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Chapter 2

Comparative Economic Development比較経済発展

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-2

Common Characteristics of developing countries 途上国の共通特徴

• Lower levels of living and productivity 低い水準の生活水準と生産性

• Lower levels of human capital 低い人水準の人的資本

• Higher levels of inequality and absolute poverty 高い水準の不平等と絶対貧困

• Higher population growth rates 高い人口成長率

• Greater social fractionalization 比較的大きな社会分割（分断）性

• Larger rural population- rapid migration to cities 大規模な農村人口と都市への快速的労働移動

• Lower levels of industrialization and manufactured exports低いレベルの工業化と工業製品の輸出

• Adverse geography 不利的地理条件

• Underdeveloped financial and other markets 未発達的金融および市場

• Colonial legacies- poor institutions etc. 植民地の遺産：貧弱なインフラ


Defining the Developing World途上国を定義する

• World Bank Scheme- ranks countries on GNP/capita• 世界銀行の基準－１人当たりGNPでランキング

– LIC 低所得、LMC 低中所得、 UMC 中高所得, OECD(see Table 2.1 and figure 2.1) 表の１、図の２を参照


Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region and Income, 2007表の２地域・所得別の経済分類


Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region and Income, 2007 (continued)表の２地域・所得別の経済分類（つづく）

(Latin America and the Caribbean)

(Sub-Saharan Africa)


Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region and Income, 2007 (continued)表の２地域・所得別の経済分類（つづく）


Figure 2.1 Nations of the World, Classified by GNI Per Capita図の２.1１人当たりＧＮＩで分類した世界各国


Measuring Development for Quantitative Comparison across Countries量的比較のための諸国の発展の測定

• Gross National Income (GNI) 国民所得

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 国内総生産

• PPP method instead of exchange rates as conversion factors (see figure 2.2)購買力平価図2.2を参照


Figure 2.2 Income Per Capita in Selected Countries選択した国の1人当たり所得


Table 2.2 A Comparison of Per Capita GNI, 2005 1人当たりＧＮＩの比較 2005


Some Basic Indicators of Development発展計りの基本指標

• Health 健康

• Life Expectancy 平均寿命

• Education 教育

• HDI as a holistic measure of living levels人的発展指数

– HDI also varies for groups within countries– HDI also varies by region in a country – HDI also reflects rural-urban differences


Table 2.3 Commonality and Diversity: Some Basic Indicators共通性と多様性：基本指標


Figure 2.3 Human Development Disparities within Selected Countries選択した国の中の人的資本の差


Figure 2.3 Human Development Disparities within Selected Countries (continued)選択した国の中の人的資本の差（つづく）


Table 2.4 Human Development for 23 Selected Countries (2004 Data)選択した国の人的発展


Table 2.4 Human Development for 23 Selected Countries (2004 Data) (continued)選択した国の人的発展（つづく）


Table 2.5 Human Development Index Variations for Similar Incomes (2004 Data)所得の近づく国でも人的発展は異なる


10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality途上国の特徴：共通点の中の差

• 1. Lower levels of living and productivity• 2. Lower levels of human capital (health,

education, skills)• 3. Higher Levels of Inequality and Absolute

Poverty– Absolute Poverty– World Poverty

• 4. Higher Population Growth Rates– Crude Birth rates


Figure 2.4 Shares of Global Income, 2005 グローバル所得の割合


Table 2.6 The 12 Most and Least Populated Countries and Their Per Capita Income, 2005人口の多い国と少ない国および１人当たり所得 2005年


Figure 2.5 Under-5 Mortality Rates, 1990 and 20055歳以下の子供も死亡率 1990-2005年


Table 2.7 Primary School Enrollment and Pupil-Teacher Ratios小学校の入学率と小学校の生徒-教師比率


Figure 2.6 Correlation between Under-5 Mortality and Mother’s Education5歳以下子供の死亡率と母親の教育レベルの相関関係


Figure 2.7 People Living in Poverty, 1981-2002世界の貧困人口 1981-2002年


Table 2.8 Crude Birth Rates Around the World, 2005 世界各国の粗出生率


10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality途上国の特徴：共通点の中の異

• 5. Greater Social Fractionalization大きな社会極細性

• 6. larger Rural Populations but Rapid Rural-to-Urban Migration 大規模な農村人口と速い農村-都市移民（労働移動）

• 7. Lower levels of Industrialization and Manufactured Exports 低いレベルの工業化と製造品の輸出

• 8. Adverse Geography 不利な地理条件

– Resource endowments


Table 2.9 The Urban Population in Developed Countries and Developing Regions 途上特と先進国の都市人口


Table 2.10 Share of the Population Employed in the Industrial Sector in Selected Countries, 2000-2005 (%) 工業部門に就職している人口の割合


10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality途上国の特徴：共通点の中の異

• 9. Underdeveloped Financial and Other markets未発達的金融市場および市場

– Imperfect markets 不完全市場

– Incomplete information 不完全情報

• 10. Colonial Legacy and external dependence植民地の遺産と外部への依存性

– Institutions 制度

– Private property 私的財産

– Personal taxation 個人税の制度

– Taxes in cash rather than in kind 申告より現金で支払い税金


Low Income Countries Today And Developed Countries Then今の低所得国、そして先進国

• Eight differences 八つの違い

– Physical and human resource endowments 物資的人的資本の量的賦存

– Per capita incomes and levels of GDP 1人当たりの所得とレベル

– Climate 気候

– Population size, distribution, and growth 人口サイズ、分布および成長

– Historic role of international migration国際移民の歴史的役割

– International trade benefits 国際貿易の利益

– Scientific/technological research 科学・技術研究

– Efficacy of domestic institutions 国内制度の有効性


Convergence? 収斂？

• Evidence of unconditional convergence is hard to find 無条件収斂は難しい

• Per capita income convergence?1人当たり所得の収斂


Figure 2.8 Convergence among OECD Countries but Divergence in the World as a Whole ＯＥＣＤ諸国の中は収斂が、その他の国は？


Figure 2.9 Per Capita GDP Growth in 125 Developing Countries, 1995-2005125カ国の1人当たりＧＤＰの散布図


Figure 2.10 Growth Convergence and Absolute Income Convergence成長率の収斂と絶対所得の収斂


Long-Run causes of Comparative Development 比較発展の長期的要因

• Schematic Representation 想像

– Geography 地理

– Institutional quality- colonial and post-colonial制度の質ー植民地と植民地後

– Colonial legacy 植民地の遺産- pre colonial comparative advantage 植民地前の比較優位

– Evolution and timing of European development欧州発展の進化とタイミング

– Inequality- human capital 不平等ー人的資本

– Type of colonial regime 植民地政権の種類


Figure 2.11 Schematic Representation of Leading Theories of Comparative Development 図の説明：比較発展の主な理論


Role of Institutions 制度の役割

• Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson’s “reversal of fortune” 運命の逆転 and extractive institutions 引き出す制度

• Bannerjee and Iyer’s , “property rights institutions”. 財産所有権の制度 Landlords versus cultivators 地主と耕作民


Case Study: Pakistanケーススタディ：パキスタン


Case Study: Bangladesh


Concepts for Review 概念の復習

• Absolute poverty• Brain drain• Crude birthrate• Convergence• Death rate• Dependency burden• Developed world• Economic Institutions• Foreign exchange• Gross domestic product

(GDP)

• Gross national product (GNP)

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• Imperfect markets• Income gap• Income inequality• Incomplete information


Concepts for Review (cont’d)

• Infant mortality rate• International poverty

line• Labor productivity• Least developed

countries (LLDCs)• Levels of living• Low income countries

(LICs)

• Malnutrition• Middle-income

countries (MICs)• Mixed economic

systems• Newly industrialized

countries (NICs)• Physical resources


Concepts for Review (cont’d)

• Primary industrial sector• Production function• Purchasing power

equivalent• Purchasing power

parity (PPP)

• Resource endowment• Secondary industrial

sector• Tertiary industrial

sector• World Bank

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