comparaison normes
TRANSCRIPT
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Comparison of Test Standardsaccording to ISO, DIN, ASTM, JIS and BS
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Contents
UL flame test
Foreword 4Testing of the thermosetting moulding compounds and moulding materials 4Practice-relevant characteristic values, testing - Material - Data base (Campus) 4Dimensioning and service properties 5Simple tests and their informative quality 5Summary 5
Diagram The designer and his tasks 6
Diagrams of Testing, selection of materials 7
Standardised moulding materials Survey 8-9
Preparation of test specimens 10
Injection moulding according to ISO 3167 Typ A 10Multipurpose test specimens ISO 10 724 Definitions 11Injection moulding shapes of test specimen 12Injection moulding shapes of test specimen (tensile test bars) 13
Compression moulding according to ISO 295 procedure B 14Compression moulding according to ISO 295 Definitions 15Moulding conditions Compression moulding according to ISO 295 16Test specimens moulds for compression moulding 17
Comparison of tests 18
Density Apparent density 18Moulding shrinkage and Post shrinkage 19Tensile strength, tables, graphics 20-21Elongation 22Tensile modulus of elasticity (tangent or secant) 23Flexural strength, graphics 24-25Tensile modulus of elasticity (tangent or secant) 26Compressive strength ISO 27Compressive modulus of elasticity 28Impact strength (unnotched and notched) according to Charpy or Izod 29Ball indentation hardness or Rockwell hardness 30Comparison of hardness tests / Diagrams 31Shore hardnessDwith durometer / Diagrams 32-33Temperature of deflection under load 34Heat deformation temperature according to Vicat 35Heat deformation temperature according to Martens 36Coefficient of linear thermal expansion 37Thermal conductivity 38-39Maximum service temperature
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Problems and tasks
Before dealing with tests one must first identifytheir problems and tasks. Without making anyappraisal, the test serves to assure a uniform quality, to make a selection for the economic use of
materials, to reduce the costs, or correct dimensioning and design of a product.
Testing technology
Now what has happened in the field of testingtechnology?
The first two criteria determination of the properties of the raw
materials, semi-finished products, finishedproducts and
supervision of the uniform quality of theseproducts
are without doubt achieved with few auxiliarymeans (flexural strength, impact strength, notchedbar impact strength, HDT etc.).
Hence the designer could proceed according to acertain rough pattern (Figure 1). However, this isonly possible if characteristic values with whichhe can do so are made available to him. The testingtechnology is intended to provide help for this.If we restrict ourselves to thermosettingcompounds, we find that the technical testingequipment is different; the necessary minimum issubject to supervision.
When following the arrows in the diagram(Figure 2), it strikes immediately that the specialattention is focused on the moulding compound.
Typifying and supervisionWhen the usual standard tests, e.g. the minimumrequirements specified in the standards, areconsidered, it can be seen that these serve in thefirst place to typify and supervise thermosettingmoulding compounds. A designer certainly needsmore than this numercical overview.
The standard types, e.g. of DIN 7708 Parts 2, 9,10, 11 (draft) which are the basis of manydiscussions are given much too little consideration.(s. folder 8+9)
Informative quality of standard tests
Can the standard tests provide a comprehensivepicture of the compound?
They are certainly sufficient where physically clearlydefined properties like density, specific heat etc.,which are independent of the test procedure, areinvolved but they are insufficient for characteristicvalues required for design purposes. Here it isabsolutely necessary to search for test procedureswhich lead to a good correlation of the results to
the practice. It is of no importance how the uniformquality of the thermo-setting moulding compoundsis tested.
Compounds are rejected as inadequate oftenenough because one property value does notfulfill the requirements although this value is ofno informative value for the particular application.
Other prerequisites
Many authors mentioned from which parametersthe property values are dependent.
Extensive investigations performed during injectionmoulding of thermosetting moulding compounds
demonstrate the problems. However, everythingis done with a view to the minimum requirementsof DIN 7708/T2 (ISO/CD 14526-3 etc.) determinedwith standard tests.
It is not clear though whether other prerequisiteshave always been fulfilled. Knowledge and evaluation of the testing
equipment and the charactistic valuesdetermined therewith,
Establishing evaluation criteria based onexperience and
Comparison of properties also with those of thematerials which were determined under the sameconditions and for the same geometries.
Automatic testing devices
A lot has happened in the field of testing technologyduring the last few years.
Thus there are sufficient references for instanceto automatic testing devices and rational qualitycontrols. These can be computer-aided.It is obvious that closer tolerances, reduction of the number of random tests, higher reliability and accuracy of the values, comparability of the valuesrequire higher capital investment. However, if thetesting technology is to be in accordance withgood economics a high degree of utilisation is
necessary. A wealth of experience from past yearsis not available to everybody.
Practice-relevant characteristic values,testing - Material - Data base(CAMPUS)
The question must be asked whether the imageof properties developed decades ago is stilladequate in the present time. It is not possibleeither to give a general instruction on how andwhich practice-relveant data should be determined.However, a little schematic could help to makethese decisions (Figure 3). A close look at it wouldalso reveal the direct relation to what is known asthe data block system for standardising andreducing tests and test specimens and tointernational standardisation.
The plastic data base CAMPUS is a practicalsupplement for the standardisation andrationalisation of plastic tests. On an internationalbasis, it is the most successful and most widelyused data base for plastic properties.
ForewordTesting of the thermosetting moulding compoundsand moulding materials
Mould
ing
comp
ound
s/Resin
DIN
ISO/CD
Epoxy 12252-3
Melamine-formaldehyde 7708/T9 14528-3
Melamine-phenolic 7708/T10 14529-3
Phenolic 7708/T2 14526-3
UnsaturatedPolyester 7708/T11 14530-3
Bakelite-Data base CAMPUS world-wide
Table A
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Comparability, reproducibility
When considering a few selected tests on a typeof moulding compound with due regard to theimpact strength and notch impact tests, apparentlyhaphazardly scattered results are found as afunction of thickness.
In view of the practical performance, a criticalevaluation of the test and its results is thereforerequired, with the moulding in the centre. Hence
the following is applicable to thermosettingcompounds:1.) In the case of fractures of thermosetting
compounds we have to deal chieflywith brittle fractures so that these can be themost dangerous failures resultingin considerable damage and consequentialdamage.
2.) Long-term behaviour and service temperatureare subject to general rules whichare derived according to in the single-pointmethod or from limiting temperaturemesurements on test specimens and hencecan only be empirical values.
The reproducibility of the values obtained in thetests is a function of the compounds and theprocessing parameters. It would be easiest if thelong-time performance the design of mouldingswith the respective service properties could beinferred from short-time tests without additionaloutlay.
Dimensioning and service properties
For the time being, let us keep to the subject ofthe characteristic values which, after all, are decisivefor the realisation of a moulding with appropriateservice properties.
The properties are a function of the molding material, the processing (technology), the specimen geometry and the method of test ing.
The manufacturer of the moulding compound isreponsible for the moulding compound and forissuing guidelines for the processing thereof.
The Specimen geometry and testing method(except for in-house pratices) are defined in thestandards, which also permits verification of thereproducibility. Statistic methods help to get onwhere sufficient values are available.
In the testing technology, the following has beendefined many years ago:1.) Typification of moulding compound supervision2.) Preparation and geometry of test specimens
(compression moulding, standard specimen bar)
3.)Testing method (flexural, impact strength,notched impact strength, the old Martens andthe new HDT method)
When examining some examples which go beyondthe minimum requirements, it strikes immediatelythat the properties vary more or less with thethickness. Are these perceptions not sufficientfor the technician or designer?
Evidently not because there is still a very great
number of properties which depend on differentparameters.
The dependency of one property on cure time,temperature and, for instance the notch depthillustrates the wealth of information which can beobtained with standardised test specimens andtests. However, the reservation must be made thatthe values of one compound can only be comparedwith those of other compoundss if such valuesare established under the same conditions(including test specimen geometry). The changefrom DIN to ISO ensures comparability ofthermoplastic and thermosetting compounds,provided that specimen geometry and specimen
preparation are identical. The plastic data baseCAMPUS certainly is a practical and helpfulsupplement.
Simple tests and theirinformative quality
When considering some other types ofthermosetting compound, the same is evidentlyapplicable. Starting from the characteristic valuesobtained on 4 mm thick mulipurpose test specimen(= minimum requirements of e.g. 7708/T2 adv.ISO/CD 14526-3 etc.), it is possible to give someinformation and identify some interrelationships.The impact notch test according to Charpyserves
to evaluate the impact strength behaviour ofnotched and unnotched test specimen with three-point bearing under sudden stress. For the notchedbar impact test, the test specimen is provided witha V-notch.
As a result of the notch, a concentration of stressand an inrease of the crack propagation velocityis achieved at the bottom of the notch. In this wayit is possible to obtain a fracture in tough plasticseven if these do not break when using unnotchedspecimen. It must be noted that the marginal zoneof the test specimen is severed by the machiningof the notch in the side zone of the specimensubjected to tension.
The fracture work required for the destruction ofthe specimens of the sizes specially prepared isdetermined with a pendulum impact testingmachine in which gravity acts as driving power.
The test specimen is supported on two abutmentsand is suddenly stressed in the middle by thependulum hammer. This set-up is termed Charpyarrangement. The impact work Arequired for thedestruction of the test specimen results from thedifference between the height of fall and the heightof rise (after destruction of the specimens) andthe weight Gof the pendulum hammer.
If impact strength and notched bar impact strengthare identical or almost identical, the compounds
are insensitive to impact.
It is a well known fact that the property values canbe varied significantly by adding suitable fillersand reinforcing ingredients.
If information is given on the basis of conclusionsfrom results obtained a long time ago there maybe a nasty awakening. It is necessary that practice-relevant characteristic values are furnished andused for further searching for suitable testingmethods or that such values are applied.
Summary
The designer needs the characteristic data ofcompounds for designing and shaping a product.These data are to be determined with suitabletesting methods on comparable test specimen.
The Minimum requirements on mouldingcompounds or test specimens made thereof permitonly in part conconclusions to be drawn on theperformance of the mouldings. New and practice-relevant test procedures require investments.New fields of application cannot be opened upwith old, no longer comparable characteristicvalues. Standardisation and rationalisation havebeen achieved by the worldwide propagation ofCAMPUS. The break-through on an international
level has been achieved with CAMPUS 4. The newdata catalogue is based on ISO 10350. For thedesigner, the target-oriented selection of themoulding compounds has become significantlyeasier, more reliable and faster.
Various test specimens
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Figure 1
DesignerDevelopment and design of a moulding
Requirement Properties
Material
ExperienceTesting
short-time, long-time etc.
Shape and dimension
Moulding
Consumer
Quality supervision
DiagrammThe designer and his tasks
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Diagrams of Testing and selection of materials
Selection of materials
Testing
Method
Informa
tion
Identification Chemical analysis Type, environmental compatibility, application
Processing Flow curing, pourability Machine parameter, surface
Short-time mechanically, thermally, electrically Strength, field of application, dimension
Long-time Tracking modulus, alternating stress Calculation, safety, dimension
Resistance Chemicals, weather, temperature Compatibility, application, ageing
Supplement Friction Special requirement (wear)
Testing
Production Development
Moulding
Characteristic values of test specimen Characteristic values of moulding
Standard test Service value test
Practice-relevant characteristic values
Data sheets
Data base - CAMPUS 4
Processor / Consumer
Moulding compound
Figure 2
Figure 3
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Preparation of test specimens Multipurpose test specimens according to ISO 10724
Preparation of test specimens of thermosetting moulding compoundsby injection moulding according to ISO 3167 type A
Distinction is made between two procedures forpreparing test specimens:
Procedure A:Injection moulding of test specimensProcedure B:Compression moulding of test specimens
The selection of the process is determined by the identification of the moulding compounds or the information given by the manufacturer.
Injection moulding compounds shall be processedby injection moulding and compression mouldingcompounds by compression moulding.
Unless otherwise specified in the applicablestandards, the compounds shall be processed inthe condition in which they are supplied.If pretreatment is required such treatment shallbe carried out in accordance with themanufacturers instructions (e.g. predrying,preheating, preforming or preplastification).Pending processing, the moulding compound shall
be stored as specified by the manufacturer.
The conditions of manufacture shall be statedtogether with the properties.
Injection moulding (procedure A)
The moulding compound shall be injection-moulded into multipurpose test specimens typeA-ISO 3167. During the process, the followingranges shall be adhered to:
Mould cavity temperature, front flow velocity and
compound temperature may be freely selectedwithin these ranges, provided that the sameprocessing conditions are applied to all testspecimens prepared from the moulding compoundto be tested and that they are stated together withthe test result.
Hold pressure
The hold pressure shall be kept constant duringthe entire hold phase.
Transition from injection pressure to hold pressureshall be performed in such a way that what isknown as pressure peak is avoided and the injectionphase blends smoothly into the hold phase (toavoid filling the mould cavity via the hold pressure).
The progression of the pressure inside the mouldshould be recorded in accordance with therecommendations given in ISO 10 724.
Hold time
The hold time shall be so selected that the pressurewithin the mould does not suddenly decrease whenthe hold pressure is switched off.
Cure time
The cure time may be freely selected as a functionof the curing behaviour of the moulding compoundto be tested, provided that the same cure time isapplied to all test specimens prepared from themoulding compound to be tested and that it isstated together with the test result.
The selected cure time shall ensure thathomogeneous and preferably complete curing isachieved. (The differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) procedure may be utilised as a procedurein support for evaluating the curing).
Injection moulding
(procedure A)
Moulding compounds
Processing conditions(injection mouldingprocedure A)
MF MPF
PF UF UP EP
Mould cavitytemperature C
Front flow velocitymm s-1
Compound
temperature C
160 to 170 160 to 170 165 to 175 140 to 150 160 to 180 170 to 190
50 to 150 50 to 150 50 to 150 50 to 150 50 to 150 100 to 200
105 to 115 105 to 115 110 to 120 100 to 110100 to 110
80 to 100
Table 1 Moulding compounds
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Definitions
1. Mould-surface temperature
The average temperature of the mould-cavitysurface, measured at several points on each halfof the mould cavity after the system has attainedthermal equilibrium and immediately after opening
the mould.
2. Temperature of the plasticizedcompound
The temperature of the plasticized compound asmeasured in a free shot.
3. Injection pressure
The maximum pressure applied to the compoundin front of the screw during the injection time.
4. Hold pressure
The pressure applied to the compound in front ofthe screw during the hold time.
5. Moulding cycle
The complete sequence of operations in themoulding processs always required for theproduction of one test specimen.A moulding cycle consists of the following timeintervals:5.1 Injection time:The time interval from the
beginning of the screw fowardmovement until the mould cavity is filled
5.2 Hold time, dwell time:The time intervalfrom the time the mould cavity is filled
until the screw begins to move back.5.3 Cure time:The time interval from the end
of the injection until the mould startsto open.
5.4 Mould open time:The time intervalbeginning at the instant the mould startsto open, including the removal of themoulding, until the mould is closed again.
6. Injection speed
The rate of forward travel, in millimeters persecond, of the plasticizing screw during theinjection stroke. This parameter may be variedto control the melt velocity.
7. Melt velocity
The velocity of the flow front of the plasticisedcompound in the 4 x 10 mm central cross-sectionalarea of the mould cavity.
=
is the melt velocity, in millimeters per secondis the screw diameter, in millimetersis the injection speed, in millimeters per secondis the number of mould cavitiesis the cross-sectional area, in square millimeters, of the centre of the test specimen
vf
vfdvsnS
Figure 1 ISO-injection mould for multipupose test
specimens according to ISO 3167 type A
Multipurpose test specimens ISO 10724
Preparation of test specimens of thermosettingmoulding compounds by injection moulding according to ISO 3167 type A
prefarably B2
P = pressure transmitters (optional)
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Multipurpose plate60 x 60 x 2 or 1 mm
ShrinkagePenetration test
(*) Water / moisture absorptioncolour / surface aspeet
(*) Electrical testing
weathering / ageinganisotropy tests (e.g. flexural test)
Multipurpose test specimen according to ISO 3167,injection moulded: type Amachined: type B
* Tensile test
* Tensile modulus* Tensile creep modulus* Comparative tracking index* Vicat, HDT
Test bar 80 x 10 x 4 mm(Injection moulded or machinedfrom the multipurpose test specimen type A)
* Impact strength
* Notched bar impact strength* Tensile impact strength* Vicat, HDT* Flammability by oxygen index
Test bar type AISO 82563 mm thick
Enviromental testing(heat ageing, weathering,chemical resistance)
4 mm thick
Injection moulding shapes of test specimen
Test specimen basic shapes
old new
DIN 53470 Ribbed plate for standard bars ISO 3167 Multipurpose test specimen type A
DIN 53470 Standard plate DIN 53470 Standard plate
Injection moulding
according to ISO 3167 type A
Test specimen oldnew
Test specimen acoording to ISO 10350 (single-point data) and
ISO 11403 (multi-point data) (*:implemented in CAMPUS)
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Injection moulding shapes of test specimen(tensile test bars)
Test of tensile strength according to DIN 53455 /EN 61
Test of tensile strength according to JIS K 6911
Test of tensile strength according to BS-302A
Test of tensile strength according to ASTM D 638
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 5a
Test specimen dimensions for thickness T (mm)
W - Width of narrow cross section
L - Length of narrow cross section
WO - Overall width
LO - Overall length
G - Gauge length c
G - Gauge length
D - Distance between clampsR - Rounding-off radius
RO - External radius
13
57
19
165
50
11576
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
more than 7including 14
4 or less7 or lessTolerance
Test specimen geometry
(see drawing)
19
57
29
246
50
11576
6
33
19
115
25
6414
25
0,5
0,5
6
no max
0,25
0,13
51
1
Table 2
6
57
19
183
50
13576
Radius up
to 9,5
Gauge length Gauge length
Parallel
Minimum radius 76 mm
Rad. up to 9,5
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Preparation of test specimensof thermosetting compounds by compression mouldingaccording to ISO 295 procedure B
Compression moulding (procedure B)
Multipurpose test specimens type A-ISO 3167 aswell as compression moulded plates shall beprepared from the moulding compound in cavitymoulds with loading chamber.
It is also possible to prepare the required testspecimens from the compression moulded platesby milling in due compliance with ISO 2818. Inthis process, it must be ensured that the cut facesare free from burrs and grooves.
The test specimens shall be prepared accordingto ISO 295 from the moulding compound in the
condition as delivered or after pretreatment, e.g.precompressing (preforming) or preplastification.If pretreatment is applied, it shall be the same forall similar test specimens prepared from themoulding compound to be tested and shall beindicated together with the test results.
The following conditions shall be complied withduring compression moulding:
The Mould cavity temperature and the mouldingpressure may be freely selected within theseranges, provided that the same processingconditions are applied to all specimens preparedfrom the moulding compound to be tested andthat they are stated together with the test result.
Cure time
The cure time may be freely selected as a functionof the cure behaviour of the moulding compoundto be tested, provided that the same cure time is
applied to all test specimens prepared from themoulding compound to be tested and that it isindicated together with the test result.
The selected cure time shall ensure that the curingachieved is homogeneous and as complete aspossible.
Test specimen compression NewOld
Table 3 Moulding conditions
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Conditions
Fine
Pretreatment:Drying
Type of moulding material
Aminoplastics
Coars
e
Phenolics (PF)
Urea-
for
malde
hyde(UF
)
Melam
inepurp
ose
Ge
neral
purpos
e(MP
F)
Melam
inepurp
ose
for
food
contac
t(MF
)
Epoxide
s(EP)
Unsatur
ated
polye
sters
(UP)
Permissible if specimens are toundergo electric tests
Notrecommended
Notrecommended
Preforming Permissible Permissible Permissible Permissible Permissible Permissible
High-frequencypreheating
Permissible to reduce curing time but modifies material properties
Preplastification Permissible Permissible Permissible Permissible Not recommended Not recommended
Breathing Permissible Permissible Permissible Permissible Not nessessary Not recommended
Moulding:Temperature (C)
Pressure (MPa)
Cure time (s)
Mould:
Surface finish
Chrome plating
165 3 150 3 150 3 150 3 150 to 180 130 to 170
25 to 40 40 to 60 20 to 40 20 to 40 20 to 40 20 to 30 6 to 30
20 to 60 per mm thickness 20 to 60 per mm thickness 20 to 60 per mm thickness
RaH
0,4 m to 0,8 m RaH
0,4 m to 0,8 m RaH
0,4 m to 0,8 m
Preferable Preferable Preferable Preferable Required Required
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Permissible if specimens are toundergo electric tests
Structure of filler
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5. Compression-moulding press
It is capable of ensuring that the specified pressureis applied and maintained during the whole of thecuring time. The press may be hand-operated orprogrammed.
It is preferable to use a ress having two closing
speeds:- a fast approach speed (for example 200 mm/s
to 400 mm/s) to avoid precure of the compoundbefore closing;
- a slow closing speed (for example 5 mm/s) toprevent air or gases from beingentrapped.
NOTE:The oil pressure p0, in megapascals, to be
applied to obtain the specified pressure p, inmegapascals, is given by the equation:
6. Preforming
If the volume of the moulding compound is toogreat for the capacity of the loading chamber ofa conventional mould, the compound may bepreformed; the conditions for such preformingshall be stated in the moulding report.
1. Deviations of temperaturein position
Deviations of temperature existing simultaneouslybetween various points inside the mould after thetemperature ajustment device has been set at agiven temperature and after a permanent thermal
equilibrium has been reached.
2. Deviations of temperature in time
Deviations of temperature that may occur at asingle given point on the inside of the mould atvarious times after the temperature adjustmentdevice has been set at a given temperature andafter a permanent thermal equilibrium has beenreached.
Preparation of test specimensof thermosetting compounds by compression mouldingaccording to ISO 295 procedure B
3. Heating device
The heating device is capable of heating the mouldso that the moulding temperature remains constantand uniform over all parts of the mould within thespecified tolerances.
The mould may be heated either through the platen
or by means of a built-in device (for example,circulating fluid or electric heating elements).In the latter case, the mould shall be insulatedfrom the press platen with a sheet of insulatingmaterial. For practical reasons, it is generallypreferable to heat the mould electrically.
4. Mould temperatureadjustment device
It is capable of ensuring that the optimum requiredtemperature is maintained constant over the mouldwith a permissible deviation of 3 C, i.e. themould temperature shall not vary with time andposition by more than 3 C (see 1. and 2.).
px A1
Ap
0=
Compressing mouldingprocedure B
Moulding compounds
Processing conditions(compression mouldingprocedure B)
MF MPF
PF UF UP EP
Mould cavitytemperature C
Moulding pressurein bar
Moulding pressurein MPa
160 to 170 160 to 170 165 to 175 140 to 150 155 to 175 165 to 175
200 to 300 200 to 300 250 to 350 200 to 300 100 to 200 250 to 350
20 to 30 20 to 30 25 to 35 20 to 30 10 to 20 25 to 35
Definitions
Table 4 Moulding conditions
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Moulding conditions Compression mouldingaccording to ISO 295
Table 5 - Information to be included in the moulding report
Test specimens flexural strength, inpact strength, notched impact strength
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1.General
Unless special conditions are specified, themoulding conditions given in table 4 shall be used.
2.Drying
The Phenolics and aminoplastics may be driedprior to electrical tests. For drying, the compoundshall be spread out in a thin layer and heated inaccordance with the following temperature andtime schedules:
Phenolics: 30 min at 90 C + 3 C,or 15 min at 105 C + 3 C;
Aminoplastics 60 min at 90 C + 3 C.
The compound shall be moulded immediately uponremoval from the furnace.
3.High-frequency preheating
High-frequency preheating is permissible in thecase of phenolics and aminoplastics and pelletizedor granular polyesters. It permits a reduction incuring time. The preheated compound shall bemoulded immediately after preheating.
4.PreplastificationPreplastification is permissible in the case ofphenolics and aminoplastics. It ensures thermaland mechanical homogenization of the compound.The preplasticized compound shall be mouldedimmediately after preplastification.For the conditions for the preplastification, anagreement shall be made between the interestedparties and the conditions shall be stated in themoulding report.
Granules
Powder
Fine powder
Other
Comp
ressio
n
mo
ulding
Mould
Dryin
g
Prefo
rming
High-frequency
preheatin
g
Preplas
tificatio
n
Without
Time
Temperature
Cylinder temperature
Dynamic pressure
Screw speed
Temperature of
compound
Temperature
Temperaturemeasuring device
Pressure
Cure time
Breathing
Type
Number of cavities
Chrome plated
Heating device
Physica
lform
of
mater
ial
Pretreatment
Preheater power
Time
Amperage
Number of preformsTemperature ofpreforms
5. Release agents
Release agents, i.e. products designed to facilitatethe release of the moulding from the mould, maybe used only if it has been proved that they haveno influence on the moulded specimen properties.This requirement applies in particular when thespecimens are to be tested for electrical properties,spectroscopic analysis or adverse taste and colour.
6.Breathing
If it is necessary to open the mould for the purposeof breathing, this shall be noted in the mouldingreport.
Pressure
Temperature
Weight of preform
Size of preform
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Test specimen moulds for compression moulding
Preparation of test specimensold new
Compression moulding according to DIN 53470 Compression moulding according toISO 295
Injection moulding according to ISO 10724
Test specimens - derived forms
old new
blackened areas =machined areas
Compression moulding according to ISO 295 procedure B
Standardplate
Ribbed plate
ISO injection mould for multipurpose testspecimens according to ISO 3167, type A
Multipurpose testspecimen
Standard plate
Test specimen general
Test specimen compression
JacketUpper ram
Moulding (standard plate)
Moulding insert
Lower ram
Jacket
Upper ram
Moulding (ribbed plate)
Moulding insert
Lower ram
5
0
50
JacketUpper ram
Moulding (standard plate)
Moulding insert
Lower ram
5
0
Sampling planfor type tests according to DIN 7708 on test specimens
of compression-moulded standard plate new ISO 295 procedure B
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Density (g/cm3) Apparent density (g/cm3)
Test characteristic Test standard
* JIS = Japanese Industrial Standard; Testing Methods for Thermosetting Plastics;JIS K 6911-1979 translated and published by Japanese Standards Association
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 1183 53479 D-1505 5.2.1 278260 5.28 Comparable with
specific gravity, ifgravity isallowed for.
Apparent density ofJIS and ISOcomparable
Definitions: Density Density Apparentdensity
Apparentdensity
Apparentdensity
DensityDensity
Methods: A) Buoyancyunder
water
B) Pycnometer
C) Floating
D) Measuring cylinder
A) Weighingunder water
B) Water dis-placement(pycnometer)
C) AerometerD) Measuring
cylinder
Measuring cylinder Measuringcylinder
Mesuring
cylinder
Measuringcylinder
No.: D 792
Definitions: Specific gravity Specificgravity
1: Weighing underwater
Weighingunder water
2: Waterdisplacement(pycnometer)
Apparent density Density
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Moulding shrinkage and Post shrinkage (%)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 2577 53464 D 955 5.7 -
Test specimens: SG 170 x 10 x 4 mmP 120 x 10 x 4 mm
120 x 15 x 10 mm 165 x 13 x 7 mm115 x 6 x 4 mm
90 x 11 x 4 mm
Time: VS24 h
NS168 h
VS24 h
NS168 h
VS24 h
NS168 h
VS48 h
NS168 h
Temperature: 23 C 110 C 23 C 110 C 23 C 110 C 23 C 110 C
Medium: Air Air Air Air
Evaluation: Change in length Change in length Change in length Change in length
comparable
Notch depth
Moulding shrinkage
on commutator
Shrinkages in %
Moulding shrinkage
Post shrinkage
Total shrinkage
VS = 100 %
NS = 100 %
GS = VS + NS
Lw- L
Lw
L - L1L
Processing shrinkage along moulding bar
Moulding shrinkage on SG tensile bar Transverse shrinkage on SG
tensile bar
Test characteristic Test standard
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Tensile strength (N/mm2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 527 53455 (EN 61) D 638 5.18 2782
Speed: 1 ; 5 ; 50 ; 100 ;500 mm/min.
1 ; 5 ; 10; 50 ; 100 ;200 ; 500 mm/min.
1 ; 5 ; 50;500 mm/min.
5 mm/min. 5 mm/min.
Test specimens / shape: Type A according toISO 3167, Figure 1
Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5
Temperature: + 23 C + 23 C + 23 C + 23 C + 23 C
comparable, but
only under samecondition: test specimen
shape measured length test speed
Tensile strengthTensile strength
Test characteristic Test standard
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Tensile strength
Tensile strength in correlation to temperature
Copper-adhesion
Tensile strength of PF 6507 and PA6-GF 35 in correlation to temperature
Tensile strength (MPa)
Temperature (C)
Tensile strength (MPa)
Temperature (C)
PF 6507as moulded
PF 6507annealed
PA 6-GF 35
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Residual strength of various engineering plastics
Resid
ualstre
ngth
(Te
nsile
test)
atva
rious
Test-Te
mperatur
es
Engineering plastics
Polyphenylenesulfide (PPS)
Polyethersulfone
Polyamide 66
Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)
C
220
180
130
140
100 C
%
48,3
85,5
51,3
38,1
150 C
%
34,9
57,7
39,7
21,1
200 C
%
4,7
13,7
7,2
Therm
alInd
ex
(byU
L)
PF-Standard (PF 31)
PF-Glass fibre
PF-Heat resistant
150
160
170
83,7
71,9
75,1
51,2
57,6
59,7
50,1
52,0
69,9
Polysulfone
Polyamideimide
Alkyd
Polydiallylphthalate
150
200
180
130
86,1
72,8
69,9
94,6
13,1
59,1
62,4
68,7
29,9
33,3
53,1
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Elongation (%)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 527 53455 (EN 61) D 638 5.18 2782
Speed: 1 ; 5 ; 50 ; 100 ;500 mm/min.
1 ; 5 ; 10; 50 ;100 ; 200 ;500 mm/min.
1 ; 5 ; 50;500 mm/min.
5 mm/min. 5 mm/min.
Test specimens /shape:
Type A according toISO 3167, Figure 1
Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5
Temperature: + 23 C + 23 C + 23 C + 23 C + 23 C
Elongation (%)
Creep (long term tensile creep) Load: 20 MPa
10,50 1,5 2 2,5 %
Strain at rupture (%)
Time (h)
Tension-elongation-Diagram
Tensile strength in correlation to temperature
Test characteristic Test standard
EP 8405
PF 31
PF 2774
PF 6507
PF 6537
PF 6540
UP 3420
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comparable, but
only under samecondition: test specimen
shape measured length test speed
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Tensile modulus of elasticity(tangent or secant) (N/mm2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 527 53457 (EN61) D 638 2782
Determined on: Tangent Tangent Tangent Secant at0,2 % elongation
Speed: 1 mm/min. 1 mm/min. 1,3 mm/min. 1 mm/min.
Test specimens: Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 5
ASTM, DIN and
ISO arecomparable in thecase of stiffplastics
EP 8450
MF 156
MF 2500MP 183
MP 4165
PF 31
PF 1107
PF 2774
PF 2874
PF 6507
PF 6540
UP 3415
UP 802
Tensile
modulu
sofelas
ticity
MP
aTe
nsile
stren
gth
MP
aSt
ress-stra
in
%Mo
ulding
comp
ound
14200
10000
1000010000
9000
9000
9000
10000
10000
10000
10000
13000
11000
80
60
8065
80
60
70
70
75
105
120
65
60
0,8
1
11,3
1
0,8
0,6
1,1
0,7
1,4
1,4
0,5
0,7
Tensile modulus of elasticity, comparative Tension-elongation diagram of different Bakelites FM
Tensile test specimen new, moulding test specimen old
Test characteristic Test standard
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Flexural strength(N/mm2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 178 53452 D 790 5.17 2782
Speed: d/2 = 2 mm/min. 1;2;5;10;20;50;100 and200 mm/min.
2,8 mm/min. N = h/2t 0,2 d/2 = 2 mm/min.
Test specimens: 80 x 10 x 4 mm 80 x 10 x 4 mm120 x 15 x 10 mm
130 x 13 x 6,4 mm 80 x 10 x 4 mm 95 x 10 x 4 mm
Evaluation: Breaking stress Sress at 3,5 %elongation orflexural strength
Breaking stress Breaking stress Breaking stress
ISO, DIN, JIS and
BS comparable
Loading: 3-point-load 3-point-load 3-point-load 3-point-load 3-point-load
Flexural strength (UPM 1474)
Mechanical properties
old new
Flexural strength DIN 53452 Flexural strength ISO 178
under short time stress
Tensile test
ISO 527
Test characteristic Test standard
24
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Flexural strength
Dynstat-testing device Change of flexural strength PF 6507 after storage
Flexural strength ISO 178
Flexural strength (MPa)
Duration (h)
Air Water/Glycol
25
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Tensile modulus of elasticity(tangent or secant) (N/mm2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 178 53547 (EN 63) D 790 5.17 2782
Determination on: Tangent Tangent Tangent orSecant
Tangent Tangent
Speed: d/2= 2 mm/min. 16/h mm/min. 2,8 or1,3 mm/min.
Comparable at
three-pointloading,DIN notcomparable withASTM, BS, ISOand JIS at four-point-loading
Test specimens: 80 x 10 x 4 mm 120 x 10 x 4 mm(3-P-load)80 x 10 x 4 mm(4-P-load)
130 x 13 x 6,4 mmor80 x 25 x 3,2 mm
16/h =1 mm/min.
d/2= 2 mm/min.
80 x 10 x 4 mm 95 x 10 x 4 mm
Loading: 3-point-load 3-point-load
4-point-load
3-point-load 3-point-load 3-point-load
Test specimen flexural modus of elasticity Test specimen flexural strength old-new
Test characteristic Test standard
26
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Compressive strength ISO(N/mm2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 604 53554 D 695 5.19
Speed: Various Test period 1 min. 1,3 mm/min
Test specimens: 10 x 10 x 4 mm 10 x 10 x 10 mm 12,7 x 12,7 x25,4 mm or12,7 mm h = 25,4 mm
not comparable
Evaluation: Maximum strength Maximum strengthor strength at0,5 %, 1 %deformation
Maximum strengthor strength at1 %, 10 %deformation
12,7 x 12,7 x25,4 mm
Maximum strength
Compressive stress-strain diagrams
Upsetting d
1 Brittle plastic2 Deformable plastic
Compressivestressd
Compressive strength
Test characteristic Test standard
27
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Compressive modulus of elasticity(N/mm2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 604 53457 D 695
Determination on: Tangent Tangent Tangent
Speed: Various 1% deformationper min.(approx.0,4 mm/min.)
1,3 mm/min.
not comparable
Test specimens: 10 x 10 x 10 mm80 x 12 x 5 mmor 5 mm3
or 5 mm
12,7 x 12,7 x25,4 mm or12,7 mm ,h = 25,4 mm
10 x 10 x 4 mm
Test for shaft interference Test specimens commutator
Test specimenscompressive strength new-old
Test characteristic Test standard
Kommutator
Mandrel
Shell
Copper segment
Support
28
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Impact strength (unnotched and notched)according to Charpy (kJ/m2) or Izod (J/m2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 179 / 180 53453 D-256 5.20 2782
Pendulum: 0,5/1/4/15 J 0,5/1/4/15 J not defined not defined 0,5/1/4/15 J
Izod tests
according toASTM, and JIS arecomparable whencalculted in kJ/m2.Unit: kJ/m2of the
remainingcross section
kJ/m2of theremainingcross section
J/m notch J/m notch J/m2notch or kJ/m2
of the remainingcross section
Method: 180: Izod, testspecimens: 63.5 x12.7 x 3.2/6.4 mmor 80 x 10 x 4 mmNotch: V-shapedApplication:notched only
179: Charpy testspecimens:120 x 15 x 10 mmor 80 x 10 x 4 mmor 50 x 6 x 4 mmNotch: V-shapedApplication: notchedandunnotched
Charpy testspecimens:120 x 15 x 10 mmor 50 x 6 x 4 mmor 15 x 10 x 1.5 -4.5 mmNotch: U-shapedApplication: notchedandunnotched
A: Izod notchedE: Izod unnotchedTest specimens:63.5 x 12.7 x3.2 mmNotch: V-shaped
B: Charpy testspecimens: 127 x12.7 x 12.7 mmNotch: V-shapedApplication: notched(also unnotched forcomparison)
Izod notchedIzod unnotchedTest specimens:63.5 x 12.7 x3.2 mmNotch: V-shaped
Charpy testspecimens:90 x 15 x 4 mmNotch: V-shapedApplication: notchedandunnotched
306A: Izod,test specimens:63.5x12.7x 3.2 mmNotch: V-shaped(the notch may bepointed) Application:notched only
306 D: Charpy306 E: CharpyTest specimens:120 x 15 x 10 mmNotch: U-shapedApplication: 306 Dunnotched,306 E notched
Charpy testsaccording to DIN,BS and ISO arecomparable;
JIS and ASTM arenot comparable
Impact strength and notched impact strength
Charpy
ISO / 179 1eU ISO / 179 1eA
Izod
ISO / 180 1A ISO / 180 1R
Impact strength and notched impact strength
Test characteristic Test standard
29
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Ball indentation hardness or Rockwell hardness(N/mm2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 2039/1 53456 D 1822 5.16.1
Rockwellhardness
DIN and ISO
2039/1comparable
ASTM, JIS andISO 2039/2comparable
5.16.2
Barcolhardness
Preload: 100 N 10 N 100 N 98 N 39-69 N
Method: B: Load49/132,4/358/961 NBall: 5 mm
Load:49/132,4/358/961 N Ball: 5 mm
R: Load: 600 N Ball 12,7 mm M: Load 1000 N Ball: 6,3 mm
comparablewith ASTM
Reading time after: 30 s 30 s 15 s 15 s -
Unit: daN/mm2 daN/mm2 none - -
2039/2
100 N
15 s
none
R: Load, Ball
12,7 mm
M: Load: 1000 N
Ball: 6,3 mm
Comparsion ball indentation hardnessBall indentation hardness
PA 6 GF 30
0
100
200
300
400
Ballindentationshardness(MPa)
PBT GF 30 PPS GF 45 PF 2774 MF 1206PET GF 30 PF 6507 MF 2500
500
Test characteristic Test standard
30
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Indentat
ionhardne
ss
Pyramid
hardne
ss
unde
rload
Shorehardne
ss
Rockwell
hardne
ss
A D Scale Scale R Scale L Scale M Scale E Scale KBarcol
hardne
ss(with
devic
e
typ
eNo.
834-1)
Characteris
ticsof
hardne
sstest
proces
s
Ball5 mm diam.
Quadratic py-ramid sur-faces = 136
dmin=0,79 mm; 35
with sphericalcap R = 0,1mm; 30
Ball12,7 mmdiam.
Ball12,7 mmdiam.
Ball6,35 mmdiam.
Ball6,35 mmdiam.
Ball3,175 mmdiam.
Ball3,175 mmdiam.
Truncatedconedmin = 0,157mm; 26
Test specimenTruncated cone
49 to 961*) 0,5 to 4,9 *) 0,55 to 8,1 0 to 44,5 589 589 589 981 981 1472 65 to 77 Test force in N
DIN 53456 none DIN 53505 DIN 53505 ASTM D 785 ASTM D 785 ASTM D 785 ASTM D 785 ASTM D 785 ASTM D 785 DIN EN 59ASTM D 2583
Heat
H/30
N/mm2
10 25
40 65
60
40 80
75 115
85 105
95 145
>
>
>
>
>
>
55 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
Shore D
40 50
50 70
65
65 75
70 75
75
75 80
>
>
>
>
>
HR
(
>
105 >
110 >
115 >
HRR
125
90110>
100 110
90
125
125
115 120
120
95 105
115
120
105
100 110
>
120 >
>
105 >
105 120
120
125
125
>
>
>
>
>
>
HRL
>
114 >
115 >
112 >
HRM
24 h/23 CProcedure 2 L:>24 h/23 CProcedure 3 L:
>24 h/23 C
Procedure a =24 h/23 CProcedure b =22 h/23 CProcedure d =
saturation
Drying24 h/50 C,then waterabsorption24 h/50
502 F: Drying24 h/50 C thenwater absorption24 h/23 C502 G: as F, but with
subsequentre-drying 24 h/23 C
Test specimen: 50 mm ,d = 3 mm or50 x 50 x 3 mmor others
50 mm ,d = 3 mm or50 x 50 x1,3,4 mm
51 mm ,d = 3,2 mm or76,2 x 25,4 x3,2 mm
50 mm ,d = 3 mm
50 mm ,d = 3 mm or50 x 50 x 3 mmor others
Time, boiling: Procedure 1, 2and 3:30 min./100 C
Procedure e =2 h/100 CProcedure f =30 min/100C
No. 5.27.1Drying24 h/50 C,then waterabsorption1 h/100 C
503 B: Drying24 h/50 C thenwater absorption30 min./100C503 C: as B, but withsubsequent re-drying 24 h/50 C
Time, other: Note:Procedure 1: Drying
before testingProcedure 2: Dryingbefore and aftertestingProcedure 3:No drying
Procedure g =48 h/50 C,
also drying ofspecimens24 h/50C or1 h/110C beforetesting
Unit: mg mg or % % mg or % mg
Test characteristic Test standard
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Abrasion(mm3or mg)
Bakelite
-Meth
od
ISO DI
NAS
TMJIS
6911
-1979*
BS Rem
arks
No.: Bakelite-Method 53754 D 1242 notcomparable
Test specimens: 2 Round disks130 mm dia. or octagonalswith 50 mm edge length,thickness 0.3 - 5 mm
Method A:76 x 51 mmMethod B:115 x 45 mmThickness notprescribed
50 x 50 x 4 mm
Load: 1000 g 5,4 2 N A: 5000 gB: 1500 g
Friction surface: Bar (120 x 10 x4 mm) onplate (50 x 50 x4 mm)
Abrasive grain onaluminium oxide
AI2O3grain sizeNo. 80, approx.0.2 mm or otherabrasive grain
RPM: Step 4 (40 %) 55 6 min-1 Test specimen 32.5,Disk 23.5
Medium: Dry Dry Dry
Evaluation: Abrasion after100,000 strokes(see drawing)
Abrasion amounts by weightfor the reference material(mSB) in mg per 100revolutions are calculatedfor each pair of grinding
discs according to thefollowing equations:
A: cm3per1000 rev.
B: cm3perX rev. with abrasivegrain of Y quality
mSB=m1B m2B
50 100
ms= m1 m2Test specimen general
Test characteristic Test standard
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Abrasion test (Bakelite AG)
Abrasion test UP 3415 und UP 3710 / Plate-bar
Abrasion testing device,typical drawing
Abrasion (mg) after100.000 strokes
Weight
Ball bearing
Bar
Plate
Stroke
Plate: 50 x 50 x 4 mmBar: 120 x 10 x 4 mmWeight: 1 kg
Stroke: 70 mm
UP 3415/3415 UP 3710/3710
Abrasion
Taber abrasion resistance as in ISO 3537
Standard plate Standard bar Special plate Special bar
Testspecimen
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Calibrated frictional wheel CS17
5 N
5 N
120
60 U/min
10 - 12
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Shear modulus (torsion vibration test)(N/mm2)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 537 53445 D 2236 comparable
Terst specimens: 60 x 10 x 1 mm orarbritrary
60 x 10 x 1mm Length:25 bis 150 mmWhide:2,5 bis 15 mmThickness:0,3 bis 2,5 mm
Schematic of a torsional vibration device
(procedure A)Torsional vibration test (shear modulus)
Tempering chamberClamp
Test specimen
Clamp
Disc flywheel
Locking device
Recorder
Mirror
Light source
Scope
This method of test is designed to enable the shear modulus and the mechanicaldamping to be measured as a function of temperature using free torsionoscillations. By means of this method, measurements are made over a frequencyrange from 0,1 to 10 Hz. It is thus possible to determine the mechanicalproperties of plastic materials at low deformation stresses and low stressingspeeds over a wide temperature range.
This method is also employed for determining the temperature range overwhich a plastics material appears rigid, visco-elastic or rubber-like, and it alsogives information concerning the commencement of plastic flow.
The method provides a means of easily distinguishing thermoplastic, thermosettingand other cross-linked polymers and between crystalline and amorphouspolymers.
When carried out at one temperature, the method is only of use as a controltest of plastics whose general properties are known. It can thus be employedto determine whether a given plastics material is soft or rigid at a giventemperature and stressing speed. The shear modulus and the mechanicaldamping are physical constants which are independent of the test method,the apparatus employed and the shape of the test specimen.
Test characteristic Test standard
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Dying-out torsional vibration.
Amplitude A1, as a function of time;
torsional vibration diagram
Shear modulus (torsion vibration test)
DefinitionShear modulus
The shear modulus is the quotient of the shearing strain and the resulting elastic deformationangle with a very low deformation within the elasticity limit: that is, in the Hookes range.Determination of the shear modulus of plastics
PF 2774
Shear modulus, comparative table (duroplastics/thermoplastics)
Shear modulus MP 182
Shear modulus PF 2535
G': Shear modulus [MPa]
Temperature [C]
MP 182-9005-S1G': Shear modulusin MPa
PF 2535-9005-S1G': Shear modulusin MPa
Temperature in C
Temperature in CPETP
PP
Method
0,1 - 10 Hz
Phenolic-Mouldingcompound
Temperature
Shear modulus G=
Shearing strain
elastic deformation angle
ShearmodulusG(N/mm
2)
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Ashes (residue on ignition)(%)
ISO
DIN
ASTM
JIS6911
-1979*
BS Rema
rks
No.: 3451 Part 1 60 comparable
Temperature: 850 25 C550 25 C
950 20 C650 20 C
Sample amount: 10-20 g > 2 g
Time: 6 h 6 h
Crucible size: 60 mm 60 mm
Evaluation: Ignition loss
in percentby weight
Ignition loss
in percentby weight
Ashes test Ashes test
Test characteristic Test standard
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Description of test procedures
Density ISO 1138
Definition:Density is the quotient of mass and volume of thecured moulding material.Unit of measure:g/cm3
Test procedure:Weighing the test specimen in air and in water.Purpose of test:Possibility of conversion between mass and volumeof mouldings. Possibility of control for uniformcompression.
Apparent density ISO 60Definition:The apparent density is the quotient of mass andvolume of a loosely poured moulding compound.Unit of measure:g/cm3
Test procedure:Weighing the moulding compound which waspoured in a prescribed mannner into a certain testvolume.Purpose of test:Control of the uniformity of the mouldingcompound grains as well as a reference forcalculating the loading chamber of moulds.
Moulding shrinkage ISO 2577
Definition:The moulding shrinkage is the difference betweenthe dimension of the cold mould and the dimensionof the cooled down moulding. Aftershrinkage isthe difference between the dimension of the cooledmoulding and the dimension of the same mouldingafter holding at a certain temperature(168 h, 110 C).Unit of measure:%Test procedure:Measuring of the test specimen. The shrinkagevalues for compression moulding are determined
on the standard bar (120 x 10 x 4 mm). For injectionmoulding, the shrinkage values are determined onthe multipurpose specimen (170 x 10 x 4 m)longitudinally and transverely to the direction offlow.Purpose of test:Important information for the design of moulds,control of identical mouldings for uniformprocessing.Note:Besides the respective moulding conditions,shrinkage and aftershrinkage are influenced bythe moisture contents (volatiles) and the flowadjustment of the given moulding compound.
Because we offer most of our products with a wideflow adjustment range, the tolerances for theshrinkage values are relatively wide. The currentshrinkage values for your flow adjustment will beindicated on request.
Tensile strength ISO 527
Definition:The tensile strength is the maximum tension whichleads to rupture of the test specimen under uniaxialstress.Unit of measure:MPaTest procedure:The test specimen (shouldered bar) is elongatedat a uniform pulling speed in a longitudinal directionuntil rupture occurs.Purpose of test:Determination of the strength under tensile stress.
Compressive strength ISO 604
Definition:The compressive strength is the highest forceunder compressive stress related to the startingcross section of the test specimen.Unit of measure:MPaTest procedure:The test specimen is subjected to a uniformlyincreased breaking load till rupture occurs.Purpose of test:Determination of the strength under compressiveload.
Flexural strength ISO 178
Definition:The bending strength is the quotient of the bendingmoment at rupture of the test specimen and thesectiom modulus of the latter.Unit of measure:MPaTest procedure:The test specimen resting on two supports isincreasingly loaded in the centre and the forcerequired to cause rupture is determined (three-point test).Purpose of test:Determination of the strength under bending stress.
Modulus of elasticity ISO 178
Definition:The modulus of elasticity is the quotient of theincreases in stress and deformation of testspecimens subjected to bending.Unit of measure:MPaTest procedure:The changes in force and deformation aredetermined during the bending test.Purpose of test:Determination of the stiffnesss under bendingstress.
Impact strength (ISO 179 1eU) andnotched impact strength (ISO 179 1eA)
Definition:The impact strength is the impact work consumedby unnotched test specimens and the notchedimpact strength the impact work consumed bynotched test specimens.Unit of measure:kJ/m2
Test procedure:The impact work consumed for the destruction ofthe test specimen is determined by means of a
pendulum hammer.Purpose of test:Determination of the toughness and notchsensitivity under impact stress.
Ball indentation hardnessDIN/ISO 2039 Part 1
Definition:The ball indentation hardness is the quotient of thetesting force and the surface of the indentation leftby a ball following application of the testing force.Unit of measure:MPaTest procedure:Determination of the depth of penetration into the
test specimen surface.Purpose of test:Determination of the surface hardness.
Temperature of deflectionunder load ISO 75
Definition:The heat deformation temperature is thetemperature at which an increasingly heated testspecimen has deflected by a certain amount undera certain load (medium: oil).Unit of measure:CTest procedure: See definition.
Purpose of test: See definition.Note:In more recent standards, the deformation underheat influence according to Martens (DIN 53462)has been replaced by the heat deformationtemperature HDT (ISO 75). In this procedure, themeasurement is performed at different steps ofloading (0.45; 1.8 and 8 MPa). Both proceduresdo not permit to give information on a maximumapplication temperature.
Coefficient of linear thermal expansionDIN 53752
Definition:
The thermal elongation coefficient indicates byhow much the length of a test specimen increasesat a temperature rise by 1 K.
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Description of test procedures
Unit of measure:E-6/KTest procedure:Measuring the length of a test specimen while itheats up or cools down according to an optical ora mechanical procedure (two-point test).Purpose of test:Determination of the change in length occurringduring temperature variations.Note:
Post shrinkage may possibly influence the resultof the measurement.
Heat conductivity DIN 52612
Definition:Heat conductivity is the flow of heat going througha layer of a certain thickness in the unit of time,whilst in a stationary position and with a specificdrop in temperature.Unit of measure: W/m KTest procedure:One measures the flow of heat and the differencein temperature between the heated and unheatedplates which are situated at both sides of the test
body.Purpose of test:Establishing the heat conductivity.
Maximum application temperatureDIN/IEC 216/T 1
Definition:The maximum application temperature is thetemperature up to which moulding compoundsmay be utilised without any significant impairmentof important properties. It is a function of natureand duration of the influence of temperature,external loading and the ambient medium.
Unit of measure:CTest procedure:Detection of changes in properties (for instance:bending strength and thermal ageing).Purpose of test:Indication of limiting temperatures for short-timeloading (
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Data catalogue in CAMPUS 3 according to ISO 10350
Test conditions according to the particular
material standard
Longitidinal
Transverse
1 mm/min
50 mm/min
5 mm/min
1 h
1000 h
23 C
-30 C
23 C
-30 C
23 C
Process C
Process A
1,8 MPa
0,45 MPa
8 MPa
Long fibre reinforced
50 K/h, 50 N
Longitudinal
TransverseAt nom. 1,6 mm
Tested thickness
At thickness h
Tested thickness
At thickness h
Tested thickness
Process A
100 Hz
1 MHz
100 Hz
1 MHz
Contact electrodes
Short-term test in transformer oil according to IEC 296
Test liquid A
Saturation values
Test conditions according to material standard
Related to basic polymer
If only compression moulding conditions are specified,
all test specimens are to be compression moulded.
If compression moulding and injection moulding
conditions are specified, only plates are to be
compression moulded.
Only thermosets
Elongation 0,05% to 0,25 %
if 2.2 available
if 2.2 not available
if 2.2 and 2.5 not availableand 2.7 10 %
Elongation 0,5 %
if at 2.12 without failure n.f.
45double V notch, r=1,0
recommended, if at 2.13 n.f.
DTA or DSC
10 K/min
for rigid materials: 1,8 MPa and
8 MPa; for soft materials:
1,8 MPa and 0,45 MPa
Secant pitch between 23 C
and 55 CSpecification of class from:
NO, HB, V-2, V-1, V-0
Specification: NO, 5VA or 5VB
1
1.2
1.3
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.62.7
2.8
2.9
2.12
2.13
2.14
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.16
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
5
5.2
5.35.4
see table 1
in ISO 10350
Rheological properties
Melt volume flow rate
Melt volume flow rate
Moulding shrinkage
Mechanical properties
(Climate 23 C 2 C/50% 5% r.h. according to ISO 291)
Tensile modulus
Yield stress
Elongation
Nominal elongation at break
Stress at 50% elongation
Tensile stress at breakElongation at break
Tensile creep modulus
Tensile creep modulus
Charpy impact strength
Charpy impact strength
Charpy notched impact strength
Charpy notched impact strength
Tensile impact strength
Thermal properties
Melt temperature
Glass transition temperature
Temperature of dimensional stability
Vicat softening point
Coefficient of linear expansion
Flammability UL 94
Flammability UL 94-5V
Flammability by oxygen index
Electrical properties
(Climate 23 C 2 C/50% 5 % r. h. according to ISO 291)1
Dielectric constant
Dissipation factor
Volume resistivity
Surface resistivity
Dielectric strength
Comparative figure of tracking
Other properties (23 C 2C)
Water absorption in water at 23 C
Moisture absorption in water at 23
C/50% r.h.Density
Specific properties of moulding compounds
Viscosity number
Characteristic density (PE only)
Isotaxy index (PE only)
Manufacturing conditions for test specimens
Conditions according to the international
moulding compound standard
Injection moulding
of thermoplastics
Injection moulding
of thermosets
Compression moulding
of thermoplastics
Compression moulding
of thermosets
Post-curing
of thermosets
1. Value
Temperature
Load
2. Value
Temperature
Load
Melt temperature
Mould temperature
Melt front velocity
Holding pressure
Melt temperature
Mould temperature
Melt front velocity
Holding pressure
Post-curing time
Mould temperature
Compression moulding time
Cooling velocity
Demoulding temperature
Mould temperature
Compression moulding time
Post-curing temperature
Post-curing time
ISO 1133
ISO 2577
ISO 527-1
ISO 527-2
ISO 899-1
ISO 179/1eU
ISO 179/1eA
ISO 8256
ISO 3146
IEC 1006
ISO 75-1
ISO 75-2
ISO 75-3
ISO 306
ASTM E 831
UL 94
ISO 4589
IEC 250
IEC 93
IEC 243-1
IEC 112
Following
ISO 62ISO 1183
ISO 307
1157, 1628
ISO 1872-1
ISO 6427 B
Moulding comp.
standard Part 2
ISO 294
ISO 10724
ISO 293
ISO 295
Moulding compound
Multipurpose test
specimen according to
ISO 3167
Injection moulded: type A
Machined: type B
80 x 10 x 4
V notch; r=0,25
80 x 10 x 4
Moulding compound
80 x 10 x 4
10 x 10 x4
125 x 13 x 1,6
125 x 13 x thickness
152 x 13 x thickness and
152 x 152 x thickness
80 x 10 x 4
Plate with the
dimensions 1,0 0,1
15 x 15 x 4
50 x 50 x 1
10 x 10 x 4
Moulding compound
cm3/10 min
C
kg
cm3/10 min
C
kg
%
MPa
%
MPa
%
MPa
kJ/m2
C
C
1/K
Class
%
Ohm cm
Ohm
kV/mm
%
g/cm3
cm3/g
cm3/g
C
mm/s
MPa
C
mm/s
MPa
s
C
min
K/min
C
C
min
C
min
No.in
ISO10
350
Prop
erty
Stan
dard
Testspecimen
dim
ensio
nsinm
m
Unit
Testcond
itions
an
dsup
plement
ary
statem
ents
1)
1)
1)
1)
2)
2)
1)
1) Eventually taken from the multipurpose test specimen type A 2) Compression moulded or injection moulded test specimen
FMMouldi
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National Standards Organization
AAMVA American Association of Motor VehicleAdministrators (USA), Prfbehrde frdie Kfz-Industrie in den USA
ABNT Ass. Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas,brasilianisches Norminstitut, A. 13 deMaio, no 1318 andar, Caixa Postal1680, CEP 20003 Rio de Janeiro RJ
AEA American Electronics Association (USA)AECMA Association Europenne des
Constructeurs de Matrial Arospatial(Europ. Prfbehrde fr die Luftfahrt)
AENOR As. Espanola de Normalizacion(spanischer Normverband), Callefernandez de la Hoz, 52, 28010 Madrid
AFNOR Association Franaise de Normalisation(franz. Normenausschu), Tour Europe,Cedex 7, 92049 Paris la dfense
AKI Arbeitsgemeinschaft DeutscheKunststoff-Industrie (D), Karlstrae 21,D-60329 Frankfurt, Tel. 0 69 /2556307
ANAIP Association Espanola de Industrialesde Plasticos (E), Spanischer Verbandder Kunststoff-Verarbeiter, RaimundoFernandez Villaverde 57, E-8003 Madrid
ANSI American National Standards InstituteInc. (USA), 1430 Broadway, New York,N. Y. 10018
ASKI Swiss Plastic Industries Federation(CH), Arbeitsgemeinschaft derSchweizerischen KunststoffindustrieGesamtverband, Nordstrae 15, CH-8006 Zrich (ab 01. 01. 1992 im KVSaufgegangen)
ASME American Society of MechanicalEnigeers
ASQC American Society for Quality Control(USA Qualittsgesellschaft)
ASTM American Society for Testing andMaterials (USA), (Norminstitut der USA)
BAM Bundesanstalt fr Materialforschungund -prfung (D), Unter den Eichen 87,
D-12205 Berlin, Tel. 0 30 / 81 04-1, Fax0 30 / 8 112029
BGA Bundesgesundheitsamt (D), Thieleallee8292, D-14195 Berlin, Tel. 0 30 /83 08-0, Fax 0 30 / 83 08-27 41
BSI British Standards Institution (Brit.Norminstitut), (die Normen werden alsBS bezeichnet), 2 Park Street, LondonW1A 2BS
BPS Bureau of Product Standards,Phillippines
CAS Chemical Abstract Service, Columbus,Ohio (USA), (Datenbank-Informations-Zentrum)
CEE Commission Internationale pourRglementation et le Contrle delEquipement Electrique (Internat.Elektriker Verband)
CEFIC Conseil Europeen des Federation de
lIndustrie Chemique (EuropischerChemieverband)
CEN Comit Europen de Normalisation(Europischer Normenverband). DieNormen werden als EN-Normbezeichnet. CEN gliedert sich in -TC =Technische Comitees, -SC = Sub-Comitees (Fachbereiche), -WG =Working Groups (Arbeitsausschsse)fr die jeweiligen Fachbereiche- EN Europische Normen, - ENVEuropische Vornormen, - HDHarmonisierungsdokumente
CENELEC Comit Europeen de NormdialistionElectric, (Europischer Normenverbandfr die Elektroindustrie)
CIE Commission Internationale delEclairage
COSMT Czech Office for Standards, Metrologyand Testing, Czech Republic
CSA Canadian Standards Association(Kanadischer Normverband)
CSBTS China State Bureau of TechnicalSupervision (chinesischesNorminstistut), PO Box 820, Beijing
CSN Federal Office for Standards andMeasurements (tschechischesNorminstitut), Vaclavske Namesti 19,
11347 PragCWFG Chemie
WirtschaftsfrderungsgesellschaftmbH, Karlstrae 21, D-60321Frankfurt/M. (Geschftsstelle frCAMPUS-Datenbanken), Tel. 0 69 /25 56-4 60, Fax 0 69 / 25 56-4 71
DAR Deutscher Akkreditierungs Rat (D),Geschst. BAM, Unter den Eichen 87,D-12205 Berlin, Tel. 0 30 / 81 04-1, Fax0 30 / 8 1120 29
DGQ Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Qualitt e. V.(D), August-Schanz-Strae 21a, D-60433 Frankfurt/M., Tel. 069 / 54 80 01
(0), Fax 0 69 / 54 80 01 38DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V.
(D), Burggrafenstrae 6, D-10787Berlin, Tel. 030 / 2601-2352, Fax 0 30/ 26 01-12 31- DIN-FNK DIN-FachnormenausschuKunststoffe- DIN-NMP DIN-FachnormenausschuMaterialprfung
DIS Draft International StandardDKE Deutsche Elektrotechnische
Kommission (D)DKI Deutsches-Kunststoff-Institut (D),
Schlogartenstrae 6, D-64289
Darmstadt, Tel. 0 61 51 / 16-0, Fax0 6151 / 2928 55DQS Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Zertifizierung
von Qualittssicherungssystemen (D),(Zusammenschlu v. 7 Verbnden),
Burggrafenstrae 6, D-10787 Berlin,Tel. 0 30 / 2 65 14 74, Fax 0 30 / 26 01-1972
DS Dansk Standardisierungsgraad(dnisches Norminstitut), Aurehojvej12, DK-2900 Hellerup
EG Kommission d. EuropischenGemeinschaften, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brssel, Tel. 0 03 22 / 2 35 11 11,Fax 0 03 22 / 2 35 01 22, Bro DZietelmannstrae 22, D-53113 Bonn,Tel. 02 28 / 53 00 90, Fax 02 28 /5300950
EOQC European Organization for Quality, P.O.Box 2613, CH-3001 Bern
EPA Europisches Patentamt, D-80290Mnchen, Tel. 0 89 / 2 39 90, Fax 0 89/ 23 99 44 65
ETP Engineering ThermoplasticsEUROPEN European Organisation for Packaging
and the Environment, Rue de Commerz2022 B12, B-1040 Brssel
FAA Federal Aviation Administration (USALuftfahrtbehrde)
FGK Forschungsgesellschaft Kunststoffe e.V., Schlogartenstrae 6, D-64289Darmstadt, Tel. 0 61 51 / 1634 07
FIZ Fachinformations-Zentrum Chemie (D),
Steinplatz 2, D-10623 Berlin oderEggenstein, Leopoldshafenerstrae 2,D-76149 Karlsruhe (Datenbank-Informationszentrum)
FPA Finnish Plastics Association (FinnischerKunststoff-Verband)
FPID Finnish Plastics Industry Federation(SL), Finnischer Kunststoff-Verband,Mariankatu 26 B 9, SL-00170, Helsinki17
FV Fachverbnde im GKV (D), AmHauptbahnhof 12, D-60329 Frankfurt(siehe GKV)
GOST USSR State Committee for Standards
(russisches Norminstitut), LeninskyProspekt 9, Moskau 117049
IBN Institut Belge de Normalisation(belgisches Norminstitut), Avenue deBrabanconne 23, B-1040 Brssel
ICONTEC Instituto Colombiano de NormasTcnicas, Colombia
IEC International ElectrotechnicalCommission (InternationalerElektroverband) 3, rue de Varemb, CH-1211 Genve 20
IEEE Institute of Electrical and ElectronicelEngineers (USA), (USA Normungsstellefr die Elektroindustrie)
IFAN International Federation for theApplication of Standards, Case Postale56, CH-1211 Genve 20
IFEC Institut Francais de lEmballage et duConditionnement (F)
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National Standards Organization
IS International StandardISIRI Institute of Standards and Industrial
Research of Iran, Islamic Republic ofIran
ISO International Standard Organisation(Internationaler Kunststoff-Normverband), Case Postale 56, CH-1211 Genve 20Die TC = Technical Committee, sinddie Arbeitsgruppen
ISO-DIS ISO-Draft Internationaler Standard =Normentwurf
ISOPA European Isocyanate ProducersAssociation (Europaverband der PUR-Hersteller), B-Brssel
IRS Institutul Roman de Standardizare,Romania
IUPAC International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (unter anderem zustndigfr international gltige chemischeNomenklaturen)
JICST Japan Information Center of Scienceand Technologie, Tokio (J), (DatenbankInformationszentrum)
JISC Japanese Industrial StandardsCommittee (japanisches Norminstitut),1-3-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 1000 PO Japanisches Patentamt
(J)JPIF Japan Plastics Industry FederationKBS Bureau of Standards (koreanisches
Norminstitut), 2, Chungang-dong,Kwachon-city, Kyonggi-do 427-010
KIAA Korean Industrial AdvancementAdministration, Republic of Korea
MSZH Magyar Szavanygi Hivtai(ungarischer Normverband), Postfach24, 1450 Budapest 9
NAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementNEN Nederland Normalisatie-Instituut
(niederlndisches Norminstitut), (NL)NFK Nederlandse Federatie voor
Kunststoffen (NL), NiederlndischerKunststoff-Verband, Polanerbaan 15,NL-3440 AH Woerden
NNI Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituur(niederlndisches Norminstitut),Kalfjeslaan 2, P.O. Box 5059, 2600 GBDelft
NSF Norges Standardiserings Forbund(norwegisches Norminstitut), Postboks7020, Homansbyen, N-0306 Oslo 3
OEM Original Equipment ManufacturerNA sterreichischer Normenausschu (A)
(Adresse siehe ON)VE sterreichische Vereinigung fr
Elektrotechnik (A)ON sterreichisches Normungsinstitut,Heinestrae 38, Postfach 130, A-1021Wien
PKN Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny
(Polnisches Norminstitut), (PL)PKNMiJ Polish Committee for Standardization
(polnischer Normverband), Ul.Elektoraina 2, 00-139 Warschau
PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt(D), Bundesallee 100, D-38116Braunschweig, Tel. 05 31 / 5 92-0, Fax05 31 / 592-40 06
PWMI Plastics Waste Management Institute(europische Dachorganisation d.Kunststofferzeuger f. Kunststoffe u.Umwelt), Avenue E. van Nieuwenhuse4, B-1160 Brssel
TVK Technische Vereinigung der Herstellerund Verarbeiter typisierter Kunststoff-Formmassen e. V., (kooperativesMietglied)
RAL Deutsches Institut fr Gtesicherungund Kennzeichnung e. V. (D),Siegburgerstrae 39, D-53119 St.Augustin, Tel. 0 22 41 / 16 05-0, Fax0 22 41/ 16 05-11
SAA Standards Association of Australia(australisches Norminstitut), P.O. Box458, North Sydney-N-S-W 2059
SABS South African Bureau of Standards(sdafrikanisches Norminstitut),Private BAG X191, Pretoria 0001
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers(USA), (USA-Prfbehrde frAutomobilindustrie, 400Commonwealth 3, Drive, Warrendale,PA 15096
SC SubcommitteeSCC Standards Council of Canada
(canadisches Norminstitut), 350Sparks, Street, Suite 1200, Ottawa,Ontario
SFS Soumen Standardisoimislito(finnisches Norminstitut), P.O. Box205, SF-00121 Helsinki
SIS Sveriges
Standardisierungskommission(schwedisches Norminstitut), Box3295, S-10366 Stockholm
SISIR Singapore Institute of Standards(Singapur Norminstitut), 1 ScienceParkdrive, Singapur 0511
SKS Savezna Komisija za Standardizaciju(Jugoslavischer Normverband), (Y)
SKZ Sddeutsches Kunststoff-Zentrum,Institut fr Kunststoffverarbeitung, -anwendung und -prfung (D),Frankfurter Strae 15, D-97082Wrzburg, Tel. 09 31 / 41 04-0, Fax09 31 / 4 104177
SNV Schweizerische Normen-Vereinigung,Kirchweg 4, CH-8032 ZrichSPI Society of Plastics Industry (USA)
(amerikanischer Kunststoffverband),CI Composites Institute des SPI
TC Technical CommitteeTV Technischer berwachungs-Verein (D)
mit folgenden relevanten Bereichen:- TV Bayern ArbeitsbereichKunststoffprfung, Westendstrae 199,D-80686 Mnchen- TV Berlin Kunststoff-Prfstelle(federfhrend f. Kunststoff-Kraftstoffbehlter), Postfach 11 06 61,D-10831 Berlin- TV Rheinland, ZentralabteilungWerkstofftechnik, Bereich Kunststoff-Technik, Am Grauen Stein 20, D-51105Kln, Tel. 02 21 / 80 60
TV-CERT TV-Zertifizierungsgemeinschaft e. V.,Reuterstrae 161, D-53113 Bonn, Tel.02 28 / 9 14 81-40, Fax 0228 / 9 14 81-44
TV Technische Vereinigung der Herstellerund Verareiter typisierter Kunststoff-Formmassen e. V. (D), Rosengasse 8,D-97070 Wrzburg
UBA Umweltbundesamt (D), Bismarckplatz1, D-14193 Berlin 33, Tel. 0 30 / 89 03-0, Fax 0 30 / 89 03-22 85
UL Underwriters Laboratory Inc. (Staatlichanerkanntes Institut fr die Prfungvon Kunststoffen auf Brennbarkeit,
Temperaturbestndigkeit), Northbrook,IL 60062 (USA)
UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione(italienisches Norminstitut), PiazzaArmando Diaz 2, I-20123 Mailand
UNICE Union des Confderations delIndustries et des Employers dEurope(Verband der Europischen Industriegegenber den EG-Organen)
UNMS Slovak Office of Standards, Metrologyand Testing, Slovakia
USCAR United States Council for AutomotiveResearch
USTAG United States Technical Advisory Group
VCI Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. (D), Karlstrae 21, D-60329Frankfurt, (T. u. F. s. VKE)
VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e. V. (D),Graf-Recke-Strae 84, D-40239Dsseldorf, Tel. 02 11 / 62 14-0, Fax02 11 / 6 21 45 75 (darin eine Reihevon Fachgesellschaften fr dieeinzelnen Gebiete)
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Notes
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Conversion factors:1 N/mm2 = 10,2 kg/cm2 = 1 MPa1 J/m = 0,102 cmkp/cm1 kJ/m2 = 1,02 cmkp/cm2
1 N/dm3 = 0,102 g/m3
1 kgf/mm2 = 9,8 N/mm2
1 kgfcm/cm2 = 0,98 kJ/m2Tension:1 psi = 0,007 N/mm2
1 N/mm2 = 1,42 psiTemperatures:Conversion of C into F Conversion of F into CC x 1,8 + 32 = F (F - 32) x 0,555 = C