世界のccs関連動向 - jcoal · incorporate input into the project design. ... 20 large-scale...
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世界のCCS関連動向
CCT ワークショップ 2009
ベルサール神田
2009年8月3日
産業技術総合研究所・赤井 誠
M. Akai, AIST2
グレンイーグルズ行動計画気候変動、クリーン・エネルギー、持続可能な開発(外務省仮訳の誤りを修正)
14. 我々は、以下により、炭素固定貯留技術の開発及び商業化を加速するための作業に取り組む。
a. 炭素隔離リーダーシップ・フォーラム(CSLF)の目的及び活動を支持し、同フォーラムがより広い市民社会と協力すること、また、炭素固定貯留技術の社会的受容性に対する障壁に対処することを奨励する。
b. IEAに対しCSLFと協力し、石油増進回収及び天然ガス生産における二酸化炭素の除去を含む化石燃料部門における炭素固定貯留の短期的な機会に関するワークショップを開催するよう要請する。
c. IEAが、CSLFと協力し、「炭素固定が容易な(capture ready)」プラントに関する定義、費用、範囲を研究し、経済的誘因を検討するよう要請する。
d. 地質学的な二酸化炭素の貯留のための研究上の選択肢について、主要な開発途上国と共に取り組む。
e. 産業界及び国内外の研究プログラム、パートナーシップと協力し、開発途上国も含め、炭素固定貯留技術の潜在的可能性を探求する。
M. Akai, AIST3
洞爺湖G8 – エネルギー研究協力
エネルギー効率指標等の構築
Cool Earthエネルギー革新技術計画
– 技術開発ロードマップの国際共有を提言
– 国際連携による研究開発の加速を提言
G8洞爺湖サミット首脳宣言
26.我々は、エネルギー効率に関する、中期的な、展望としての目標を設定することの重要性を認識する。
31.我々は、IEAの支援を受け、炭素回収・貯留(CCS)及び先進的なエネルギー 技術を含む、革新的技術のためのロードマップを策定する国際的イニシアティブを立ち上げ、既存及び新しいパートナーシップに基づいて協力する。・・・
M. Akai, AIST4
イタリア・ラクイラG8サミット首脳宣言Green recovery
39. The emergency response to the economic crisis should not overlook the opportunity to facilitate a global green recovery putting our economies on a path towards more sustainable and resilient growth. Our fiscal stimulus packages are increasingly investing in measures encouraging the creation of green jobs and low-carbon, energy efficient and sustainable growth. These include energy efficiency measures, investment in public transportation infrastructure, incentives for fuel-efficient vehicles, research in alternative sources of energy, support for renewable energy technologies, as well as in enhanced CO2 reduction, recycling and disposal such as Carbon Capture and Storage.
M. Akai, AIST5
イタリア・ラクイラG8サミット首脳宣言Climate change and Environment - Fighting climate change
65. We reaffirm the importance of the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and notably of its Fourth Assessment Report, which constitutes the most comprehensive assessment of the science. We recognisethe broad scientific view that the increase in global average temperature above pre-industrial levels ought not to exceed 2C. Because this global challenge can only be met by a global response, we reiterate our willingness to share with all countries the goal of achieving at least a 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050, recognising that this implies that global emissions need to peak as soon as possible and decline thereafter. As part of this, we also support a goal of developed countries reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in aggregate by 80% or more by 2050 compared to 1990 or more recent years. Consistent with this ambitious long-term objective, we will undertake robust aggregate and individual mid-term reductions, taking into account that baselines may vary and that efforts need to be comparable. Similarly, major emerging economies need to undertake quantifiable actions to collectively reduce emissions significantly below business-as-usual by a specified year.
M. Akai, AIST6
イタリア・ラクイラG8サミット首脳宣言Technology development and research
73. The development and deployment of technologies and know-how in developed and developing countries will play a crucial role both in mitigation and adaptation to climate change and in moving towards low-carbon growth models. … Building on our existing commitments to urgently advance the development and deployment of clean energy technologies, consistent with existing international obligations, we will: a) encourage and facilitate the development, deployment and diffusion,
particularly through the engagement and leveraging of critical private sector investment, of advanced appropriate technologies in emerging and developing economies, which permit a technological leap and avoid lock-in;
b) further promote international participation and cooperation in R&D activities and to this end we invite the IEA to further define its proposal for an international low-carbon energy technology platform;
c) promote technology roadmaps, such as those being prepared by the IEA, to further the development and demonstration of innovative technologies;
d) work with developing countries to build capacity to support the deployment, diffusion, demonstration and transfer of climate friendly technologies.
M. Akai, AIST7
IEAにおける技術ロードマップの作成
背景
– Cool Earth – エネルギー革新技術計画; 洞爺湖G8サミット; 低炭素社会づくり行動計画
– 2010年カナダでのG8サミットに報告(ETP2010)
作業中
– 発電・産業分野におけるCCS;太陽光発電; 風力; プラグインハイブリッド及び電気自動車高効率産業プロセス(セメントから開始); 原子力(NEAとの連携)
今後の検討課題候補
– 集中型太陽光発電; 電力ネットワーク(含・エネルギー貯蔵);第二世代バイオ燃料; 高効率内燃エンジン; ビルの省エネ
M. Akai, AIST8
技術ロードマップIEAからのラクイラG8への経過報告-発電・産業分野におけるCCS
Governments are making significant new funding commitments to large‐scale CCS demonstration projects; the critical next step will be to ensure further funding and to develop suitable policy frameworks and public consultation mechanisms for these early projects.
CCS retrofits at coal‐fired power plants and CO2 capture in the industrial sector (e.g., cement, chemicals, iron and steel, pulp and paper, refining) are critical research and demonstration needs that have not received sufficient attention to date.
Some emerging economies, notably China and Brazil, have impressive plans to move forward with CCS pilot projects, but require policy support and enhanced international cooperation to ensure optimal project design and effective implementation.
There is a need to expand international efforts to harmonise CO2 storage monitoring and verification schemes with international greenhouse gas policy mechanisms, either through the Clean Development Mechanism or another mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
M. Akai, AIST9
イタリア・ラクイラG8サミットへのIEA報告大規模実証プロジェクトのクライテリア
Scale is large enough to demonstrate the technical and operational viability of future commercial CCS systems.1
Location of the storage site is clearly identified. Effective integration of CO2 capture, transport and storage.2
Scheduled to begin full-scale operation between 2015-20. Strategies to engage the public demonstrate intent to
incorporate input into the project design. Funding commitments demonstrate established public and
private sector support. 1 The size threshold will vary based on the type of CO2 source; for example,
coal-fired power plants might inject more than 1 Mt of CO2 storage per annum whereas gas-fired power plants and some industries will have a smaller CO2 stream.
2 With the understanding that some CO2 sources located at or near the storage site will involve minimal or no transport; this could also include enhanced oil recovery projects.
M. Akai, AIST10
イタリア・ラクイラG8サミット首脳宣言Energy efficiency, diversification of the energy mix and technology
91. … Reaffirming the commitment made in Toyako for the launch of 20 large-scale Carbon Capture and Storage demonstration projects globally by 2010, we will: a) accelerate the design of policies, regulatory frameworks and incentive schemes
focused on the development and deployment of CCS technology; b) encourage greater involvement of developing countries by promoting
collaboration and knowledge diffusion, also through IEA regional roundtables; c) work to identify sources of financing for CCS demonstration projects; d) invite the IEA, together with the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum
(CSLF), to report on and further develop technology roadmaps and to work with the private sector to accelerate the construction and operation of demonstration projects. To this end, we welcome the work on criteria by the IEA to facilitate tracking of global progress on these projects in view of an update to be presented at our Summit in 2010;
e) following the launch of the Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (GCCSI) we invite it to actively cooperate with the ongoing activities of the IEA and the CSLF to ensure that these efforts are mutually reinforcing;
f) identify investment needs and overcome obstacles, including the potential development of innovative partnerships with multilateral financial institutions.
M. Akai, AIST11
大型実証試験
IEA-GHG資料より
Snøhvit
Sleipner
Weyburn
In-Salah
Images Courtesy of BP, Statoil, and PTRC
NOT POWER GENERATION
Snøhvit
Sleipner
Weyburn
In-Salah
Images Courtesy of BP, Statoil, and PTRC
NOT POWER GENERATION
M. Akai, AIST12
現存のCO2 注入プロジェクトと典型的石炭火力発電所のCO2排出量
From IPCC SRCCS
IEA-GHG資料より
M. Akai, AIST13
統合(回収→輸送→貯留)プロジェクトの必要性
1. "CHP with post-combustion CCS" 2. Permanency of storage is unclear 3. Potential EOR storage 4. Enhanced coalbed methane recovery 5. eg, Depleted coal seams 6. PCOR 7. MRCSP 8. MGSC 9. SECARB 10. SWP 11. WESTCARB. Source: IEA, Fossil fuel-fired power plants and CO2 capture and storage; CSIRO, Australian CCS Commercial and R&D Projects, 2007; Gassnova, International CCS technology survey; Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT, http://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/index.html; Gassnova International CCS Technology Survey 2008; RET interviews
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
Gas/saline reservoir
ECBM4No storage solution identified Not stated/ other5
1MtSleipner
NOR, 1996
1.2MtIn Salah
ALG, 2004
0.7MtSnohvit
NOR, 2007
>1MtWeyburn-M.CAN/US, '00
30-40Mt2
Permian Bas.USA, 1972
0.003MtFrio Brine
USA, '05–06
0.01MtNagaoka
JAP, '04–05
Strippedfrom
naturalgas
3.3MtGorgon
AUS, 2013
0.06Mt totalKetzin
GER, 2007
0.0002MtQuinshu
CHN
>0.1MtK12b
NLD, 2004
0.1MtOtway
AUS, 2008
0.25MtAltmark
GER, 2008Other/unknown
500MWFerrybridgeUK, 2011
2x800MWKingsnorthUK, 2012
1600MWRWE TilburyUK, 2016
Coal post-combustion
capture
APP Pilots: Tarong,
Munmorah,Gaobeidian
500MWDF2
USA, 2011
800MWTeeside
UK, 2013
250MWGreenGenCHN, 2015
€1.3BHypogen
EU, 2014–16
900MWGE
POL, 2011
~900MWPowerfuel
UK, undecided
450MWRWE
GER, 2014
500MWEPCOR
CAN, 2015
100MWZeroGen
AUS, 2012
1000MWE.ON/SiemensGER, 2011
Coal pre-combustion
capture (IGCC)
0.018MtHazelwoodAUS, 2008
0.05MtLoy Yang
AUS, 2008
150MWFuturGas
AUS, 2016
10MtMonash CTLAUS, 2015
NGCC post-combustion
capture
1.8MtFt Nelson6
CAN, 2011
350MW1
MongstadNOR, 2014
860MWDraugen
NOR, 2011
Oxy-fuel30MWCallide
AUS, 2010
30MWLacq
FRA, 2008
30MWVattenfall
GER, 2008
500MWEndesa
ESP, 2015
Depleted oil/gas field
300MWSaskPowerCAN, 2012
1200MWNuon
NLD, >2011
275MWFutureGenUSA, 2012
500MWDF3
AUS, 2011
475MWDF1
UK, 2011
600MWTenaska
USA, 2014
450MWKillingholmeUK, 2011
450MWWilliston6
USA, '09-15
~650MWWallula
USA, 2013
629MWAppalachian7
USA, 2012
420MWProject LinkUAE, 2012
400MWSargas
NOR, 2011
120MWAntelope ValUSA, 2012
125MWWA Parish LUSA, 2012
100MWBound'y DamCAN, 2015
50MWKimberlinaUSA, 2010
30MWAEP AlstomUSA, 2008
1.1MtEntrada10
USA, '08-12
1MtCranfield9
USA, '08-09
0.3MtDecatur7
USA, 2009
0.28MtTAME7
USA, 2011
0.067MtZama LinkCAN, 2006
0.05MtNLECI Proj.AUS, '11-12
~450MWHRL IDGCCAUS, >2009
Integrated projects
Enhancedgas recovery
(EGR)
Capture-onlyprojects
Storage-onlyprojects
?
Industrial sector
0.2MtPernis refin.
NLD
0.02MtMulgrave
AUS, 2009
200MWCoolimba
AUS, 2015
MoombaCooper Bas.
AUS
0.25MtSan Joaquin11
USA
~0.3MtMt Simon8
USA
0.1MtKurosaki
JAP, 2005
0.1MtJAPEX
JAP, undecided
3MtBintulu
MAL, 2011
1-3MtDaiquin
CHN, 2014
1.5MtEnel CCS1ITA, 2012
250MWIwaki
JPN, 20111600MW
RWE HammGER, 2011
4.6MtWhite TigerVNM, 2010
400MWYantai
CHN, ~2012
7.5MtImminhamUK, >2012
Annual metric (unless stated otherwise)Project name;
Country/region, Date of commencement
OperatingComplete Announced Capture-ready
Dormant or cancelled
Capture
Storage
A$445mFairview
AUS, 2010
160 - 600MWDuke Energy
US, 2011
GCCSI資料
M. Akai, AIST14
大規模プロジェクトの必要性発電出力250 MWe または貯留量1Mt-CO2/y以上のプロジェクト
1. "CHP with post-combustion CCS" 2. Permanency of storage is unclear 3. Potential EOR storage 4. Enhanced coalbed methane recovery 5. eg, Depleted coal seams 6. PCOR 7. MRCSP 8. MGSC 9. SECARB 10. SWP 11. WESTCARB. Source: IEA, Fossil fuel-fired power plants and CO2 capture and storage; CSIRO, Australian CCS Commercial and R&D Projects, 2007; Gassnova, International CCS technology survey; Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT, http://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/index.html; Gassnova International CCS Technology Survey 2008; RET interviews
1MtSleipner
NOR, 1996
1.2MtIn Salah
ALG, 2004
>1MtWeyburn-M.CAN/US, '00
30-40Mt2
Permian Bas.USA, 1972
3.3MtGorgon
AUS, 2013
800MWTeeside
UK, 2013
€1.3BHypogen
EU, 2014–16
900MWGE
POL, 2011
~900MWPowerfuel
UK, undecided
450MWRWE
GER, 2014
500MWEPCOR
CAN, 2015
1000MWE.ON/SiemensGER, 2011
10MtMonash CTLAUS, 2015
1.8MtFt Nelson6
CAN, 2011
350MW1
MongstadNOR, 2014
500MWEndesa
ESP, 2015
1200MWNuon
NLD, >2011
600MWTenaska
USA, 2014
450MWWilliston6
USA, '09-15
~650MWWallula
USA, 2013
629MWAppalachian7
USA, 2012
420MWProject LinkUAE, 2012
400MWSargas
NOR, 2011
1.1MtEntrada10
USA, '08-12
1MtCranfield9
USA, '08-09
Capture-onlyprojects
Storage-onlyprojects
MoombaCooper Bas.
AUS
3MtBintulu
MAL, 2011
1-3MtDaiquin
CHN, 2014
1.5MtEnel CCS1ITA, 2012
250MWIwaki
JPN, 2011
4.6MtWhite TigerVNM, 2010
400MWYantai
CHN, ~2012
7.5MtImminhamUK, >2012
Annual metric (unless stated otherwise)Project name;
Country/region, Date of commencement
OperatingComplete Announced
Capture
Storage
250MWGreenGenCHN, 2015
Strippedfrom
naturalgas
Other/unknown
Coal post-combustion
capture
Coal pre-combustion
capture (IGCC)
NGCC post-combustion
capture
Oxy-fuel
Industrial sector
Integrated projects
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
Gas/saline reservoir
ECBM4No storage solution identified Not stated/ other5Depleted oil/gas field
Enhancedgas recovery
(EGR)
160 - 600MWDuke Energy
US, 2011
GCCSI資料
M. Akai, AIST15
海外のCCSプロジェクト関連動向(1/4)
米国
– FutureGenを当初計画通り遂行 サイトをイリノイ州のMattoonに決定した後、費用がかかりすぎることを理由に、複数IGCC+CCSプロジェクトへの補助金交付スキームに見直すことを表明していた。
詳細な費用推定や資金調達等が課題として残っているものの、2010年の前半にはMattoonをサイトに最終決定がなされる予定。
– FY2010のDOE予算案 炭素隔離プログラム:約1.8億ドル
既存プラントへの燃焼後回収技術開発:4100万ドル
IGCC:5500万ドル
水素タービン(IGCC+CCS):3100万ドル
2009 年アメリカ再生・再投資法から34億ドルが追加される予定。
M. Akai, AIST16
海外のCCSプロジェクト関連動向(2/4)
豪州
– GCCSIの設立(ラクイラG8での首相声明) 洞爺湖G8声明に盛り込まれた20の大規模実証プロジェクトの円滑な推進を目的とした首相のイニシアティブで、年間1億豪ドルを拠出
– 大規模実証への投資 国内プロジェクトへ20億豪ドルを出資
カナダ
– 大規模実証への投資 国内プロジェクトへ35億加ドルを出資
– 法規制 CCS無しの新規石炭火力を認めないとの新法をCOP/MOP5前にリリースする方向で調整中。
M. Akai, AIST17
海外のCCSプロジェクト関連動向(3/4)
EU– CCS Directive成立(2009年6月25日施行)
– 景気対策として大規模実証のために10億EURを追加
ノルウェー– Mongstad、Karstøなどのプロジェクトを推進
– 欧州諸国に対して最低1.40億EURの資金提供(5カ年)
フランス– 新規の石炭火力発電所にCCS Readyを義務づけ
英国– 2014年までに大規模プロジェクトを稼働。
– 最大4箇所の大規模実証の補助、及び300MW超の石炭火力に対するCCS Ready規制を提案
M. Akai, AIST18
海外のCCSプロジェクト関連動向(4/4)
中国– GreenGenプロジェクト
2011年まで(フェーズ1)に250MWのIGCCを建設、
2016年まで(フェーズ3)に400MWにする予定
– 650MW+CCSの計画ありとの情報も
– 上海で、10万t/y規模の燃焼後回収実証施設を建設中
ブラジル– Petrobras社が、2~4箇所の大規模実証への投資を表明
南ア– 2020年までに実規模プロジェクトを実施
アラブ首長国連邦– 3箇所でのCCS-EORプロジェクトを計画中
M. Akai, AIST19
課題コスト低減、法規制整備、資金調達、そして・・・
オランダ・Barendrecht CCSプロジェクト– 2010年圧入開始予定(30年間で10Mt)のShellプロジェクト(政府も支援)。CO2源は石精プラント。 Barendrechtは比較的住民が密集した地域で、約2万人が居住。
– 2009年春の住民説明会には、900人が参加。住民はShellや政府を信用できないと表明。担当者が罵倒される場面も。3月5日に、市長が、プロジェクトに対して「No」を表明。
米国・ Greenville(SC)におけるCCSプロジェクト– Midwest Regional Partnershipの下で計画
CO2源はエタノール製造プラント
– 住民集会に700名以上が参加し、地中貯留に反対を表明
日本は・・・?
M. Akai, AIST20