Cold WarCold War

Keith Magnuson & Jonathan Keith Magnuson & Jonathan BeckerBecker

Teaching American HistoryTeaching American History

World War IIWorld War II End of the war, End of the war,

Soviets in Germany Soviets in Germany from the East, US in from the East, US in from West.from West. Soviets lost 30 Soviets lost 30

million during warmillion during war Angry US didn’t Angry US didn’t

enter European enter European theater soonertheater sooner

Divided Germany and Berlin in half, each Divided Germany and Berlin in half, each under Soviet or US influence under Soviet or US influence Soviets want barrier against future invasionSoviets want barrier against future invasion French want protection barrier alsoFrench want protection barrier also

Divided Germany and Berlin Divided Germany and Berlin

Notice the location of BerlinNotice the location of Berlin

Mushroom CloudMushroom Cloud

US exploded 2 atomic US exploded 2 atomic bombsbombs 2 Japanese cities 2 Japanese cities

Hiroshima and NagasakiHiroshima and Nagasaki

Soviets exploded one test Soviets exploded one test bomb in 1949bomb in 1949

Relations between Soviet Relations between Soviet and US turn coldand US turn cold

Paranoid about each Paranoid about each otherother

Hiroshima Bomb

Soviet First Test Bomb (Joe I)

Destruction with an Atomic BombDestruction with an Atomic Bomb

Iron curtainIron curtain Communist regimes start Communist regimes start

in several eastern in several eastern European countriesEuropean countries

Added to the buffer zone Added to the buffer zone against Germanyagainst Germany ““Misunderstanding” of Misunderstanding” of

Soviet intentionsSoviet intentions

Winston Churchill gives a Winston Churchill gives a speech calling the speech calling the countries under Soviet countries under Soviet control under a “Iron control under a “Iron Curtain”Curtain”

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

Soviet block off road into Soviet block off road into BerlinBerlin

US influenced area of US influenced area of Berlin couldn’t get Berlin couldn’t get suppliessupplies

US starts airlifting US starts airlifting (dropping from planes) (dropping from planes) supplies to people of supplies to people of West BerlinWest Berlin

Soviets frustrated by airlift Soviets frustrated by airlift and lift blockadeand lift blockade

Containment & DominoesContainment & Dominoes President Truman gives President Truman gives

speech speech Uses Kennan’sUses Kennan’s concept of concept of

ContainmentContainment Idea is to contain Communism Idea is to contain Communism

to where it exists but not to try to where it exists but not to try and “roll it back”and “roll it back”

Starts with Turkey and GreeceStarts with Turkey and Greece Known as Known as Truman Truman

DoctrineDoctrine Eisenhower gives a speech on Eisenhower gives a speech on

Domino TheoryDomino Theory. . If one country falls to If one country falls to

communism, other communism, other countries will fall countries will fall

Truman

Eisenhower

President Eisenhower Articulates the "Domino President Eisenhower Articulates the "Domino Theory"Theory" News ConferenceNews Conference 7 April 19547 April 1954

Q. Robert Richards, Copley Press: Mr. President, would you mind commenting on the strategic importance of Q. Robert Richards, Copley Press: Mr. President, would you mind commenting on the strategic importance of Indochina to the free world? I think there has been, across the country, some lack of understanding on just Indochina to the free world? I think there has been, across the country, some lack of understanding on just what it means to us. what it means to us.

2 -THE PRESIDENT. You have, of course, both the specific and the general when you talk about such things. 2 -THE PRESIDENT. You have, of course, both the specific and the general when you talk about such things. 3 -First of all, you have the specific value of a locality in its production of materials that the world needs. [383] 3 -First of all, you have the specific value of a locality in its production of materials that the world needs. [383] 4 -Then you have the possibility that many human beings pass under a dictatorship that is inimical to the free 4 -Then you have the possibility that many human beings pass under a dictatorship that is inimical to the free

world. world. 5 - Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the "falling domino" principle. 5 - Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the "falling domino" principle.

You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences. have the most profound influences.

6 -Now, with respect to the first one, two of the items from this particular area that the world uses are tin and 6 -Now, with respect to the first one, two of the items from this particular area that the world uses are tin and tungsten. They are very important. There are others, of course, the rubber plantations and so on. tungsten. They are very important. There are others, of course, the rubber plantations and so on.

7 -Then with respect to more people passing under this domination, Asia, after all, has already lost some 450 7 -Then with respect to more people passing under this domination, Asia, after all, has already lost some 450 million of its peoples to the Communist dictatorship, and we simply can't afford greater losses. million of its peoples to the Communist dictatorship, and we simply can't afford greater losses.

8 -But when we come to the possible sequence of events, the loss of Indochina, of Burma, of Thailand, of the 8 -But when we come to the possible sequence of events, the loss of Indochina, of Burma, of Thailand, of the Peninsula, and Indonesia following, now you begin to talk about areas that not only multiply the Peninsula, and Indonesia following, now you begin to talk about areas that not only multiply the disadvantages that you would suffer through loss of materials, sources of materials, but now you are disadvantages that you would suffer through loss of materials, sources of materials, but now you are talking really about millions and millions and millions of people. talking really about millions and millions and millions of people.

9 -Finally, the geographical position achieved thereby does many things. It turns the so-called island defensive 9 -Finally, the geographical position achieved thereby does many things. It turns the so-called island defensive chain of Japan, Formosa, of the Philippines and to the southward; it moves in to threaten Australia and chain of Japan, Formosa, of the Philippines and to the southward; it moves in to threaten Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand.

10 -It takes away, in its economic aspects, that region that Japan must have as a trading area or Japan, in turn, 10 -It takes away, in its economic aspects, that region that Japan must have as a trading area or Japan, in turn, will have only one place in the world to go--that is, toward the Communist areas in order to live. will have only one place in the world to go--that is, toward the Communist areas in order to live.

11 -So, the possible consequences of the loss are just incalculable to the free world. 11 -So, the possible consequences of the loss are just incalculable to the free world.

Cold at HomeCold at Home Red ScareRed Scare

Paranoia starts within the USParanoia starts within the US People trying to find People trying to find

Communists within the USCommunists within the US Labor groups especially Labor groups especially

suspect suspect HUAC (House UnAmerican HUAC (House UnAmerican

Activities Committee)Activities Committee) House of Representatives House of Representatives

hearing on questioning people hearing on questioning people about Communist tiesabout Communist ties

Hollywood 10 Hollywood 10 10 individuals in Hollywood 10 individuals in Hollywood

were suspected of Communist were suspected of Communist ties ties

Put on a blacklist (couldn’t get Put on a blacklist (couldn’t get a job)a job)

Cold at Home part 2Cold at Home part 2 Eugene McCarthy , Eugene McCarthy ,

Senator from Wisconsin, Senator from Wisconsin, trying to expose trying to expose communists in govt. and communists in govt. and other placesother places

Edward R. Murrow a Edward R. Murrow a news reporter, challenges news reporter, challenges McCarthy and his list of McCarthy and his list of communists communists

Murrow eventually Murrow eventually exposes McCarthy for a exposes McCarthy for a fraudfraud

McCarthy is eventually McCarthy is eventually seen as a disgrace.seen as a disgrace.

Enemy among usEnemy among us Ethel and Julius Ethel and Julius

Rosenburg caught in Rosenburg caught in spying ringspying ring

Executed for TreasonExecuted for Treason Had 2 little childrenHad 2 little children

Some dispute whether Some dispute whether guiltyguilty

Since proven definitely Since proven definitely guiltyguilty

Helped fuel the paranoia Helped fuel the paranoia of McCarthyism era of McCarthyism era

NATO & Warsaw PactNATO & Warsaw Pact Countries in Western Countries in Western

Europe join in a pact with Europe join in a pact with US US

Agree to protect and defend Agree to protect and defend each other each other Mostly used to stop the spread Mostly used to stop the spread

of communismof communism Called North Atlantic Treaty Called North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO)Organization (NATO) USSR and Eastern Europe USSR and Eastern Europe

do the samedo the same Known as the Warsaw PactKnown as the Warsaw Pact Increased the threat of Increased the threat of

mutual assured destructionmutual assured destruction

Space RaceSpace Race Sputnik-Soviet are able to put Sputnik-Soviet are able to put

first object into space (1957)first object into space (1957) US nervous about Soviets US nervous about Soviets

getting the edgegetting the edge Later Soviets put a dog and Later Soviets put a dog and

monkey into space as monkey into space as experimentexperiment

But US able to land man on But US able to land man on MoonMoon Seen as a winner of space raceSeen as a winner of space race

Sputnik

Sky PilotSky Pilot

U2 planes built by US U2 planes built by US to spy on Soviets to spy on Soviets from high altitudefrom high altitude

Francis Gary Powers Francis Gary Powers is shot down in U2 is shot down in U2 plane over Soviet plane over Soviet Union in May1960Union in May1960

Ruins Eisenhower’s Ruins Eisenhower’s dream of Cold War dream of Cold War thaw at the Paris thaw at the Paris SummitSummit

Havana Daydreamin’Havana Daydreamin’ JFK inherits a plan for a JFK inherits a plan for a

CIA invasion of CubaCIA invasion of Cuba Castro and communist Castro and communist

regime took over in 1959regime took over in 1959 Invasion plan involves Invasion plan involves

ex-Cubans exilesex-Cubans exiles

JFK decides not do it at JFK decides not do it at last minutelast minute

Exiles go ahead with Exiles go ahead with plan with no US supportplan with no US support

Exiles defeated easily Exiles defeated easily

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis US places missiles in Turkey US places missiles in Turkey

facing USSRfacing USSR US spy plane spots missile US spy plane spots missile

silos in Cubasilos in Cuba Soviet deny until shown Soviet deny until shown

photos at UNphotos at UN US sends ships to block US sends ships to block

delivery of missiles from delivery of missiles from USSRUSSR

Tense 13 days until USSR Tense 13 days until USSR ships turn aroundships turn around

Very close to war between US Very close to war between US and USSRand USSR

Communism in AsiaCommunism in Asia Vietnam and Korea divided into Vietnam and Korea divided into

North and South, communist North and South, communist north and US supported South north and US supported South (not necessary democratic)(not necessary democratic)

US commits troops to keep US commits troops to keep communism out of South of both communism out of South of both countrycountry

In Korea, US and UN force able In Korea, US and UN force able to stop take over to stop take over

In Vietnam US (had no UN In Vietnam US (had no UN support) had to finally pull out support) had to finally pull out and lost whole county to and lost whole county to communism communism

Nixon orders some ChineseNixon orders some Chinese In order to escape In order to escape

Watergate Nixon Watergate Nixon decides to visit Chinadecides to visit China

China became China became communist in 1949communist in 1949 Cold relations between Cold relations between

USSR and ChinaUSSR and China

Opens relations with Opens relations with China after 23 years China after 23 years and furthers softening and furthers softening stance with communist stance with communist countriescountries

19801980 Through 70’s US takes detente Through 70’s US takes detente

policy towards USSRpolicy towards USSR Easing relations between the Easing relations between the

two countriestwo countries US beats USSR in semi-final US beats USSR in semi-final

of hockey during ’80 Olympicsof hockey during ’80 Olympics UnderdogsUnderdogs Matter of prideMatter of pride See movie “Miracle”See movie “Miracle”

USSR gets involved in USSR gets involved in AfghanistanAfghanistan Locals trying to push out Locals trying to push out

Soviet supported regimeSoviet supported regime Became the USSR’s Vietnam, Became the USSR’s Vietnam,

no way to beat localsno way to beat locals

Evil EmpireEvil Empire

Ronald Reagan becomes president in 1981Ronald Reagan becomes president in 1981 Renews “fight” against USSR and communismRenews “fight” against USSR and communism Deemed the USSR a “Evil Empire”Deemed the USSR a “Evil Empire” Nuclear holocaust worries begin againNuclear holocaust worries begin again Supports insurgent groups fighting communist Supports insurgent groups fighting communist

regimes all over the worldregimes all over the world Especially in Latin AmericaEspecially in Latin America Defies Congress- becomes scandal, Iran Contra Defies Congress- becomes scandal, Iran Contra

Scandal- sell weapons to Iran and give proceeds to Scandal- sell weapons to Iran and give proceeds to anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua

Tear Down This WallTear Down This Wall

End of 80’s, Reagan End of 80’s, Reagan gives speechgives speech

Talks about unification Talks about unification of Germanyof Germany

Challenges Challenges Gorbachev( new Gorbachev( new Soviet premier) to “tear Soviet premier) to “tear down this wall”down this wall” Referring to Berlin Wall. Referring to Berlin Wall.

Fall of the Iron CurtainFall of the Iron Curtain Berlin Wall torn down by Berlin Wall torn down by

people of Berlinpeople of Berlin Tired of the separationTired of the separation Economic recessionEconomic recession Leads to a unification of Leads to a unification of

GermanyGermany Most communist regimes in Most communist regimes in

Eastern Europe fallEastern Europe fall USSR eventually gives up on USSR eventually gives up on

communismcommunism This marks the end of This marks the end of

communism and the Cold Warcommunism and the Cold War