­rb,­ yf­vt­ht­yb­ chtl­lb­df­nf­ghb­hj­lf­b­cktl­nj­df­cnhb­nb­yf­ åhfi­yj.­ Yz­vf­ vyj­uj­ uj­kt­vb­gkt­vt­yf.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­ uhe­gb­ cf­ jh­uf­yb­pb­hf­yb­ d­ vfk­rb­ tlb­yb­wb­ jn­ gj­10­ lj­ 20­ ct­vtqcn­df.­ Rj­uf­nj­ ghb­­c­nb­ufn­güh­db­nt­td­hj­gtq­wb,­tlby­jn­dct­rb­lt­ctn­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­by­lb­fy­wb­éb­dtt­ d­ ht­ubj­yf,­ rjq­nj­ cktl­ dht­vt­ cnf­df­ bp­dtc­nty­ rf­nj­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.

Vf­rfh­xt­bc­gfy­crb­nt­trc­gt­lb­wbb­vb­yf­dfn­ghtp­uhf­ybx­yf­nf­jå­kfcn­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­d­cht­lf­nf­yf­16­dtr­b­z­ jåz­dz­dfn­ pf­ xfcn­ jn­ ju­hjv­yb­nt­ct­dth­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crb­ dkf­lt­ybz­ yf­Bc­gf­ybz,­nt­dcüo­yjcn­ght­ytå­htu­dfn­nj­pb­ ht­ub­jy­ ghtp­ cktl­df­ob­nt­ ldf­dt­rf.­Tl­df­d­rhfz­yf­18­dtr,­rj­uf­nj­ åhb­nfy­crf­nf­ b­ hec­rf­nf­ trc­gfy­pbz­pf­gjx­df­lf­ub­nht­dj­éb,­bc­gfy­

crb­vb­cbj­yt­hb­ cüp­lf­dfn­ dt­hb­uf­ jn­vb­cbb­ jn­ Cfy­ Lbt­uj­ lj­ Cj­yj­vf,­åkb­pj­ lj­ Cfy­ Ahfy­cbc­rj.­ Rüv­nt­pb­vb­cbj­yth­crb­ct­kb­of­bp­ybr­dfn­ght­cb­lb­jc­ (ufh­yb­pj­yb)­ b­ ge­tå­kjc­(uhf­lj­dt).­Ghtp­cktl­df­ob­nt­yz­rjk­rj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ bc­gfy­crj­nj­ b­vtr­cb­rfy­crj­nj­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­ght­ljc­nf­dzn­yf­bvbu­hfy­nb­nt­uj­kt­vb­gkj­ob­(hfy­xj).­ Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ jå­kfcn­nf­pf­gfp­df­ gt­hb­ath­ybz­ cb­ öf­hfr­nth;­uhf­lj­dt­nt­cf­vfk­rb­b­yte­ht­lt­yb,­f­yfq­dfé­yb­nt­ trc­gjh­nyb­ cnj­rb­ yf­hfy­xj­nj­ cf­ éb­dj­nby­crb­ rj­éb­ b­kjq.

Cktl­ pfd­kf­lz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­jn­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ghtp­1846­u.­jn­rhb­df­yt­nj­yf­ytj­xfr­df­yj­uj­kt­vb­pf­kt­éb­yf­pkf­nj­d­gj­kb­nt­yf­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf­ghtp­1848­u.­dj­lb­lj­ güh­df­nf­ pyf­xb­ntk­yf­ ghj­vz­yf­ d­pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­ bc­nj­hbz­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf.­D­hfp­cnjz­ybt­yf­tl­yf­uj­lb­yf­40­000­le­ib­cnb­ufn­lj­pkfn­yb­nt­vb­yb­gj­vj­ht­ghtp­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­nj­yf­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj.­Vj­ét­åb­jot­njk­rj­df­le­ib­ ghbc­nb­ufn­ gj­ ce­if.­ Ghtp­1850­ u.­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ dt­xt­ t­ ofn.­Åeh­yb­zn­ gt­hb­jl­ yf­ pkfn­yf­nf­ nhtc­rf­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ cf­vj­ yz­rjk­rj­uj­lb­yb,­ yj­ ec­gz­df­ lf­ ckj­éb­ rhfq­yf­ bpj­kf­wbz­nf­ yf­ nj­pb­ ofn­ jn­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­xfcn­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.

Ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ rjz­nj­ t­wty­nü­hün­ yf­ bc­gfy­crj­nj­ dkf­lt­ybt­yf­ of­nf,­ jc­nf­df­ yt­pf­ctu­yf­nf­ jn­hfy­yf­nf­trc­gfy­pbz­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj,­yj­ c­ ghj­rfh­df­yt­nj­ yf­ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­nt­ kb­ybb­ yf­ pf­gfl­ ghtp­ 80­nt­uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 19­ dtr­ d­ pfv­hz­kj­nj­cü­otcn­de­df­yt­ yf­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ yf­­

c­nüg­df­ dyt­pfg­yf­ ghj­vz­yf.­ D­ ecb­kbz­nf­ cb­ lf­ ght­lbp­db­rfn­ by­nt­htc­rüv­ cdjb­nt­ ec­ke­ub,­ ét­ktp­yb­wb­nt­htr­kf­vb­hfn­ ib­hj­rj,­ xt­ yf­cüh­xf­dfn­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt,­ cü­ltqcn­dfn­ yf­yj­djg­hbc­nbu­yf­kb­nt­ lf­ cb­ yf­vt­hzn­éb­kb­of­ b­ hf­åj­nf­ b­ yf­vf­kz­dfn­wt­yf­nf­ yf­ åb­kt­nb­nt.­ Gj­ dht­vt­ yf­güh­df­nf­iev­yf­rfv­gf­ybz­pf­pf­ctk­df­yt­ d­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­vté­le­1881­ u.­ b­ 1887­ u.­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­yf­hfcn­df­jn­10­000­yf­70­000­le­ib.

Ghtp­nj­pb­gt­hb­jl­b­ghtp­cktl­df­ob­nt­uj­lb­yb­d­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­cf­ ght­yt­ct­yb­ vyj­uj­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­rek­ne­hb,­ chtl­ rjb­nj­ gjh­nj­rf­kün­åtp­ctv­rb,­kb­vj­yün,­df­kty­cb­fy­crb­zn­ gjh­nj­rfk,­ fdj­rf­lj­nj­ b­aeh­vf­nf.­ Nt­pb­ gkj­lj­dt­ cf­ nüh­ct­yb­ yf­bp­njx­yb­nt­gf­pf­hb,­ f­gj­jyj­df­dht­vt­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ cf­vj­ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ vj­ét­ lf­ ub­jcb­ue­hb­ d­ uj­kt­vb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df.­Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ jc­nf­df­ uhüå­yf­rün­ yf­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­ ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­lj­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­20­dtr.

Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nJ­lytcRf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ rjz­nj­ cgj­htl­ yz­rjb­cnfy­lfh­nb­ t­ yfq­eh­åf­yb­pb­hf­yb­zn­ofn­yf­Fvt­hb­rf,­ t­d­cü­oj­nj­dht­vt­ b­ yfq­pt­vt­ltk­crb­zn­ ofn­ gj­jn­yj­it­ybt­yf­wz­kjc­nty­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ghb­öjl.­Ghtp­1988­u.­gf­pfh­yf­nf­wt­yf­yf­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ghj­ler­nb,­ghj­lf­lt­yb­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­t­16.6­vb­kb­fh­lf­lj­kf­hf.­Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­vf­rfh­b­lf­ct­jn­kb­xf­df­ cüc­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­yf­nf­ cb­ghj­ler­wbz,­ d­ ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­ bvf­

vyj­uj­ ib­hj­rf­ jc­yj­df­ åkf­uj­lf­ht­ybt­yf­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­nt­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­hf­qj­yb­ b­ yf­ gf­pfh­yj­nj­ nüh­ct­yt­ jn­cnhf­yf­ yf­ cjåcn­dt­yj­nj­ q­ vyj­uj­­å­hjq­yj­yf­ct­kt­ybt.

Vyj­uj­ jn­ cgt­wb­fk­yb­nt­ rek­ne­hb­cf­ xedcn­db­ntk­yb­ yf­ ghj­vt­yb­nt­ d­rkb­vf­nf­ b­ yf­ hfp­kbx­ybz­ nbg­ gjx­db.­ Lj­kb­yb­nt­ yf­ Åht­uj­db­nt­ öht­åt­nb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ jn­rhb­nb­ rüv­ Nb­öbz­jrt­fy,­xtc­nj­ cf­vüu­kb­db­b­ c­evt­ht­yf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf.­Pt­kty­xe­wb­rf­nj­fh­nb­ijr,­ vf­he­kz,­ åhj­rj­kb­ b­åhñr­ctk­crj­pt­kt­db­ht­zn­ljå­ht­ghb­nt­pb­ ec­kj­dbz.­ Cjh­nj­dt­nt­ uhjp­lt,­jn­ rjb­nj­ cgj­htl­ vyj­uj­ öj­hf­ ct­ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ yfq­ljå­hb­nt­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ db­yf,­ ct­ yeé­lf­zn­ jn­ vtr,­cküy­xtd­rkb­vfn,­rf­rüd­nj­bvf­düd­dün­hti­yb­nt­ lj­kb­yb­ yf­ Åht­uj­db­nt­öht­åt­nb­ jrj­kj­ Cfy­ Ahfy­cbc­rj.­Uhjp­lt­nj­jn­lj­kb­yf­nf­Cfy­Öjf­rby­b­ jn­ ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­ rü­lt­nj­ktn­yb­nt­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­ cf­ vyj­uj­gj­db­cj­rb,­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdf­ rf­nj­ nhf­gtp­yj­uhjp­lt,­pf­cnf­ab­lb­b­pf­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ yt­ njk­rj­df­ jn­åhf­yb­db­yf,­cgj­htl­vyt­ybt­nj­yf­yz­rjb­rjy­ce­vf­nj­hb.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ wdt­nz,­jn­ukté­lf­yb­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­pf­ ct­vt­yf,­ ct­ cf­lzn­ d­ lj­kb­yf­nf­Kjv­gjr,­ pf­gfl­yj­ jn­ Cfy­nf­ Åfh­åf­hf.­Gjh­nj­rf­kb­åtp­ctv­rb­b­kb­vj­yb­ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ gjx­nb­ bp­wz­kj­ cf­vj­gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ b­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ jrj­kj­ åf­ctq­yf­ yf­ Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc.

Pyf­xt­ybt­nj­yf­vyj­uj­jn­cgt­wb­fk­yb­nt­rek­ne­hb­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­jåzc­yz­df­lj­uj­kz­vf­cnt­gty­pf­oj­ath­vt­hb­nt­ jn­ nj­pb­ ofn­ ghj­ybr­dfn­

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njk­rj­df­ ec­gti­yj­ d­ gf­pf­hb­nt­ yf­lf­ktx­ybz­ Bp­njr.­ Nt­pb­ rek­ne­hb­vj­ufn­ lf­ åü­lfn­ jn­ukté­lf­yb,­ bkb­gj­njx­yj­ jn­ukté­lf­yb­ d­ uj­kt­vb­vf­of­åb,­cf­vj­d­yz­rjk­rj­xfc­nb­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ nzö­ bpbc­rdfn­ ghj­lük­éb­nt­kty­ dt­ut­nf­wbj­yty­gt­hb­jl.­Pf­nj­df­nfv,­rü­lt­nj­cf­nüh­ct­yb,­nt­yt­ct­ghj­bp­dté­lfn­b­vtcn­yf­rjy­re­hty­wbz­yz­vf.­Ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­ gj­cgt­wb­fk­yj­ lj­kb­yf­nf­Bv­gb­hb­ük­ ghj­bp­dté­lf­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­pt­kty­xe­wb­ ghtp­ pb­vf­nf,­ rj­uf­nj­rjy­re­hty­wbz­nf­ t­ vb­yb­vfk­yf,­ f­wt­yb­nt­cf­yfq­db­cj­rb.

Vf­rfh­ xt­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ ghj­bp­dté­lf­vyj­uj­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­cnj­rb,­ jn­ltk­yb­nt­ jå­kfc­nb­ ct­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hfn­ d­ jn­ukté­lf­yt­nj­ yf­ tl­yf­bkb­yz­rjk­rj­rek­ne­hb,­ f­yz­rjb­jn­cgt­wb­fk­yb­nt­rek­ne­hb­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ cf­vj­ jn­ it­gf­ath­vt­hb.­D­lj­kb­yf­nf­Cfy­Öjf­rby­pt­vb­nt­yf­yz­rjb­ath­vt­hb­ct­ghjc­nb­hfn­yf­öb­kz­lb­ötr­nf­hb.

Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­bpbc­rdf­ uj­kt­vb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­ dj­lf­gjx­nb­d­wt­kbz­ofn.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­rek­ne­hb:­ gf­ver,­ pf­öfh­yj­ wdtr­kj,­pt­kty­xe­wb,­ jhbp,­ gkj­lj­dt,­ wdt­nz­ b­jht­öj­db­yf­cfé­lt­ybz­ct­jn­ukté­lfn­xhtp­ bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yt.­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ bvf­ gj­dt­xt­ bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yb­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ pt­vb­ d­chfd­yt­ybt­c­rjq­nj­b­lf­t­lheu­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ofn­–­jrj­kj­3.5­vb­kbj­yf­ötr­nf­hf,­ f­ ath­vt­hb­nt­ jn­ of­nf­bp­gjk­pdfn­gj­dt­xt­jn­ tl­yf­xtn­dühn­jn­ wz­kf­nf­ dj­lf­ pf­ bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt,­ bp­gjk­pdf­yf­ d­ cnhf­yf­nf.­Uj­lbi­yj­yf­gjz­df­yf­nf­pt­vz­d­of­nf­

gj­ke­xf­df­ chtl­yj­ jrj­kj­ 1­ vt­nüh­„bp­recn­dt­yf“­dj­lf.

Gjl­åj­hün­yf­rek­ne­hb­nt­yf­lf­lt­yj­vzc­nj­ pf­db­cb­ jn­ yf­kb­xbt­nj­ yf­dj­lf,­rfr­nj­b­jn­gjx­db­nt,­jn­nb­xf­yt­nj­bv,­nt­ht­yf­b­gt­hbj­lf­yf­hfc­nté.­Yj­düp­vjé­yjcn­nf­ pt­vz­nf­lf­åü­lt­ bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yf­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ t­ jn­ ht­if­df­oj­ pyf­xt­ybt.­Tlby­yfg­ht­xty­hfp­htp­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­Cfy­Öjf­rby­gj­rfp­df­yf­kb­xbt­nj­yf­gf­cb­of­d­gj­kb­nt­yf­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf;­yf­ püh­yt­yb­ rek­ne­hb,­ rjb­nj­ yt­ ct­yeé­lf­zn­ jn­ bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yt­d­gj­hfd­yby­yb­nt,­yj­dct­gfr­ndüh­lt­db­cj­rb­pf­bp­recn­dt­yj­yf­gjz­df­yt­vtc­nf;­yf­gkj­lj­db­lüh­dt­nf­b­uhjp­lt,­rjb­nj­ct­yf­gjz­dfn­yf­gj­ljå­ht­jn­nb­xf­ob­nt­ ct­ gjx­db­ åkb­pj­ lj­lü­yj­nj­ yf­ lj­kb­yf­nf;­ yf­ gf­ver­ b­pt­kty­xe­wb,­ rjb­nj­ ct­ yf­gjz­dfn­bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­ hfd­yj­nj­ lü­yj­ yf­lj­kb­yf­nf.

Jrj­kj­70­ghj­wty­nf­jn­df­kt­éb­nt­d­of­nf­gf­lfn­d­ct­dth­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­b­lj­kb­yb­b­d­Cbt­hf­Yt­df­lf,­rü­lt­nj­bvf­vfk­rj­ath­vb­bkb­uhfl­crb­ct­kb­of,­ lj­rf­nj­ 80­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­dj­lf­nf­pf­yf­gjz­df­yt­ct­bp­gjk­pdf­d­gj­ce­öbz­ñu.­Chtl­uj­kt­vb­nt­pt­vt­ltk­crb­ hf­qj­yb­ yf­ of­nf­ cf­vj­jå­kfc­nb­nt­ yf­ ct­dth­ jn­ Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­ b­ yz­rjk­rj­ rhfq­åhté­yb­lj­kb­yb­yf­ñu­gj­ke­xf­dfn­chtl­yj­d­uj­lb­yf­nf­50­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­df­kt­éb.

Ath­vb­nt­ cf­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ gjn­ht­åb­nt­kb­yf­dj­lf,­yj­uhf­lj­dt­nt­cf­nt­pb,­rjb­nj­ gjt­vfn­ byb­wbf­nb­df­nf­ pf­bp­uhfé­lf­yt­nj­ yf­ ju­hjv­ybz­ dj­lj­cyfå­lb­nt­kty­ rjv­gktrc­ yf­of­nf.­ D­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­20­d.­yeé­lb­nt­yf­Kjc­

Fy­lét­ktc­ ght­db­if­dfn­ vtcn­yb­nt­pf­gf­cb­ jn­ gjl­gjx­dt­yb­ dj­lb­ b­ uhf­lün­ nüh­cb­ lj­gük­yb­nt­kty­ bp­njx­ybr­yf­dj­lf­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­Je­tyc,­bp­njx­yj­jn­ Cbt­hf­ Yt­df­lf,­ yf­ jrj­kj­ 300­rb­kj­vtn­hf­ ct­dth­yj­jn­ uhf­lf.­Ghtp­1913­u.­fr­dt­ler­nün­yf­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­ dt­xt­ cyfå­lz­df­ c­ dj­lf­ uhf­lf.­Nj­pb­fr­dt­lern­dct­jot­pf­lj­dj­kz­df­yeé­lb­nt­ pf­ dj­lf­ yf­ gj­kj­db­yf­nf­uhfl.­Ghtp­1928­u.­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­b­lt­ctn­lhe­ub­ uhf­lf­yf­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ cüp­lf­dfn­ dj­lj­cyfå­lb­nt­kty­hf­qjy­ yf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbz­nf,­ pf­ lf­vj­ét­düd­dct­rb­jn­nt­pb­uhf­lj­dt­lf­ct­ jcb­ue­hb­ ljå­hj­ dj­lj­cyfå­lz­df­yt.­Lytc­ Uhfl­crb­zn­ dj­lj­cyfå­lb­nt­kty­hf­qjy­ jå­ckeé­df­ itcn­ jr­hü­uf,­gj­dt­xt­jn­130­ uhf­lf­ b­ gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.

Yfq­pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yb­zn­ tgb­pjl­ d­bc­nj­hbz­nf­ yf­ dj­lj­cyfå­lz­df­yt­nj­ yf­of­nf­ t­ ghtp­ 1905­ u.­ d­ lj­kb­yf­nf­Bv­gb­hb­ük.­ Ghtp­ 1901­ u.­ xfcn­yb­rjv­gf­ybb­ gjc­nhjz­dfn­ rf­yf­kb,­ gj­rjb­nj­ ct­ ght­yf­cz­ dj­lf­ jn­ ht­rf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­Bv­gb­hb­ük;­d­ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­åt­kt­éb­åeh­yj­hfp­db­nbt.­Ghtp­atd­hef­hb­1905­u.­jåf­xt­ht­rf­Rj­kj­hf­lj­ght­kb­df­b­yfö­ke­df­d­yf­gjb­ntk­yb­nt­rf­yf­kb.­Ght­lb­ht­rf­nf­lf­åü­lt­düh­yf­nf­d­rj­hb­nj­nj­cb­ghtp­tcty­nf­yf­ 1906­ u.­ c­ wt­yf­nf­ yf­ ju­hjv­yb­ecb­kbz,­1­100­rdfl­hfn­yb­rb­kj­vtn­hf­ jn­lj­kb­yf­nf­ jå­hf­pe­dfn­ tpt­hj­nj­Cfk­nüy,­ rjt­nj­ cü­otcn­de­df­ b­ lj­lytc­ b­ xbb­nj­ hfp­vt­hb­ ct­ gjl­lüh­éfn­ jn­ jn­nb­xf­yt­nj­ yf­ dj­lf­ jn­bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yf­nf­ pt­vt­ltk­crf­pt­vz­d­lj­kb­yf­nf.

Ghtp­40­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­d.­at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ Åñ­hj­ pf­ düp­cnf­yj­dz­df­yt­yf­pt­vz­nf­pf­gjx­df­jcü­otcn­dz­df­yt­nj­yf­ghj­trn,­rjq­nj­bvf­pf­wtk­lf­ektc­yb­ljc­nü­gf­lj­dj­lb­pf­bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yt­ d­ Wty­nhfk­yf­nf­lj­kb­yf.­ Lytc­ dj­lf­nf,­ jn­åb­nf­ jn­ht­rf­Cfr­hf­vty­nj­gj­rf­yf­kf­Ltk­nf­Vty­lj­nf,­nt­xt­yf­ñu­gjr­hfq­pf­gfl­yf­nf­cnhf­yf­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf­Cfy­Öjf­rby­ lj­Vty­lj­nf,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ dkb­df­d­ ht­rf­ Cfy­ Öjf­rby.­ Nf­rf­ gjx­nb­wt­kb­zn­ tc­ntcn­dty­ ghb­njr­ yf­ ht­rf­Cfy­Öjf­rby­vj­ét­lf­åü­lt­bp­gjk­pdfy­ pf­ bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yt­ d­ñé­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­lj­kb­yf­nf,­rjz­nj­t­yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­pt­vt­ltk­crb­hf­qjy­yf­of­nf.

EH­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­Rf­kb­aJH­ybzDüg­ht­rb­ pyf­xt­ybt­nj,­ rjt­nj­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ bvf­ rf­nj­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ofn­pf­ cnhf­yf­nf,­ ytq­yj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ t­ght­lbv­yj­ uhfl­crj­ b­ ghj­lük­éf­df­lf­ yf­hfcn­df.­ Gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­nj­df­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ éb­dtt­ d­ ldf­nf­uj­kt­vb­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ hf­qj­yf,­ tlb­ybz­ c­ wty­nüh­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc,­ lhe­ubz­c­wty­nüh­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj.

Pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rf­nf­ rfv­gf­ybz­ ghtp­80­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 19­ dtr­ dj­lb­ lj­ec­nf­yj­dz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­ lt­ctn­rb­ uhf­lj­dt,­ hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­ chtl­åf­ctq­yf­ yf­ Kjc­ Fy­lét­ktc­ b­ñé­yj­rf­kb­ajh­ybq­crj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt.­C­yf­hfcn­df­yt­nj­yf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­nt­pb­ct­kb­of­jn­yt­vfn­dct­gj­dt­xt­jn­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ pt­vb,­rjb­nj­güh­dj­yf­xfk­yj­kt­éfn­gj­vté­le­bv.

Gjx­nb­ wz­kf­nf­ 300­rb­kj­vtn­hj­df­rhfq­åhté­yf­ kb­ybz­ jn­ Cfy­nf­ Åfh­

144 145

åf­hf­ lj­ Cfy­ Lbt­uj­ t­ pft­nf­ jn­lü­küu­vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc,­d­rjq­nj­éb­dt­zn­jrj­kj­15­vb­kbj­yf­rf­kb­ajh­ybq­wb.­Wt­kb­zn­rjv­gktrc­t­gj­cü­otcn­dj­ ndj­ht­ybt­ yf­ 20­ dtr.­ Pf­nj­df­vyj­uj­jn­tkt­vty­nb­nt­yf­bp­njx­yb­nt­uhf­lj­dt,­ bp­ybr­yf­kb­ chtl­ gtq­pf­éf­ghtp­ 19­ dtr­ b­ d­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­dtr,­ kbg­cdfn­ d­ Kjc­ Fy­lét­ktc.­Chtl­nt­pb­jn­cücn­df­ob­tkt­vty­nb­cf­xt­nb­hb­ bkb­ gt­nt­nfé­yb­ éb­kbo­yb­cuhf­lb­ åtp­ fcfy­cüj­hb,­ crkf­lj­db­gjc­nhjq­rb­ cüc­ cü­of­nf­ db­cj­xb­yf,­yfl­pt­vty­bkb­gjl­pt­vty­jå­otcn­dty­ét­kt­pj­gü­nty­nhfyc­gjhn.

Yfq­dfé­yj­nj­ chtlcn­dj­ pf­ ghbl­dbé­df­yt­ d­ ñé­yf­nf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbz­ t­ct­vtq­yb­zn­fd­nj­vj­åbk.­Gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­ wty­nhfk­yf­nf­ pj­yf­ yf­ Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­t­ght­ljc­nf­dt­yf­pf­yeé­lb­nt­ yf­ fd­nj­vj­åb­kf­ gjl­ajh­vf­nf­yf­ gün­yb­ gkfn­yf­ bkb­ gfh­rby­ub.­Uüc­nf­nf­ gün­yf­vht­éf­yf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­ybz­hf­qjy­lf­df­düp­vjé­yjcn­pf­ghbl­dbé­df­yt­ cüc­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­db­cj­rf­ crj­hjcn­ ghtp­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­jn­vtn­hj­gj­kbz­nf.­Hf­qj­yün­yf­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­ bvf­ gj­dt­xt­ rj­kb­ yf­ukf­df­ jn­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ d­ chfd­yt­ybt­c­rjz­nj­b­lf­t­lhe­uf­xfcn­yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ b­ vb­yb­vfk­yj­ hfp­db­nf­ cbc­nt­vf­ pf­jå­otcn­dty­nhfyc­gjhn.

B­ jot­ yt­oj,­ Kjc­ Fy­lét­ktc­ t­uhfl­ åtp­ wty­nüh.­ Nhf­lb­wb­jy­yb­zn­wty­nhf­kty­ nüh­ujd­crb­ hf­qjy­ rf­nj­cht­lb­ot­ yf­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­ ltq­yjcn­ner­ gjx­nb­ yt­ cü­otcn­de­df.­ Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­ dcüo­yjcn­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­vyj­uj­uhf­lj­dt,­rjb­nj­cf­ct­hfp­hfc­yf­kb­pf­tl­yj­c­edt­kb­xf­df­yt­yf­yf­ct­

kt­ybt­nj;­ 14­ jn­ nt­pb­ uhf­lj­dt­ ct­uf­bvfn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­gj­dt­xt­jn­100­000­le­ib.­ Kbg­cf­nf­ yf­ tlby­ wty­nhf­kty­nüh­ujd­crb­ hf­qjy­ t­ jn­xfc­nb­ ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yj­nj­ cü­otcn­de­df­yt­ yf­ yt­pf­db­cb­vb­ wty­nhj­dt­ pf­dcz­rf­jn­nt­pb­jå­oyjc­nb.

Vf­rfh­ xt­ d­ jå­kfcn­nf­ bvf­ ghb­hjl­yb­ ht­ceh­cb,­ nzö­yj­nj­ pyf­xt­ybt­rf­nj­wz­kj­yt­t­uj­kz­vj.­Jc­dty­ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­nf­ ghj­ler­wbz,­ dfé­yj­pyf­xt­ybt­ bvf­ yta­nj­lj­åb­dün;­ nhb­jn­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ yta­nt­yb­ åf­ctq­yb­ yf­cnhf­yf­nf­ cf­ d­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­Hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ yta­nt­yb­ pf­kt­éb­yf­ce­if­nf­pf­gjx­df­ghtp­1965­u.­D­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ uj­kz­vj­nj­ nüh­ct­yt­yf­gtn­hjk­yb­ghj­ler­nb,­ jcj­åt­yj­yf­åty­pby,­ gjx­nb­ wz­kf­nf­ ghj­ler­wbz­yf­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ct­rjy­ce­vb­hf­yf­vzc­nj.

Ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­t­bp­dtcn­yf­d­wt­kbz­cdzn­c­nj­df,­xt­nfv­ct­yf­vb­hf­Öj­kb­del,­rjq­nj­jn­rhfq­dht­vt­t­wty­nüh­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­abk­vj­df­by­lec­nhbz.­ D­ hfy­yb­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ jn­bc­nj­hbz­nf­ yf­ rb­yj­nj­ abk­vb­nt­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­ cyb­vfn­ yf­ jn­rhb­nj­ghb­ tc­ntcn­dt­yf­ cdtn­kb­yf.­ Åt­pjå­kfx­yj­nj­ yt­åt­ b­ rhfn­rb­zn­ cne­lty­ct­pjy­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ ekb­wb­nt­ b­ jrjk­yjc­nb­nt­ d­ ghtr­hfc­yb­ cyb­vfx­yb­gkj­ofl­rb­yf­åtp­åhjq­abk­vb.­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­ jc­nf­df­ tlby­ jn­ wty­nhj­dt­nt­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­abk­vj­dj­b­nt­kt­db­pb­jy­yj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj,­ yj­lytc­ abk­vj­df­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ bu­hft­vfk­rf­ hj­kz­ d­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­vtn­hj­gj­kbz­nf,­ rf­nj­ fy­uf­éb­hf­ d­ltq­yjcn­nf­ cb­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 2­ ghj­wty­nf­jn­hf­åjn­yf­nf­cb­kf.

Rkb­vf­nün­b­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb­zn­gtq­pfé,­ jcj­åt­yj­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­jn­lfd­yf­ cf­ ght­düh­yf­kb­ Ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ d­ yf­wbj­yf­kty­ wty­nüh­pf­jn­lbö­b­hfp­dkt­xt­ybz­yf­jn­rhb­nj.­Lytc­ght­lbvcn­df­nf,­rjb­nj­ghb­hj­lf­nf­ght­ljc­nf­dz,­ct­lj­gük­dfn­jn­tl­yb­ jn­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ b­ yfq­ljå­ht­hfp­db­nb­gfh­rj­dt.­Gfh­rün­Åfk­åjf­d­Cfy­Lbt­uj­c­ghtr­hfc­yf­nf­cb­pjj­kj­ub­xtc­rf­uhf­lb­yf,­Yjnc­Åt­hb­Afhv­b­Vü­hbq­ykfyl­cf­chtl­yfq­uj­kt­vb­nt­ fn­hfr­wbb.­ Lbc­yb­kfyl­ t­ fvt­hb­rfy­crj­ zd­kt­ybt,­ rjt­nj­ ghbd­kb­xf­åtp­åhjq­ne­hbc­nb.

Ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ t­ cü­oj­nf­rf­vzc­nj­nj,­ rüv­ rjt­nj­ ct­ yf­cjx­dfn­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crb­ b­ fpb­fn­crb­tvbu­hfy­nb,­ ghbc­nb­uf­ob­ d­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­Ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ tl­yj­yf­xt­nb­hb­ lt­wf­ d­ exb­kb­of­nf­ yf­ Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc­uj­dj­hb­tlby­jn­104­hfp­kbx­yb­tpb­wb­gj­ljå­ht­jn­fy­ukbq­crb.

Yj­db­nt­tvbu­hfy­nb­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ct­pf­ctk­dfn­d­tn­yb­xtc­rb­hf­qj­yb.­Vfk­rj­Nj­rbj,­rjt­nj­jn­lfd­yf­t­xfcn­jn­uhf­lf,­ ct­uf­ ct­hfl­df­yf­yj­db­ébp­yt­yb­cb­kb.­Vjy­nü­htq­Gfhr­d­lj­kb­yf­nf­yf­Cfy­Utq­åhb­ük­bvf­50­ghj­wty­nf­fpb­fn­crj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­b­nj­df­uj­ghf­db­yfq­f­pb­fn­crb­zn­uhfl­d­rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­ Uhf­lün­ t­ jct­zy­ c­ rfr­db­ kb­yt­tn­yb­xtc­rb­htc­nj­hfy­nb,­vyj­uj­jn­rjb­nj­ ct­ yf­vb­hfn­ d­ tn­yb­xtc­rb­hf­qj­yb.

Dcbx­rj­nj­df­jåf­xt­rf­nj­ht­ceh­cb­yt­t­ljc­nf­nüx­yj,­pf­lf­ct­gjl­lüh­éf­cü­otcn­de­df­yt­nj­yf­15­vb­kbj­yf­le­ib.­ Ce­hj­db­yb­ pf­ nté­rf­nf­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn,­ rf­nj­ düu­kb­of­ bkb­

ét­kz­pj,­ yf­ ghfr­nb­rf­ yz­vf.­ Cfy­Lbt­uj­hfp­gj­kf­uf­c­ljå­hj­ghbc­nf­yb­ot,­ yj­ ghbc­nf­yb­ot­nj­ yf­ Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc,­rjt­nj­t­bp­wz­kj­gkjl­yf­xj­dti­rb­nhel,­t­yfq­j­åbr­yj­dt­yj.

Ñé­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ jåf­xt­ t­jå­kf­uj­lt­ntkcn­df­yf­ jn­ ghf­db­ntk­­cn­dt­yb­ gj­vj­ob­ vyj­uj­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­gjx­nb­dcbx­rb­jc­nf­yf­kb­jå­kfc­nb­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ gj­ke­xf­df­jrj­kj­ 20­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ dcbx­rb­chtlcn­df­ yf­ Vb­ybc­nthcn­dj­nj­ yf­jn­åhf­yf­nf­ b­ åkb­pj­ gj­kj­db­yf­nf­ jn­chtlcn­df­nf­ yf­ Yf­wbj­yfk­yf­nf­ futy­wbz­ gj­ ft­hj­yfd­nb­rf­ b­ rjc­vb­xtc­rb­bp­cktl­df­ybz.­Cfy­Lbt­uj­t­pf­gfl­yf­nf­ rhfq­åhté­yf­ åf­pf­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­ akjn,­ rjq­nj­ tc­ntcn­dt­yj­ t­yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­hf­åj­nj­lf­ntk­d­uhf­lf.­Pf­tlby­eh­åf­yb­pb­hfy­hf­qjy­c­gj­dt­xt­jn­2­vb­kbj­yf­le­ib,­rf­rüd­nj­t­Cfy­ Lbt­uj,­ fy­uf­éb­hf­yf­nf­ d­ ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­nf­hf­åjn­yf­cb­kf­t­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­vfk­rf,­f­yf­nj­df­bp­ukté­lf­ct­lük­éb­b­ght­nty­wbz­nf­yf­uhf­lf,­xt­t­tl­yj­jn­yfq­ghb­zn­yb­nt­pf­éb­dtt­yt­ vtc­nf­ d­ Fvt­hb­rf.­ Jc­dty­nj­df­ tktr­nhj­yb­rf­nf,­ rü­lt­nj­ lj­åf­dt­yf­nf­ rüv­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ cnjq­yjcn­ t­db­cj­rf,­ f­ghj­at­cbj­yfk­yb­nt­evt­ybz­ cf­ jcj­åt­yj­ dfé­yb,­ bu­hft­jc­yjd­yf­ hj­kz­ d­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­Ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.

Kjc­ Fy­lét­ktc­ bvf­ gj­db­cjr­hücn­ yf­ ghj­lfé­åb­ yf­ lhtå­yj­ d­chfd­yt­ybt­c­yñ­qjhr­crf­nf­vtn­hj­gj­kbz,­f­cnjq­yjcn­nf­yf­ghj­bp­dt­lt­yb­nt­cnj­rb­t­cü­oj­gj­db­cj­rf.­Ght­lb­lt­ct­nb­yf­uj­lb­yb­uhf­lün­bp­ght­dfh­df­Cfy­ Ahfy­cbc­rj­ rf­nj­ ab­yfy­cjd­wty­nüh­ yf­ Pf­gfl­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt;­

146 147

d­yf­wbj­yf­kty­vf­ofå­njq­t­yf­dnj­hj­vzc­nj­cktl­Yñ­Qjhr­gj­åfy­rj­db­ lt­gj­pb­nb.­ Ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf­ åkbp­yf­wb­ Kjc­ Fy­lét­ktc­ b­ Kjyu­ Åbqx­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­ yfq­åüh­pj­ hfp­hfcn­df­obz­ ct­ uj­kzv­ rj­hfå­yj­nj­df­hty­wty­nüh­d­cdt­nf.­Cnjq­yjcn­nf­yf­dyf­cz­yb­nt­ b­ bp­yf­cz­yb­nt­ ght­pj­rt­fy­crb­nj­df­hb­yfl­ödüh­kz­cnjq­yjcn­nf,­rjz­nj­ jn­xb­nfn­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf­ yf­ Yñ­Qjhr­b­Yñ­Léüh­pb.

Pf­ hfp­kb­rf­ jn­ cdjb­nt­ yj­dj­pf­åj­uf­nt­kb­rjy­re­hty­nb­yf­ñu­éb­nt­kb­nt­yf­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­ghtl­gj­xb­nfn­lf­ ukt­lfn­ yf­ cdjz­ uhfl­ rf­nj­ yf­cnf­hj,­ rjc­vj­gj­kbn­yj­ vzc­nj.­ Uhf­lün­t­ct­dth­yf­nf­njx­rf,­d­rjz­nj­ct­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­dfn­ bc­gfy­crb­nt­ b­vtr­cb­rfy­crb­nt­ by­nt­ht­cb­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­ Njq­ bu­hft­ hj­kz­ yf­ cyfå­lb­nt­kty­wty­nüh­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­gj­dht­vt­yf­ pkfn­yf­nf­nhtc­rf.­Ghtp­1850­u.­ t­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ uhfl­ yf­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ b­ pf­gfp­df­nj­df­gj­kj­ét­ybt­lj­1920­u.­Pf­düh­idf­yt­nj­ yf­ güh­df­nf­ nhfyc­rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yf­ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­ kb­ybz­ ghtp­1869­u.,­hfp­vt­hb­nt­yf­uhf­lf­b­yt­uj­dj­nj­ jn­kbx­yj­ ghbc­nf­yb­ot­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ Cfy­ Ahfy­cbc­rj­ d­ ghb­nt­uf­nt­kty­ wty­nüh­ pf­ hfp­db­nbt­nj­ yf­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ yf­ pf­gfl,­ yj­ cü­oj­nf­rf­b­d­ukfd­yj­cht­lb­ot­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nf­nüh­uj­dbz­c­nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­lüh­éf­db.­ D­ uhf­lf­ bl­dfn­ vyj­uj­bvbu­hfy­nb­jn­Fpbz,­jcj­åt­yj­rb­nfq­wb,­ rfr­nj­ b­ uj­kzv­ åhjq­ lhe­ub­xeé­lty­wb.­ Nt­ cüp­lf­dfn­ rjc­vj­gj­kbn­yf­ tn­yb­xtc­rf­ cvtc,­ rjz­nj­ t­ktc­yj­pf­åt­kt­éb­vf­xth­nf­jn­öf­hfr­nt­hf­yf­uhf­lf.

Hj­vfy­nbx­yb­zn­tkt­vtyn­d­hfy­yf­nf­bc­nj­hbz­yf­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­t­cf­vj­tl­yf­ jn­ ghb­xb­yb­nt,­ gj­hf­lb­ rjz­nj­nj­pb­ uhfl­ t­ chtl­ yfq­j­åb­xf­yb­nt­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­uhf­lj­dt.­Ut­ju­hfa­crj­nj­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ jcb­ue­hz­df­ghtr­hf­cty­lt­rjh:­cnhüv­yb­crkj­yj­dt,­ jn­ rjb­nj­ ct­ hfp­rhb­dfn­ elb­db­ntk­yb­ uktl­rb­ rüv­ Nb­öbz­ jrt­fy­bkb­ rüv­ pf­kb­df­ Cfy­ Ahfy­cbc­rj.­Rüv­ nj­df­ nhzå­df­ lf­ ct­ lj­åf­db­ b­vt­rb­zn­ rkb­vfn,­ pf­ rjq­nj­ yt­ t­öf­hfr­nth­yf­ yt­gj­cbk­yf­nf­ gj­yz­rj­uf­kzn­yf­ét­uf­yf­ñé­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.

D­ Cfy­ Ahfy­cbc­rj­ ct­uf­ éb­dtt­gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ tl­yf­ jc­vf­ jn­ 5.4­vb­kb­jy­yj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yf­ hf­qj­yf­yf­ pf­kb­df­ Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj.­ Pfn­dj­hty­d­cdjz­vf­kür­gj­ke­jc­nhjd,­uhf­lün­d­ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­ue­åb­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ cb,­ lj­rf­nj­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­nf­jå­kfcn­rf­nj­wz­kj­ct­hfp­hfcn­df.

Hf­qj­yün­ yf­ Pf­kb­df­ ct­ cüc­njb­ jn­yz­rjk­rj­ hfp­kbx­yb­ hf­qj­yf,­ dct­rb­cüc­cdjq­cgt­wb­ab­xty­öf­hfr­nth.­Bcn­Åtq­t­yfq­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pty­c­güc­nhj­nj­rj­kt­éfy­crj­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­c­uj­kt­vb­nt­éb­kbo­yb­ rdfh­nf­kb­ yf­ chtl­yf­nf­rkf­cf,­rfr­nj­b­c­gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­ghbc­nf­ybo­yb­nt­ ckeé­åb­ b­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz,­f­ cü­oj­b­ c­ nté­rf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­ D­ hf­qj­yf­ Cfy­ Öj­pt­Cf­en­Åtq­ éb­dtt­ ujh­yf­nf­ ghjc­kjq­rf­ yf­chtl­yf­nf­ rkf­cf­ d­ yj­db­ rü­ob­ c­öe­åf­db­ ldj­hj­dt,­ chtl­ uj­kt­vb­ nüh­ujd­crb­ wty­nhj­dt.­ Gjr­hfq­ Pf­kb­df,­ct­dth­yj­jn­Cfy­Öj­pt,­t­Cb­kb­rj­yj­df­nf­lj­kb­yf,­yf­ht­xt­yf­nf­rf,­pf­oj­nj­nfv­cf­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yb­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­yf­ öb­vb­xtc­rf­nf­ b­ tktr­nhj­yyf­nf­by­lec­nhbz,­ cdüh­pf­yb­ c­ ghj­bp­djlcn­

dj­nj­ yf­ rjv­gñ­nüh­yb­ xfc­nb.­ Yf­ct­dth­jn­vjc­nf­Ujk­lüy­Utqn­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ cf­ gj­vfk­rb,­ yz­vf­ uj­kz­vj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ b­ rjy­akbr­nün­ pf­bp­gjk­pdf­yt­nj­ yf­ pt­vz­nf­ pf­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­b­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­wt­kb­gj­yz­rj­uf­t­zdty.­Ner­ct­cht­ofn­pf­vjé­yb­ uhfl­crb­éb­nt­kb,­ rjb­nj­ nüh­czn­dbk­yb­vtc­nf­d­ghj­dby­wbz­nf.­Cf­vb­zn­uhfl­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­c­ght­cb­xf­ob­ ct­ gjl­ ghfd­ üuük­ ekb­wb,­ åtp­hfp­cül­yj­ ghj­rf­hf­yb­ ghtp­ öük­vbc­nbz­ nt­hty,­ c­ gjc­nhjt­yb­nt­ yf­uüc­nj­tl­yf­lj­lhe­uf­ghtp­19­dtr­b­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­20­dtr­éb­kbo­yb­cuhf­lb­b­c­ tn­yb­xtc­rj­nj­ cb­ vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­jc­nf­df­jcj­åt­yj­jxf­hj­df­nt­kty.

Pf­ hfp­kb­rf­ jn­ Kjc­ Fy­lét­ktc­ d­hf­qj­yf­yf­Pf­kb­df­bvf­tlby­ukf­dty­eh­åf­ybc­nb­xty­ wty­nüh­ b­ nj­df­ yt­ t­bp­yt­yfl­df­oj.­Jn­kbx­yj­nj­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­ b­ ljå­hb­zn­ rkb­vfn­ cf­ dfé­yb­afr­nj­hb.­Jn­uktl­yf­njx­rf­yf­rf­gf­wb­ntn­ nj­df­ t­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­nj­ nb­öj­­j­rt­fy­crj­ ghbc­nf­yb­ot­ yf­ Ct­dth­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.­ Gj­ jn­yj­it­ybt­ yf­ét­kt­pj­gü­nty­ nhfyc­gjhn­ b­ fd­nj­vj­åbk­yb­gü­nb­of­ lj­ Bp­nj­rf­ uhf­lün­ yt­jn­cnüg­df­ yf­ yb­rjq­ lheu­ uhfl­ gj­Pf­gfl­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt.­ Rfr­nj­Vt­uf­kj­gj­kbc­t­dhüp­rf­nf­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­c­Td­hj­gf,­nf­rf­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj­t­ytq­yf­nf­dhüp­rf­c­Fpbz. ∆

149148

Cne­lt­yb,­ åbc­nhb­ gkf­yby­crb­ ht­rb­ åüh­pfn­ gj­cdjz­ jct­zy­ cüc­ crf­kb­

gün.­ Rhfq­yf­nf­ bv­ wtk­ t­rf­vt­ybc­nf,­ åtp­kñl­yf­ rhfq­åhté­yf­bdb­wf,­rü­lt­nj­cnhüv­yb,­ jå­db­nb­ d­ vüu­kb­ pü­åt­hb­ct­bp­db­cz­dfn­yfl­hfp­åb­df­ob­nt­ct­dük­yb.­D­lf­kt­xb­yf­nf­ct­dbé­lfn­gkf­yb­yb­–­dt­kb­xf­db,­dye­ib­ntk­yb,­gjr­hb­nb­cüc­cyzu.­Db­cj­rf­bu­kj­kbcn­yf,­ dtx­yj­pt­kt­yf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­gjr­hb­df­cüc­pt­kt­yf­vfy­nbz­pt­vz­nf­vté­le­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­b­gkf­yb­yb­nt.­Uhf­lj­dt­nt­–­nfv,­rü­lt­nj­ub­bvf­–­bp­ukté­lfn­ rf­nj­ yj­dj­gjc­nhjt­yb.­Nj­df­ t­ nb­öjj­rtfy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­bkb,­rfr­nj­ t­ gj­bp­dtcn­yj,­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­zn­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­ (Rfh­nf­ 14)­ –­ rhfq­åhté­yf­nf­ pj­yf,­ rjz­nj­ ct­ ghjc­nb­hf­ct­dth­yj­jn­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ghtp­rhfq­åhté­yf­Rf­yf­lf­lj­ñé­yf­Fkzc­rf.

Dfé­yf­ öf­hfr­nth­yf­ xth­nf­ yf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­t­bpj­kb­hf­yjcn­nf­yf­ht­ubj­yf­jn­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Fvt­hb­rf.­ Ner­éb­dtt­gj­vfk­rj­jn­3­ghj­wty­nf­jn­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt.­ Yf­ct­kt­yb­nt­xfc­nb­yf­ht­ubj­yf­cf­yf­uj­kt­vb­ hfp­cnjz­ybz­ jn­ lhe­ub­ jc­yjd­yb­yf­ct­kt­yb­ wty­nhj­dt,­ jn­lt­kt­yb­ jn­nzö­ c­ gec­nby­yb­ bkb­ gkf­yby­crb­pt­vb.­Éb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ xtc­nj­düp­ghbt­vfn­ nf­pb­ bpj­kf­wbz­ rf­nj­yt­oj­gj­kj­éb­ntk­yj,­rf­nj­ut­ju­hfa­crb­åe­ath­vté­le­nzö­b­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­xfcn­jn­cdt­nf.­D­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­jn­yj­it­ybt­jåf­xt­nj­df­cüp­lf­df­pfn­

hel­yt­ybz.­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ hfp­öj­lb­ gj­db­if­dfn­cbk­yj­ wt­yf­nf­ yf­ ghj­ler­wbz­nf­yf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ d­ lf­ktx­yb­nt­bp­njx­yb­gf­pf­hb­b­yz­rjb­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­jn­rfp­dfn­lf­hfp­db­dfn­ltq­yjcn­d­ht­ubj­yf.

GHb­HJl­yb­Ec­kJ­dbzNb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ ct­ jåj­cj­åz­df­ rf­nj­ ht­ub­jy­ukfd­yj­ gj­ ab­pb­rj­ut­ju­hfa­crb­ghbp­yfr.­ Rf­pf­yj­ cüd­ctv­ ghjc­nj,­ht­ubj­yün­t­gjl­dkfc­nty­yf­vjh­crbz­rkb­vfn­ b­ yf­ crf­kbc­nbz­ nt­hty.­Df­kt­éb­nt­ cf­ jåbk­yb,­ f­ åkb­pj­ lj­åht­uf­ bvf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­ rjz­nj­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­ cdüh­pdf­ c­ vyj­uj­dkf­éty­rkb­vfn,­ yj­ hfp­kbx­yb­ ytq­yb­ hfp­yj­dbl­yjc­nb­ ct­ ht­le­dfn­ yf­rü­cb­ hfp­cnjz­ybz,­ pf­hf­lb­ dkbz­ybt­nj,­ rjt­nj­ pfj­åb­rf­kz­ob­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­jrfp­dfn­düh­öe­rkb­vf­nf­yf­ht­ubj­yf.

Chtl­yj­ d­ uj­lb­yf­nf­ yfq­vyj­uj­df­kt­éb­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­gf­lfn­d­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt.­ Jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ chtl­yb­nt­cnjq­yjc­nb­ cf­ yfl­ 190­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf,­yj­d­gkf­yb­yb­nt­Jkbv­gbr­d­ct­dt­hj­pf­gf­lty­ Df­iby­unjy­ nt­ cf­ ldjq­yj­gj­db­cj­rb.­Ghtp­pb­vf­nf­jå­kfx­yf­nf­gjr­hbd­rf­t­gjx­nb­gjc­nj­zy­yf.

Ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Nb­öbz­jrt­fy­t­åkf­uj­lfn­yj­ vzc­nj­ pf­ jå­hf­pe­df­yt­yf­ uj­kt­vb­ vf­cb­ dkf­éty­ düp­leö.­Ghb­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ cb­ nt­pb­ vf­cb­ ct­bp­nkfc­rdfn­jn­cbk­yb­dtn­hj­dt­yf­ñu­b­ yf­ bp­njr­ rüv­ nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­nt­

Nb­öjj­Rt­fy­cRj­Nj­ct­dth­yj­Rhfq­åht­ébt

ukf­df

15

åht­uj­dt­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.­Tl­yf­düp­lei­yf­ cbc­nt­vf­ c­ db­cj­rj­ fn­vjc­ath­yj­yf­kz­uf­yt,­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yf­ghtp­kz­nj­nj­yf­dün­ht­d­vj­ht­nj­jn­rf­kb­ajh­ybq­crbz­ åhzu,­ f­ ghtp­ pb­vf­nf­ –­yf­dün­ht­ jn­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yj­ Vtr­cb­rj,­yt­gjp­dj­kz­df­yf­vyj­uj­jn­nt­pb­vjh­crb­düp­lei­yb­vf­cb­lf­ct­ghbl­db­éfn­ gj­ yf­ ñu,­ nf­rf­ xt­ gjx­nb­dcbx­rf­nf­ bv­ dkf­uf­ gf­lf­ düh­öe­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt.­Ghtp­pb­vf­nf­df­kt­éb­nt­yfd­cz­rü­lt­ cf­ gj­dt­xt,­ jn­rjk­rj­nj­ ghtp­kz­nj­nj,­ yj­ ct­pjy­yf­nf­ hfp­kb­rf­ t­gj­zc­yj­bp­hf­pt­yf­d­ñé­ybz­rhfq­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­ Gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ yf­ñéty­Jht­ujy­b­ct­dth­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ gf­lfn­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 10­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­df­kt­éb­ghtp­ktn­yb­nt­vt­ct­wb­ñkb­b­fd­uecn,­f­nj­df­t­cf­vj­tl­yf­lt­ct­nf­ jn­ df­kt­éb­nt,­ rjb­nj­ gf­lfn­vté­le­lt­rtv­dhb­b­atd­hef­hb.

Vf­rfh­ xt­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ rf­nj­ wz­kj­df­kb­ vyj­uj­ lüél,­ uj­kt­vb­ xfc­nb­jn­ yt­uj­ cf­ gj­ke­gec­nby­yb.­ Yz­rjb­vtc­nf­gj­uhf­ybx­yb­nt­pt­vb­yf­ghj­nj­rf­Gñl­ébn­Cf­eyl­ düd­Df­iby­u­njy­gj­ke­xf­dfn­cf­vj­jrj­kj­60­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ df­kt­éb­ uj­lbi­yj.­ Df­kt­éb­nt­hzl­rj­ct­zdz­dfn­gjl­ajh­vf­nf­ yf­ cbk­yb­ uhü­vj­nt­dbx­yb­ åe­hb;­nb­gbx­yj­zd­kt­ybt­t­cbn­yj­hü­vz­ob­zn,­xtc­nj­gf­lfo­lüél,­rjq­nj­ghb­kb­xf­yf­nté­rf­vjr­hf­vüu­kf.­Ghb­yt­uj­ jn­nb­xf­of­nf­ ct­ dj­lf,­ yt­oj­njk­rj­df­jåb­xfq­yj­ghb­cbk­yb­lüé­lj­dt,­ t­ gj­vfk­rj­ b­ hfc­nt­ybz­nf­vj­ufn­lf­ct­düp­gjk­pdfn­vfr­cb­vfk­yj­jn­dkf­uf­nf.

Gkf­yb­yb­nt­d­ht­ubj­yf­cf­jc­yjd­yf­nf­ ghb­xb­yf­ rfr­nj­ pf­ uj­kz­vj­nj­

rj­kb­xtcn­dj­ df­kt­éb­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­ nf­rf­ b­ pf­ pyf­xb­ntk­yb­nt­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­ hfp­kb­rb­ d­ vtc­nf­ c­yt­gjc­htlcn­dt­yf­ åkb­pjcn.­ Rj­uf­nj­nb­öjj­rt­fy­crf­ düp­lei­yf­ vf­cf­ ght­vb­yf­df­ yfl­ ce­if­nf­ d­ bp­njx­yf­ b­ñuj­bp­njx­yf­gj­cj­rf,­nz­cht­of­ght­u­hf­lf­nf­ yf­ gkf­yby­crb­nt­ dt­hb­ub,­jgfc­df­ob­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt,­ b­ t­ ghb­ye­lt­yf­ lf­ ct­bp­lbu­yt­ yf­uj­ht.­ Ghb­ bp­lb­uf­yt­nj­düp­le­öün­ ct­ jö­kfé­lf­ b­ rf­gf­wb­nt­nün­ve­lf­pf­lüh­éf­dkf­uf­yf­vf­kz­df,­rjt­nj­ght­lbp­dbr­df­df­kt­éb.

Rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb,­ gj­ljå­yj­yf­ lü­küu­ gj­zc,­ ghj­nj­xbk­ ct­ jn­ñé­yj­wty­nhf­kty­Jht­ujy­lj­ñuj­pf­gfl­yf­ Åhb­nfy­crf­ Rj­kev­åbz­ d­Rf­yf­lf,­ ct­ jgb­hfn­ cüc­ pfl­yf­nf­ cb­cnhf­yf­ d­ tl­yf­ gf­lb­yf,­ drkñx­df­of­lj­kb­yf­nf­ Eü­kf­vbn­ d­ Jht­ujy­ b­yb­pb­yf­nf­ yf­ Gñl­ébn­ Cf­eyl­ düd­Df­iby­unjy.­ Rj­uf­nj­ ldb­ét­ob­zn­ ct­yf­bp­njr­düp­leö­ct­cgec­yt­yfl­nt­pb­yb­pb­yb,­njq­ct­pf­njg­kz­b­rf­gf­wb­nt­nün­ve­ lf­ pf­lüh­éf­ dkf­uf­ ct­ edt­kb­xf­df.­ Nüq­ rf­nj­ düd­ düp­le­öf­ yt­yfd­kb­pf­ lj­gük­yb­ntk­yf­ dkf­uf,­gf­lfn­vfk­rj­df­kt­éb.

Yf­bp­njr­jn­hfd­yb­yb­nt­bvf­lhe­uf­ gkf­yby­crf­ dt­hb­uf,­ cktl­df­of­gj­cj­rf­ ct­dth­ñu,­ rjz­nj­ ct­ yf­hb­xf­Rfc­rfl­yb­gkf­yb­yb.­Gkf­yb­yf­nf­Htq­yb­üh­ düd­ Df­iby­unjy­ ct­ bp­lb­uf­ yf­4­ 390­vtn­hf­ yfl­vjh­crj­nj­ hfd­yb­ot,­ f­ vyj­uj­ jn­ düh­öj­dt­nt­ q­ cf­db­cj­rb­vté­le­2­750­b­3­650­vtn­hf.­ Pbv­yb­nt­ df­kt­éb­ d­ gkf­yb­yf­nf­cf­gjl­ajh­vf­nf­yf­cyzu,­tnj­pf­oj­nj­df­t­yfq­cyté­yf­nf­xfcn­jn­cnhf­yf­nf.

149

150

D­ bp­njx­yj­nj­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ht­ubj­yf­ pfl­ Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb,­düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Df­iby­unjy,­düp­lei­yb­nt­vf­cb­yfr­hfz­jn­yj­dj­ct­cgec­rfn­ yf­lj­ke­ b­ ct­ pf­njg­kzn.­Vfk­rj­nj­ dkf­uf,­ rjz­nj­ jc­nf­df­ düd­düp­le­öf,­ ct­ pf­lüh­éf­ b­ gj­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­ jn­ bp­nj­xty­ Df­iby­unjy­ gj­ke­xf­df­chtl­yj­uj­lbi­yj­gj­vfk­rj­jn­30­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­df­kt­éb.

Yf­ñu­b­yf­ct­dth­jn­nf­pb­cbc­nt­vf­ yf­ gkf­yb­yb­lj­kb­yb­gkf­yb­yb,­gkf­yby­crb­nt­ dt­hb­ub­ ct­ ckb­dfn­ b­hfp­lt­kz­ob­nt­ub­lj­kb­yb­bp­xtp­dfn.

Yfq­vyj­uj­ df­kt­éb­gf­lfn­ d­ tl­yf­bdb­wf­ gjr­hfq­ ct­dth­yj­nj­ rhfq­åht­ébt,­ drkñx­df­of­ „Jgfi­rf­nf“­ yf­Fkzc­rf,­rü­lt­nj­ujc­gjlcn­dfn­dkf­uf­nf­ b­ jå­kf­wb­nt.­ Chtl­yj­nj­ yb­dj­ yf­df­kt­éb­nt­ hzp­rj­ gf­lf­ gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ d­ Fkzc­rf­ yf­ ct­dth­ b­ yf­pf­gfl­jn­„Jgfi­rf­nf“;­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­jåüh­yf­nj­nj­yf­ñu­rhfq­åht­ébt­yf­wty­nhfk­yf­Fkzc­rf­gj­ke­xf­df­chtl­yj­d­uj­lb­yf­nf­vté­le­100­b­200­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­df­kt­éb.

Yf­ rhfq­vjh­crj­nj­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ct­lük­éfn­yt­cf­vj­df­kt­éb­nt,­ yj­ b­ evt­ht­yb­nt­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb.­ Kt­nf­nf­ cf­ ghjö­kfl­yb.­Pb­vb­nt­ cf­ bp­yt­yfl­df­oj­ njg­kb,­vf­rfh­xt­pf­hf­lb­dkf­uf­nf­düp­le­öün­t­gj­ghj­ybp­dfo­b­cne­lty,­jn­rjk­rj­nj­vj­ét­lf­ct­ghtl­gj­kj­éb­cgj­htl­nth­vj­vt­nü­hf.

Ct­pjy­yj­nj­ ldb­ét­ybt­ yf­ düp­lei­yb­ vf­cb­ jp­yf­xf­df,­ xt­ d­ rhfz­ yf­ht­ubj­yf­–­gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­–­xtc­nj­le­öfn­cbk­yb­dtn­hj­dt.­Jåb­xfq­yj­t­ghtp­pbv­yb­nt­vt­ct­wb­gj­dht­vt­yf­yfq­dtn­hj­db­nb­nt­ gt­hbj­lb­ dz­nü­hün­

lf­le­öf­cüc­crj­hjcn­yfl­125­rb­kj­vtn­hf­d­xfc.­Vf­rfh­xt­rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ bp­dtcn­yf­ghtu­hf­lf­b­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ghtp­kz­nj­nj­ dtn­hj­dt­nt­ yt­ cf­ cbk­yb,­ lj­bp­njx­yb­nt­ xfc­nb­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ lj­hb­ghtp­ kz­nj­nj­ vj­ufn­ lf­ cnbu­yfn­ b­cbk­yb­ dtn­hj­dt.­ Rj­uf­nj­ nj­df­ ct­cke­xb,­ jgfc­yjcn­nf­ jn­ gj­éf­hb­ ct­edt­kb­xf­df.

Vfk­rj­ cf­ jyt­pb­ vtc­nf­ d­ Nb­öj­­j­rt­fy­crbz­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl,­ jn­rü­lt­nj­ghb­ zc­yj­ dht­vt­ yt­ ct­ hfp­rhb­df­uktl­rf­ rüv­ cü­ctl­yb­nt­ gkf­yby­crb­düh­öj­dt.­ Dhüö­ Vfr­rby­kb­ (6­ 200­vtn­hf)­d­rhfq­yf­nf­ct­dth­yf­xfcn­yf­ht­ubj­yf­ t­ yfq­db­cj­rb­zn­ dhüö­ d­Ct­dth­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf.­ D­ Jht­ujy­ Åht­uj­db­nt­ öht­åt­nb­ cf­ gjx­nb­ åtp­ ghj­kj­vb­b­cf­db­cj­rb­jrj­kj­1200­vtn­hf.­Düd­Df­iby­unjy­nt­cf­ghj­hz­pf­yb­ jn­ yz­rjk­rj­ ht­rb,­ jcj­åt­yj­ jn­Rü­küv­åbz­ b­ Xb­ötq­küc,­ xbq­nj­ gün­vb­yf­df­ ghtp­ gkf­yb­yb­nt.­ D­ nj­pb­ofn­ Åht­uj­db­nt­ öht­åt­nb­ hzl­rj­ ct­bp­lb­ufn­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­300­vtn­hf.

Gkf­yb­yb­nt­ Rkf­vün­ d­ ct­dth­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­b­ñéty­Jht­ujy­bvfn­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pty­ ht­kta.­ Nhel­yj­ t­ lf­ct­ ghjc­kt­lb­ yz­rf­rüd­ ec­nf­yj­dty­vj­ltk.­Jå­kfcn­nf­t­lb­df,­crf­kbc­nf,­yt­yf­ct­kt­yf.

Hfd­yb­yb­nt­ yf­Jht­ujy­ cf­ xfcn­ jn­utj­kjé­rf­nf­ gf­lb­yf,­ cüp­lf­kf­ ct,­rj­uf­nj­ jå­kfcn­nf­ t­ gj­nü­yf­kf­ tl­yj­d­ht­vty­yj­ c­ bp­lb­uf­yt­nj­ yf­Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­yf­bp­njr.­Nf­pb­gf­lb­yf­ghj­lük­éf­df­yf­ ct­dth­gjl­ajh­vf­nf­ yf­ ghj­kb­db,­ hfp­lt­kz­ob­rf­yfl­crbz­ jc­nhjd­ Dfy­re­düh­ jn­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ Åhb­nfy­crf­

151

Rj­kev­åbz,­cktl­nj­df­vb­yf­df­ghtp­ uhe­gf­nf­ jc­nhj­db,­ yf­ht­lt­yb­ gjr­hfq­ „Jgfi­rf­nf“­ yf­Fkzc­rf­ b­ jajh­vz­ Dün­hti­ybz­rj­hb­ljh­yf­ct­dth­lj­Lée­yj.

Jot­gj­yf­dün­ht­d­ce­if­nf­Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­ghj­lük­éf­dfn­jn­gkf­yb­yb­nt­ Rkf­vün­ yf­ ct­dth­ d­ ñé­yf­Åhb­nfy­crf­Rj­kev­åbz.­Ñé­yb­zn­lzk­

yf­ nt­pb­ gkf­yb­yb­ bp­ukté­lf­rf­nj­db­cj­rj­thj­pb­hf­yj­gkf­nj,­yf­rjt­nj­ct­bp­lb­uf­ht­lb­wf­jn­

dek­rf­ybx­yb­düh­öj­dt.­Vté­le­gkf­yb­yf­nf­ Kf­cüy­ Gbqr­ d­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­(tlby­jn­vfk­rj­nj­dek­rf­yb­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­rjb­nj­yz­rj­uf­cf­åb­kb­ltqcn­df­ob)­ b­ dhüö­ Öel­ d­ Jht­ujy­nt­pb­dek­rf­ybx­yb­jå­hf­pe­df­ybz,­bp­db­

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152 153

cz­df­ob­ct­cf­vjn­yj­chtl­pfj­åb­rf­kz­ob­nt­ ub­ gkf­nf,­ cf­ bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­rhf­cb­db.­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ Rfc­rfl­yb­ gkf­yb­yb­cf­gj­crf­kbc­nb­b­jn­rhfq­dht­vt­bp­lb­ufn­ nhel­yf­ pf­ ght­vb­yf­df­yt­åf­hbt­hf­ ghtl­ ldb­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ bp­njr­jn­ uüc­nj­ yf­ct­kt­yf­nf­ hfd­yb­yf­ yf­Gñl­ébn­ Cf­eyl.­ Ner­ eufc­yf­kb­nt­dek­rf­yb,­ b­ jcj­åt­yj­ gkf­yb­yf­nf­ Htq­yb­üh,­ cf­ yfq­db­cj­rb­nt­ b­ yfq­ljå­ht­jajh­vt­yb­nt­düp­db­it­ybz.

Pfl­„Jgfi­rf­nf“­yf­Fkzc­rf­b­dye­ib­ntk­yb­nt,­gjr­hb­nb­c­ktl­yb­wb­gkf­yb­yb­ Ctqyn­ Tkf­qüc­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­ ct­hfp­lt­kzn­d­ñé­yf­Fkzc­rf.­Åht­uj­db­nt­öht­åt­nb,­jcj­åt­yj­Xe­ufx­b­Rb­yfq,­cnf­dfn­gj­ybc­rb­jn­bp­njr­yf­pf­gfl.­Fkzc­rby­crb­zn­ öht­åtn­ düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ t­ gj­db­cjr­ b­ åtp­ ghj­kj­vb.­Chtl­uj­kz­vf­yb­pb­yf­d­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­ntc­ybz­ghj­njr­Rer,­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yf­yf­ñu­jn­tl­yf­ghj­ke­rf­d­gkf­yb­yf­nf,­ct­yf­vb­hf­ Fy­rj­hblé,­ åtp­cgjh­yj­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­uhfl­d­Fkzc­rf­(c­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ 226­ 000­ le­ib­ ghtp­ 1993­ u.),­ c­öe­åf­dj­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­b­eljå­yf­dhüp­rf­c­dün­hti­yjcn­nf.

Lée­yj,­ cnj­kb­wf­nf­ yf­Fkzc­rf,­ ct­yf­vb­hf­d­nzc­yf­rhfq­åhté­yf­yb­pb­yf­yf­„Jgfi­rf­nf“;­tlbycn­dt­yb­nt­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­dhüp­rb­c­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­xfcn­jn­of­nf­ cf­ gj­ düp­leö­ bkb­ dj­lf.­ Jn­uhf­lf­xj­dtr­yt­vj­ét­lf­ct­jn­lf­kt­xb­c­rj­kf­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­15­rb­kj­vtn­hf.­Bp­åj­hün­yf­nj­df­vzc­nj­pf­ cnj­kb­wf­ t­ åbk­ jc­yj­df­nt­kty,­ rj­uf­nj­åj­ufncn­dj­nj­ yf­ Fkzc­rf­ t­ åb­kj­ d­uj­hb­nt­yf­„Jgfi­rf­nf“­b­d­hf­qj­yb­nt­pf­ ekjd­ yf­ cü­jv­uf,­ f­ d­ cü­jå­hf­ét­ybz­nf­t­dkb­pfk­b­ljc­nü­gün­lj­pkfn­yb­nt­vb­yb­ yf­Ñrjy­ ghtp­Crf­ue­tq.­

C­ ghj­vt­yb­nt­ d­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ yf­of­nf,­cüc­pyf­xt­ybt­nj,­rjt­nj­ghb­lj­åb­dfn­lhe­ub­ghb­hjl­yb­ht­ceh­cb,­nj­pb­hf­qjy­pf­gf­lf.­At­üh­åfyrc­(c­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ 32­ 300­ le­ib­ ghtp­ 1989­ u.)­ d­wty­nhfk­yf­ Fkzc­rf­ b­ Fy­rj­hblé,­ghtp­ rjq­nj­ vj­ét­ lf­ ct­ cnbu­yt­ lj­ñé­ybz­ lzk­ yf­ of­nf,­ bp­ght­dfh­dfn­Lée­yj­ gj­ åhjq­ yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj;­ghtp­ 1989­ u.­ d­ cnj­kbx­ybz­ uhfl­éb­dt­zn­gj­vfk­rj­jn­29­000­le­ib.

Gj­jn­yj­it­ybt­yf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­nf,­d­gkf­yb­yb­nt­Rkf­vün­bvf­dt­kb­xtcn­dt­yb­ujh­crb­vf­cb­db­cüc­ctr­djz;­düd­Df­iby­unjy­ b­ Jht­ujy­ –­ lüu­kfc­rf­tkf,­rf­yfl­crf­tkf­b­xth­dty­rt­lüh,­f­yf­gj­ke­jc­nhjd­Fkzc­rf­–­cbn­rby­crb­cvühx.­ Yj­ d­ nt­pb­ hf­qj­yb­ bvf­ yt­cf­vj­ uj­hb,­ f­ b­ rhf­cb­db­ jn­rhb­nb­ghjc­nhfycn­df­ c­ db­cj­rb­ lüh­dt­nf,­bp­lb­uf­ob­ct­ghf­dj­rüv­yt­åt­nj.

Rf­nj­ct­bp­rkñ­xfn­gj­ce­öb­nt­yb­pb­yb,­rü­lt­nj­jåb­xfq­yf­nf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­pf­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ Eü­kf­vbn­ t­ ght­hbq­yf­nht­df,­ f­ yf­ bp­njr­ jn­ Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­–­nht­df­b­gec­nby­yb­öhfc­nf­kf­wb,­b­cü­oj­nf­rf­ney­lhf­nf­yfl­uhf­yb­wf­nf­yf­uj­hf­nf,­wt­kb­zn­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crb­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­t­bkb­t­åbk­gjr­hbn­c­ uj­hb.­ Hfc­nt­éün­ yf­ lüh­dt­nf­nf­ ct­gjl­lüh­éf­ jn­ bpj­åbk­yf­nf­ dkf­uf­ b­evt­ht­yb­nt­pbv­yb­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb.­Lüh­dj­lj­åb­dün­jn­rhfq­dht­vt­t­jc­yjd­yb­zn­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­jn­hf­cük­yf­ht­ubj­yf.­Lj­hb­lytc,­rj­uf­nj­ñuj­bp­njx­yb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb­ ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ gj­dt­xt­ lüh­dt­cty­ gekg­ b­ öfh­nbt­yb­ ghj­ler­nb,­yb­rjz­lhe­uf­xfcn­yf­cnhf­yf­nf­yt­jcb­ue­hz­df­njk­rj­df­lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk,­ rjk­rj­nj­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt.

Ec­dJz­df­yt­yf­Pt­vz­nf­­Jn­öJ­Hf­nf

Yz­vf­lhe­uj­rhfq­åht­ébt­c­bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­yf­gj­kzh­yb­nt­pt­vb,­rjt­nj­lf­t­ bp­cktl­df­yj­ jn­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­ njk­rj­df­ rüc­yj,­ rjk­rj­nj­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt.­ Ghtp­1740­ u.­ Db­nec­ Åt­hbyu­ jåz­dz­df­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­yf­Fkzc­rf­pf­hec­rf­nt­hb­nj­hbz,­ yj­ tl­df­ ghtp­ 1778­ u.­rf­gb­nfy­ Létqvc­ Rer­ ec­gz­df­ lf­ghj­gü­ne­df­ gj­ dj­lf­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­jn­Jht­ujy­lj­ñuj­bp­njx­yf­Fkzc­rf.­Gj­ dht­vt­nj,­ rj­uf­nj­ bp­ckt­lj­df­nt­kb­nt­ Vt­hbe­tlüh­ Ke­bc­ b­ Eb­kzv­Rkfhr­ght­vb­yf­dfn­ghtp­Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­b­cnb­ufn­lj­ec­nbt­nj­yf­ht­rf­Rü­küv­åbz­ghtp­ 1805­ u.,­ uhf­lj­dt­nt­ Ab­kf­ltk­abz­ b­ Yñ­ Qjhr,­dct­rb­c­yf­ct­kt­ybt­jn­jrj­kj­75­000­le­ib,­cb­jc­gjh­dfn­nbn­kf­nf­yfq­uj­kzv­uhfl­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.­Ghtp­cht­lf­nf­yf­40­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­dtr,­rj­uf­nj­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ nhüu­dfn­gj­Jht­ujy­crbz­gün­rüv­lj­kb­yf­nf­Eü­kf­vbn,­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Yñ­Qjhr­åüh­pj­ljc­nb­uf­500­000­le­ib.

Ght­lb­ ghbc­nb­uf­yt­nj­ yf­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ t­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­uj­kz­vj.­Åkf­uj­lf­ht­ybt­yf­ evt­ht­ybz­ rkb­vfn­ ghtp­ wz­kf­nf­uj­lb­yf­bvf­ljc­nf­nüx­yj­öhf­yf.­Tkt­yb,­ ujh­crb­gkj­lj­dt,­rj­ht­yb,­vb­lb,­hf­wb,­ hb­åf­ b­ jcj­åt­yj­ cü­jv­uf­ cf­lf­hj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ ghb­hj­lf­nf­ gjl­yf­cz­cz­rfi­ åtp­vth­yj.­ Fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb­ ct­ düp­gjk­pdfn­ jn­ nj­df,­rf­nj­ct­pf­yb­vf­dfn­c­kjd­b­cü­åb­hfn­öhf­yf,­ yj­ yt­ jn­ukté­lfn­ yb­rfr­db­rek­ne­hb.­Cnhe­gf­yb­gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj,­ nt­ cf­ jåj­cj­åt­yb­ d­ vyj­étcn­dj­

jn­ltk­yb­tn­yb­xtc­rb­uhe­gb,­dcz­rf­jn­rjb­nj­ yf­ct­kz­df­ vfk­rf,­ rhfq­åhté­yf­lj­kb­yf.­Cnhj­zn­uj­kt­vb,­dye­ib­ntk­yb­rü­ob­jn­rtl­hj­db­lüh­dt­nf­b­bp­kb­pfn­d­vj­ht­nj­c­rf­ye­nf,­bp­lük­åf­yb­jn­cü­oj­nj­lüh­dj.

Gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ by­lb­fy­wb­nt­cz­rfi­ct­cnj­gz­dfn,­rj­uf­nj­ghbc­nb­ufn­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt.­ Pf­hf­lb­ gük­yf­nf­bpj­kf­wbz,­ d­ rjz­nj­ éb­dt­zn,­ nt­ yt­vj­ufn­ lf­ jrfp­dfn­ jh­uf­yb­pb­hf­yf­cüg­hj­nb­df­b­jn­ltk­yb­nt­vfk­rb­gkt­vt­yf­yt­pf­åt­kz­pf­yj­bp­xtp­dfn,­åtp­lf­jc­nf­dzn­yz­rfr­db­cü­otcn­dt­yb­ckt­lb­düh­öe­td­hj­gtq­crj­nj­pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj.­Lytc­ yf­ ñu­ cf­ jc­nf­yf­kb­ cüd­ctv­vfk­rj­ by­lb­fy­wb,­ yj­ yf­ ct­dth,­ d­„Jgfi­rf­nf“­yf­Fkzc­rf,­by­lb­fy­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ åü­lt­pyf­xb­ntk­yf­tn­yb­xtc­rf­uhe­gf.

Hec­yf­wb­nt­cf­güh­db­nt­td­hj­gtq­wb,­rjb­nj­ cüp­lf­dfn­ gjc­nj­zy­yb­ ct­kb­of­gj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­nj.­ Nt­ ghbc­nb­ufn­ d­rhfz­ yf­ 18­ dtr,­ dj­lt­yb­ jn­ét­kf­ybt­nj­ ktc­yj­ lf­ bp­dkt­rfn­ åj­ufncn­df.­ Nt­pb­ åj­ufncn­df­ cf­ rj­éb­ yf­éb­djn­yb­ b­ hec­yf­wb­nt­ bp­uhfé­lfn­gj­ht­lb­wf­ jn­ nüh­ujd­crb­ b­ dj­ty­yb­gey­rnj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yb­d­ ñuj­bp­njx­yf­ Fkzc­rf,­ yj­ cnb­ufn­yf­ ñu­ xfr­ lj­ ct­dth­yf­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­Nt­pb­ghtl­yb­gjc­nj­dt­yt­vj­ufn­cf­vb­lf­cb­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ghtö­hf­yf­nf­b­ hfp­yjc­rb­nt­ pf­ gjl­lüh­éf­yt­nj­ yf­hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­nt,­ jn­lf­kt­xt­yb­ gey­rnj­dt­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ght­db­if­dfn­lj­öj­lb­nt­jn­ghj­lfé­åf­nf­yf­rj­éb.­Cktl­ yz­rjk­rj­ güh­dj­yf­xfk­yb­ jgb­nf­jn­cnhf­yf­yf­He­cbz­lf­ghj­lf­lt­yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ rj­kj­ybz­nf,­ghtp­1867­u.­yfq­yfr­hfz­ct­gjc­nb­uf­

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cgj­hf­pe­vt­ybt­ pf­ wt­yf­ jn­ 7.2­vb­kbj­yf­lj­kf­hf.

Rjv­gf­ybz­nf­ Öül­cüy­ Åtq,­ rjz­nj­nüh­ue­df­ c­ rj­éb,­ ghtö­düh­kz­ nüh­ujd­crf­nf­ cb­ ltq­yjcn­ d­ åf­ctq­yf­ yf­ht­rf­Rü­küv­åbz­ d­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 19­dtr.­ Nz­ t­ yfq­dkbz­ntk­yf­nf­ by­cnb­ne­wbz­ d­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbz­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­lj­rhfz­yf­30­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­dtr,­ rj­uf­nj­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­vb­cbj­yt­hb­ b­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­ gjt­vfn­ gj­ lük­ubz­Jht­ujy­crb­gün­jn­Vb­ce­hb.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­yj­db­nt­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­pf­ctk­yb­wb­ ct­ ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­ d­ lj­kb­yf­nf­Eü­kf­vbn,­yj­åüh­pj­ght­db­if­dfn­gj­xbc­kt­yjcn­ vfk­rj­nj­ åhb­nfy­crj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­wt­kbz­Ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl.

Ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­nt­ kb­ybb­ cf­ jn­jc­yjd­yj­pyf­xt­ybt­pf­gj­yf­nf­nüi­yj­nj­ hfp­db­nbt­ yf­Jht­ujy­ b­ Df­iby­u­njy.­ Ghtp­ 1883­ u.­ t­ pf­düh­it­yf­kb­ybz­nf­ Yjh­lühy­ Gf­cb­abr­ lj­Cbf­nük,­f­lt­ctn­uj­lb­yb­gj­rüc­yj­t­pf­düh­it­yf­ b­ kb­ybz­nf­ Uhtqn­ Yjh­lühy.­ C­ nj­df­ ct­ ckf­uf­ rhfq­ yf­pf­db­cb­vjcn­nf­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ jn­ vjh­crbz­nhfyc­gjhn,­rjq­nj­ct­jcü­otcn­dz­df­ ghtp­ ñé­ybz­ rhfq­ yf­Ñé­yf­Fvt­hb­rf­ lj­ bp­njx­yb­nt­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb­b­td­hj­gtq­crb­nt­gf­pf­hb.

Lytc­nf­pb­ju­hjv­yf­jn­rhb­nf­nt­hb­nj­hbz,­ rfr­nj­ gjx­nb­ dcz­rf­ lhe­uf­xfcn­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb,­ bvf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt.­ B­ Cbf­nük,­Df­iby­unjy,­b­Gjh­nkfyl,­Jht­ujy,­ cf­ vtn­hj­gj­kbb­ c­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­yfl­1­vb­kb­jy­le­ib.

Cbf­nük­ t­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ uhfl­ yf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­jn­dht­vt­nj­yf­uj­kt­vbz­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­hfp­wdtn­d­rhfz­yf­19­dtr.­

Jc­yj­dfy­rf­nj­lüh­dj­ct­rf­xtc­rb­wty­nüh,­ njq­ pf­gjx­df­ lf­ ct­ yf­kf­uf­ d­ht­ubj­yf,­ rj­uf­nj­ ct­ cdüh­pdf­ c­nhfyc­rjy­nb­yty­nfk­yb­nt­ ét­kt­pj­gün­yb­ kb­ybb.­ Jn­ 20­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­dtr­Cbf­nük­ cnf­df­hjl­yj­vzc­nj­yf­cf­vj­ktn­yf­nf­ rjv­gf­ybz­ Åjqyu­ b­ t­bp­dtc­nty­ rf­nj­ uhf­lf­ yf­ yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­ rjv­gf­ybz­ d­ cdt­nf.­ Lhe­ub­nt­­3­ 500­ ghj­vbi­kt­yb­ ghtl­ghbz­nbz­ d­Cbf­nük­ ghj­bp­dté­lfn­ wb­vtyn,­ ukb­yf,­ hb­åj­kjd­yb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz,­ åhfi­yj,­ vt­nf­keh­ubx­yb­ bp­lt­kbz,­ ntr­cnbk­b­öhf­yb­ntk­yb­ghj­ler­nb.

Eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­zn­ wty­nüh­ yf­ Cbf­nük­ t­ pf­rü­nfy­ d­ tlby­ nt­cty­ ghjd­kfr,­ uhf­yb­xto­yf­pf­gfl­c­Gñl­ébn­Cf­eyl­b­yf­bp­njr­c­tpt­hj­nj­Df­iby­u­­njy.­Uhf­lün­bvf­rhf­cb­dj­vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ c­ bp­uktl­ rüv­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­bkb­vj­ht­nj,­yf­rjq­nj­ct­yfc­kfé­lf­dfn­ éb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­ ghb­zn­yb­nt,­ hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­gj­vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­nt­öük­vj­dt­rdfh­nf­kb­c­vyj­uj­lüh­dt­nf.

Cgj­htl­cnfy­lfh­nb­nt­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy­Gjh­nkfyl­ t­ cnfh­ uhfl,­ yj­ cgj­htl­cnfy­lfh­nb­nt­yf­gj­dt­xt­nj­lhe­ub­ht­ubj­yb­ uhf­lün­t­yjd.­Brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ve­t­gj­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yf­jn­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­Cbf­nük,­f­dhüp­rb­nt­ve­c­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ cf­gj­ljå­hb­ pf­hf­lb­ ljc­nü­gf­ lj­ bp­njr­ghtp­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ yf­ ht­rf­Rü­küv­åbz.­Gjh­nkfyl­ t­ ukf­dty­wty­nüh­ pf­ght­djp­df­yt­ yf­ éb­nj­nj­ jn­ bp­nj­xty­Df­iby­unjy­yfg­hb­vth,­f­lüh­dj­jå­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ b­ öhf­yb­ntk­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­cf­jc­yjd­yb­ltq­yjc­nb­yf­ht­ubj­yfk­yf­nf­brj­yj­vb­rf.­Vf­rfh­xt­t­yf­160­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ yf­dün­ht­ jn­ åht­uf,­Gjh­nkfyl­ rjy­re­hb­hf­ Cbf­nük­ rf­nj­

jrt­fy­crj­ ghbc­nf­yb­ot,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ d­ljk­yj­nj­ cb­ nt­xt­ybt­ ht­rf­ Rü­küv­åbz­t­gkf­df­ntk­yf.

bRJ­yJ­vb­Rf­nf­yf­Ht­ubJ­yfD­vyj­uj­jn­yj­it­ybz­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­nf­ cnher­ne­hf­ yf­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ct­dth­yj­ rhfq­åht­ébt­ ct­ jg­ht­lt­kz­jn­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ ce­hj­dby­yb­vf­nt­hbf­kb­ b­ jn­ bpj­kb­hf­yjcn­nf­ jn­uj­kt­vb­nt­gf­pf­hb­d­cnhf­yf­nf.­Ht­ubj­yün­db­yf­ub­t­hfp­gj­kf­ufk­c­ib­hj­rj­nüh­ct­yf­ ghj­ler­wbz,­ ukfd­yj­ lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk­ b­ öhf­yb.­ Hfp­yjc­rb­nt­ gj­nhfyc­gjh­nb­hf­yt­nj­ jåf­xt­ ght­xfn­ yf­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­ lf­ bp­ghf­ofn­ yf­hf­pev­yb­ wt­yb­ cnj­rb­nt­ cb­ lj­ gf­pf­hb­nt.­ Pf­nj­df­ gf­pf­hb­nt­ ct­ yf­cjx­dfn­rüv­lhe­ub­bp­njx­yb­wb­yf­ljc­nfd­rb,­rjb­nj­cf­gj­åkb­pj­bkb­cf­gj­td­nb­yb,­ nf­rf­ xt­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­nt­ ghj­ler­nb­ yf­ Nb­öj­j­rt­fy­crj­nj­ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt­cf­ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­yb­pf­vtcn­ybz­gf­pfh,­f­yt­pf­trc­gjhn.

Ib­hj­rf­nf­ lj­kb­yf­ Eü­kf­vbn­ d­Jht­ujy­ t­ åtp­cgjh­yj­ yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­pt­vt­ltk­crf­jå­kfcn­åkb­pj­lj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf.­ Pt­vz­nf­ ct­jå­hf­åjn­df­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ tlby­ dtr­ b­ath­vb­nt­cf­åj­uf­nb­b­ljå­ht­eht­lt­yb.­ Uj­kz­vf­xfcn­ jn­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crf­nf­ pt­vz­ t­ pft­nf­ jn­ ae­hfé­yb­rek­ne­hb,­ f­ vyj­uj­ ath­vt­hb­ uj­hzn­cnüh­yb­of­nf­ ghtp­ tcty­nf,­ d­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ rjt­nj­ d­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­yz­rjk­rj­ctl­vb­wb­yfl­uj­kt­vb­xfc­nb­jn­lj­kb­yf­nf­ct­cnt­kt­lbv.

Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ vktx­yb­ ghj­ler­nb,­cü­oj­nf­rf­ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­yj­pf­vtcn­yb­nt­ gf­pf­hb,­ t­ jn­ yfq­uj­kz­vj­

pyf­xt­ybt­ pf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ yf­ lj­kb­yf­nf­ Eü­kf­vbn;­ zuj­lb­nt­ cf­ vj­ét­åb­ yfq­dfé­yf­nf­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­yf­rek­ne­hf.­ Lhe­ub­ nf­rb­df­ rek­ne­hb,­rjb­nj­db­ht­zn­ljå­ht­d­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ yf­ lj­kb­yf­nf,­ cf­ övtk,­nht­df­ pf­ xbv,­ xt­ht­ib­ b­ vty­nf.­Ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ ct­ t­ edt­kb­xb­kj­ lj­hb­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­uhjp­lt,­ bp­gjk­pdf­yj­ jn­ vtcn­yf­nf­db­yfh­crf­by­lec­nhbz.

Yb­pb­yf­nf­ yf­ Gñl­ébn­ Cf­eyl­ d­of­nf­ Df­iby­unjy­ t­ lhe­uf­ dfé­yf­vkt­rjg­hj­bp­dj­lb­ntk­yf­ jå­kfcn.­ B­ner­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ cgt­wbf­kb­pb­hf­yb­rek­ne­hb,­ rf­nj­ dj­lt­oj­ vzc­nj­ bvf­uhf­öün.­Nf­pb­rek­ne­hf,­rjz­nj­jåb­xf­ghjö­kfl­yj­dht­vt,­ ct­ghbc­gj­cj­åz­df­jcj­åt­yj­ ljå­ht­ rüv­ vtcn­ybz­ rkb­vfn,­gjl­kt­éb­yf­åüh­pj­pfv­hf­pz­df­yt­ b­ ct­ bp­ghf­of­ lj­ gf­pf­hb­nt­ d­wz­kf­Fvt­hb­rf.

Jå­kfcn­nf­ düd­ Df­iby­unjy­ bp­njx­yj­ jn­ Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­cü­düh­it­yj­hfp­kb­xty­gtq­pfé.­ Gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ nf­pb­jå­kfcn­ t­ gj­ke­gec­nby­yf;­ dt­kb­xtcn­dt­yb­nt­ dtx­yj­pt­kt­yb­ lüh­dt­nf­ gj­rhfq­åht­ébt­nj­ b­ d­ gkf­yb­yb­nt­jn­cnüg­dfn­ vzc­nj­ yf­ nhtd­yf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­ b­ gec­nby­yb­ öhfc­nf­kf­wb.­Vf­rfh­ lf­ yj­cb­ bvt­nj­ Rü­küv­åbq­crj­gkf­nj,­jå­kfcn­nf­yt­ct­jn­kb­xf­df­ c­ öf­hfr­nth­yf­nf­ pf­ tl­yj­ gkf­nj­hfd­yby­yjcn.­D­gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­cb­xfcn­nz­ t­ kt­rj­ öük­vbc­nf.­ Yf­ lhe­ub­vtc­nf­d­wty­nhf­kty­Df­iby­unjy­gtq­pf­éün­t­ghj­hz­pfy­jn­cnhüv­yb­ght­cüö­yf­kb­ rf­ymj­yb,­ yf­hb­xf­yb­ re­kbc.­Nj­pb­ lzk,­ jc­yj­df­ntk­yj­ jgbc­dfy­rf­nj­ „yfå­hfp­lt­yf­ jn­ hf­yb­ pt­vz“,­

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nüq­rf­nj­ gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­ t­ jctz­yf­ c­uhf­gf­db­ rf­nj­ hf­yb­vj­ub­kb,­ t­ gjr­hbn­c­gkü­nty­ckjq­pfc­nb­yf­kf­dek­rf­ybx­yf­ kf­df,­ thj­pb­hf­yf­ jn­ nj­gz­ob­nt­ct­kt­lj­dt­d­gt­hbj­lf­yf­gktq­cnj­wt­yf,­ rj­uf­nj­ ktl­yb­wb­nt­ ct­jn­ntu­kzn.

Nj­pb­ lzk­ jn­ Rü­küv­åbq­crj­nj­gkf­nj­gjr­hfq­uhf­yb­wf­nf­yf­Jht­ujy­b­ Df­iby­unjy­ b­ d­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­bp­nj­xty­ Df­iby­unjy­ t­ jc­yjd­yf­pt­vt­ltk­crf­jå­kfcn,­åtp­cgjh­yj­yfq­dfé­yf­nf­ d­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbz­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl.

Öük­vbc­nf­nf­vtcn­yjcn­d­bp­njx­yj­wty­nhf­kty­ Df­iby­unjy,­ yf­ht­xt­yf­Gf­kec,­gj­ke­xf­df­chtl­yj­d­uj­lb­yf­nf­vté­le­35­b­65­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­df­kt­éb,­vfk­rj­gj­dt­xt­jn­jc­nf­yf­kb­nt­xfc­nb­yf­dün­hti­yjcn­nf.­Jc­yjd­yf­rek­ne­hf­yf­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ t­ git­yb­wf­nf,­ jn­rjz­nj­ct­cü­åb­hf­ghj­ktn­yf­b­pbv­yf­ht­rjk­nf.­Git­yb­wf­nf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ct­pf­cz­df­ ghtp­ uj­lb­yf­ yf­ jg­ht­lt­kt­yf­gkjo;­yf­dcz­rf­dnj­hf­uj­lb­yf­pt­vz­nf­ ct­ hf­pj­hf­df,­ yj­ yt­ ct­ pf­cz­df.­Nf­pb­ghfr­nb­rf­pf­åf­dz­bp­gf­hz­df­yt­nj­yf­dkf­uf­nf­b­nf­rf­gjx­df­nf­pf­lüh­éf­gj­dt­xt­dj­lf.­Uj­kt­vb­nt­ébn­yb­ath­vb­yf­Gf­kec­cf­nté­rj­vt­öf­yb­pb­hf­yb­ b­ db­cj­rjg­hj­ler­nbd­yb.­ Gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­ghj­ler­wbz­nf­ct­bp­yf­cz­ghtp­Gjh­nkfyl­d­Fpbz.

Bp­recn­dt­yj­nj­ yf­gjz­df­yt­ bu­hft­dfé­yf­hj­kz­ d­ ctk­crj­nj­ cnj­gfycn­dj­yf­ jå­kfcn­nf­ ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz.­Jajh­vb­kb­cf­ct­ldt­ukfd­yb­ bp­recn­dt­yj­ yf­gjz­df­yb­ jå­kfc­nb.­Dj­lf­nf­ jn­ vyj­étcn­dj­ ht­rb,­ rjb­nj­nt­rfn­yf­bp­njr­jn­Rfc­rfl­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb,­ ct­ bp­gjk­pdf­ pf­ yf­gjz­df­yt­ yf­

ntö­yb­nt­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ ntc­yb­ lj­kb­yb.­Ner­ct­yf­vb­hfn­tl­yb­jn­yfq­ghj­xe­nb­nt­d­cnhf­yf­nf­zåük­rj­db­uhf­lb­yb.

Ñpj­db­hün­ yf­ ht­rf­ Rü­küv­åbz­ghb­Uhfyl­Re­kb,­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­yj­jn­Cgje­rfy,­ t­ gjc­nhj­ty­ ukfd­yj­ pf­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ tktr­nhj­tyth­ubz.­Jc­dty­nj­df­njq­ght­ljc­nf­dz­uj­kt­vb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­ dj­lf­ pf­ yf­gjz­df­yt­ yf­ñé­yj­wty­nhf­kty­ Df­iby­unjy.­ C­jcb­ue­hz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ nf­pb­ yf­gjb­ntk­yf­cbc­nt­vf­d­rhfz­yf­50­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­ dtr­ gkj­ob­nt,­ pft­nb­ cüc­ ctk­crjc­nj­gfy­crb­ rek­ne­hb­ d­ nf­pb­jå­kfcn,­pyf­xb­ntk­yj­ct­edt­kb­xf­dfn.­Chtl­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ ghj­ler­nb­cf­pf­öfh­yj­nj­wdtr­kj,­rfh­nj­ab­nt,­kñ­wth­yf­nf­b­af­ce­kün.

Df­iby­unjy,­ Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ b­ Jht­ujy­ght­ljc­nf­dzn­gj­dt­xt­jn­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­ lüh­dty­ vf­nt­hb­fk,­ lj­åb­dfy­ d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­f­Df­iby­unjy­cb­cü­gth­yb­xb­ c­ of­nf­ Léjh­lébz­ d­Lük­åj­rbz­ñu­ gj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­lüh­dt­cty­gekg­b­öfh­nbz.­Vf­rfh­xt­lüh­dj­lj­åb­dün­ t­ yfq­dfé­yb­zn­by­lec­nhbf­kty­ jn­hf­cük­ d­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt,­åj­uf­nb­nt­ uj­hb­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ ghb­lj­åb­dfn­yf­wbj­yfk­yj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ tl­df­ rüv­cht­lf­nf­ yf­ 20­ dtr,­ rj­uf­nj­ nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­dhüp­rb,­rfr­nj­b­gf­ueå­yj­nj­ bp­cb­xf­yt­ yf­ vyj­uj­ uj­hb­ d­bp­njx­yb­nt­ xfc­nb­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf,­jn­rhb­dfn­ gü­nz­ pf­ gj­ke­xf­df­yt­ yf­lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk­jn­uj­hb­nt­yf­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.

Lüu­kfc­rf­nf­tkf­(jn­güh­djc­nt­gty­yj­ pyf­xt­ybt­ ghb­ cnhj­té­ yf­ rü­ob,­rfr­nj­ b­ pf­ bp­hf­åjn­df­yt­ yf­ gj­lj­db­yfc­nbk­rb,­dhf­nb­b­igth­gkfn)­t­åtp­

cgjh­yj­jc­yjd­yb­zn­bp­njx­ybr­yf­lüh­dty­ vf­nt­hb­fk­ d­ ht­ubj­yf,­ yj­ d­jn­ltk­yb­nt­xfc­nb­yf­ht­ubj­yf­hfc­nfn­b­ lhe­ub­ lüh­dt­nf,­ bp­gjk­pdf­yb­ pf­lüh­dty­vf­nt­hb­fk.­D­ct­dth­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ yfg­hb­vth­ ctr­djz­nf­ bvf­uj­kz­vj­ vtcn­yj­ pyf­xt­ybt,­ f­ d­jå­kfcn­nf­ yf­ ct­dth­ jn­ Jht­ujy­ ct­ct­rfn­vyj­uj­rtl­hb.

Uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfp­vt­hb­ yf­ vyj­uj­ jn­lüh­dt­nf­nf,­ rfr­nj­ b­ hfp­cnjz­ybz­nf­lj­gf­pf­hb­nt,­gjl­nbr­dfn­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­ rüv­ ib­hj­rj­vf­ofå­yb­ jgt­hf­wbb.­ Tl­yf­ uj­kz­vf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­lüh­dj­lj­åbd­yf­ rjv­gf­ybz­ yfg­hb­vth­ghb­nt­éf­df­jrj­kj­690­000­ötr­nf­hf­pt­vz­ düd­ Df­iby­unjy,­ rjt­nj­ z­ghtd­hü­of­ d­ yfq­uj­kt­vbz­ xfc­nty­pt­vtd­kf­lt­ktw­ d­ of­nf.­ Pyf­xb­ntk­yf­xfcn­ jn­Df­iby­unjy­ b­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­pt­vz­nf­ d­Jht­ujy­ b­ ct­dth­yf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­ t­ cjåcn­dt­yjcn­ yf­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­nj.­ Xfcn­yb­zn­ lüh­dj­lj­åbd­jn­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dt­yb­nt­ gkj­ob­ bvf­uj­kzv­ lzk­ d­ wz­kjcn­yf­nf­ ghj­ler­wbz.­ Tatr­nbd­yj­nj­ ghj­ex­df­yt­ yf­gf­pf­hf­ lf­df­ düp­vjé­yjcn­ ghj­ler­wbz­nf­ yf­ lüh­djg­ht­hf­åjn­df­ntk­yf­nf­ghj­vbi­kt­yjcn­yf­ht­ubj­yf­lf­cnbu­yt­lj­dcbx­rb­gf­pf­hb­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.

Jåbk­yb­nt­ df­kt­éb­ b­ crf­kbc­nb­zn­ht­kta­yf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ yfq­uj­kt­vbz­ djl­yjt­ktr­nhb­xtc­rb­ gj­nty­wb­fk­d­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­–­40­ghj­wty­nf­jn­gj­nty­wbf­kf­yf­cnhf­yf­nf­t­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xty­cf­vj­d­Jht­ujy­b­Df­iby­u­njy.­Ht­rf­Rü­küv­åbz­gj­cgt­wb­fk­yj,­rjz­nj­ bvf­ gj­uj­kzv­ dj­lty­ lt­åbn­jn­ ht­rf­Vb­cb­cb­gb­ b­ ct­ cgec­rf­ jn­gjx­nb­ 300­vtn­hf­ db­cj­xb­yf­ yf­lj­ke­

gj­ 1­ 200­rb­kj­vtn­hj­dbz­ cb­ gün­ jn­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­rf­yfl­crf­nf­ uhf­yb­wf­lj­ vj­ht­nj,­ t­ ot­lüh­ bp­njx­ybr­ yf­tyth­ubz.

Güh­db­zn­ zpj­dbh,­ gjc­nhj­ty­ yf­ht­rf­Rü­küv­åbz,­b­pf­ct­uf­yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ d­ ht­ubj­yf,­ t­ Uhfyl­ Re­kb,­xbt­nj­ bp­uhfé­lf­yt­ pf­gjx­df­ ghtp­1933­u.­Cktl­yt­uj­yf­lj­ke­gj­nt­xt­ybt­nj­yf­ht­rf­nf­cf­gjc­nhjt­yb­jot­lt­ctn­ zpj­db­hf.­ Åhb­nfy­crf­ Rj­kev­åbz­b­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ct­cgj­hf­pe­vz­dfn­lf­gjc­nhj­zn­d­Rf­yf­lf­nhb­lj­gük­yb­ntk­yb­ zpj­db­hf,­ rjb­nj­ lf­cü­åb­hfn­ dj­lf­nf,­ rj­uf­nj­ ghb­nj­rün­yf­ht­rf­nf­t­yfq­uj­kzv,­cktl­rjt­nj­lf­jc­dj­åjé­lf­dfn­djl­yf­nf­vf­cf,­pf­lf­ ct­ uf­hfy­nb­hf­ gjc­nj­zy­yj­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­yf­tktr­nhj­tyth­ubz.

Nt­pb­ dj­lj­cü­åb­hf­ntk­yb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ td­nb­yj­ tktr­nhb­xtcn­dj­ pf­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt.­Jn­cdjz­cnhf­yf­td­nb­yf­nf­ tktr­nhj­tyth­ubz­ ghbd­kb­xf­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­ uj­kt­vb­rjy­ce­vf­nj­hb­ yf­ tktr­nhb­xtcn­dj,­gj­cgt­wb­fk­yj­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­nt­ yf­fke­vb­ybq.

Lüh­dj­lj­åb­dün­ b­ hb­åj­kj­dün­ cf­åb­kb­ yz­rj­uf­ uhüå­yf­rün­ yf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­d­ht­ubj­yf.­Vyj­uj­rb­nj­kjd­yb­rj­hf­åb­cf­bp­kb­pf­kb­d­cne­lt­yb­nt­dj­lb­ yf­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbz­ ct­dth­ d­rhfz­ yf­ 18­ b­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 19­ dtr.­Åt­pju­ktl­yb­zn­ekjd­t­yf­vf­kbk­cbk­yj­åhjz­yf­rb­nj­dt­nt­d­nf­pb­xfcn­yf­jrtf­yf.

Cm­jv­uf­nf­t­åb­kf­tl­yf­jn­jc­yjd­yb­nt­ öhf­yb­ yf­ rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ gkt­vt­yf­ ght­lb­ ghbc­nb­uf­yt­nj­ yf­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­b­jc­nf­df­jc­yj­dty­dbl­hb­åf,­

158

rjz­nj­ ct­ kj­db­ d­ wt­kbz­ ht­ub­jy.­Cm­jv­uf­nf­vbu­hb­hf­jn­jrtf­yf,­pf­lf­ödüh­kb­ öfq­dt­hf­ cb­ d­ htx­yb­ dj­lb.­Ght­lb­ uj­lb­yb­ gj­ dht­vt­yf­ nf­rb­df­gt­hbj­lb­ht­rb­nt­cf­åb­kb­gük­yb­cüc­cm­jv­uf­b­hb­åf­nf­t­åb­kf­kt­cty­ekjd­pf­öj­hf­nf­gj­åht­uj­dt­nt­bv.

Ekj­dün­ yf­ cm­jv­uf­ t­ yf­vf­kzk­cbk­yj­ ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­ gtn­lt­ctn­uj­lb­yb­b­lytc­rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­ekj­dt­yf­hb­åf­t­gj­vfk­rj­jn­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­d­chfd­yt­ybt­c­vb­yf­kj­nj.­Yfq­vyj­uj­cm­jv­uf­ ct­ kj­db­ rhfq­ åht­uj­dt­nt­ yf­Fkzc­rf.­Rj­uf­nj­yf­ht­rb­nt­d­ht­ubj­yf­ct­gjc­nhjz­dfn­zpj­db­hb,­ljc­nü­gün­lj­vyj­uj­jn­vtc­nf­nf,­rü­lt­nj­cm­jv­uf­nf­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ödüh­kz­ öfq­dt­hf­cb,­ct­åkj­rb­hf,­jcj­åt­yj­gj­ujh­yj­nj­nt­xt­ybt­ yf­ Rü­küv­åbz­ b­ ytq­yb­nt­ghb­nj­wb.­„Cnük­åb­pf­hb­åf“­–­cnü­gf­kf,­rjb­nj­gkfd­yj­ght­yf­czn­dj­lf­nf,­nf­rf­xt­hb­åf­nf­ghtc­rf­xf­jn­hfd­yb­ot­ yf­ hfd­yb­ot­ b­ gj­ nj­pb­ yf­xby­pfj­åb­rf­kz­ zpj­db­hf­ –­ cf­ gjc­nf­dt­yb­jrj­kj­yz­rjb­gj­vfk­rb­zpj­db­hb,­yj­ghb­ gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ nt­pb­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz­yt­ ltqcn­dfn.­ D­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­gjx­nb­wz­kf­nf­ht­rf­Cytqr­b­ytq­yb­nt­ghb­nj­wb,­ rfr­nj­ b­ ghb­nj­wb­nt­ yf­Rü­küv­åbz­yfl­Uhfyl­Re­kb,­cf­pfn­dj­ht­yb­pf­cmjv­uf.

fkzc­Rf­–­GJ­kb­nb­xtc­Rb­Jc­nHJd

Rhfq­åhté­yf­ ñé­yf­ Fkzc­rf­ åtp­cgjh­yj­ t­ xfcn­ jn­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj­nj­ct­dth­yj­rhfq­åht­ébt,­yj­nhzå­df­lf­ct­hfp­ukté­lf­rf­nj­jn­ltk­yf­tlb­yb­

wf­ d­ ht­ubj­yf.­ Yb­nj­ tl­yf­ét­kt­pj­gün­yf­ kb­ybz­ yt­ cdüh­pdf­Fkzc­rf­ c­gj­yf­ct­kt­yb­nt­ xfc­nb­ yf­ rjy­nb­yty­nf;­ tl­yj­tlbycn­dt­yj­ lük­uj­ ij­ct,­xfcn­ jn­ rjt­nj­ jc­nf­df­ yt­gf­db­hf­yj,­cdüh­pdf­rhfq­åhté­yf­ñé­yf­Fkzc­rf­ghtp­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Rf­yf­lf­ c­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­ Öj­hf­nf­ d­ „Jgfi­rf­nf“­ yf­ñuj­bp­njx­yf­Fkzc­rf,­ghb­nbc­yf­nb­jn­rhfq­åhté­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb,­ éb­dt­zn­düh­öe­ nzc­yf­ bdb­wf­ yf­ åht­uf,­ yt­gj­ib­hj­rf­ jn­ yt­rjk­rjc­nj­nby­ vtn­hf.­Nf­pb­xfcn­jn­ht­ubj­yf­jcü­otcn­dz­df­dhüp­rf­c­jc­nf­yf­kbz­cdzn­cf­vj­gj­düp­leö­b­gj­dj­lf,­f­nj­df­pf­lük­åj­xf­df­ jot­ gj­dt­xt­ xedcn­dj­nj­ pf­jn­rüc­yf­njcn­ (dt­hj­zn­yj­ öf­hfr­nth­yj­b­pf­jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­xfcn­yf­ht­ubj­yf)­b­uj­ ghtd­hü­of­ d­ jot­ gj­cbk­yj­nj­xedcn­dj­pf­bpj­kb­hf­yjcn­jn­éb­dj­nf­yf­ jc­nf­yf­kf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­ cnhf­yf­nf;­nj­df­dj­lb­lj­db­cj­rf­wt­yf­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­nf­ghj­ler­wbz,­ gjc­nf­dt­yf­d­ pf­db­cb­vjcn­ jn­ yt­ljc­nf­nüx­ybz­ b­crüg­nhfyc­gjhn.

Vyj­pb­yf­cvz­nfn,­xt­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­Fkzc­rf­hfp­xb­nf­ukfd­yj­yf­vb­yt­hf­kb,­ lüh­dj­lj­åbd­ b­ hb­åj­kjd.­ D­ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­ jc­yj­dty­ hf­åj­nj­lf­ntk­ d­of­nf­ t­at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­ b­ ght­lb­ dcbx­rj­ Vb­ybc­nthcn­dj­nj­ yf­ jn­åhf­yf­nf.­ Lj­hb­ec­gti­yj­nj­hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­yf­yta­nt­yb­ pf­kt­éb­ yf­ Yjhn­ Ckj­eg­ cf­vj­db­lj­bp­vt­yz,­ yj­ yt­ ght­vfö­df­ nf­pb­jhb­ty­nf­wbz.­ ­ ∆

159

Cü­otcn­de­df­yt­nj­ yf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ d­ vyj­uj­jn­yj­it­ybz­ct­lük­éb­yf­

pf­ctk­yb­xtc­rbz­ jgbn.­ Ghj­ybr­df­yt­nj­ yf­ pf­gfl­ jc­nf­df­ xfcn­jn­ yj­df­nf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crf­ bc­nj­hbz,­ pf­oj­nj­ dct­ jot­ bvf­éb­db­öj­hf,­rjb­nj­cb­cgjv­yzn­lyb­nt­yf­hfy­yj­nj­pf­ctk­yb­xtcn­dj,­yf­ut­hj­bx­yf­nf­åjh­åf­cüc­pt­vz­nf.

Uhf­yb­wf­nf­ yf­ pf­ctk­df­yt­nj­ yf­CFO­ lytc­ dt­xt­ gjx­nb­ yt­ cü­otcn­de­df.­ Vf­rfh­ xt­ öj­hf­nf,­ rfr­nj­bp­ukté­lf,­bvfn­ntö­yj­kj­ubx­yb­gjp­yf­ybz­b­evt­ybz,­rjb­nj­bv­gjp­dj­kz­dfn­lf­éb­dt­zn­yfd­cz­rü­lt­gj­pt­vz­nf,­ jyt­pb­ jå­kfc­nb­ jn­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb,­ rjb­nj­vj­ufn­ lf­ åü­lfn­ yf­ct­kt­yb,­ rf­nj­ ct­ dkj­éfn­ hf­pev­yb­ab­pb­xtc­rb­b­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ecb­kbz,­dt­xt­cf­ec­djt­yb.

Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb­(Rfh­nf­15),­rjb­nj­ct­ghjc­nb­hfn­yf­ñu­xfr­lj­ct­dth­yb­nt­of­nb­yf­Uj­kt­vb­nt­tpt­hf­b­jå­ödf­ofn­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ lj­ rf­yfl­crf­nf­uhf­yb­wf,­ rfr­nj­ b­xfc­nb­ jn­Fkzc­rf,­jc­nf­dfn­ hzl­rj­ yf­ct­kt­yb.­ Yt­ujc­nj­­g­hb­tv­yf­nf­ghb­hjl­yf­cht­lf­b­ghj­bp­nb­xf­oj­nj­ jn­ nj­df­ ckf­åj­ pf­ctk­df­yt­jg­ht­lt­kzn­ cgt­wb­abx­ybz­ öf­hfr­nth­yf­Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb.

cE­HJ­db­GHb­HJl­yb­Ec­kJ­dbzFrj­ fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt­ nhzå­df­ lf­ jgb­ifn­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb,­ yfq­xtc­nj­bp­gjk­pdf­yj­nj­ ghb­kf­uf­ntk­yj­ dt­hj­zn­yj­ åb­ åb­kj­ „cne­lt­yb“.­ Chtl­yb­nt­zye­fh­crb­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­ df­hb­hfn­vté­le­db­cj­rf­nf­cnjq­yjcn­jn­­7­uhf­

le­cf­ gj­ Wtk­pbq­ gj­ ñé­ybz­rhfq­ yf­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ Tpt­hf­ lj­­40­ uhf­le­cf­ gj­ Wtk­pbq­ d­yz­rjb­xfc­nb­yf­Fkzc­rf.­Ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­vj­ét­lf­ljc­nbu­yt­b­lj­­60­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq.

D­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ht­ubj­yf­ pbv­yb­nt­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­

hb­cf­ybc­rb,­yj­jc­dty­nj­df­pb­vb­nt­cf­b­lük­ub.­Gt­hbj­lün­vté­le­gjc­ktl­yf­nf­ ckf­yf­ ghtp­ ghj­ktn­nf­ b­güh­df­nf­ckf­yf­ghtp­tcty­nf­ghj­lük­éf­df­ chtl­yj­ 135­ lyb­ d­ ñé­yb­nt­rhfb­of­yf­ht­ubj­yf­b­vfk­rj­gj­dt­xt­jn­14­lyb­d­yz­rjb­xfc­nb­yf­Ct­dth­ybz­kt­lj­dbn­jrt­fy.­Nüq­rf­nj­åer­dfk­yj­ dcbx­rb­ jc­yjd­yb­ öhf­yb­ntk­yb­rek­ne­hb­ct­yeé­lf­zn­jn­dt­ut­nf­wbj­yty­gt­hb­jl­gj­lü­küu­jn­90­lyb,­nt­vj­ufn­ lf­ ct­ jn­ukté­lfn­ cf­vj­ d­yz­rjk­rj­vfk­rb­hf­qj­yf­gj­ñé­yb­nt­rhfb­of.

Ghtp­kt­nf­nf,­rjb­nj­cf­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­rhfn­rb­b­ghjö­kfl­yb,­bvf­bp­yt­yfl­df­oj­ njg­kb­ lyb.­ Vjh­crj­nj­dkbz­ybt­ ct­ect­of­ cf­vj­d­gt­hb­at­hbz­nf,­ukfd­yj­yf­bp­njr­b­yf­pf­gfl.

Nt­pb­ xedcn­db­ntk­yb­ ct­pjy­yb­jn­rkj­yt­ybz­ d­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt­ cf­ht­pek­nfn­ jn­ uj­kz­vf­nf­ hfp­kb­rf­ d­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn­nf­ yf­ lt­yz­ b­ jn­üuü­kf,­gjl­rjq­nj­gf­lfn­cküy­xt­db­nt­kü­xb.­ D­ öj­lf­ yf­ uj­lbi­yf­nf­ jåb­rjk­rf­ yf­Pt­vz­nf­ jrj­kj­Cküy­wt­nj­Ct­dth­yb­zn­ gj­kñc­ t­ yfr­kj­yty­ rüv­Cküy­wt­nj­ pf­ dht­vt­nj,­ rj­uf­nj­ d­Fvt­hb­rf­ t­ kz­nj­ b­ jn­lf­kt­xty­ jn­yt­uj­ghtp­pb­vf­nf.­Pf­nj­df­yfd­cz­rü­lt­ yf­ ct­dth­ jn­ Gj­kzh­ybz­ rhüu­ d­

ct­dth­yb­Nt­pt­vb

ukf­df

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cht­lf­nf­ yf­ pb­vf­nf­ yfq­vfk­rj­ d­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ tlby­lty­ wf­hb­ vhfr,­ f­ d­ cht­lf­nf­yf­ kz­nj­nj­ yfq­vfk­rj­ 24­xf­cf­ cküy­wt­nj­ yt­ pf­kzp­df.­Jc­dty­ nj­df­ ghtp­ pb­vf­nf,­rj­uf­nj­ bp­uhtt,­ cküy­wt­nj­jc­nf­df­ybc­rj­yf­öj­hb­pjy­nf.­Lj­hb­d­ñé­yb­nt­ xfc­nb­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ ghtp­pb­vf­nf­ bvf­ cf­vj­ gj­ itcn­ bkb­ct­ltv­xf­cf­lytd­yf­cdtn­kb­yf.

Df­kt­éb­nt­ d­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ cf­vyj­uj­hfp­kbx­yb­gj­rj­kb­xtcn­dj.­Nt­cf­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­ d­ lf­ktx­ybz­ ñuj­bp­njr,­ rü­lt­nj­ b­ pbv­yb­nt,­ b­ ktn­yb­nt­åe­hb­ bp­cbg­dfn­ gj­ ñé­ybz­ åhzu­ yf­Kfå­hf­ljh­ uj­lbi­yj­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 100­cfy­nb­vtn­hf.­ Düd­ dün­hti­yjcn­nf­ b­

yf­ct­dth­yb­dj­nj­yf­df­kt­éb­nt­hzp­rj­cgf­lf.

Düg­ht­rb­ jc­rül­yb­nt­ df­kt­éb­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ yt­ cf­ceö­ ht­ub­jy.­ Dcüo­yjcn­ ghtp­kz­nj­nj­ uj­kz­vf­ xfcn­ jn­ht­ubj­yf­ jc­nf­df­ pf­kz­nf­ c­

dj­lf.­ Nj­df­ jn­xfc­nb­ ct­ lük­éb­ yf­ybc­rb­nt­yb­df­yf­bp­gf­hz­df­yt­pf­hf­lb­cne­lt­ybz­ rkb­vfn.­ D­ ct­dth­yb­nt­lz­kj­dt­ yf­ ht­ubj­yf­ ghb­xb­yf­ pf­pf­lüh­éf­yt­nj­ yf­ dj­lf­nf­ t­ b­ dtx­yj­pfv­hüp­yf­kb­zn­ ckjq­ gjx­df­ gjl­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf,­ rjq­nj­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­bvf­ jrj­kj­ 100­ vtn­hf­ lt­åt­kb­yf­ b­gj­yz­rj­uf­ljc­nb­uf­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­300­vtn­hf­yf­lj­ke­d­pt­vz­nf.­D­gj­njg­kb­nt­jå­kfc­nb­nj­pb­ckjq­yf­vtc­nf­t­

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hfp­vhf­pty.­ Rj­uf­nj­ ghtp­ rhfn­rj­nj­kz­nj­njq­ct­hfp­nj­gb­yf­lük­åj­xb­yf­jrj­kj­1­vt­nüh,­dj­lf­nf­ct­pf­lüh­éf­yfl­ gj­ljk­ybz­ pfv­hüp­yfk­ ckjq,­rf­nj­ jå­hf­pe­df­ åkf­nbc­nf,­ yt­ec­njq­xb­df­gj­düh­öyjcn.

Düh­öe­nf­rf­df­gj­düh­öyjcn­t­nhel­yj­ lf­ ct­ cnhjb.­ Pf­ lf­ åü­lfn­ cnf­åbk­yb,­ gjc­nhjq­rb­nt­ nhzå­df­ lf­ ct­bp­lb­ufn­düh­öe­rjyc­nher­wbb,­pf­åb­nb­lük­åj­rj­ d­ pfv­hüp­yf­kbz­ ckjq,­ f­gü­nb­of­nf­nhzå­df­lf­ct­ht­vjy­nb­hfn­jc­yjd­yj­ dcz­rf­ uj­lb­yf,­ pf­ lf­ ct­pf­gf­pb­ yz­rfr­dj­ gj­lj­åbt­ yf­ hfd­yj­gün­yj­gkfn­yj.­Gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­Fkzc­rf­ kt­éb­ düh­öe­ ytg­ht­rüc­yfn­bkb­ ght­rüc­yfn­ dtx­yj­ ­pfv­hüp­yfk­ckjq­gjx­df.

Vf­rfh­ xt­ d­ vtcn­ybz­ ht­kta­ ct­yfå­kñ­lf­dfn­ ljc­nf­ hfp­yj­dbl­yjc­nb,­rf­nj­ wz­kj­Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ cf­ bkb­hfd­yby­yb,­ bkb­ kt­rj­ öük­vbc­nb.­Ct­dth­yb­zn­crkjy­yf­Fkzc­rf­yfg­hb­vth­t­ib­hj­rf,­gkjc­rf­rhfq­åhté­yf­hfd­yb­yf.

Gjx­db­nt­ yf­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ cf­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yb,­ yj­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ cf­rb­ct­kby­yb,­ cüc­ ckfå­ lht­yfé­ b­ c­ybc­rb­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ gj­rf­pf­nt­kb.­ D­ñé­ybz­lzk­yf­ht­ubj­yf,­d­cne­lt­yf­nf­ cht­lf­ yf­ bu­kj­kbcn­yb­nt­ uj­hb,­gjx­db­nt­ cf­ ukfd­yj­ gjl­pjk­yb.­ Yf­ct­dth­ght­jå­kf­lf­dfn­pj­yfk­yb­gjx­db,­xtc­nj­ ghjc­ve­rf­yb­ jn­ dj­lf­ b­ pf­­v­hüp­yf­kb.­ Gkj­lj­hjl­yb­ gjx­db­ bvf­cf­vj­ d­ yz­rjb­ jn­ cnf­hb­nt­ htx­yb­lj­kb­yb­ b­ d­ jyt­pb­ tpt­hf,­ rjb­nj­ cf­pf­gük­yt­yb­ c­ yfc­kf­ub­ b­ bp­uyb­kf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn.

Rf­nj­wz­kj­Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb­vj­ufn­lf­åü­lfn­hfp­lt­kt­yb­yf­ldt­jn­ltk­yb­

hfc­nb­ntk­yb­ jå­kfc­nb.­ Bu­kj­kbcn­yb­uj­hb,­ yf­ht­xt­yb­ ct­dth­yf­ uj­hf­ bkb­nfq­uf,­ pft­vfn­ ñé­yf­nf­ bp­dbd­rf­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.­ Ukt­lf­yb­ jn­ düp­le­öf,­ nt­pb­ghjc­nb­hf­ob­ ct­ yf­ cnj­nb­wb­ öb­kz­lb­rdfl­hfn­yb­rb­kj­vtn­hb­uüc­nb­ht­lb­wb­jn­cvühx,­tkf,­åjh­b­ct­dth­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crf­ kbcn­dt­yb­wf,­ cz­rfi­ cf­ pfc­nkf­kb­pt­vz­nf­c­nüv­yf,­gjx­nb­xth­yf­gkün­yf­ gjr­hbd­rf.­ Nt­pb­ lüh­dt­nf,­rjb­nj­ hfc­nfn­ åfd­yj­ b­ yb­rj­uf­ yt­cnf­dfn­vyj­uj­db­cj­rb,­yf­vf­kz­dfn­yf­åhjq­ b­ yf­ hücn­ jn­ñu­ yf­ ct­dth­ d­nfq­uf­nf.­ Jrj­kj­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf­ght­jå­kf­lf­df­ cvt­ct­yf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn­jn­åjh­b­ib­hj­rj­kbcn­yb­uj­hb.

Uhf­yb­wf­nf­yf­uj­hf­nf,­rjz­nj­åt­kt­éb­ght­öjl­yf­nf­pj­yf­vté­le­nfq­uf­nf­ b­ ney­lhf­nf­ d­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb,­vb­yf­df­ njx­yj­ yf­ ñu­ jn­ pf­kb­df­Öül­cüy,­cktl­nj­df­bp­db­df­yf­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­rüv­ec­nbt­nj­yf­ht­rf­Vfr­rty­pb­ b­ ght­cb­xf­ ct­dth­ybz­rhfq­yf­Fkzc­rf.­Yf­ct­dth­jn­nf­pb­uhf­yb­wf­rkb­vf­nbx­yb­nt­ ec­kj­dbz­ cf­ vyj­uj­ce­hj­db­ pf­ ujh­crf­ hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn.­Jn­dül­ght­öjl­yf­nf­pj­yf­t­ney­lhf­nf,­pt­vz­ yf­ kb­itb,­ nht­db,­ vü­öj­dt­ b­ieå­hf­wb.

Uj­kz­vf­nf­fh­rnb­xtc­rf­kt­lt­yf­vf­­cf,­ gjr­hb­df­of­ jrj­kj­ 4.8­ vb­kbj­yf­rdfl­hfn­yb­ rb­kj­vtn­hf,­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­nüy­rf­(c­lt­åt­kb­yf­vté­le­3­b­6­vtn­hf)­uhf­gf­df­kt­lt­yf­rj­hf,­gjx­nb­åtp­cü­lüh­éf­ybt­yf­cjk,­rjz­nj­cdj­åjl­yj­ gkf­df­ d­ Ct­dth­ybz­ kt­lj­dbn­jrt­fy.­ Nz­ cü­lüh­éf­ njk­rj­df­ dj­lf,­rjk­rj­nj­dcbx­rb­ckfl­rj­djl­yb­tpt­hf­d­ cdt­nf.­ Ghtp­ pb­vf­nf­ kt­lt­yf­nf­vf­cf­ ct­ bp­ntu­kz­ yf­ñu­ b­ jå­ödf­of­ct­dth­yf­Fkzc­rf.­Kzn­yj­nj­nj­gt­yt­pf­

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rhfn­rj­dht­vt­ghf­db­hf­qj­yf­ghj­öj­lbv.

Pf­hf­lb­kt­lf­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­rj­hf­åb­vj­ufn­lf­ct­ldb­éfn­d­Ct­dth­ybz­kt­lj­dbn­jrt­fy­dcz­rj­kz­nj­cf­vj­pf­rhfn­rj­dht­vt,­rf­nj­ghb­nj­df­xtc­nj­bv­ ct­ yf­kf­uf­ lf­ åüh­pfn.­ Hfy­yj­nj­dhü­of­yt­ yf­ kt­lj­dt­nt­ gj­yz­rj­uf­åkj­rb­hf­ gü­nz­ yf­ rj­hf­åb­nt­ (b­ yf­rb­nj­dt­nt,­rjb­nj­vbu­hb­hfn­d­Ct­dth­ybz­ kt­lj­dbn­ jrt­fy­ ghtp­ kz­nj­nj)­rüv­jn­rhb­nj­nj­vj­ht­yf­ñu.­Kt­lün­cü­oj­nf­rf­ju­hf­yb­xf­df­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yj­nj­ dkbz­ybt­ yf­ jrtf­yf­ düh­öe­rkb­vf­nf­yf­Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb.

xJ­dti­RJ­GHb­cücn­dbtGjx­nb­ dcbx­rb­ xfc­nb­ yf­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb­cf­hzl­rj­yf­ct­kt­yb,­rf­nj­yfq­j­åb­nft­vb­ cf­ ñé­yb­nt­ rhfb­of­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.­ D­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­ xfcn­ jn­ht­ubj­yf­ ct­dth­yj­ jn­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb­ yfq­vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­ cf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ by­lb­fy­wb,­ vt­nb­cb­nt­ b­tc­rb­vj­cb­nt.­ Ght­jå­kf­lf­df­oj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­Fh­rnb­rf­cf­tc­rb­vj­cb­nt.­Fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­by­lb­fy­wb­éb­dt­zn­ ukfd­yj­ d­ hf­qj­yf­ yf­ ct­dth­yb­nt­uj­hb.­Vt­nb­cb­nt­cf­hjé­åb­yf­cvt­ct­yb­ åhf­rj­dt­ vté­le­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­by­lb­fy­rb­ b­ td­hj­gtq­wb­ jn­ hfy­ybz­gt­hb­jl­ yf­ td­hj­gtq­crj­nj­ pf­ctk­df­yt­yf­nfq­uf­nf,­rj­uf­nj­ct­hfp­db­df­nüh­uj­dbz­nf­c­rj­éb.

Ghbc­nb­uf­yt­nj­ yf­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­ lj­uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­ ckf­uf­rhfq­ yf­ nhf­lb­wb­jy­yf­nf­ rek­ne­hf­ yf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ by­lb­fy­wb­ b­ yf­ tc­rb­vj­cb­nt.­Nüh­ujd­wb­nt­ jn­ cf­vj­nj­ yf­xf­kj­ ct­clj­åb­dfn­ c­ rj­éb,­ ljc­nf­dz­yb­ jn­by­lb­fy­wb­nt­jn­nfq­uf­nf­cht­oe­td­hj­

gtq­crb­ cnj­rb,­ rjb­nj­ yfd­kb­pfn­ d­by­lb­fy­crf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf.­ Nfv,­rü­lt­nj­kj­dün­b­hb­åj­kj­dün­ghj­lük­éf­dfn­ lf­ ct­ ghfr­nb­re­dfn,­ vj­njh­yf­nf­ kjl­rf,­ gei­rf­nf­ b­ vj­njh­yf­nf­itq­yf­ bp­vtcn­dfn­ rfz­rf,­ kü­rf­ b­re­xti­rbz­ dghzu.­ Yj­ gj­dt­xt­nj­by­lb­fy­wb­b­tc­rb­vj­cb­jn­Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb­dt­xt­yt­ ct­ghtö­hfy­dfn­c­kjd­b­ hb­åj­kjd.­ Nt­ cf­ ct­ ght­vtc­nb­kb­vf­cj­dj­d­uhf­lj­dt­nt­b­lytc­d­vyj­uj­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ wty­nhj­dt­ yf­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ bvf­ uj­kt­vb­ uhe­gb­rj­hty­yj­yf­ct­kt­ybt.

Pf­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ td­hj­gtq­wb,­ rjb­nj­bl­dfn­ d­Fvt­hb­rf,­Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­yt­ ghtl­kf­ufn­ yt­oj­ jcj­åt­yj­ by­nt­htc­yj.­ Nfv,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­ cüp­lf­dfn­ct­kb­of,­ dyb­vf­ybt­nj­ t­ cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yj­ rüv­ bp­dkb­xf­yt­ yf­ åj­ufncn­df­bkb­ gjc­nb­uf­yt­ yf­ dj­ty­yb­ wt­kb.­Jot­ghtp­cht­lf­nf­yf­17­dtr­ahty­crb­ gü­nt­itcn­dt­yb­wb,­ nhf­gt­hb­ b­nüh­ujd­wb­ct­ghbl­dbé­dfn­c­rf­ye­nf­nf­ cb­ lf­ktx­ pfl­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­nt­ct­kb­of­ gj­ ljk­yj­nj­ nt­xt­ybt­ yf­ht­rf­Ctqyn­Kj­hüyc,­hfp­ib­hz­dfq­rb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbz­rjy­nhjk­yf­Ahfy­wbz­düh­öe­ Uj­kt­vb­nt­ tpt­hf.­ Rjv­gf­ybz­nf­ Öül­cüy­ Åtq,­ cnf­hf­ åhb­nfy­crf­rjv­gf­ybz­ pf­ nüh­uj­dbz­ c­ rj­éb,­ ct­ec­nf­yj­dz­df­ d­ rhfq­yb­nt­ njx­rb­ yf­pf­kb­df­ Öül­cüy­ d­ Rf­yf­lf,­ cktl­rjt­nj­ pf­gjx­df­ lf­ ghj­ybr­df­ yf­ñu­b­ yf­ pf­gfl,­ rf­nj­ gj­ nj­pb­ yf­xby­åkj­rb­hf­ gj­yf­nf­nüi­yf­nf­ ahty­crf­trc­gfy­pbz­ yf­ pf­gfl.­ Ghtp­ cht­lf­nf­yf­18­dtr­rjv­gf­ybz­nf­Öül­cüy­Åtq,­rjz­nj­ t­ gj­ke­xb­kf­ jn­ åhb­nfy­crj­nj­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­nüh­ujd­crb­vj­yj­gjk­d­hf­qj­yf,­rjy­nhj­kb­hf­wz­kf­nf­ct­dth­yf­

uj­hf­jn­pf­kb­df­Öül­cüy­yf­pf­gfl­lj­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb,­rf­nj­ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ hfp­ib­hz­df­ dkbz­ybt­nj­ cb­rüv­Fh­rnb­rf.­Nf­pb­ju­hjv­yf­bv­gt­hbz­pf­bp­dkb­xf­yt­yf­åj­ufncn­df­cüp­lf­df­ ytp­yf­xb­nt­kty­ åhjq­ vfk­rb,­hfp­ghüc­yf­nb­ct­kb­of.

Gü­nt­itcn­dt­yb­wb­nt­ b­ rjv­gf­ybz­nf­Öül­cüy­Åtq­bp­gjk­pdfn­rf­nj­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­gü­nb­of­vyj­ujå­hjq­yb­nt­tpt­hf­ b­ ht­rb­ d­ ht­ubj­yf­ b­ hfp­gj­kf­ufn­vfk­rb­ufh­yb­pj­yb­yf­dfé­yb­gey­rnj­dt­gj­djl­yb­nt­gü­nb­of.­Nfv,­rü­lt­nj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ ht­rb­ ct­ dkb­dfn­ d­ tpt­hf,­rü­lt­nj­ht­rb­nt­cdüh­idfn­b­cnj­rb­nt­nhzå­df­lf­ct­ght­yf­czn­gj­ce­if­bkb­rü­lt­nj­ bvf­ åüh­ptb­ b­ dj­lj­gf­lb,­kjl­rb­nt­nhzå­df­lf­ct­hfp­nj­df­hzn,­f­cnj­rb­nt­lf­ct­ght­yt­cfn­b­yf­nj­df­hzn­yf­lhe­ub­kjl­rb;­xhtp­nt­pb­gey­rnj­dt­ ct­ jcb­ue­hz­df­ tatr­nb­dty­ rjy­nhjk­ düh­öe­ wz­kjcn­yf­nf­ djl­yf­ cbc­nt­vf.­Yf­vtc­nf­nf­yf­vyj­uj­jn­nt­pb­hfy­yb­ ahty­crb­ ufh­yb­pj­yb­ lytc­ ct­yf­vb­hfn­ dfé­yb­ eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yb­ wty­nhj­dt,­ drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ Xb­rf­uj,­ Ltn­hjqn­b­Gbn­cåühu.

Nfq­uf­nf­ d­ ñé­yf­nf­ gj­kj­db­yf­ yf­Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ t­ yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­ltdcn­dt­yf­ uj­hf,­ jc­nf­yf­kf­d­Ct­dth­yf­Fvt­hb­rf.­ Lj­ yt­jn­lfd­yf­ lüh­dj­lj­åb­dün­b­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­lüh­dt­cty­gekg­b­öfh­nbz­ct­düp­gjk­pdfn­cf­vj­ jn­ gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­ yf­ nf­pb­ju­hjv­yf­uj­hf.­Jå­kfcn­nf­yf­Ujh­yb­nt­ tpt­hf­ t­ åb­kf­ gjl­kj­ét­yf­ yf­vf­cj­df­ctx­d­rhfz­yf­80­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­19­b­d­yf­xf­kj­nj­yf­20­dtr.­Nüq­rf­nj­gj­jyj­df­dht­vt­yt­ct­t­ghfr­nb­re­df­kj­ pf­kt­cz­df­yt­ b­ nüq­ rf­nj­cne­lt­yb­zn­ rkb­vfn­ yf­ ct­dth­yf­nf­

uj­hf­pf­åf­dz­hfc­nt­éf,­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­ nf­pb­ jå­kfcn­ tl­df­ ct­uf­ pf­gjx­df­lf­düp­cnf­yj­dz­df­güh­dj­yf­xfk­ybz­cb­jå­kbr.

Lt­kün­jn­Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb,­rjq­nj­ct­ yf­vb­hf­ d­ hf­qj­yf­ yf­ ujh­yb­nt­Uj­kt­vb­ tpt­hf,­ t­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­bp­njx­ybr­yf­ét­kzp­yf­he­lf­d­Fvt­hb­rf­ b­ yf­ pyf­xb­ntk­yb­ rj­kb­xtcn­df­vtl.­ Yta­nt­yb­nt­ yf­öj­lb­of­ d­Ct­dth­ybz­crkjy­yf­Fkzc­rf­ljg­hb­yf­czn­ vyj­uj­ pf­ fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­tyth­ubq­yb­ pf­gf­cb,­ nüq­ rf­nj­ yf­gjc­kt­lür­ jcb­ue­hz­dfn­ 25­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­wz­kjcn­yf­nf­ghj­ler­wbz­yf­cnhf­yf­nf.

Rfr­nj­b­d­cke­xfz­c­lüh­dj­lj­åb­df,­ljc­nüg­yb­nt­ gt­hb­ath­yb­ xfc­nb­ yf­Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ cnf­dfn­ güh­db­nt­dfé­yb­ he­lj­lj­åbd­yb­ jå­kfc­nb­ yf­ht­ubj­yf.­D­rhfz­yf­19­dtr­gkf­yby­crf­nf­ dt­hb­uf­ Vü­cf­åb­ d­ ct­dth­yf­Vb­yt­cj­nf,­kt­rj­öük­vbc­nf­jå­kfcn­c­bp­lük­ét­yb­ düp­db­it­ybz,­ b­ cü­ctl­yb­jå­kfc­nb­ d­Vb­yt­cj­nf,­ Ebc­rjy­cby­ b­Vb­xb­ufy,­ ct­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ d­ ukf­dty­bp­njx­ybr­yf­ét­kzp­yf­he­lf­pf­Fvt­hb­rf.­Vb­kb­fh­lb­ nj­yj­dt­ db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yf­ he­lf­ ct­ ght­yf­czn­ gj­ét­ktp­yb­wf­nf­ lj­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­nf­ yf­tpt­hj­nj­ Cñ­gb­hb­üh,­ rü­lt­nj­ ct­yf­nj­dfh­dfn­yf­uj­kt­vb­rj­hf­åb,­ghb­uj­lt­yb­ lf­ gü­ne­dfn­ gj­ tpt­hj­ b­ lf­ght­yf­czn­ he­lf­nf­ lj­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­ d­ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yj­Jöf­qj,­rü­lt­nj­nz­ct­ghtö­düh­kz­yf­ét­ktp­yb­wf­nf­pf­cnj­vf­yj­kt­zh­yb­nt­ pf­dj­lb­ d­ jå­kfcn­nf­Gbn­cåühu­Qüyu­cnf­ey.­ Lytc­ gj­uj­kz­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­he­lf­nf­ct­bp­ghf­of­d­gj­yj­db­nt­ecü­düh­itycn­df­yb­pf­dj­lb­ pf­ ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ ét­kz­pj­ b­cnj­vf­yf­d­ñé­ybz­rhfq­yf­tpt­hj­nj­

164 165

Vb­xb­ufy.­ Gkf­df­ntk­yb­nt­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz­ ghb­ Cjkn­ Ctqyn­Vf­hb,­ rjb­nj­cdüh­pdfn­ tpt­hj­nj­ Cñ­gb­hb­üh­ c­jc­nf­yf­kb­nt­ Uj­kt­vb­ tpt­hf,­ cf­ yfq­yf­nj­df­ht­yb­nt­d­cdt­nf­ukfd­yj­pf­hf­lb­ght­dj­pb­nt­yf­ét­kzp­yf­he­lf.

Gj­dt­xt­nj­jn­db­cj­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb­nt­ét­ktp­yb­he­lb­dt­xt­cf­bp­xth­gf­yb­d­he­lj­lj­åbd­ybz­ hf­qjy­ yf­ tpt­hj­nj­Cñ­gb­hb­üh.­ Ct­uf­ dyb­vf­ybt­nj­ t­yf­cj­xt­yj­ rüv­ gj­ybc­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yf­he­lf,­yf­ht­xt­yf­nf­rj­ybn,­rjz­nj­t­d­ju­hjv­yb­rj­kb­xtcn­df­d­nj­pb­hf­qjy.­Cü­lüh­éf­ybt­nj­ yf­ét­kz­pj­ d­ nf­rj­yb­nf­(ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­30­ghj­wty­nf­d­chfd­yt­ybt­ c­ ldjq­yj­ gj­uj­kz­vj­nj­cü­lüh­éf­ybt­ghb­gj­åj­uf­nb­nt­he­lb)­t­njk­rj­df­ybc­rj,­xt­bp­kb­pf­ght­rf­kt­yj­crü­gj­lf­ct­ght­djp­df­pf­ght­hf­åjn­df­yt­lj­ljk­yb­nt­Uj­kt­vb­tpt­hf.­Pf­nj­df­he­lf­nf­ct­cvb­kf­yf­aby­ghfö,­crfk­yf­nf­vf­cf­ct­jn­cnhf­yz­df­b­ gj­ke­xt­yb­zn­ vf­nt­hb­fk,­ ght­cj­dfy­yf­åkjr­xt­nf,­dt­xt­c­vyj­uj­gj­vfk­rb­ hfp­vt­hb­ b­ vyj­uj­ gj­db­cj­rj­cü­lüh­éf­ybt­ yf­ét­kz­pj,­ yf­vf­kz­df­pyf­xb­ntk­yj­hfp­öj­lb­nt­gj­nhfyc­gjh­nb­hf­yt­nj.

Nhfyc­gjh­nyb­nt­ hfp­öj­lb­ ghb­ ght­dj­pf­ yf­ ybc­rj­rf­xtcn­dt­yb­ he­lb­ cf­jc­yjd­yj­ cü­jå­hf­ét­ybt,­ rj­uf­nj­ ct­dpt­vf­ ht­it­ybt­ ght­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­he­lf­nf­ lf­ ct­ bp­düh­idf­ åkb­pj­ lj­bp­njx­yb­rf­yf­ce­hj­db­yf­nf,­f­yt­åkb­pj­ lj­ gf­pf­hf.­ Yfg­hb­vth­ vtl­nf,­rjz­nj­cf­vj­d­htl­rb­cke­xfb­cüc­nfd­kz­df­5­ghj­wty­nf­jn­he­lf­nf,­f­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ t­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 1­ ghj­wtyn,­gjx­nb­db­yf­ub­ct­ght­hf­åjn­df­åkb­pj­lj­ vb­yf­nf.­ D­ nj­df­ ghj­vbi­kt­yj­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­t­yft­nf­yfq­uj­kz­vf­nf­

hf­åjn­yf­ cb­kf­ d­ Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb.­Db­cj­rb­nt­rj­vb­yb­yf­ght­xbcn­df­ntk­yb­nt­ cüj­hü­ét­ybz­ cf­ jc­yjd­yb­nt­jxth­nf­ybz­ düh­öe­ yt­åtc­ybz­ajy­ yf­yz­rjb­ jn­ gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ uhf­lj­dt­ d­ht­ubj­yf.

Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ ghbc­nüg­dfn­åüh­pj­rüv­hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­yf­gtn­hjk­yb­nt­gj­kt­nf­gj­Ct­dth­ybz­crkjy­yf­ Fkzc­rf.­ Yz­rjb­ ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kb­yf­ gtn­hjk­ gkf­ofn­ yfl­ 1­ vb­kb­fhl­lj­kf­hf,­cf­vj­pf­lf­gj­ke­xfn­ghf­dj­nj­lf­nüh­czn­ytan­d­nj­pb­ht­ub­jy.

Rj­uf­nj­ pf­gjx­df­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­yf­ åf­ctq­yf­ yf­ Ct­dth­ybz­ crkjy,­nhfyc­gjh­nb­hf­yt­nj­ yf­ ce­hj­dbz­ gtn­hjk­ ct­ jrfp­df­ ukf­dty­ ghjå­ktv.­Ghtp­1977­u.­t­jn­rhbn­tlby­gtn­hj­kjg­hj­djl­yf­ cnjq­yjcn­8­vb­kb­fh­lf­lj­kf­hf,­ rjq­nj­ ght­cb­xf­ wty­nhfk­yf­Fkzc­rf­ lj­ ghbc­nf­yb­ot­nj­ Dfk­ltp­yf­Nb­öbz­jrt­fy.

Vf­kjå­hjq­yj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yf­Ct­dth­yb­nt­pt­vb­b­jcj­åt­yj­kbg­cf­nf­yf­uhf­lj­dt­jp­yf­xf­dfn,­xt­lj­hb­frj­vj­ufn­ lf­ ct­ gjc­nhj­zn­ td­nb­yb­nhfyc­gjh­nyb­ gü­nb­of,­ nt­ ot­ ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ vfk­rj.­Cf­vj­ukfd­yb­zn­gün­ghtp­Fkzc­rf­b­yz­rjb­ yt­uj­db­ jn­rkj­yt­ybz­vb­yf­dfn­ghtp­pf­gfl­yb­nt­rhfb­of­yf­ht­ubj­yf.

Pf­uj­kz­vf­xfcn­jn­ht­ubj­yf­jåf­xt­vfk­rb­nt­cf­vj­kt­nb,­rjb­nj­­ghj­ybr­dfn­ lj­ jn­lf­kt­xt­yb­ vtc­nf,­ jc­nf­dfn­tlbycn­dt­yf­nf­ nhfyc­gjh­nyf­ dhüp­rf.­Ldf­lt­ct­nb­yf­ nf­rb­df­ cf­vj­kt­nf­bp­gük­yz­dfn­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­yf­nj­df­hty­uhf­abr­ gj­ jg­ht­lt­kt­yb­ vfh­ihe­nb­yf­ct­dth.

Vf­rfh­xt­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­ht­ubj­yf­yt­t­uj­kz­vj,­gj­dt­xt­nj­öj­hf­jn­

Ct­dth­yb­nt­ pt­vb­ éb­dt­zn­ d­ ct­kf,­uhfl­xt­nf­ b­ uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lj­dt.­ Pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj,­ rjt­nj­ bp­gük­yz­df­ jc­yjd­yf­gjl­lüh­éf­of­ hj­kz­ d­ jå­kfc­nb,­rü­lt­nj­ ct­kb­of­nf­ cf­ hfp­ghüc­yf­nb,­ner­ bvf­ cf­vj­ kj­rfk­yj­ pyf­xt­ybt.­Gjx­nb­ dcbx­rb­ gj­uj­kt­vb­ uhf­lj­dt­cf­hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­yf­ñu­b­d­nzö­ct­t­yf­kj­éb­kf­tl­yf­tlbycn­dt­yf­jc­yjd­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ltq­yjcn­–­yfg­hb­vth­Lü­ken,­ Vb­yt­cj­nf,­ t­ nhfyc­gjh­nty­wty­nüh.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­gj­vfk­rb­uhf­lj­dt­ d­ ct­dth­yf­nf­ uj­hf­ bvfn­ tl­yf­tlbycn­dt­yf­aeyr­wbz.

D­ lf­ktx­ybz­ ct­dth­ td­hj­gtq­crj­nj­ghb­cücn­dbt­t­lj­dt­kj­lj­cüp­lf­df­yt­

nj­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­ gjc­nj­zy­yb­ ct­kb­of.­Vyj­uj­ öj­hf­ d­ nj­pb­ hf­qjy­ hf­åj­nzn­gjl­tl­yf­bkb­lhe­uf­ajh­vf­pf­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­nj­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­ bkb­ cf­fy­uf­éb­hf­yb­ d­ hfp­hf­åjn­df­yt­nj­ yf­ghb­hjl­yb­ht­ceh­cb.­Jot­gj­yf­ct­dth­jå­oyjc­nb­nt­cf­rhfq­yj­bpj­kb­hf­yb­b­d­ nzö­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ght­jå­kf­lf­dfn­vü­ét­nt;­öj­hf­nf­xtc­nj­pf­vb­yf­dfn­pf­yz­rjk­rj­ ctl­vb­wb­ ghb­ ct­vtqcn­df­nf­cb­bkb­yf­gj­xbd­rf.­B­nt­pb­ct­kb­of,­rf­nj­ dcbx­rb­ jc­nf­yf­kb,­ rjb­nj­ cf­bp­wz­kj­ jhb­ty­nb­hf­yb­ rüv­ bp­dkb­xf­yt­nj­yf­ghb­hjl­yb­åj­ufncn­df,­xtc­nj­bvfn­ rhfn­rj­ cü­otcn­de­df­yt­ gj­hf­lb­bp­xth­gdf­yt­yf­ht­ceh­cb­nt. ∆

166

Öf­dfq­crb­zn­ fh­öb­gt­kfu­ t­dt­hb­uf­ jn­ jc­nhj­db­ b­hb­aj­dt,­ lük­uf­ 3­ 300­

rb­kj­vtn­hf,­ düd­ajh­vf­nf­ yf­ib­hj­rf­ lü­uf,­ bp­db­kf­ ct­ d­chtl­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Nb­öbz­jrt­fy.­ Fh­öb­gt­kf­uün­ pf­gjx­df­ yf­bp­njr­ c­ jc­nhjd­ Öf­dfq­ b­pf­düh­idf­gjx­nb­yf­vté­le­yf­hjl­yf­nf­ lt­vfh­rf­wb­jy­yf­ kb­ybz­ pf­ dht­vt­c­ tl­yj­ jc­nhjd­xt­ d­ jrtf­yf­ –­ fnj­kf­Rñ­hb­ (Rfh­nf­ 16).­ Cf­vj­ gj­ ghj­nt­ét­ybt­nj­ yf­ yfq­bp­njx­yb­nt­ 650­rb­kj­vtn­hf­ yf­ fh­öb­gt­kf­uf­ bvf­gj­uj­kt­vb­jc­nhj­db,­rü­lt­nj­t­b­gjx­nb­ wz­kj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­ yf­ of­nf.­Bvty­yj­ nf­pb­ xfcn­ jåbr­yj­dt­yj­ ct­cvz­nf­pf­bc­nby­crb­nt­Öf­dfb.

Jctv­nt­ukfd­yb­jc­nhj­df­yf­Öf­dfb­nt­ –­ Jf­öe,­ Öf­dfq,­ Vjeb,­ Rjeb,­Kf­yfb,­Vj­kü­rfb,­Ybq­öje­b­Rf­öje­kfeb­–­jå­ödf­ofn­gj­dt­xt­jn­99­ghj­wty­nf­jn­pt­vz­nf­yf­of­nf­b,­c­ytp­yf­xb­ntk­yb­ bp­rkñ­xt­ybz,­ gjx­nb­wz­kj­nj­ ve­ yf­ct­kt­ybt.­ Jc­nhjd­Öf­dfq,­ yf­ gkjo­ 8­ 150­ rdfl­hfn­yb­rb­kj­vtn­hf,­ pft­vf­åkb­pj­ldt­nht­nb­jn­ wz­kf­nf­ nt­hb­nj­hbz­ yf­ of­nf­ b­xtc­nj­ t­ yf­hb­xfy­ Uj­kt­vbz­ jc­nhjd.­Yfq­vfk­rb­zn­ jn­ jctv­nt­ jc­nhj­db,­Rf­öje­kfeb,­t­125­rdfl­hfn­yb­rb­kj­vtn­hf­b­yt­t­yf­ct­kty.

vtc­nJ­GJ­kJ­ét­ybt­­b­GHb­HJl­yf­cHt­lf

Öf­dfb­nt­ cf­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ gjx­nb­ d­cht­lf­nf­yf­Nb­öbz­jrt­fy.­Öj­yj­ke­ke,­cnj­kb­wf­nf­yf­of­nf,­t­yf­3­850­rb­kj­vtn­hf­yf­ pf­gfl­jn­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj,­

Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­yf­6­500­rb­kj­vtn­hf­ yf­ bp­njr­ jn­ Nj­rbj,­Zgj­ybz,­ b­ yf­ ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­7­300­rb­kj­vtn­hf­yf­ct­dt­hj­bp­njr­ jn­ fdcnhf­kbq­crbz­ åhzu.­Nf­rj­df­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­vj­ét­lf­ct­cvz­nf­pf­rhfq­yj­bpj­kb­hf­yj­ b­ ljg­ht­lb­ ldtc­nf­

nhbc­nf­uj­lb­yb­nj­df­cb­ueh­yj­t­åb­kj­nf­rf.­ Yj­ rj­uf­nj­ cnhf­yb­nt­ jrj­kj­nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbz­ åf­ctqy­ pf­gjx­dfn­ lf­rjy­nfr­ne­dfn­dct­gj­dt­xt­gj­vté­le­cb­b­lf­bp­gjk­pdfn­åj­ufncn­df­nf­yf­jrtf­yf,­ nt­pb­ jc­nhj­db­ ct­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ düd­df­éty­wty­nüh­yf­dpfb­vj­ltqcn­dbt.

Öf­dfq­crf­nf­ dt­hb­uf­ t­ db­lb­vf­nf­xfcn­jn­gj­ht­lb­wf­uj­kt­vb­dek­rf­yb.­Lü­yj­nj­ yf­ jrtf­yf­ d­ nj­pb­ hf­qjy­ t­jn­4­000­lj­5­000­vtn­hf­gjl­vjh­crj­nj­ hfd­yb­ot.­ Ckt­lj­df­ntk­yj,­ pf­lf­ ct­ gjz­db­ dek­rfy­ yfl­ gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­yf­dj­lf­nf,­njq­nhzå­df­lf­t­edty­xfk­ gkf­yb­yf,­ db­cj­rf­ åkb­pj­ 5­rb­kj­vtn­hf.

Dek­rf­ybx­yf­nf­ ltq­yjcn,­ rjz­nj­ t­cüp­lf­kf­ jc­nhj­db­nt­ b­ ghj­lük­éf­df­nfv­b­lytc,­d­gj­dt­xt­nj­cke­xfb­yt­t­dphb­dj­jå­hfp­yf­ c­ bp­ödüh­kz­yt­ yf­ju­hjv­yb­ ndüh­lb­ vf­cb­ yf­ uj­kt­vb­hfp­cnjz­ybz.­Yf­jc­nhj­db­nt­ltqcn­db­ntk­yj­ bvf­ dek­rf­ybx­yb­ rhf­nt­hb,­gj­ke­xt­yb­d­ht­pek­nfn­yf­dphb­dj­jå­hfp­yb­ bp­hbu­df­ybz.­ Lf­qü­vüyl­ Ötl,­tl­yf­ jn­ pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yjc­nb­nt­ yf­Öj­yj­ke­ke,­ t­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ nf­rüd­rhf­nth,­ db­cjr­ jrj­kj­ 240­ vtn­hf.­Gj­xtc­nb­ jåf­xt­ cf­ dek­rf­ybx­yb­nt­jå­hf­pe­df­ybz­ jn­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­nj­ yfn­heg­df­yt­yf­pt­vty­vf­nt­hb­fk,­rjt­nj­

öf­dfb­Nt

ukf­df

17

167

t­ cktlcn­dbt­ jn­ yfg­kfc­nz­df­yt­nj­ yf­pfc­nb­yf­kb­gj­nj­wb­kf­df.­Dek­rf­ybx­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb,­ jå­hf­pe­df­yb­ gj­ nj­pb­yf­xby,­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cf­re­gj­kj­dbl­yb,­cüc­ pf­jå­kt­yb,­ f­ yt­ cüc­ cnhüv­yb­crf­kbc­nb­crkj­yj­dt.

Yz­rjk­rj­ dek­rf­yf­ yf­ Uj­kt­vbz­jc­nhjd­ cf­ ltqcn­df­ob.­ Vje­yf­ Kjf­bp­ödüh­kz­ kf­df­ chtl­yj­ dtl­yüé­ yf­dct­rb­ xt­nb­hb­ uj­lb­yb­ b­ dek­rf­ybx­yf­nf­ ltq­yjcn­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ gjc­nj­zy­yf­ pfg­kf­öf­ pf­ Öbq­kj,­ yfq­uj­kt­vbz­uhfl­yf­jc­nhj­df.­Ghtp­1950­u.­kf­df­nf­yf­nj­pb­dek­rfy­pf­kb­df­jrj­kj­100­rdfl­hfn­yb­rb­kj­vtn­hf.­Lheu­dek­rfy,­ Rb­kje­tz,­ vf­rfh­ b­ ltqcn­dfo,­ d­ ltqcn­db­ntk­yjcn­ bp­ödüh­kz­kf­df­dtl­yüé­yf­dct­rb­ct­ltv­uj­lb­yb.­Ghtp­1960­u.­kf­df­nf­jn­Rb­kje­tz­ pf­kb­df­ 10­ rdfl­hfn­yb­ rb­kj­vtn­hf,­ edt­kb­xf­dfq­rb­ gkjo­nf­ yf­jc­nhj­df­c­jrj­kj­260­ötr­nf­hf.

Öf­dfb­nt­ cf­ofn,­ rjq­nj­ ct­ jn­kb­xf­df­cüc­crf­kbc­nb­crkj­yj­dt­b­htp­rb­ghj­vt­yb­d­yfl­vjh­crf­nf­db­cj­xb­yf.­ Nj­df­ ct­ jåzc­yz­df­ c­ thj­pbz­nf,­yf­ rjz­nj­ vjh­crf­nf­ dj­lf­ gjl­kf­uf­dek­rf­ybx­yb­nt­ gj­düh­öyjc­nb.­ Bp­ct­xt­yb­nt­jn­dük­yb­nt­crf­kb­jajh­vzn­bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ rhf­cb­db­ rhfq­åhté­yb­bdb­wb­yf­yz­rjb­jc­nhj­db.­Nf­rb­df­crf­kb­ d­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yf­nf­ xfcn­ yf­Vj­kü­rfb­ct­bp­lb­ufn­lj­1­150­vtn­hf­yfl­dj­lf­nf­b­cf­chtl­yfq­db­cj­rb­nt­crf­kb­d­cdt­nf;­d­Rjeb­nt­yfl­db­if­dfn­ 600­vtn­hf.­ Yz­rjb­vfk­rb­ht­rb­ d­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yf­nf­ cnhf­yf­ yf­Uj­kt­vbz­ jc­nhjd­ ct­ cgec­rfn­ jn­nf­rb­df­crf­kb­ghf­dj­d­vj­ht­nj.

Htx­yf­nf­thj­pbz­t­ghj­hz­pf­kf­lük­åj­rj­gjr­hb­nb­nt­cüc­pfc­nb­yf­kf­kf­df­

gj­düh­öyjc­nb.­ Rf­ymj­yb­ hfp­wtg­dfn­vyj­uj­jn­re­gj­kj­dbl­yb­nt­dek­rf­ybx­yb­ gkf­yb­yb.­ Lü­yj­nj­ yf­ rf­ymj­yf­Efq­vtz­d­Rjeb­t­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­800­vtn­hf­gjl­ptv­yj­nj­hfd­yb­ot.­Dj­lj­gf­lb,­db­cj­rb­yt­rjk­rjc­nj­nby­vtn­hf,­ct­cht­ofn­xtc­nj­yf­jc­nhj­db­nt.­Crf­kbc­nf­nf­dt­hb­uf­Gf­kb­d­Jf­öe­t­vzc­nj­nj,­rü­lt­nj­ct­cü­åb­hfn­ghb­nj­wb­nt­yf­ ht­rb­nt,­ thj­pb­hf­ob­ crf­kb­nt­ jn­ghj­nb­dj­gj­kjé­yb­ cnhf­yb­ yf­ jc­nhj­df.­Jyt­pb,­rjb­nj­nt­rfn­yf­bp­njr,­cf­thj­pb­hf­kb­ gkf­yby­crb­nt­ dt­hb­ub,­ghj­hzp­dfq­rb­ub­nf­rf,­xt­nt­jå­hf­pe­dfn­ib­hj­rf­hfd­yb­yf;­jåüh­yf­nb­nt­yf­pf­gfl­lj­kb­yb­cf­gj­db­cj­rb­b­hfp­lt­kt­yb­jn­gkf­yb­yb.

Dfé­yf­gjc­kt­lb­wf­jn­nf­pb­by­nty­pbd­yf­ thj­pb­jy­yf­ ltq­yjcn­ t,­ xt­ yf­jc­nhj­db­nt­ bvf­ vfk­rj­ hfd­yby­yf­pt­vz.­ Rjeb­ t­ jcj­åt­yj­ crf­kbcn­ b­tlbycn­dt­yf­nf­ hfd­yb­yf­ nfv­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­nzc­yf­rhfq­åhté­yf­bdb­wf.­Vjeb­bvf­hfd­yf,­nzc­yf,­wty­nhfk­yf­xfcn,­rjz­nj­hfp­lt­kz­tl­yj­jn­lhe­uj­gkf­yby­crb­nt­düp­db­it­ybz.­Vj­kü­rfb­t­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­hfd­yb­yty­d­pf­gfl­ybz­rhfq.­Jf­öe­bvf­ib­hj­rf­wty­nhfk­yf­lj­kb­yf­b­ljc­nf­uj­kt­vb­rhfq­åhté­yb­ hfd­yb­yb.­ Yf­ jc­nhjd­ Öf­dfq­ ct­cht­ofn­cf­vj­yz­rjk­rj­vfk­rb­rhfq­åhté­yb­dek­rf­ybx­yb­hfd­yb­yb.

Jrt­fy­crj­nj­ vtc­nj­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ yf­Öf­dfb­nt­ jxt­dbl­yj­ jrfp­df­ pyf­xb­ntk­yj­ dkbz­ybt­ düh­öe­ rkb­vf­nf.­Jrtf­yün­ yj­cb­ df­kt­éb­nt,­ c­ rjb­nj­dtn­hj­dt­nt­tl­df­lj­rjc­dfn­jc­nhjd­yb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb.­ Jrtf­yün­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­cvtr­xf­df­rhfq­yb­nt­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­yf­jc­nhj­df­–­yf­ht­rjh­lyj­db­cj­rf­nf­pf­Öj­yj­ke­ke­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­ jn­ 31­ uhf­

168 169

le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq­cü­jn­dtncn­df­ht­rjh­lyj­ybc­rf­nf­jn­cf­vj­13­uhf­le­cf­gj­Wtk­pbq.

Öj­yj­ke­ke­ kt­éb­ yf­ jrj­kj­ 20­uhf­le­cf­ ct­dth­yf­ ib­hb­yf,­ rfr­nj­uhf­lj­dt­nt­ Rfk­re­nf­ b­ Vtr­cb­rj.­ D­ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ ghtp­ hfp­kbx­yb­nt­ct­pj­yb­ yz­vf­ uj­kt­vb­ ghj­vt­yb­ d­ghj­lük­éb­ntk­yjcn­nf­yf­lt­yz­bkb­d­yfr­kj­yf­yf­cküy­xt­db­nt­kü­xb.­Nj­pb­afr­njh,­ rfr­nj­ b­ ghb­cücn­dbt­nj­ yf­jrtf­yf,­ jp­yf­xf­df,­ xt­ ct­pjy­yb­nt­hfp­kb­rb­ d­ ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­ yf­of­nf­cf­vfk­rb.

Yfq­dfé­yb­nt­ ghj­vt­yb­ d­ ct­pj­yf­yf­ jc­nhj­db­nt­ cf­ cdüh­pf­yb­ c­ df­kt­éb­nt.­Ghtp­kz­nj­nj­Öf­dfb­nt­cf­gjl­gjc­nj­zy­yj­nj­ dkbz­ybt­ yf­ ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yb­ gf­cfn­yb­ dtn­hj­dt,­ rjb­nj­ ct­yf­cjx­dfn­rüv­jc­nhj­db­nt­ghtp­ghjö­kfl­yb­nt­ dj­lb,­ yf­vb­hf­ob­ ct­ yf­ct­dt­hj­bp­njr,­ b­ cüp­lf­dfn­ öf­hfr­nth­yj­nj­ öf­dfq­crj­ dht­vt­ –­ dtn­hj­db­nj,­cküy­xt­dj­ c­ vfk­rj­ jå­kf­wb,­ njg­kj,­yj­yt­uj­ht­oj.­Ghtp­pb­vf­nf­gf­cf­nb­nt­ bp­xtp­dfn,­ gj­yz­rj­uf­ pf­ ctl­vb­wf,­rjt­nj­ dj­lb­ lj­ „by­df­pbz“­ jn­ åe­hb­jn­ ct­dth­ b­ ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl.­Bvf­ cke­xfb,­ rj­uf­nj­ yfl­ Öj­yj­ke­ke­ gf­lfn­43­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ df­kt­éb­ pf­ gt­hb­jl­jn­ 24­ xf­cf.­ Öf­dfq­crb­ vt­ntj­hj­kj­ubx­yb­cnfy­wbb­cf­jn­åt­kz­pf­kb­cü­oj­nf­rf­b­ljå­kb­éf­df­ob­ct­lj­cdt­njd­yb­nt­ht­rjh­lb­cnjq­yjc­nb­jn­28­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­df­kt­éb­pf­tlby­xfc­b­100­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­pf­tlby­lty.

Ht­kt­aün­yf­jc­nhj­db­nt­t­ghb­xb­yf­pf­ uj­kt­vb­nt­ hfp­kb­rb­ d­ rj­kb­xtcn­dj­nj­df­kt­éb,­rjb­nj­gf­lfn­d­åkbp­rb­tl­yj­lj­lhe­uj­vtc­nf.­D­gkf­yb­yf­nf­ Ef­zktz­ktq­ d­ Rjeb­ uj­lbi­yj­

gf­lfn­ 1­ 234­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ df­kt­éb,­gj­hf­lb­rjt­nj­nj­df­t­tl­yj­jn­lüé­ljd­yb­nt­vtc­nf­d­cdt­nf,­f­d­Efq­vtz,­cü­oj­ d­ Rjeb,­ uj­lbi­yb­nt­ df­kt­éb­cf­jrj­kj­50­cfy­nb­vtn­hf,­ghb­gj­kj­ét­ybt­xt­nt­pb­ldt­vtc­nf­cf­yf­hfp­cnjz­ybt­ cf­vj­ 25­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ tl­yj­jn­lhe­uj.­D­hf­qj­yf­yf­vtn­hj­gj­kbz­nf­ Öj­yj­ke­ke­ xj­dtr­ vj­ét­ lf­éb­dtt­åkb­pj­lj­gkf­éf­d­gj­ke­gec­nb­yty­ rkb­vfn­ c­ gj­vfk­rj­ jn­ 50­cfy­nb­vtn­hf­lüél­uj­lbi­yj­bkb­düd­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­jc­nhj­df­åkb­pj­lj­Gf­kb­ d­ gt­hb­at­hbz­nf­ yf­ tr­df­nj­hb­fk­yf­ uj­hf,­ düh­öe­ rjz­nj­ uj­lbi­yj­ct­ bp­kb­dfn­ 300­ cfy­nb­vtn­hf­ lüél.­Pf­ hfp­kb­rf­ jn­ Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbz­ct­dt­hj­pf­gfl­ gj­db­cj­rb­nt­ gkf­yb­yb­yf­Öf­dfq,­rü­lt­nj­gf­lfn­yfq­vyj­uj­df­kt­éb,­ cf­ chfd­yb­ntk­yj­ yt­uj­kt­vb­düp­db­it­ybz­–­vté­le­600­b­1­200­vtn­hf.

Dek­rf­ybx­yf­nf­gjx­df­rf­nj­wz­kj­t­ghj­gec­rkb­df.­ Gj­hf­lb­ nj­df­ dj­lf­nf­åüh­pj­ct­jn­nb­xf­b­vyj­uj­hfc­nt­ybz­yt­vj­ufn­lf­ct­düp­gjk­pdfn­jn­ytz.­Pf­nj­df­vyj­uj­hf­qj­yb,­rü­lt­nj­df­kt­éb­nt­ cf­ jn­ chtl­yb­ lj­ jc­rül­yb,­bvfn­gec­nb­yty­dbl.

Bpj­kb­hf­yjcn­nf­ yf­ Öf­dfq­crb­nt­jc­nhj­db,­ rfr­nj­ b­ ntö­yb­zn­ evt­hty­rkb­vfn­b­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­nj­yf­jrjk­yf­nf­cht­lf,­cf­cüp­lf­kb­ec­kj­dbz­pf­cü­otcn­de­df­yt­nj­ yf­ dct­düp­vjé­yb­hfc­nt­ybz­ b­ gnb­wb.­ Jc­nhj­db­nt­ cf­hj­lb­yf­ yf­ yz­rjk­rj­ öb­kz­lb­ hfc­nt­ybz,­ rjb­nj­ yt­ ct­ cht­ofn­ yb­rü­lt­lhe­uf­lt;­ ec­nf­yj­dt­yj­ t­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­yf­kb­xbt­nj­yf­66­gnb­wb­yf­ce­if­nf,­rjb­nj­ ct­ cht­ofn­ cf­vj­ d­ Öf­dfb­nt.­By­nt­htc­yj­ t,­ xt­ ght­lb­ lf­ åü­lfn­

yf­ct­kt­yb­jn­öj­hf,­yf­jc­nhj­db­nt­yt­t­bvf­kj­åj­pfq­yb­wb.

Pf­ctk­df­yt­yf­Jc­nHJ­db­ntGj­kb­yt­pbq­crj­nj­ pf­ctk­df­yt­ yf­Öf­dfb­nt­ t­ tgb­pjl­ jn­ yfq­cvt­kb­nt­gt­hbj­lb­d­bc­nj­hbz­nf­yf­jrt­fy­crb­nt­gü­nt­itcn­dbz.­Gj­kb­yt­pbq­wb­nt­ghtl­ghbt­vfn­vyj­ujr­hfn­yb­ gü­ne­df­ybz­ d­rf­ye­nf,­ bp­vb­yf­dfq­rb­ ju­hjv­yb­nt­hfp­cnjz­ybz­ ghtp­ jrtf­yf,­ hfp­lt­kz­ob­ uhe­gb­ jn­ vfk­rb­ creg­xt­yb­jc­nhj­db.­Ghtl­gj­kf­uf­ ct,­ xt­ pf­ctk­yb­wb­nt,­ cnbu­yf­kb­ d­Öf­dfb­nt­ ght­lb­1­ 000­ uj­lb­yb,­ cf­ lji­kb­ jn­ Vfh­rbp­rb­nt­ jc­nhj­db,­ hfp­gj­kj­ét­yb­ yf­4­ 000­ rb­kj­vtn­hf­ yf­ ñuj­pf­gfl.­Ght­lb­ bl­df­yt­nj­ yf­ gj­kb­yt­pbq­wb­nt­yf­jc­nhj­df­t­bvf­kj­yz­rfr­dj­yf­ct­kt­ybt,­yj­nj­dt­hj­zn­yj­t­åb­kj­fcb­vb­kb­hf­yj­ jn­ yj­dj­lji­kb­nt.­ Dnj­hf­uj­kz­vf­ dük­yf­ gj­kb­yt­pbq­crb­ ght­ctk­yb­wb­ yfö­ke­df­ ght­lb­ 500­ bkb­600­uj­lb­yb.

Ju­hjv­yb­nt­ecb­kbz,­yeé­yb­pf­jcü­otcn­dz­df­yt­nj­ yf­ nf­rb­df­ gü­nt­itcn­dbz,­ jxt­dbl­yj­ cnf­dfn­ yt­gj­cbk­yb.­ D­ht­pek­nfn­yf­nj­df­cktl­dnj­hf­nf­vbu­hf­wb­jy­yf­ dük­yf­ Öf­dfb­nt­ ct­ jpj­df­dfn­d­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­yt­rjk­rjc­nj­nby­ uj­lb­yb­ d­ bpj­kf­wbz.­ Ghtp­ nj­pb­gt­hb­jl­ öf­dfq­wb­nt­ ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn­ckjé­yf­ cj­wb­fk­yf­ jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­ d­cdjz­ jc­nhj­dty­ hfq.­ Yfc­ktlcn­dt­yb­dkf­lt­nt­kb­ eg­hfé­yz­dfn­ få­cj­kñn­yf­dkfcn­ yfl­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ b­ ghb­nt­éf­dfn­wz­kf­nf­pt­vz.­D­rhfz­yf­18­dtr,­rj­uf­nj­td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­jn­rhb­dfn­jc­nhj­db­nt,­jn­åkf­uf­nf­yf­otl­hf­nf­ghb­hj­lf­ ct­ düp­gjk­pdfn­ jrj­kj­ 300­ 000­le­ib.

Güh­db­zn­ td­hj­gt­tw,­ rjq­nj­ ghtp­1778­ u.­ cnb­uf­ lj­ Öf­dfb­nt­ b­ ub­yf­hb­xf­ Cfy­ldb­xt­db­ jc­nhj­db,­ t­rf­gb­nfy­Létqvc­Rer.­Rer­ t­eåbn­yf­ åht­uf­ yf­ Uj­kt­vbz­ jc­nhjd,­ yj­cktl­rf­nj­cnb­uf­lj­Td­hj­gf­b­ct­dth­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf,­ dtcn­nf­ pf­ jn­rhb­nb­nt­jn­yt­uj­jc­nhj­db­ct­hfp­ghjc­nhf­yz­df­åüh­pj.­ Jyt­pb,­ rjb­nj­ bc­rfn­ lf­ ct­düp­gjk­pdfn­jn­hfp­db­df­of­nf­ct­nüh­uj­dbz­ vté­le­ ct­dth­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ b­Fpbz,­ dtl­yf­uf­ ec­nf­yj­dz­dfn,­ xt­jc­nhj­db­nt­cf­yfq­e­ljå­yb­zn­vté­lb­yty­geyrn­pf­nf­pb­wtk.

Ghtp­ 20­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 19­ dtr­rb­nj­kjd­yf­nf­ by­lec­nhbz­ ct­ ght­vtcn­df­d­ct­dth­yf­nf­xfcn­yf­Nb­öbz­jrt­fy­b­ghtp­dnj­hf­nf­gj­kj­db­yf­yf­dt­rf­ jc­nhj­db­nt­ cnf­dfn­ ukf­dty­cyfå­lb­nt­kty­ wty­nüh­ b­ vzc­nj­ pf­gj­xbd­rf­ yf­ rb­nj­kjd­wb­nt.­ Ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ gj­ cü­oj­nj­ dht­vt­ yf­jc­nhj­db­nt­ bl­dfn­ b­ ghj­ntc­nfyn­crb­vb­cbj­yt­hb.­ Rf­nj­ gj­dt­xt­nj­ rb­nj­kjd­wb­b­nt­cf­jn­ct­dt­hj­bp­njx­yb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­ of­nb.­ Vb­cbj­yt­hb­nt­hfp­db­dfn­vyj­uj­ec­gti­yf­ltq­yjcn­b­d­ ghj­lük­ét­ybt­ yf­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­jrfp­dfn­ bp­düy­htl­yj­ uj­kz­vj­ dkbz­ybt­düh­öe­jc­nhj­db­nz­yb­nt.

Güh­df­nf­ öf­dfq­crf­ gkfy­nf­wbz­ pf­pf­öfh­ t­ cüp­lf­lt­yf­ ghtp­ 1837­ u.,­vf­rfh­ xt­ jc­nhj­db­nt­ cnf­dfn­ df­éty­ghj­bp­dj­lb­ntk­ yf­ pf­öfh­ tl­df­ ghtp­dnj­hf­nf­gj­kj­db­yf­yf­19­dtr.­Jn­nj­uf­df­lj­rhfz­yf­dt­rf­Öf­dfb­nt­gjc­nt­gty­yj­ ct­ ghtd­hü­ofn­ d­ jc­yj­dty­bp­yj­cb­ntk­yf­pf­öfh­d­cdt­nf.

Nj­df­hfp­db­nbt­yf­yt­of­nf­gj­hfé­lf­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcn­nf­ jn­ pt­vt­ltk­crf­hf­åjn­yf­ cb­kf.­ Bp­dtcn­yj­ dht­vt­ ct­

171170

bp­gjk­pdf­ nhe­lün­ yf­vtcn­yb­éb­nt­kb,­ yj­ nüq­ rf­nj­ cnf­df­ dct­ gj­vf­kjå­hjq­yj,­ öf­dfq­crj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­yt­ vj­ét­ lf­ pf­lj­dj­kb­ nüh­ct­yt­nj.­Pf­nj­df­ vté­le­ 1852­ b­ 1930­ u.­cjåcn­dt­yb­wb­nt­ yf­ gkfy­nf­wbb­lj­dté­lfn­d­Öf­dfb­nt­400­000­pt­vt­ltk­crb­hf­åjn­yb­wb,­ukfd­yj­fpb­fn­wb.­Ghtp­1852­ u.­ tn­yb­xtc­rb­nt­öf­dfq­wb­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­yfl­95­ghj­wty­nf­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ jc­nhj­db­nt.­ Ghtp­1900­u.­nt­cf­gj­vfk­rj­jn­15­ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ wz­kj­nj­ yf­ct­kt­ybt,­ yfå­hjz­df­oj­vfk­rj­gj­dt­xt­jn­150­000­le­ib,­jn­rjt­nj­åkb­pj­75­ghj­wty­nf­cf­bp­njx­yjf­pb­fn­wb.

Cktl­ 1930­ u.­ yj­db­nt­éb­nt­kb­ yf­Öf­dfb­nt­cf­ukfd­yj­jn­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­of­nb.­ Ghtp­ 1910­ u.­ cf­vj­ tlby­ yf­dct­rb­gtn­éb­nt­kb­yf­Öf­dfb­nt­t­jn­td­hj­gtq­crb­ ghj­bp­öjl­ (jn­ åz­kf­nf­hf­cf,­rfr­nj­ct­bp­hf­pz­dfn­d­Öf­dfb­nt).­ Ct­uf­ åkb­pj­ 40­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­of­nf­t­bp­wz­kj­bkb­xfc­nbx­yj­jn­åz­kf­nf­hf­cf.

Yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ Öf­dfb­nt,­ rjt­nj­yfå­hjz­df­ 300­ 000­ le­ib­ ght­lb­bl­df­yt­nj­yf­td­hj­gtq­wb­nt,­yf­vf­kz­df­lj­54­000­le­ib­ghtp­1876­u.,­cktl­rjt­nj­pf­gjx­df­jn­yj­dj­lf­ct­edt­kb­xf­df.­ D­ yf­xf­kj­nj­ yf­ 20­nt­ uj­lb­yb­yf­ 20­ dtr­ åhj­zn­ yf­éb­nt­kb­nt­ lj­­c­nb­uf­ yb­dj­nj­ jn­ght­lb­ pf­ctk­df­yt­nj­

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Rfh­Nf

16

yf­td­hj­gtq­wb,­f­ghtp­1988­u.­of­nün­bvf­ 1.1­ vb­kbj­yf­ éb­nt­kb.­ Pf­hf­lb­bvbu­hf­wbz­nf­ uj­lbi­yb­zn­ ghb­hfcn­yf­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ t­ ljc­nf­ gj­db­cjr­jn­ chtl­ybz­ pf­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­ghb­hfcn.

Lj­td­hj­gtq­crj­nj­yf­ct­kt­ybt­t­hfp­ghüc­yf­nj­gj­jc­nhj­db­nt,­rf­nj­Uj­kt­vb­zn­jc­nhjd­t­yf­ct­kty­jn­yfq­vyj­uj­ öj­hf.­ Cktl­ rf­nj­ td­hj­gtq­wb­nt­jn­rhb­dfn­ fh­öb­gt­kf­uf,­ yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­ct­ cüc­ht­lj­nj­xf­df­ dct­ gj­dt­xt­ yf­jc­nhjd­Jf­öe.­Öj­yj­ke­ke­c­öe­åf­dj­nj­cb­ghbc­nf­yb­ot­cnf­df­ukf­dty­uhfl.

Ghtp­ 120­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ cktl­ jn­rhb­df­yt­nj­bv­jn­Rer­jc­nhj­db­nt­bvfn­åeh­yf­ gj­kb­nb­xtc­rf­ bc­nj­hbz.­ Hfp­kbx­yb­nt­ jc­nhjd­yb­ dkf­lt­nt­kb­ cf­jn­cnhf­yt­yb­ vté­le­ 1785­ b­ 1795­ u.­jn­ vj­uü­obz­ djél­ Rf­vtz­vtz.­Yf­hfcn­df­oj­nj­ dkbz­ybt­ yf­ vb­cbj­yt­hb­nt­ gjc­nt­gty­yj­ lbc­rht­lb­nb­hf­dkfcn­nf­ yf­ öf­dfq­crb­nt­ djé­lj­dt­ b­ghtp­ 19­ dtr­ rjy­re­hb­hf­ob­nt­ ct­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­by­nt­ht­cb­yf­hfp­kbx­yb­td­hj­gtq­crb­ cnhf­yb­ pf­gjx­dfn­ lf­pf­gük­dfn­cüp­lf­kbz­ct­df­re­ev.

D­ cke­xfq,­ xt­ Öf­dfb­nt­ pf­ue­åzn­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rf­nf­ cb­ yt­pf­db­cb­vjcn,­ t­åb­kj­ yt­bp­åté­yj­ fytr­cb­hf­yt­nj­ yf­jc­nhj­db­nt­ jn­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb­gj­hf­lb­ pf­cbk­df­of­nf­ ct­ hj­kz­ yf­fvt­hb­rfy­wb­nt.­ C­ yf­hfcn­df­yt­nj­ yf­åhjz­b­dkbz­ybt­nj­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­gkfy­nf­nj­hb,­yf­hfcn­df­b­nzö­yj­nj­yt­lj­djkcn­dj­ jn­ öf­dfq­crj­nj­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj.­ Ghtp­ 1887­ u.­ nt­ ghb­yeé­lf­dfn­ vj­yfh­öbz­nf­ lf­ bp­kü­xb­ xhtp­bp­åj­hb­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj,­ rjt­nj­ lf­ t­gjl­ rjy­nhj­kf­ yf­ gkfy­nf­nj­hb­nt.­Vj­yfh­öbz­nf­t­jrjy­xf­ntk­yj­cdf­kt­yf­

ghtp­1893­u.­b­yj­dj­nj­ht­dj­kñ­wb­jy­yj­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­ dtl­yf­uf­ yfc­njz­df­pf­ fytr­cbz­ jn­ Cüt­lb­yt­yb­nt­ of­nb.­Cktl­ güh­dj­yf­xf­kty­ jn­rfp­ ghtp­1898­ u.­ jc­nhj­db­nt­ yfq­yfr­hfz­ cf­jåz­dt­yb­pf­fvt­hb­rfy­crf­nt­hb­nj­hbz.

Ghb­ fytr­cb­hf­yt­nj­ yt­ ct­ ghtl­dbé­lf­ ec­kj­dbt­ pf­ tdty­ne­fk­yj­ghbt­vf­yt­ yf­ Öf­dfb­nt­ d­ cüñ­pf­ yf­Fvt­hb­rfy­crb­nt­ of­nb­ b­ tl­df­ ghtp­1959­ u.,­ cktl­ rf­nj­ Fkzc­rf­ cnf­df­xkty­yf­cüñ­pf,­Öf­dfb­nt­cf­jåz­dt­yb­pf­50­bz­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­ofn.

öf­dfq­cRf­nf­bRJ­yJ­vb­RfGjx­nb­gj­kj­db­yf­nf­jn­wz­kf­nf­pt­vz­

yf­Öf­dfb­nt­ t­ cjåcn­dt­yjcn­ yf­vtcn­yj­nj­ofn­crj,­ f­ yt­ yf­at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj.­ Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ nf­pb­pt­vz­t­d­jyt­pb­xfc­nb­yf­jc­nhj­db­nt,­rjb­nj­ cf­ gj­vfk­rj­ pt­vt­ltk­crb­ghbd­kt­rf­ntk­yb,­ b­ gj­uj­kt­vb­zn­ lzk­jn­ytz­cf­uj­hb­b­ht­pth­df­nb.­Pt­vb­nt,­rjb­nj­cf­cjåcn­dt­yjcn­yf­at­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ghf­db­ntkcn­dj,­cf­ukfd­yj­d­yf­wbj­yfk­yb­gfh­rj­dt­yf­Uj­kt­vbz­jc­nhjd­b­Vjeb­bkb­düd­dj­ty­yb­åf­pb­d­Jf­öe­b­Rf­öje­kfeb.

Ct­ltv­ jc­vb­ jn­ wz­kf­nf­ xfcn­yf­pt­vz­t­d­hü­wt­nt­cf­vj­yf­39­cjåcn­dt­yb­wb;­ dct­rb­ jn­ nzö­ ghb­nt­éf­df­­2­ 000­ bkb­ gj­dt­xt­ ötr­nf­hf.­ Itcn­hfp­kbx­yb­ pt­vtd­kf­ltk­wb­gj­jn­ltk­yj­rjy­nhj­kb­hfn­gj­dt­xt­jn­40­000­ötr­nf­hf­ d­ tlby­ ofn,­ xbz­nj­ gkjo­ t­jå­oj­ jrj­kj­ 1­ 040­ 000­ ötr­nf­hf.­Yfq­vyj­uj­ trc­nty­pbd­yj­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­yf­ gj­vfk­rb­ xfcn­yb­ dkf­lt­ybz­ ct­hfp­db­df­ d­ Jf­öe,­ yj­ lj­hb­ nfv­gj­uj­kt­vb­nt­ cjåcn­dt­yb­wb­ rjy­nhj­kb­hfn­ gj­dt­xt­ jn­ ldt­ nht­nb­ jn­

172 173

wz­kf­nf­xfcn­yf­pt­vz.­Ldf­jn­jc­nhj­db­nt,­ Kf­yfb­ b­ Ybq­öje,­ cf­ gjx­nb­bp­wz­kj­ gjl­ rjy­nhj­kf­ yf­ ldf­vf­jn­ltk­yb­cjåcn­dt­yb­wb,­f­yf­lhe­ub­nt­jc­nhj­db,­ c­ bp­rkñ­xt­ybt­ yf­ Jf­öe,­uj­kt­vb­nt­ pt­vtd­kf­ltk­wb­ rjy­nhj­kb­hfn­ jrj­kj­ 90­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ wz­kf­nf­xfcn­yf­pt­vz.

Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ nt­pb­ uj­kt­vb­ pt­vt­­d­kf­lt­ybz­cf­cüp­lf­lt­yb­ghtp­19­dtr­d­ gt­hbj­lf­ yf­ åtp­yf­rf­pf­yj­nj­ pfu­hfå­df­yt­ yf­ jc­nhj­db­nt.­ Lj­nj­uf­df­pt­vz­nf­t­åb­kf­bp­wz­kj­cjåcn­dt­yjcn­yf­vtcn­yb­nt­vj­yfh­cb.­Nz­ght­vb­yf­df­ d­ hü­wt­nt­ yf­ yt­öf­dfq­crb­ xfcn­yb­cjåcn­dt­yb­wb­gj­dht­vt­nj­yf­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbz­ egf­lür­ yf­ vj­yfh­öbz­nf.­Cktl­cvüh­nnf­yf­hfy­yb­nt­cjåcn­dt­yb­wb­ eg­hfd­kt­ybt­nj­ yf­ gj­dt­xt­nj­bvj­nb­ t­ düp­kj­ét­yj­ yf­ hfp­kbx­yb­lhe­étcn­df,­ f­ yt­ yf­ ght­rb­ yfc­ktl­yb­wb.­ Nj­df­ ght­xb­ lf­ åü­lt­ ghj­vt­yty­vj­lt­kün­yf­cjåcn­dt­yjcn,­rjq­nj­jg­ht­lt­kz­rjk­rj­ wty­yf­ t­ pt­vz­nf­ b­yf­kf­uf­ cü­otcn­de­df­yt­nj­ yf­ uüc­nj­yf­ct­kt­yb­hf­qj­yb.

Cktl­ 60­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 19­ dtr­pf­öfh­nf,­ f­ gj­rüc­yj­ b­ fyf­yf­cb­nt­gjl­lüh­éfn­ öf­dfq­crf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­d­ghj­lük­ét­ybt­yf­vyj­uj­lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz.­ Brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­ jc­nf­df­ ght­lbv­yj­ pt­vt­ltk­crf­ lj­ rhfz­ yf­ 40­nt­uj­lb­yb­yf­20­dtr.­D­gj­yj­dj­dht­vt­pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ åü­lt­bp­njx­ybr­ yf­ crhjv­yb­ lj­öj­lb,­ yj­pyf­xt­ybt­nj­ ve­ yf­vf­kz­df.­ Lytc­cf­vj­ tlby­ jn­ nhb­lt­ctn­ öf­dfq­wb­ t­pf­tn­d­ctk­crj­nj­cnj­gfycn­dj.

Düg­ht­rb­ nj­df­ Öf­dfb­nt­ ghj­lük­éf­dfn­lf­jcb­ue­hz­dfn­uj­kzv­lzk­jn­cdt­njd­yf­nf­ ghj­ler­wbz­ yf­ pf­öfh,­ f­

rf­nj­ljc­nfd­xbr­yf­fyf­yf­cb­ (jrj­kj­650­ 000­ nj­yf­ uj­lbi­yj)­ nt­ cf­ yf­güh­dj­vzc­nj­d­cdt­nf.

D­ jå­ob­nt­ brj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ lfy­yb­yfc­njq­xb­dj­ ct­ bp­nür­df­ hj­kz­nf­ yf­Jf­öe,­rü­lt­nj­t­cüc­ht­lj­nj­xt­yf­gj­dt­xt­ jn­ 80­ ghj­wty­nf­ jn­ brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­of­nf.­D­lhe­ub­nt­jc­nhj­db­hj­kz­nf­yf­ pt­vt­lt­kbt­nj­ jc­nf­df­ uj­kz­vf.­Éb­nt­kb­nt­b­yf­Kf­yfb­b­yf­Vj­kü­rfb­ hfp­xb­nfn­ lj­ uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­ yf­fyf­yf­cb­nt­ ghb­ jcb­ue­hz­df­yt­nj­ yf­hf­åj­nf­b­yf­lj­öjl.­Éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­nj­b­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­yf­ pf­öfh­ cf­uhüå­yf­rün­yf­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf­yf­Uj­kt­vbz­jc­nhjd,­f­pf­Vjeb­b­Rjeb­nj­df­cf­pf­öfh­nf­b­fyf­yf­cb­nt.

At­lt­hfk­yj­nj­ ghf­db­ntkcn­dj­ ct­pft­vf­ lf­ rjv­gty­cb­hf­ pf­ue­åb­nt­ yf­öf­dfq­crf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf­ jn­ pf­gf­lf­oj­nj­ pt­vt­lt­kbt.­ Ghtp­ gjc­ktl­yb­nt­yz­rjk­rj­ lt­ct­nb­kt­nbz­ nj­ jn­gec­rf­chtlcn­df­jn­gj­hz­lür,­cü­gjc­nf­dbv­c­hfc­nt­éf­ yf­ wz­kf­nf­ brj­yj­vb­rf,­ b­ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ jcb­ue­hz­df­ jrj­kj­tl­yf­ nht­nf­ jn­ dcbx­rb­ ajy­lj­dt.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ nt­pb­ ajy­lj­dt­ cf­ gj­kb­ybz­yf­düj­hü­ét­yb­nt­cb­kb,­rjb­nj­rjy­nhj­kb­hfn­åkb­pj­25­ghj­wty­nf­jn­Jf­öe,­ drkñ­xb­ntk­yj­ pt­vz­nf­ jrj­kj­Gühk­Öfh­åüh,­tl­yj­jn­yfq­ljå­hb­nt­tc­ntcn­dt­yb­ ghbc­nf­yb­of­ d­ Nb­öbz­jrt­fy.­ Ghbå­kb­pb­ntk­yj­ tlby­ jn­xt­nb­hb­vf­öf­dfq­wb­t­yf­tn­yf­hf­åj­nf­düd­düj­hü­ét­yb­nt­cb­kb,­f­dj­ty­yb­zn­cüc­nfd­ b­ ct­vtqcn­df­nf­ yf­ dj­ty­yb­nt­ghtl­cnfd­kz­dfn­yfl­10­ghj­wty­nf­jn­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­Öf­dfb­nt.­Düj­hü­ét­yb­nt­ cb­kb­ cf­ cü­oj­ nf­rf­ b­ yfq­uj­kt­vb­zn­ hf­åj­nj­lf­ntk­ pf­ uhfé­lf­yb­nt­yf­of­nf.

Ne­hbp­vün­t­jc­yjd­yf­by­lec­nhbz­–­gj­dt­xt­jn­4.5­vb­kbj­yf­le­ib­gj­ct­of­dfn­ Öf­dfb­nt­ dcz­rf­ uj­lb­yf.­Ne­hbp­vün­ t­ ukfd­yb­zn­hfp­db­dfo­ct­ctr­njh­yf­brj­yj­vb­rf­nf,­xbq­nj­lzk­d­ jå­obz­ ghb­öjl­ yf­ jc­nhj­db­nt­ ct­edt­kb­xf­df­jn­4­ghj­wty­nf­ghtp­1950­u.­yf­gj­dt­xt­jn­30­ghj­wty­nf­lytc.

Jc­nHJd­yf­Güc­nHJ­nfUkfd­yb­nt­öf­dfq­crb­jc­nhj­db­cf­xfcn­jn­tlby­ofn,­bvfn­cöj­lty­utj­kjé­rb­ ghj­bp­öjl­ b­ cf­ åkb­pj­ tlby­ lj­lheu­d­ju­hjv­ybz­jrt­fy,­yj­düg­ht­rb­nj­df­dct­rb­jn­nzö­bvf­cdjb­öf­hfr­nth­yb­ jcj­åt­yjc­nb.­ Jf­öe­ t­ uüc­nj­yf­ct­kty­ b­ vyj­uj­ gj­ct­of­dfy,­ b­ghtl­kf­uf­tl­yf­uktl­rf,­jåb­xfq­yf­pf­eh­åf­ybc­nbx­yf­ Fvt­hb­rf­ –­ jéb­dt­yj­ldb­ét­ybt­b­ce­tn­yz.­D­chfd­yt­ybt­c­yt­uj­ Öf­dfq­ bkb­ Uj­kt­vb­zn­ jc­nhjd­dye­if­df­ d­ gj­uj­kz­vf­ cnt­gty­xedcn­dj­pf­ib­hj­nf­b­ghjc­nhfycn­dj,­c­uj­kt­vb­ath­vb,­db­cj­rb,­eufc­yf­kb­dek­rf­yf­b­jn­rhb­nb­vtcn­yjc­nb­gjx­nb­åtp­lüh­dt­nf.­Yf­nt­hb­nj­hbz­nf­ve­ct­ bp­lb­ufn­ gtn­ ju­hjv­yb­ eufc­yf­kb­dek­rf­yb.­ Jc­yjd­yb­nt­ by­lec­nhbb­ cf­ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­ yf­ pf­öfh,­ éb­djn­yj­dülcn­dj­b­ne­hb­püv.

Rjeb,­ rjq­nj­ gj­yz­rj­uf­ t­ yf­hb­xfy­jc­nhjd­ uhf­lb­yf­ pf­hf­lb­ gbo­yf­nf­nhj­gb­xtc­rf­hfc­nb­ntk­yjcn,­t­ght­düh­yfn­ jn­ thj­pbz­nf­ d­ bp­rkñ­xb­ntk­yj­rhf­cb­dj­vzc­nj­c­gkf­yb­yb,­rf­ymj­yb,­gt­ot­hb­b­dj­lj­gf­lb.­Rjeb­cnf­df­dct­gj­ghbd­kt­rf­nt­kty­ pf­ ne­hbc­nb­nt­pf­hf­lb­ cdjz­nf­ pf­åt­kt­éb­ntk­yf­ ghb­hj­lf.­Cü­ctl­yb­zn­jc­nhjd­–­Ybq­öje­–­

t­xfcn­yf­cjåcn­dt­yjcn­b­ct­eg­hfd­kz­df­jn­Ybq­öje­Hfyx­Rüv­gf­yb.­Gj­dt­xt­nj­ jn­ yt­uj­db­nt­ yt­rjk­rjc­nj­nby­éb­nt­kb­cf­rj­hty­yb­öf­dfq­wb.

Vjeb,­ dnj­hb­zn­ gj­ uj­kt­vb­yf­jc­nhjd,­cü­xt­nf­df­nf­rb­df­ghj­nb­dj­gj­kjé­yjc­nb­rf­nj­gkfy­nf­wbb­nt­d­wty­nhfk­yb­nt­hfd­yb­yb­b­cnhüv­yb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­ jn­ ldt­nt­ bv­ cnhf­yb.­ Ne­hbp­vün,­ cüc­ht­lj­nj­xty­ gj­ pf­gfl­yf­nf­åht­uj­df­ bdb­wf,­ ct­ hfp­db­df­ by­nty­pbd­yj­ b­ d­ ht­pek­nfn­ yf­ nj­df­ ghtp­70­nt­ b­ 80­nt­ uj­lb­yb­ yf­ 20­ dtr­yf­ct­kt­ybt­nj­yf­jc­nhj­df­ct­edt­kb­xf­df­gj­åüh­pj­d­chfd­yt­ybt­c­rjq­nj­b­lf­ t­ lheu­ jn­ jc­nhj­db­nt.­ Düg­ht­rb­nj­df­bp­düy­ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rf­nf­cb­xfcn­jc­nhj­dün­ ghj­lük­éf­df­ lf­ åü­lt­ yt­­g­hj­vt­yty­b­ckf­åj­yf­ct­kty.

Vj­kü­rfb­ t­ pf­tn­ yf­gj­kj­db­yf­ jn­ath­vth­crf­ pt­vz­ b­ yf­gj­kj­db­yf­ jn­crf­kbc­nb­gkf­yb­yb.­Yf­ct­dth­ybz­ve­åhzu­bvf­dye­ib­ntk­yb­vjh­crb­crf­kb,­ db­cj­rb­ lj­ 1­ 100­ vtn­hf,­ f­ñé­yb­zn­ ghtl­cnfd­kz­df­ ib­hj­rf­rhfq­åhté­yf­ lj­kb­yf.­ Chtl­ yf­ct­kt­yb­nt­ Öf­dfq­crb­ jc­nhj­db­ njq­ vj­ét­åb­t­yfq­ckf­åj­hfp­db­nb­zn­d­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­jn­yj­it­ybt.

Kf­yfb­b­Rf­öje­kfeb­ cf­d­gjl­yj­ébt­nj­yf­vyj­uj­gj­db­cj­rbz­Vjeb.­B­ldf­nf­jc­nhj­df­cf­åtp­djl­yb.­B­yf­ldf­nf­ yt­ nt­rfn­ gjc­nj­zy­yb­ ht­rb.­Ghj­bp­djlcn­dj­nj­ yf­ fyf­yf­cb­ t­tlbycn­dt­yf­nf­dfé­yf­brj­yj­vb­xtc­rf­ltq­yjcn­ yf­ Kf­yfb.­ Rf­öje­kfeb­ ct­eg­hfd­kz­df­jn­fvt­hb­rfy­crbz­akjn,­rjq­nj­ uj­bp­gjk­pdf­ pf­dj­ty­yb­ext­ybz.­ ­ ­ ∆

174

fke­db­fk­yb­gjx­db:­Gjx­db,­jå­hf­pe­df­yb­jn­enfq­rf­yf­ukb­yf,­gz­cür­b­xf­rük­cktl­jn­ntu­kz­yt­yf­dj­lf­nf.­Nt­pb­gjx­db­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­cf­vyj­uj­gkj­lj­hjl­yb.

fy­rkfd:­Xfcn­bkb­nt­hb­nj­hbz­jn­ofn­bkb­jn­lüh­éf­df,­rjz­nj­yz­vf­bp­kfp­yf­vj­ht.

fy­nhf­wbn:­Ndüh­lb­rf­vty­yb­düu­kb­of,­rjb­nj­ct­bp­gjk­pdfn­ukfd­yj­rf­nj­db­cj­rj­rf­kj­hbx­yj­uj­hb­dj.

fhtn:­Cnhü­vty,­nt­cty­gkf­yby­crb­öht­åtn,­jå­hf­pe­dfy­jn­thj­pb­jy­yf­nf­ltq­yjcn­yf­db­cj­rjg­kf­yby­crb­ktl­yb­wb,­cgec­rf­ob­ct­d­cü­ctl­yb­lj­kb­yb.

åb­ne­vb­yjp­yb­düu­kb­of:­Vt­rb­rf­vty­yb­düu­kb­of,­rjb­nj­ghb­yfu­hz­df­yt­jn­lt­kzn­åb­nev­bkb­rfn­hfy.

dek­rf­ybx­yf­crf­kf:­Crf­kf,­jå­hf­pe­df­yf­ghb­dndüh­lz­df­yt­nj­yf­hfp­nj­gt­yf­ptv­yf­vf­cf.

by­lb­uj:­Nhj­gb­xtc­rj­hfc­nt­ybt,­jn­xbq­nj­cjr­ct­gj­ke­xf­df­cb­ymj­åfu­hbk­yj­dt­otcn­dj.

Rfv­åhbq­crf­crf­kf:­Yfq­cnf­hb­nt­crf­kb­(jn­ght­lb­gj­dt­xt­jn­600­vb­kbj­yf­uj­lb­yb).

Rfhcn:­Ptv­yb­ajh­vb,­rjb­nj­cf­ht­pek­nfn­jn­öb­vb­xtc­rb­ghj­wt­cb,­bp­düh­it­yb­d­yf­vb­hf­ob­ct­gjl­gj­düh­öyjcn­nf­df­hj­db­wb­bkb­lj­kj­vb­nb.

Rjy­nb­yty­nf­kty­rkb­vfn:­Rkb­vfn,­öf­hfr­nt­hty­pf­dün­hti­yjcn­nf­yf­uj­kt­vb­rjy­nb­yty­nb­d­evt­ht­yb­nt­ut­ju­hfa­crb­ib­hb­yb.­Nj­pb­rkb­vfn­ct­jn­kb­xf­df­c­uj­kz­vf­ct­pjy­yf­hfp­kb­rf­d­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hb­nt,­c­xt­nb­hb­ct­pj­yf­b­cüc­chfd­yb­ntk­yj­vfk­rj­df­kt­éb.

Re­kbc:­Ce­öb­rf­ymj­yb,­jå­hf­pe­df­yb­ghtp­gktq­cnj­wt­yf­d­gkf­nj­nj­Rü­küv­åbz­d­pf­gfl­yb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb.

kbu­ybn:­Rf­az­db­rf­vty­yb­düu­kb­of­c­jn­yj­cb­ntk­yj­ybc­rf­rf­kj­hbx­yjcn.

km­jc:­Gjx­df,­cüc­nf­dt­yf­jn­vfk­rb­xfc­nb­wb,­ght­yt­ct­yb­jn­dz­nü­hf.

vtc­rbn:­Nhüy­kb­dj­lüh­dj­bkb­öhfcn,­lük­åj­rj­drj­ht­yt­yj­d­pt­vz­nf,­rjt­nj­pft­vf­uj­kt­vb­gkj­ob­d­ñuj­pf­gfl­yb­nt­Cüt­lb­yt­yb­of­nb.

vt­nf­vjh­ayf­crf­kf:­Crf­kf,­xbz­nj­cnher­ne­hf­t­bp­vt­yt­yf­gjl­dkbz­ybt­yf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­b/b­kb­yf­kz­uf­yt­nj.

vj­yfl­yjr:­Cf­vj­nty­öükv­bkb­gkf­yb­yf­jn­ec­njq­xb­db­crf­kb,­bp­lb­uf­ob­ct­yfl­thj­pb­hf­yf­hfd­yb­yf.

vj­ht­yf:­Gjx­df­b­crf­kb,­ght­yt­ct­yb­b­yfn­he­gf­yb­jn­ktl­ybr.

„Jgfi­rf“:­Nzc­yf­bp­lf­lt­yf­bdb­wf­pt­vz­jn­gj­uj­kz­vf­nt­hb­nj­hbz,­yfg­hb­vth­jn­ofn.

Gf­kb­cf­lf:­Ht­lb­wf­jn­cnhüv­yb­crf­kb.

Gktq­cnj­wty:­Tgj­öf­d­utj­kjé­rf­nf­bc­nj­hbz­yf­pt­vz­nf,­rjz­nj­jå­ödf­of­ktl­yb­rj­db­nt­dht­vt­yf,­rj­uf­nj­kt­lt­yb­åkj­rj­dt­cf­gjr­hb­df­kb­uj­kt­vb­xfc­nb­jn­ptv­yf­nf­gj­düh­öyjcn.

Ghjc­ver­df­yt:­Jn­cnhf­yz­df­yt­yf­jh­uf­ybx­yb­dt­otcn­df­b­vb­yt­hf­kb­jn­gjx­df­nf­gjl­ltqcn­dbt­nj­yf­thj­pb­jy­yb­cb­kb.

ct­lb­vty­nyf­crf­kf:­Crf­kf,­jå­hf­pe­df­yf­d­ht­pek­nfn­yf­jn­kf­uf­yt­b­bp­vt­yt­ybt­yf­hfp­kbx­yb­vb­yt­hfk­yb­dt­otcn­df,­jåbr­yj­dt­yj­gz­cüx­yb­wb,­ibc­nb­b­df­hj­db­wb.

ib­yer:­Nj­gük,­ceö­dz­nüh,­rjq­nj­le­öf­gjr­hfq­bp­njx­yf­nf­cnhf­yf­yf­Crf­kbc­nb­nt­gkf­yb­yb­d­CFO­b­Rf­yf­lf­yfq­xtc­nj­ghtp­pb­vf­nf­b­ghj­ktn­nf,­rj­uf­nj­vj­ét­lf­ght­lbp­db­rf­hzp­rj­gj­db­if­df­yt­yf­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­nf­d­hfp­cnjz­ybt­yf­vyj­uj­rhfn­rj­dht­vt.

obn:­Jå­kfcn­yf­vyj­uj­cnf­hb­crf­kb,­bp­lbu­yf­nf­yfl­vjh­crj­nj­hfd­yb­ot,­rjz­nj­ct­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pb­hf­c­åtl­yb­gjx­db­b­t­ckf­åj­

yf­ct­kt­yf.

htx­ybR

175

yf­ct­kt­ybt­yf­25-Nt­yfq-uj­kt­vb­uhf­lf­­yf­cüt­lb­yt­yb­Nt­of­Nb,­1994­u.

­1­–­Yñ­Qjhr,­Yñ­Qjhr­­ 7,333,253­2­–­Kjc­Fy­lét­ktc,­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­­ 3,448,613­3­–­Xb­rf­uj,­Bkb­yjq­­ 2,731,743­4­–­Öñc­nüy,­Ntr­cfc­­ 1,702,086­5­–­Ab­kf­ltk­abz,­Gty­cbk­df­ybz­­ 1,524,249­6­–­Cfy­Lbt­uj,­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­­ 1,151,977­7­–­Ab­ybrc,­Fhb­pj­yf­­ 1,048,949­8­–­Lf­kfc,­Ntr­cfc­­ 1,022,830­9­–­Cfy­Fy­nj­ybj,­Ntr­cfc­­ 988,90510­–­Ltn­hjqn,­Vb­xb­ufy­­ 992,03811­–­Cfy­Öj­pt,­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­­ 816,88412­–­By­lbf­yf­gj­kbc,­By­lbf­yf­­ 752,27913­–­Cfy­Ahfy­cbc­rj,­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­­ 734,67614­–­Åjk­nb­vjh,­Vt­hb­kfyl­­ 702,97915­–­Léfr­cüy­dbk,­Akj­hb­lf­ 665,07016­–­Rü­küv­åüc,­Jöf­qj­­ 635,91317­–­Vb­kej­rb,­Ebc­rjy­cby­­ 617,04418­–­Vtv­abc,­Nt­yt­cb­­ 614,28919­–­Tk­Gf­cj,­Ntr­cfc­­ 579,30720­–­Df­iby­unjy,­jr­hüu­Rü­küv­åbz­­ 567,09421­–­Åjc­nüy,­Vf­cf­xe­ctnc­­ 547,72522­–­Cbf­nük,­Df­iby­unjy­­ 520,94723­–­Jc­nby,­Ntr­cfc­­ 514,01324­–­Yfi­dbk,­Nt­yt­cb­­ 504,50525­–­Lty­düh,­Rj­kj­hf­lj­­ 493,559

176

ofN­cRb­cNj­kb­wb

Fq­lf­öj­–­Åjq­cbFqj­df­–­Lt­vjqy

Fkf­åf­vf­–­Vjy­nuj­vü­hbFkzc­rf­–­Lée­yj

Fhb­pj­yf­–­Ab­ybrcFh­rfy­pfc­–­Kb­nük­HjrDf­iby­unjy­–­Jkbv­gbzDüh­léb­ybz­–­Hbx­vüyl

Düh­vjyn­–­Vjy­ngb­kb­ühLt­kfe­th­–­Lje­düh

Léjh­lébz­–­Fn­kfy­nfPf­gfl­yf­Düh­léb­ybz­–­Xfhk­cnüy

Bkb­yjq­–­Cghby­uabqklBy­lbf­yf­–­By­lbf­yf­gj­kbc

Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­–­Cfr­hf­vty­njRfy­pfc­–­Nj­gb­rf

Rty­nü­rb­–­Ahfy­raühnRj­kj­hf­lj­–­Lty­düh

Rü­yt­nb­rün­–­Öfh­najhlKeb­pbf­yf­–­Åf­nüy­Heé

Vf­cf­xe­ctnc­–­Åjc­nüyVtqy­–­Juüc­nf

Vt­hb­kfyl­–­Fyf­gj­kbcVb­yt­cj­nf­–­Ctqyn­GjkVb­cb­cb­gb­–­Léfr­cüy

Vb­ce­hb­–­Lét­aüh­cüyVb­xb­ufy­–­Kfy­cbyuVjy­nf­yf­–­Öt­kü­yfYtå­hfc­rf­–­Kby­rükyYt­df­lf­–­Rfh­cüyYñ­Léüh­pb­–­Nhty­nüyYñ­Qjhr­–­Jk­åü­ybYñ­Vtr­cb­rj­–­Cfy­nf­AtYñ­Öfv­giüh­–­Rjy­rühlJr­kf­öj­vf­–­Jr­kf­öj­vfJht­ujy­–­Ctq­ktvJöf­qj­–­Rü­küv­åücGty­cbk­df­ybz­–­Öf­hbc­åühuHj­el­Fq­kfyl­–­Ghj­db­lüycCt­dth­yf­Lf­rj­nf­–­Åbc­vfhrCt­dth­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf­–­Hj­kbNtr­cfc­–­Jc­nbyNt­yt­cb­–­Yfi­dbkEf­qj­vbyu­–­If­qtyEbc­rjy­cby­–­Vf­lb­cüyAkj­hb­lf­–­Nf­kü­öf­cbÖf­dfb­nt­–­Öj­yj­ke­keÑé­yf­Lf­rj­nf­–­Gb­ühÑé­yf­Rf­hj­kb­yf­–­Rü­küv­åbzÑnf­–­Cjkn­Ktqr