comparative industrial relations : china, south-korea and germany

230

Upload: voliem

Post on 01-Feb-2017

217 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany
Page 2: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!"#

$

%&%'()*+,-./'&(%01*0%'(",/

!

!2(,%

"

3".'24"&*%%,-5*&#%,

6

#

7.&"

$

*

1.-"089&%.:;<*&=%,->2%,

?

@.,2.%

$

*-/!

%

!"#$%&'(#%)&(#*$(*+,-*++

Page 3: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

暋图书在版编目 (CIP) 数据

暋劳动关系比较研究:中国、韩国、德国/欧洲(英文版)/[德]鲁道夫·特劳普 梅茨、张俊华编.—北京:中国社会科学出版社,2010灡8暋ISBN978灢7灢5004灢8854灢5

暋栺灡栙劳…暋栻灡栙张…暋栿灡栙劳动—生产关系—对比研究—

中国、外国—英文暋桇灡栙F249灡1

暋中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字 (2010)第114071号

暋CIPdata暋ComparativeIndustrialRelations:China,South灢KoreaandGermany/Europe/byRudolfTraub灢MerzandZhangJunhua (eds灡),

Beijing:ChinaSocialSciencesPress,2010暋ISBN978灢7灢5004灢8854灢5

暋ComparativeIndustrialRelations:China,South灢KoreaandGermany/Europe

暋Editors:暋暋暋暋暋暋RudolfTraub灢MerzandZhangJunhua

暋LiabilityEditor:暋暋暋MiaomiaoHou暋YanshengHuang

暋LiabilityProofreader: YinglaiWang

暋CoverDesign: DaPengStudio

暋Publishedby: ChinaSocialSciencePress

Jia158,GulouXidajie,Beijing,China

Tel:+86灢10灢84029450暋暋ZipCode:100720

http://www灡csspw灡cn

暋DistributionandSales:XinhuaBookstore

暋Printedby: XinweiCo.,Ltd.

暋PublishingDate: August2010

暋ISBN978灢7灢5004灢8854灢5 Price:RMB46灡00

擫 Allrighsreserved.

Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduceswithoutthepriorpermissionofthepublishers.

Page 4: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!",'*,'

C8<A.8<7

%

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

%-:,&

?

K"'-+Q#"J

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

"

!!!!!

A%&'+ !"00*N'()*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

!

]-'6

3

%#6506

X+=<=/,A<F0,F/08:X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1==17,+A

Y<=/,F/=9589A8:;<=7AS1F810 '#

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

V,-6

3

5,V,,6

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A= @8LF1

K

:<8OD1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

,8Z1760,<

U

#

EA/,8<=99ALA9

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

)"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

K7,"$/#6.17-&/#6

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J18LA<LFA. 4%

!!!!!!!!!

!

%#067'":@'765&&#"

;+AI6=9E

U

0,AO8:5A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1GA<O=1

U

!

E,<6/,6<A

=17X6<<A1,IALA98

-

OA1,0 &#

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A%&'++ P(/

$

.'*1*/"0.'(",

!

.7#6_06

`

06

3

'6:!'6K'0

;

06

3

;+A589A=17C61/,F818:;<=7AS1F810F15A089LF1

K

X899A/,FLA

N=>86<IF0

-

6,A0F1X+F1= *"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Page 5: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

V,-6

3

5,V,,6

Z1760,<F=9IF0

-

6,A0=17IF0

-

6,A5A0896,F81@A/+=1F0O0

F1E86,+H8<A= "%&

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

K7,"$/#6.17-&/#6

X81:9F/,5A0896,F81F1D6<8

-

A ""*

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A%&'+++ +,-./'&(%01*0%'(",/-.&(,

?

7N","#(N!&(/(/

!

(06

3

&-6D

3

,C

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0 "33

!!!!!!!!

!

_0',B0'6

NA00810:8<X+F1=:<8ON=>8<Y89F/FA076<F1

K

,+AG<A=,

IA

-

<A00F81F1,+ASEJ "#"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

(0-.0C@'#'6:%-:,&

?

K"'-+Q#"J

W8.X=1,+AZ1,A<A0,08:P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

,+A

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

"4'

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

2,&

?3

'6

3

IO-+&#"

P8<VA<0l5F

K

+,0F1=1D/818OF/X<F0F0

!

GA<O=1

U

"$"

!!!!!!!!

A%&'+Q R'

6$

(N%07#

$

0"

6

#*,'

!

(0-.0C@'#

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/, "*#

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

2,&

?3

'6

3

IO-+&#"

\A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7N=>86<X81,<=/, Da

-

A<FA1/A0:<8O

GA<O=1

U

'"$

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

J>86,,+AJ6,+8<0 ''$

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

&

!

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+?H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 6: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

S"&*T"&-

;+AX899A

K

A8:J7OF1F0,<=,F818:Q+A

b

F=1

K

S1FLA<0F,

U

=17,+AC<FA7<F/+

D>A<,E,F:,61

K

l0]::F/AF1E+=1

K

+=F+A97=1F1,A<1=,F81=9.8<V0+8

-

F1

W=1

K

B+8681*("%@=</+'%%*81,+A,+AOA8:

6

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=9

5A9=,F810

!

X+F1= E86,+H8<A= GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

7

k;+A=FO8:,+AALA1,

.=0,8Aa

-

=1781Aa

-

A<FA1/A0:<8O8,+A</861,<FA0=17A/818OFA008,+=,

,+A

U

/8697>A60A7F1,+AX+F1A0A7ALA98

-

OA1,7A>=,A!

P+A1,+A8<

K

=1F0A<0OA,,8/810F7A<,+A,8

-

F/0:86<>98/0<=

-

F79

U

AOA<

K

A7 .+F/+ +A1/A:8<,+ 7A,A<OF1A7 ,+A .8<V0+8

-

l0 0,<6/,6<A!

6

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

=17

6

IF0

-

6,A5A0896,F81

7

=<A0,=17=<7:A=,6<A08:

ALA<

U

7F0/600F818:F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810! ;+A,.8=<A=0=<A=908

K

=F1F1

K

0F

K

1F:F/=1/AF1X+F1=F1

-

=<=99A9.F,+,+A<A,<A=,8:,+A0,=,A:<8O9=>86<

-

9=11F1

K

=17 .=

K

A 0A,,F1

K

! Z1 ,+A OA=1,FOA

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,F0

A1/86<=

K

F1

K

,+A0,=,A8<

K

=1F0A7,<=7A61F810,8

-

9=

U

=>F

KK

A<<89A+A<A!

;+A,.88,+A<0A,08:,8

-

F/006

KK

A0,A7,+AO0A9LA0A

h

6=99

U

<=

-

F79

U

!Z1

O=1

U

F1760,<F=9F0A7/861,<FA0=1A89F>A<=9<899>=/V+=0>AA17F0/A<1F>9A

0F1/A,+AOF7"*$%0

"

/=99F1

K

F1,8

h

6A0,F81,<=7A61F81=/+FALAOA1,08:

-

<ALF8607A/=7A0=17=,,AO

-

,F1

K

,8<A=9F

K

19=>86< O=<VA,

-

89F/

U

.F,+

/9=00F/=99=>86< O=<VA, 78/,<F1A0! ;+A 1A.

"

=,

U-

F/=9 AO

-

98

U

OA1,

<A9=,F810+F

-

0.+F/++=LA=<F0A1=0=/810A

h

6A1/A<A

-

<A0A1,A7=0A

-

=<=,A

,+<A=7F1,+A.8<V0+8

-

"

O=VF1

K

F,

-

800F>9A,8=77<A00,+A7ALA98

-

OA1,8:

61

-

<8,A/,A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

0.F,+,+AAa/960F818:,<=7A61F810!

;+A.8<V0+8

-

.=0+A97=,=,FOA.+A1,+A.8<97A/818O

U

.=0F1,+A

Page 7: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+<8A08:,+A

6

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

7

=17 AO

-

98

U

OA1, .=0:=99F1

K

7<=O=,F/=99

U

F1O=1

U

/861,<FA0! WA<A.A.=1,A7,8F1F,F=,A=7A>=,A81

+8.,<=7A61F810.A<A<A=/,F1

K

,8,+AA/818OF//<F0F0=17+8.,+A

U

=7=

-

,A7,+AF< 0,<=,A

K

FA0F1 A1,A<

-

<F0A0 :=/A7 .F,+ ,+A 7F9AOO= 8:

0=:A

K

6=<7F1

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1,8<.=

K

A0!

;+A

b

8F1,ALA1,=<860A7/810F7A<=>9AF1,A<A0,! ;+A<A .A<A9FLA9

U

7A>=,A0F1

-

=<,F/69=<81,+A,=0V08:,+A,<=7A61F810F10+=

-

F1

K

F1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810=17,+AF1,A<=/,F81>A,.AA1,<=7A61F810=17,+A0,=,A! ;+A

8<

K

=1F0A<0/=OA,8,.8/81/960F810

!

,+A

U

7A/9=<A7,+=,,+A

U

.A<A.F99F1

K

,8/81,F16A,+A7F=98

K

6A617A<,+A,F,9A

6

W=1

K

B+86Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810

C8<6O

7

=17,8 8<

K

=1F0A:6<,+A< .8<V0+8

-

0! J17 .F,+,+A

-

<A0A1,

-

6>9F/=,F81,+A

U

=<A<A0

-

817F1

K

,8,+A

-

=<,F/F

-

=1,0l7A0F<A,+=,,+A

-

<A0A1,=,F810>AO=7A=L=F9=>9A,8=.F7A<=67FA1/A!

;+AX899A

K

A8:J7OF1F0,<=,F81=17,+AC<FA7<F/+D>A<,E,F:,61

K

.8697

9FVA,8,+=1V=99,+A=6,+8<0:8<,+AF<.F99F1

K

1A00,8/88

-

A<=,AF1,+F0

-

6>9F/=,F81!Z,0+8697=908>AOA1,F81A7,+=,08OA8:,+A/81,<F>6,F810=<A

>

U

=6,+8<0 .+87F718,

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1,+A .8<V0+8

-

$

gF=8eF=1=17

5AF1+=<7\=+1Od99A<

%"

>6,.+80A=1=9

U

0A0,=VA6

-

VA

U

F006A08:,+A

7F0/600F81!

R8 >F9F1

K

6=9L896OAF0

-

800F>9A .F,+86,,<=109=,8<0! @0! P6

F=8B+A1,<=109=,A7F1,8D1

K

9F0+,+A/81,<F>6,F8108<F

K

F1=99

U

.<F,,A1F1

X+F1A0A=17 I<! X+61<81

K

Q+A1,<=109=,A7,+A GA<O=1=17 D1

K

9F0+

=<,F/9A0F1,8X+F1A0A!e=OA0Y=,,A<081<A17A<A7,+AGA<O=1,Aa,0F1,8

D1

K

9F0+=17<ALF0A7=99,+AD1

K

9F0+=<,F/9A0:8<

-

6>9F/=,F81! PA O6/+

=

--

<A/F=,A,+AF<

-

<8:A00F81=9A::8<,0!

W=1

K

B+86

#

E+=1

K

+=F

"

CA><6=<

U

'%"%

I<!56789:;<=6>@A<B

!!!!!!!!!!!

Y<8:!Q+=1

K

e61+6=

"

Y+I

5A0F7A1,IF<A/,8< X899A

K

A8:Y6>9F/J7OF1F0,<=,F81

]::F/A:8<Z1,A<1=,F81=9X88

-

A<=,F81 Q+A

b

F=1

K

S1FLA<0F,

U

"

W=1

K

B+86

C<FA7<F/+D>A<,E,F:,61

K

"

E+=1

K

+=F

'

!

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 8: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

+,-./'&(%01*0%'(",/(,!2(,%

"

3".'24"&*%%,-5*&#%,

6

56789:;<=6>@A<B

;+A

-

<A0A1,L896OA/81,=F10,+A<ALF0A7LA<0F8108:,+A

-

<A0A1,=,F810

K

FLA1=17 7A>=,A7 =,=1F1,A<1=,F81=9/81:A<A1/A

"

=<<=1

K

A7 >

U

,+A

S1FLA<0F,

U

8:Q+A

b

F=1

K

=17,+AC<FA7<F/+D>A<,E,F:,61

K

F1@=</+'%%*F1

W=1

K

B+86

"

81,+A7ALA98

-

OA1,8:F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+

H8<A==17 D6<8

-

A

$

.F,+ =

-

=<,F/69=<AO

-

+=0F081 GA<O=1

U

%

k;+A

/81,<F>6,F810=177A>=,A0/81/A1,<=,A7

-

<FO=<F9

U

81,+<AA O=F1,8

-

F/0

.+F/+:8<O,+A>=0F08:=997F0/600F8108:F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

"

1=OA9

U

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

/81:9F/,<A0896,F81=17,+A<A=/,F8108:VA

U

F1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810=/,8<0,8A/818OF//<F0A0!

;+A/+8F/A8:,8

-

F/0=17+8.,+A

U

.A<A:<=OA7.=08<FA1,A7,8.=<70

O=VF1

K

=L=F9=>9A,+AAa

-

A<FA1/A08:8,+A</861,<FA08<A/818OFA0:8<,+A

X+F1A0A7ALA98

-

OA1,7A>=,A! ;+A0A9A/,A7Aa=O

-

9A08:E86,+ H8<A=

"

X+F1==17GA<O=1

U

"

=0.A99=0/8O

-

=<F0810.F,+F1D6<8

-

A

"

7818,

"

8:

/86<0A

"

/8LA<,+AA1,F<A0

-

A/,<6O 8:F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

-

<=/,F/A08:

F1,A<1=,F81=90F

K

1F:F/=1/A! C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A SEJ =17e=

-

=1

"

,+A,.8

9=<

K

A0,A/818OFA0

"

=<A18,/810F7A<A7!

C6<,+A<O8<A

"

/861,<FA0F1.+F/+,+AF1:8<O=90A/,8<6,,A<9

U

A/9F

-

0A0

,+A:8<O=90A/,8< :8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

Z17F==17Z1781A0F= =17.+A<AF1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810O=

U

+=LA,8>A=77<A00A7:<8O=

h

6F,A7F::A<A1,0,=17

-

8F1,,+=1

Page 9: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+A81A=78

-

,A7+A<A

"

=<A9A:,86,8:=//861,!

RALA<,+A9A00

"

,+A/=0A0

-

<A0A1,A78::A<0,<FVF1

K

Aa=O

-

9A0.+F/+0A<LA

,8F9960,<=,AO=1

U

F1,A<1=,F81=99

U

FO

-

8<,=1,F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

-

<8/A00A0!

;+A

U

=<A=908AOF1A1,9

U

60A:69:8<>8,+,+AX+F1A0A=17,+A/8O

-

=<=,FLA

7A>=,AF1,+=,,+A

U

<A:9A/,7F::A<A1,9ALA908:A/818OF/7ALA98

-

OA1,=17

7F::A<A1,08/F=9/810,F,6,F810!

S1:8<,61=,A9

U

"

=O81

K

F1760,<F=9 <A9=,F810 Aa

-

A<,0

"

1=,F81=9 8<

<A

K

F81=9=

--

<8=/+A0,A17,878OF1=,A=17:A.<A0A=</+A<0+=LA7AL8,A7

,+AO0A9LA0,8=1F1,A<1=,F81=9/8O

-

=<=,FLA

-

A<0

-

A/,FLA!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F,

.=018,

-

800F>9A,80A,=/8O

-

=<=,FLALFA.8:J0F==981

K

0F7A;+8<0,A1

E/+69,A1l0 /8O

-

=<F0810 8: 7F::A<A1, D6<8

-

A=1 /861,<FA0 F1 ,.8

/81,<F>6,F810,8,+F0L896OA! ;8>A06<A

"

,+F0F0,+A<A069,8:,+AO6/+

K

<A=,A<+A,A<8

K

A1AF,

U

8:J0F=108/FA,FA0=17,+AF<.F7A<=1

K

A8:08/F8

A/818OF/=17

-

89F,F/=9:8<O=,F810

"

>6,F,F0,8>A+8

-

A7,+=,=/8O

-

=<=,FLA

-

A<0

-

A/,FLA.F99

K

=F1

K

<8617F1J0F==0.A99=17/81,<F>6,A,8=>A,,A<

617A<0,=17F1

K

! ;+F0F0= O=,,A<8:08OA6<

K

A1/

U

! ;+AAa

-

=10F818:

O69,F1=,F81=9/8O

-

=1FA0+=0981

K

0F1/A><A=/+A7,+A1=,F81=9>8<7A<08:

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810! P+F9AF1O=1

U-

9=/A0<A0A=</+F00,F999=/VF1

K

81+8.

1=,F81=9F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

-

<=/,F/A07ALA98

-

"

,<=101=,F81=9A1,A<

-

<F0A0

+=LA:8<08OA/810F7A<=>9A,FOA>AA1Aa

-

98F,F1

K

O=<VA,9F>A<=9F0=,F81:8<

,+AF<8.1

-

6<

-

80A0=17FO

-

80F1

K

1A.<69A0=17

-

<=/,F/A0F1=//8<7=1/A

.F,+,+AF<8.1F1,A<A0,0! \

U

OA=108:,+AF<F1LA0,OA1,0,+A

U

9F1V6

-

-

<ALF8609

U

F089=,A71=,F81=99=>86<O=<VA,0,8=

K

98>=99=>86<O=<VA,=17

=<A=>9A,8<A

-

9=/A,+A.8<VA<08:81A/861,<

U

.F,+,+80A8:=18,+A<>

U

<A98/=,F1

K

! ;+F0+=00A,F1O8,F81=1A.VF178:0,=17=<7F0=,F81

-

<8/A00

.+F/+617A<OF1A0 1=,F81=90,=17=<70=17:8<

K

A0= 1A.

-

=,+! EF1/A

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810 +F0,8<F/=99

U

.A<A:8<OA7 O=F19

U

>

U

,<=7A 61F810

8

-

A<=,F1

K

=,1=,F81=99ALA9,+A

U

.F99>A,+A O=

b

8<980A<0:<8O ,+A

AOA<

K

A1/A8:,<=101=,F81=9F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

"

619A00,+A/899A/,FLA=/,8<0

81,+A.8<VA<0l0F7A=<A=>9A,8/8OA6

-

.F,+1A.0,<=,A

K

FA0.+F/+.F99

A1=>9A,+AO,8AaA<,08OAF1:96A1/A81,+A1A.0F,6=,F81!

;+A

-

<A0A1,L896OAF0O=F19

U

F1,A17A7:8<,+80A.+8,=VA,+ALFA.

!!

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 10: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+=,0,<81

K

,<=7A61F810=<A1AA7A7,8FO

-

<8LA,+A9FLF1

K

=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F8108:7A

-

A17A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0!Z,F0

-

6>9F0+A7F1X+F1A0A=17D1

K

9F0+

F1,+A+8

-

A,+=,,+F0.F99A106<A= .F7A<<A=7A<0+F

-

=17F1 X+F1=F1

-

=<,F/69=<=<860AO8<AF1,A<A0,F1,+A,8

-

F/0=77<A00A7! PF,+<A

K

=<7,8

O=1

U

08/F8A/818OF/7ALA98

-

OA1,

-

<8/A00A0X+F1=+=00A,86,=981

K

F,0

8.1

-

=,+

"

.+F/++=0=9089A7,8A18<O860/+=1

K

A0F1,+A=<A=8:F1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810F1 <A/A1,7A/=7A0! W8.ALA<

"

.F,+ =:A. Aa/A

-

,F810 :8<

Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+AX+F1=Z10,F,6,A:8<Z1760,<F=95A9=,F8108<,+AZ10,F,6,A8:

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F8108:5A1OF1S1FLA<0F,

U

8:X+F1= ,+A<A+=0>AA19F,,9A

<A0A=</+F1,8F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810=17F1,+A61FLA<0F,FA0>=0F/06>

b

A/,0

"

06/+=09=>86<9=.

"

F1760,<F=908/F898

KU

8<9=>86<O=<VA,A/818OF/0

"

+=LA

>AA1F1,<876/A7819

U

<A/A1,9

U

! ;+A

-

<A0A1,>88V +8

-

A0,80,FO69=,A

7F0/600F81F1,+A0A=<A=0!

;8

-

<8LF7A08OA8<FA1,=,F81.F,+<A

K

=<7,8,+A/861,<

U

0,67FA0F1,+F0

L896OA

"

.A0+=99:F<0,8::A<08OAF1,<876/,8<

U

<AO=<V081VA

U

F1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810F006A0=17/81/A

-

,0!

+,-. /01 23456.07-8 918-.7:36

,

;+A,A<O

6

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

7$

:<A

h

6A1,9

U

=908

6

9=>86<<A9=,F810

7%

7A0/<F>A0,+A<A9=,F8108:Aa/+=1

K

A>A,.AA1/=

-

F,=9=179=>86<! ;+F0

F1/967A0,+A:8<O08:/88

-

A<=,F81 =17/81:9F/,<A9=,F810 .+F/+ AaF0,

>A,.AA1/=

-

F,=9=179=>86<8<,+AF<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0F1,+A0+=

-

F1

K

8:

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

0 =, /8O

-

=1

U

"

0A/,8<=9

"

1=,F81=9 8<

"

O8<A

<A/A1,9

U

"

,<=101=,F81=99ALA9!;+A0A<A9=,F810=<A:8<OA781=61F9=,A<=9

"

>F9=,A<=98<,<F9=,A<=9>=0F0

"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81 .+A,+A<81A=/,8<

$

O=F19

U

/=

-

F,=9

%

+=0A186

K

+

-

8.A<,8A1

K

=

K

AF181A0F7A77A/F0F81O=VF1

K

"

,.8

=/,8<0

$

/=

-

F,=9=179=>86<

%

0AAV=

K

<AAOA1,,+<86

K

+/8O

-

<8OF0A8<,+A

0,=,AA1,A<0,+A0/A1A=0=,+F<7

-

=<,

U

! ;+A9A

K

=9<A

K

69=,F818:>F9=,A<=9

<A9=,F810>A,.AA1/=

-

F,=9=179=>86<>

U

,+A0,=,A8<F,0=,,AO

-

,0=,

-

89F,F/=9

=17F10,F,6,F81=9/81,<89=<A=/8O

-

81A1,

-

=<,8:,+A0A<A9=,F810+F

-

08:

Aa/+=1

K

A! J,,+A/A1,<A 8:F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

"

,+A<A:8<A

"

9FA0,+A

"

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 11: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/81/<A,A8<

K

=1F0=,F818:,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F8108:7A

-

A17A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0

LF=/899A/,FLA<A

K

69=,F810!

;+AAO

-

+=0F081/899A/,FLA<A

K

69=,F81F0Aa

-

9=F1A7>

U

,+A0,<6/,6<=9

=0

U

OOA,<

U

8:

-

8.A<>A,.AA1/=

-

F,=9=179=>86<! P8<VA<0/=19FOF,,+A

7F0=7L=1,=

K

A,+A

U

06::A<76A,8,+AF<9=/V8:8.1A<0+F

-

8:,+AOA=108:

-

<876/,F81F1 1A

K

8,F=,F81081,+AF<9=>86</81,<=/,0819

U

>

U K

A,,F1

K

,8

K

A,+A<F1,<=7A61F810! P+A<A,+A<A=<A188<819

U

.A=V,<=7A61F810

"

0,=,A<A

K

69=,F81 OF1FO6O<A

h

6F<AOA1,0.F,+<A

K

=<7,89=>86</81,<=/,0

"

OF1FO6O.=

K

A0

"

08/F=9

-

<8,A/,F81=170881 O60,,AO

-

A<,+AA::A/,08:

,+A

-

8.A<=0

U

OOA,<

U

F1:=L86<8:,+A.8<VA<0!

;+A.=

U

0F1.+F/+,<=7A61F810=17,+A0,=,A

"

F1,+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,

=170=:A

K

6=<7F1

K

8:/899A/,FLA<A

K

69=,F810

"

<A9=,A,8A=/+8,+A<

"

.8<V

,8

K

A,+A<

"

OA<

K

AF1,881A=18,+A<

"

06>0,F,6,A81A=18,+A<8</8OAF1,8

/81:9F/,/810,F,6,A81A8:,+AO80,0F

K

1F:F/=1,F17F/=,F8108:+8.F1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810

-

<=/,F/A07F::A<>A,.AA1/861,<FA0!

;0-41 <37:36 -6 =->:50 ?-0@1. A-0.186

J981

K

0F7AAO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810

"

,<=7A61F810=<A,+AVA

U

/899A/,FLA

=/,8<0F1,+AF1760,<F=9<A9=,F8100

U

0,AO! ;+A

U

=<A 8<

K

=1F0=,F8108:

.8<VA<0:8<OA7F1 =1 =,,AO

-

,,8FO

-

<8LA,+A9FLF1

K

=17 .8<VF1

K

/817F,F8108:,+AF< OAO>A<0! e60,=0,+A<AF0 18 61F:FA7,+A8<

U

8:

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

"

,+A<AF0187A:F1F,F818:,<=7A61F810.+F/+/8LA<0=99

,+A+F0,8<F/=9L=<F=1,0=17,+AF1,A<1=,F81=9L=<FA,

U

8::8<O08:,<=7A61F81

8<

K

=1F0=,F81!Z1,+AA=<9

U

0,=

K

A08:PA0,A<1F1760,<F=9/=

-

F,=9F0O,<=7A

61F810.A<A

-

<FO=<F9

U

>A1AL89A1,08/FA,FA0

-

<8LF7F1

K

=00F0,=1/AF1,+A

ALA1,8:08/F=98<

-

A<081=9AOA<

K

A1/FA0

$

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,

%

k

]19

U

9=,A< F1D1

K

9=17

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1=<8617"$$%=17F1GA<O=1

U

=,,+A

A178:,+ACF<0,P8<97P=< .A<A,+A

U

<A/8

K

1F0A7>

U

/=

-

F,=9=01A

K

8,F=,F1

K

-

=<,1A<0F1,+A/81/960F818:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0! ;87=

U

"

,<=7A61F810

=<A,8 >A:8617F1 O=1

U

7ALA98

-

A7F1760,<F=9F0A7 08/FA,FA0=0 O=00

8<

K

=1F0=,F810.F,+/A1,<=9F0A7>6<A=6/<=,F/0,<6/,6<A0

"

F1L89LA7F108/F8

#!

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 12: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

-

89F,F/=9

K

8LA<1=1/A=17F1/967A7F1

K

8LA<1OA1,7A/F0F81O=VF1

K

!

5A

K

=<79A008:,+AL=<F860+F0,8<F/=9L=<F=1,0

"

:8<O0=17:61/,F810

"

F1

=O=<VA,A/818O

U

=/8<A=<A=8:=/,FLF,

U

/=1>AF7A1,F:FA7:8<,<=7A61F810

.+F/+F0:<A

h

6A1,9

U

7A0/<F>A7=0,+A:8<O=,F818:=9=>86<O=<VA,/=<,A9!

;<=7A61F810/=1>A/810F7A<A7,8>A06//A00:699=>86<O=<VA,/=<,A90

.+A1,+A

U

7ALA98

-

,+A=>F9F,

U

,8,AO

-

8<=<F9

U

.F,+7<=.=<A9AL=1,16O>A<

8:A00A1,F=9.8<VA<0:<8O,+A9=>86<O=<VA,

"

=17,8<A0,8<A,+AO=

K

=F1

819

U

.+A1A1,A<

-

<F0A0=

K

<AA,8FO

-

<8LA

K

A1A<=9.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810=17

.=

K

A0!;+A

-

<F1/F

-

=9,=0V8:,<=7A61F810F0/9A=</6,F1,+A0A,A<O0

!

,+A

U

=,,AO

-

,,87F0089LA8<9FOF,/8O

-

A,F,F81>A,.AA1 .8<VA<0F18<7A<,8

-

<ALA1,=

6

<=/A,8,+A>8,,8O

7

F1,+AF17FLF76=9

-

6<06F,8:AO

-

98

U

OA1,!

;<=7A61F810/=1>A<A

K

=<7A7=006//A00:69

"

,+A<A:8<A

"

.+A1,+A

U

=/+FALA

=O818

-

89

U

8:06

--

9

U

F1,+A9=>86<O=<VA,!

Z108/FA,FA0/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

=/8O

-

<A+A10FLA/8OO=17A/818O

U

"

F1

.+F/+,+A<A=<A189=>86< O=<VA,0=17,+A=998/=,F818: .8<VA<0F0

/A1,<=99

U-

9=11A7

"

,+F0:61/,F81F0F1+A<A1,9

U

<A7617=1,=17,<=7A61F810

/=118,8

-

A<=,A=07F0,<F>6,F81/=<,A90!Z108:=<=0,+A

U

78AaF0,F1

-

9=11A7

A/818OFA0

"

,+A

U

+=LA8,+A<<89A0

"

-

<FO=<F9

U

,+AOA7F=,F818:=//A00,8

08/F=90A/6<F,

U

>A1A:F,0

$

=998/=,F818:+860F1

K

"

-

A10F810

"

+A=9,+/=<A=17

0881

%

kZ1=08/F=9F0,O=<VA,A/818O

U

"

06/+=0X+F1=

"

F1.+F/+A9AOA1,0

8:=

-

9=11A7A/818O

U

=17=O=<VA,A/818O

U

F1,A<,.F1A

"

=17=0F

K

1F:F/=1,

=17

K

<8.F1

K-

<FL=,AA/818O

U

AaF0,0=981

K

0F7A=0,<81

K

0,=,A0A/,8<

"

,<=7A

61F810=<A617A<

K

8F1

K

08OA,+F1

K

8:=,<=10F,F81! P+A<A,+A9=>86<O=<VA,

+=018,

U

A,=00A<,A7F,0A9:

"

,+A

U

O60,/81,F16A,8

-

9=

U

,+A,<=7F,F81=9<89A

8:08/F=9F0,,<=7A61F810

"

.+F9AF1

-

9=/A0.+A<A9=>86<=17/=

-

F,=9=<A

7<=.1,8

K

A,+A<LF=9=>86</81,<=/,0.+F/++=LA,8>A1A

K

8,F=,A7,+A

U

O60,

=006OA,+A<89A8:A0,=>9F0+F1

K

=0A99A<0l/=<,A9!

7#

$

0"

6

*&/UR//"N(%'(",/%/%1*%N'()*P*)*0"

$

#*,'

(,'2*S"&#%'(","8!"00*N'()*RN'"&/

;<=7A61F810F1 PA0,A<1F1760,<F=9F0A708/FA,FA018,819

U

<A

-

<A0A1,=

$

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 13: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/899A/,FLA<A=/,F81>

U

,+A.8<VA<0,8,+AA/818OF/

-

<A

-

817A<=1/A8:/=

-

F,=9

81,+A9=>86<O=<VA,

"

>6,.A<A+F0,8<F/=99

U

,+AOF7.F:A8:AO

-

98

U

A<0l

=008/F=,F810!Z1,+A18<O=9/86<0A8:/=

-

F,=9F0,7ALA98

-

OA1,,+A,<=7A

61F810/8OAF1,8>AF1

K

:F<0,=17,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810AOA<

K

AF1

<A0

-

810A!;+F078A018,<69A86,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810/=,/+F1

K

6

-

.F,+8<ALA1/8OF1

K

,8

-

9=

U

=O8<A7

U

1=OF/<89AF1

K

8LA<1F1

K

,+A9=>86<

O=<VA,9=,A<81

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F:,+AF<OAO>A<0+F

-

7A10F,

U

F006/+,+=,F,

06<

-

=00A0,+A9ALA98:8<

K

=1F0=,F818:,+A,<=7A61F810! ;+A+F0,8<F/=9

0A

h

6A1/A

"

+8.ALA<

"

0AA0AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F81=0=

-

89F,F/=9=10.A<,8

,<=7A61F810

K

=F1F1

K

0,<A1

K

,+

"

=,AO

-

8<=9/86<0A8:7ALA98

-

OA1,.+F/+

=

--

A=<0,8>AF1,A<<6

-

,A7819

U

.+A1,+A0,=,AF1,A<:A<A0!

;+A

K

A1A0F08:,+F0<A9=,F810+F

-

F1GA<O=1+F0,8<

U

+=0>AA17A0/<F>A7

F1

-

9=F1,A<O0>

U

GA<+=<7HA009A<

!6

;+A,<=7A61F81F0ALA<

U

.+A<A,+A

-

<FO=<

U-

+A18OA181

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810A/817=<

U

!Z,F0F1,+A

1=,6<A8:,+A,<=7A 61F81,8 =,,=/V =17F1,+=,8:,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l

=008/F=,F81,87A:A17F,0A9:!Z1F,0F1:=1/

U

"

,+A,<=7A61F81F0

-

<F1/F

-

=99

U

=

0,<FVA8<

K

=1F0=,F81

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F81=1=1,F0,<FVA8<

K

=1F0=,F81!

;+A0881A<=0,<81

K

,<=7A61F81AOA<

K

A0F1=1F1760,<

U

"

,+A0881A<=

7F0,F1/,AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F817ALA98

-

0

7$

GA<+=<7HA009A<

"

I0#:#-/$17#6

U"+#0/

3

#+#"E#"+O6:#

-

GA<O=1DO

-

98

U

A<0lJ008/F=,F810

."

NAF

-

BF

K

"*%&

"

h

68,A7F1 GA<+=<7 D<7O=11

"

I0#:#-/$17#6 U"+#0/

3

#+#"E#"+O6:#05

$,J0'&

3

#$17017/&017#62'6:#&:#"a#0/

-

GA<O=1DO

-

98

U

A<0lJ008/F=,F810

F1,+AYA<0

-

A/,FLA8:E8/F=9WF0,8<

U

"

N6/+,A<+=17

!

RA6.FA7"*44

!

#3

%

k

;+F0+F0,8<F/=90A

h

6A1/AF0/81:F<OA7,87=

U

F1,+A/81,Aa,8:,+A

D6<8

-

A=1S1F81

$

DS

%"

F1 .+F/+D6<8

-

A=1,<=7A61F810=<A<A=7

U

,8

<A

K

69=,A9=>86<O=<VA,/817F,F810DS .F7ALF=/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0>6,

/=118,:F17 = D6<8

-

A=1 AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F81 .F,+ = O=17=,A,8

1A

K

8,F=,A:<8OF,01=,F81=9OAO>A<8<

K

=1F0=,F810!

;+F0F0=908/81:F<OA7F1E86,+H8<A=

"

=00+8.1F1,+F0L896OA>

U

[881[861

K

O8l0/81,<F>6,F8181/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!Z1<A/A1,

U

A=<0

"

F1760,<

U

.F7A,<=7A61F810+=LA:8<OA7,+A<A

,

819

U

=,,+AF<F10,F

K

=,F81

=17

"

=0=<A069,

"

819

U-

=<,F=99

U

=<AA1,A<

-

<F0A018..F99F1

K

,8

b

8F1,8

K

A,+A<

%!

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 14: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F1AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F810F18<7A<,81A

K

8,F=,A81=><=1/+.F7A>=0F0

"

81A

h

6=9,A<O0!

B:0C6 :D ;0-41 <37:3 E0F-376-.7:3

;<=7A61F810l

-

<80

-

A/,08:06//A00.F,+<A

K

=<7,8<A76/F1

K

/8O

-

A,F,F81

>A,.AA1.8<VA<0=9087A

-

A1781,+AF<:8<O8:8<

K

=1F0=,F81!Z1<A9=,F81,8

,+A:8<OF1.+F/+,<=7A61F810,<

U

,8

K

8LA<1,+A9=>86<O=<VA,

"

.A/=1

7F0,F1

K

6F0+ :86< O=F1 ,

U-

A0

"

+F0,8<F/=99

U

=17 F1,A<1=,F81=99

U

! $

F

%

-

<8:A00F81=9,<=7A61F810

"

.+F/+F1O=1

U

/861,<FA0.A<A8:,A178OF1=1,=,

,+A86,0A,8:,<=7A61F810=1706<LFLA,87=

U

=0F17FLF76=9

-

<8:A00F81=9

0A/,F810 F1GA<O=1

U

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

:8<

-

F98,0

"

78/,8<0

"

-

89F/A8::F/A<0=17

A1

K

F1A7<FLA<0

,$

FF

%

/8O

-

=1

U

,<=7A61F810

"

.+F/+,<

U

,8A0,=>9F0+61F:8<O

/817F,F810:8<,+A0=OA=/,FLF,FA0F1=1A1,A<

-

<F0A=17=<A,+A

K

A1A<=9<69A

F1O=1

U

/861,<FA0,87=

U

"

06/+=0,+ASEJ=17e=

-

=1

,$

FFF

%

F1760,<

U

8<

><=1/+,<=7A61F810

"

.+F/+

K

881A0,A

-

:6<,+A<=17,<

U

,8A9FOF1=,A

/8O

-

A,F,F81>A,.AA1,+A.8<V:8</A08:7F::A<A1,/8O

-

=1FA0>

U

=,,AO

-

,F1

K

,8FO

-

80A61F:8<OOF1FO6O0,=17=<70=/<800,+A.+89A><=1/+ ,+F0,

U-

AF0

:8617O=F19

U

F1D6<8

-

A

"

>6,<A/A1,9

U

=908F1E86,+ H8<A=

,

=17

$

FL

%

K

A1A<=961F810

"

.+F/+,<

U

,88<

K

=1F0A=998//6

-

=,F81=9

K

<86

-

0F1=99

><=1/+A0 ,+F0=99AO><=/F1

K

,

U-

A 8: =008/F=,F81 F0 8:,A1 :8617 F1

F1760,<F=99

U

617A<7ALA98

-

A7<A

K

F810

"

>6,=908F1J1

K

98E=a81/861,<FA0!

\6,ALA1F:,<=7A61F8100AAV,8<A0,<F/,,+A06>0,F,6,=>F9F,

U

8:

.8<VA<0

"

,+F078A018,1A/A00=<F9

U

OA=1,+=,,+A

U

,+AO0A9LA0=<A18,F1

/8O

-

A,F,F81.F,+8,+A<,<=7A61F810!Z1:=/,

"

,87=

U

.A:F17,<=7A61F81

O8LAOA1,0F1O80,/861,<FA0.+F/+

"

,8L=<

U

F1

K

7A

K

<AA0=17:8<7F::A<A1,

<A=0810

"

=<A :<=

K

OA1,A7 F1,8 <FL=9 >98/0

"

.+F9A ,+A 08/=99A7

8067#0/$

3

#N#"C$17'

?

/$

;

"06J0

;

-

-

<F1/F

-

9A 8: 61F,=<

U

=17 181

-

=<,F0=1

61F81F0O

.$

819

U

81A,<=7A61F81=,=99,+<AA9ALA90

!

/8O

-

=1

U

"

><=1/+=17

1=,F81=9

%

F0<=,+A<,+AAa/A

-

,F81! Z1 D6<8

-

A

"

,+F008/=99A7

6

61F,

U

61F81F0O

7

=

--

9FA0F1

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

GA<O=1

U

=17 J60,<F=

"

.+F9AF1

PA0,A<1=17D=0,A<1D6<8

-

A,<=7A61F81

-

96<=9F0O,A170,8>A,+A8<7A<8:

&

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 15: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+A7=

U

!E/=17F1=LF=1,<=7A61F810<A

-

<A0A1,=VF178:F1,A<OA7F=,A,

U-

A

"

F1,+=,,+A<AF018

-

89F,F/=98</81:A00F81=90A

-

=<=,F81

"

>6,,+A

U

+=LA

0A

-

=<=,A,<=7A61F818<

K

=1F0=,F810:8<>96A/899=<.8<VA<0

"

.+F,A/899=<

.8<VA<0=17

-

<8:A00F81=90!

\6,ALA1 F1 /861,<FA0 /8OOF,,A7 ,8 61F,

U

61F81F0O ,+A<A =<A

$

K

<8.F1

K

%

7AO=</=,F81/81:9F/,0/81/A<1F1

K

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=978O=F10

"

=0

.A99=0/810F7A<=>9A7F::A<A1,F=,F81.F,+<A

K

=<7,8,+A9ALA98:/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0

$

.=

K

A=<>F,<=

K

A

%

kX8O

-

=1FA0/=1Aa

-

98F,,+A0A7F::A<A1/A0>

U

0+F:,F1

K

,8

6

/+A=

-

A<

7

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0A/,8<0

"

.+F/+819

U

0A<LA0,8

0,8VA6

-

,+A.=

K

A/8O

-

A,F,F81>A,.AA1,<=7A61F810ALA1:6<,+A<!

;+A<A=0810:8<,+A/8O

-

A,F,F81>A,.AA1,<=7A61F8109FAO=F19

U

F1

,+A

$

06<LFL=9

%

F1,A<A0,0 8:F17FLF76=9,<=7A 61F810 8<,<=7A 61F81

9A=7A<0+F

-

0 ,+A9=,,A<Aa

-

9=F10,+A8:,A1O60+<88O9FVA

-

<89F:A<=,F818:

,<=7A61F810F1F1760,<F=99

U

617A<7ALA98

-

A7/861,<FA0 >6,O80,=<A>=0A7

81

-

89F,F/=98<F7A898

K

F/=97F::A<A1/A0

$

61F810.F,+

-

=<,F/69=<F7A898

K

F/=98<

-

=<,

U-

89F,F/=99F1V0

%

8<7F::A<A1,=00A00OA1,08:,+A<F

K

+,0,<=,A

KU

:8<

8<

K

=1F0F1

K

,+A.8<VA<0

$

=<A/A1,Aa=O

-

9AF0,+A0

-

9F,F1,+ASE,<=7A61F81

O8LAOA1,

%

k

S1F,

U

F1,<=7A61F81F0O/=1<A9

U

81=9A

K

=98<=

-

89F,F/=9O818

-

89

U

!

;+A J99X+F1= CA7A<=,F81 8: ;<=7A S1F810

$

JXC;S

%

+=0 =9A

K

=9

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9O818

-

89

U

=17/8O

-

=1

U

,<=7A61F810=<A<A

h

6F<A7>

U

9=.,8

>A/8OAOAO>A<0! ;+AIA6,0/+AGA.A<V0/+=:,0>617

$

IG\

%$

GA<O=1

X81:A7A<=,F818:;<=7AS1F810

%"

>

U

/81,<=0,

"

F0=61F:FA7,<=7A61F8181

,+A>=0F08:=

-

89F,F/=9=O=9

K

=O=,F81! @AO>A<0+F

-

F0,+AL8961,=<

U

/+8F/A

8:F17FLF76=9,<=7A61F810=17AaF,F0

-

800F>9A=,=1

U

,FOA! ;+A,+F<7

/861,<

U

617A</810F7A<=,F81+A<A E86,+H8<A= F1/81,<=0,F0/+=<=/,A<F0A7

>

U

,<=7A61F81

-

96<=9F0O!;.86O><A99=8<

K

=1F0=,F810 ,+ACA7A<=,F818:

H8<A=1;<=7AS1F810

$

CH;S

%

=17,+AH8<A=1X81:A7A<=,F818:;<=7A

S1F810

$

HX;S

%

/8O

-

A,A.F,+81A=18,+A<=177F::A<F1,A<O08:0,<=,A

K

F/

7F<A/,F81=17=908F1+8.<=7F/=9,+AF<=

--

<8=/+A0,8/81:9F/,=<A! ;+A

CH;S0,=170<=,+A<:8</8O

-

=1

U

,<=7A61F810

"

.+F9A,+AHX;SF0O8<A

F1:=L86<8:F1760,<F=961F81F0O!

'!

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 16: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

Z,F0=O=,,A<8:7F0

-

6,A.+A,+A</8O

-

A,F,F81>A,.AA1,<=7A61F810

>880,08<.A=VA10,+A.8<VA<0l>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

8.A<! S1F:FA7,<=7A61F810

+=LA

K

<A=,A<8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9

-

8.A<=17,+A=>F9F,

U

,8>=<

K

=F10,<=,A

K

F/=99

U

"

.+F9A,<=7A61F81

-

96<=9F0OO=

UK

FLA<F0A,8O8<A<=7F/=90,<=,A

K

FA0

"

76A,8

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9/8O

-

A,F,F81

"

=17,+A06//A008:81A

K

<86

-

8:,<=7A61F810

/=19A=7,8<A786>9A7A::8<,081,+A

-

=<,8:8,+A<0!

;+A 7F::A<A1,:8<O0 ,=VA1 >

U

,<=7A 61F810 /=1 >AF9960,<=,A7

-

=<,F/69=<9

U

/9A=<9

U

,+<86

K

+=+F0,8<F/=9=//861,8:,+AF<7ALA98

-

OA1,F1

GA<O=1

U

!C86<O=F1

-

+=0A0/=1>A7F0,F1

K

6F0+A7.F,+<A

K

=<7,8GA<O=1

,<=7A61F81+F0,8<

U

!

=:F<0,

-

A<F87

"

:<8O"$)$

"

78OF1=,A7>

U-

<8:A00F81=9

=008/F=,F810

"

:8998.A7>

U

=0A/817

-

A<F87

"

:<8O"$*%

"

F1.+F/+F1760,<

U

,<=7A61F810>A/=OA,+A78OF1=1,8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9:8<O!\8,+

-

A<F870.A<A

>=0A781,+A

-

<F1/F

-

9A8:61F810 .F,+

-

=<,F/69=<F7A898

K

F/=98<

-

=<,

U

-

89F,F/=99F1V0!EF1/A"*)*,+A

-

<F1/F

-

9A8:61F,

U

61F81F0O+=0=

--

9FA7!]1

,+F0>=0F0

"

:<8O"*)*,+A,<=7A61F810

b

8F1A7,8

K

A,+A<F1F1760,<

U

,<=7A

61F810!J

K

=F10,,+A>=/V

K

<86178:0A<F860OAO>A<0+F

-

7A

-

9A,F81=17=

7F<A:F1=1/F=90F,6=,F81F1,+A"**%0,+A<A.=0=,<A17,8.=<70,<=7A61F81

OA<

K

A<0F1GA<O=1

U

"

=0F1O=1

U

8,+A<D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0

"

=17,+A:86<,+

=17/6<<A1,

-

+=0AF0/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

O69,F><=1/+,<=7A61F810!

A:881G.7H1 /F011C13.6I 91F58-.7:3

-. J3.10K0761 :0 L1G.:0-8 =1H18

,

Z:,<=7A 61F810 =<A =008/F=,F810 .+F/+ 0AAV ,8 A9FOF1=,A 8< 0,AO

/8O

-

A,F,F81>A,.AA1.8<VA<0F1,+A9=>86<O=<VA,

"

=O=<VA7+FA<=</+

U

8:

7A

K

<AA08:<A

K

69=,8<

U

0/8

-

A=

--

A=<0,8FO

-

80AF,0A9:! R=,F81=9/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0=<A

-

<A:A<<A7,80A/,8<=9=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

.+F9A,+A9=,,A<=<A

-

<A:A<<A7,8<A

K

69=,F810,+=,=

--

9

U

819

U

,8=0F1

K

9A/8O

-

=1

U

!Z1D6<8

-

A

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

F1,+AE/=17F1=LF=1/861,<FA0

"

,+A<A+=LA>AA1

-

A<F870F1.+F/+

1=,F81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

A1/8O

-

=00F1

K

=99><=1/+A0

"

.=0

-

<8OF1A1,!

C8<0ALA<=97A/=7A0

"

+8.ALA<

"

=

-

<8/A008:7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81+=0>AA1

617A<.=

U

"

=17,87=

U

<A

K

69=,F810=

--

9

U

F1

K

,8,+A1=,F81=99=>86<O=<VA,

(

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 17: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=0= .+89A=<AF10,F

K

=,A7=9O80,Aa/960FLA9

U

>

U

,+A0,=,A

"

>

U

9=. 8<

7A/<AA

"

=17 18981

K

A<1A

K

8,F=,A7 >F9=,A<=99

U

>

U

,+A08/F=9

-

=<,1A<0!

J

K

<AAOA1,0>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<0=17,<=7A61F810,87=

U

=<A/81/967A7

=9O80,Aa/960FLA9

U

=,0A/,8<=98<A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9!

D6<8

-

AF0

K

A1A<=99

U

/810F7A<A7 =0,+A<A

K

F81F1 .+F/+ 0A/,8<=9

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0

-

<=/,F/A7

"

.+F9AF18,+A<<A

K

F8108:,+A .8<97/8O

-

=1

U

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

78OF1=,A0! W8.ALA<

"

=0 ;+8<0,A1 E/+69,A10+8.0F1 +F0

/81,<F>6,F81

"

F1 D6<8

-

A:FLA O87A908:/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=1 >A

7F0/A<1A7

"

.+F/+=<A=<<=

U

A7F1=VF178:

K

A8

K

<=

-

+F/=98<7A<

"

8:.+F/+

819

U

,+A

6

R8<7F/

7"6

XA1,<=9

7

=17

6

E86,+A<1

7

,

U-

A0=<A78OF1=,A7>

U

0A/,8<=9=

K

<AAOA1,0! WF0,

U-

898

K

F/=9/8O

-

=<F0810=<AF1,A<A0,F1

K

!

819

U

.+A<A0A/,8<=9=

K

<AAOA1,078OF1=,AF0 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A +F

K

+! Z:

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=<A9=<

K

A9

U

/81/967A7=,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

"

+8.ALA<

"

18,819

U

78A0,+A<A

K

69=,F818:,+A9=>86<O=<VA,,=VA

-

9=/A=,=98.A<

9ALA9

"

>6,O80,/8O

-

=1FA00AAV,8AL=7A/899A/,FLA=<<=1

K

AOA1,0=17,+AF<

.8<V:8</A0=<A18,

-

<8,A/,A7>

U

,<=7A61F810!

J1F1,A<A0,F1

K-

<8

b

A/,F0/6<<A1,9

U

617A<.=

U

F1E86,+H8<A=!Z1

<A/A1,

U

A=<0

"

/8O

-

=1

U

,<=7A61F810+=LA/8O>F1A7,8:8<O><=1/+,<=7A

61F810! P+F9A,<=7A 61F81<A8<

K

=1F0=,F81F0

-

<8/AA7F1

K

06//A00:699

U

"

<A

-

9=/F1

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A =

K

<AAOA1,0 .F,+ ><=1/+ =

K

<AAOA1,0F0 /<A=,F1

K

/810F7A<=>9A7F::F/69,FA0!Z17FLF76=9/8O

-

=1FA0=<A

$

=,,+AO8OA1,

%

9=<

K

A9

U

61.F99F1

K

,8

K

FLA=1AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F81=O=17=,A,81A

K

8,F=,A><=1/+

=

K

<AAOA1,0! PF,+<A

K

=<7,8,+A,+<AAAa=O

-

9A0

-

<A0A1,A7>

U

[881F1,+F0

L896OA

"

F1.+F/+

-

<8

K

<A000AAO0,8+=LA>AA1O=7A

$

OA,=9

"

>=1VF1

K

=17

+A=9,+/=<A

%"

,+A+F0,8<F/=9

-

<F1/F

-

9A0AAO0,8=

--

9

U

!

:F<0,

"

,<=7A61F810

+=LA,8=/+FALA=

6

+F

K

+A<

7

:8<O8:8<

K

=1F0=,F81=17819

U

.+A1,+A

U

=<A

0,<81

K

A186

K

+,8/8O

-

A9,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0,8/8OA,8

K

A,+A<=<A1A

K

8,F=,F810

=,><=1/+9ALA9

-

800F>9Ak

)* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 18: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

A:881G.7H1 /F011C13. A:H10-F1M A:881G.7H1

/F011C13. D011 N:316 -34 =1F-8 91F58-.7:3

e60,=0,A17A1/FA0,8.=<70,+A7A/A1,<=9F0=,F818:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

:<8O,+A1=,F81=9,8,+A0A/,8<=99ALA9/=1>AF7A1,F:FA7F1F17FLF76=9

/861,<FA08<<A

K

F810

"

,+A<A=<A=90881

K

8F1

K

7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81

-

<8/A00A0F1

.+F/+A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9=<<=1

K

AOA1,0=<A

K

A,,F1

K

,+A6

--

A<+=178<F1.+F/+

/8O

-

=1FA0,6<1,+AF<>=/V081,<=7A61F810!Z1GA<O=1

U

"

,+A/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO+=0>AA106::A<F1

K

:<8O/<AA

-

F1

K

A<80F810F1/A,+AOF7

"**%0! @8<A =17 O8<A /8O

-

=1FA0 =<A .F,+7<=.F1

K

:<8O /899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

AaF,F1

K

:<8O AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810=17

-

699F1

K

86,8:

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0!

\=+1Od99A<

"

F1+F0/81,<F>6,F81817ALA98

-

OA1,0F1GA<O=1

U

"

18,

819

U-

8F1,086,,+A:=99F1

K

8::F1,+A16O>A<8:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

>6,

=908 7A0/<F>A0= 1A. :8<O 8:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,

"

.+A<A= ><=1/+

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,F0:8<O=99

U

=7+A<A7,8

"

>6,,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,1A<0

=

K

<AA,8=,AO

-

8<=<

U

617A</6,,F1

K

8:,+A9=>86<18<O0F1,+A><=1/+!;+F0

+

U

><F7:8<O>A,.AA1><=1/+=17A1,A<

-

<F0A 9ALA9<A

K

69=,F81+=0AOA<

K

A7

0F1/A,+AOF7"**%0=17F108OA0A/,8<0F0=

--

9FA7>

U

'%(3%

-

A</A1,8:

/8O

-

=1FA0! S17A<

-

<A006<A:<8O,+AA/818OF//<F0F08</81,F16F1

K

+F

K

+

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,,+A,<=7A61F810/810F7A<,+AO0A9LA0/8O

-

A99A7,8/810A1,

,8,+A0A08/=99A7 8

-

A1F1

K

/9=60A0F1 ><=1/+ =

K

<AAOA1,0! C8998.6

-

1A

K

8,F=,F810=,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9O=

U

06>0A

h

6A1,9

U

9A=7,8A1,A<

-

<F0A0

-

A/F:F/

0

-

A/F=9=

K

<AAOA1,0.+F/+/=1F1/967A=,AO

-

8<=<

U

<A76/,F81F1.=

K

A0!

;+A7A/9F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0F1GA<O=1

U

F018,

8>0A<LA7,+<86

K

+86, D6<8

-

A! Z1 O80, PA0,A<1 D6<8

-

A=1 /861,<FA0

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<AO=F100,=>9A!]1A8:,+A<A=0810:8<,+F0F0,+A:=/,

,+=,7A/9=<=,F8108:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=0 61FLA<0=99

U

>F17F1

K

=<A

.F7A0

-

<A=7,+A<A

,

F18,+A< .8<70

"

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0 .+F/+ .A<A

8<F

K

F1=99

U

1A

K

8,F=,A7819

U

:8<

-

=<,8:=><=1/+=<A06>0A

h

6A1,9

U

7A/9=<A7>

U

,+A0,=,A .+A,+A<

K

8LA<1OA1,8<

-

=<9F=OA1, =0>F17F1

K

:8<,+A><=1/+=0

**

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 19: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=.+89A!J0

-

A/F:F/F1,A<=/,F81>A,.AA1,+A0,=,A=17,+A,<=7A61F810O=

U

>A8>0A<LA7 +A<A! P+A<A,+A,<=7A 61F810=<A,88 .A=V ,8 =00A<,

,+AO0A9LA0=

K

=F10,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0,+A0,=,AF0/=99A7F1,806

--

8<,,+AO!

\=+1Od99A<,=VA0+F0/81/960F81:<8O,+A<A!WA/=990:8<O8<A06>0,=1,FLA

F1L89LAOA1,81,+A

-

=<,8:,+A0,=,AF1GA<O=1

U

F18<7A<,80,=>F9F0A,+A

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO,+A<A!

X+F1=l0/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

U

0,AOF00,F99F1F,0F1:=1/

U

!X899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0/=1+=LA,+<AAL=<F=1,0

!

A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

98/=9

$

,A<<F,8<F=9

%

=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

.+F/+F1/967A=99,+A:F<O0=17AO

-

98

U

AA0F1=

-

=<,F/69=< 98/=,F81

"

=17 ><=1/+ =

K

<AAOA1,0 6

-

,8 ,+A 7F0,<F/,

=7OF1F0,<=,F819ALA9! J<8617)% OF99F81.8<VA<0=<A18./8LA<A7>

U

=

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,!GFLA1=16<>=19=>86<:8</A8:=<86173%%OF99F81

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+F0F00,F9998.

,

=0W6=15A1OF1/81/967A0

"

F1+F0/81,<F>6,F81

,8,+F0L896OA

"6

K

A1A<=99

U

0

-

A=VF1

K

"

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F00,F99F1

F,0A=<9

U

0,=

K

A0F1X+F1=

7

k

P=

K

A0=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810F1X+F1=+=LA08:=<18,>AA106>

b

A/,

,8<A

K

69=,F81>

U

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,8=0F

K

1F:F/=1,7A

K

<AA=17,+A0,=,A

+=018,086

K

+,,8AaA</F0A,+A

-

800F>F9F,

U

8:7A/9=<F1

K

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

K

A1A<=99

U

>F17F1

K

!;+A.=

K

A9ALA9F0O=F19

U

7A,A<OF1A7>

U

0,=,AOF1FO6O

.=

K

A

-

89F/

U

=170,=,A .=

K

A

K

6F7A9F1A0

"

=17 .+A<A,<=7A 61F810 78

/81/967A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0,+A

U

=<A/980A9

U

F19F1A.F,+,+A0A

-

89F,F/=9

-

<8LF0F810!C8<,+AL=0,O=

b

8<F,

U

8:X+F1A0A.8<VA<0,+AOF1FO6O .=

K

A

.+F/+L=<FA0>

U

7F0,<F/,F09FVA9

U

,8>A,+AVA

U

>A1/+O=<V

"

18,/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0!;+A<A=<A

"

+8.ALA<

"

-

<8>9AO0.F,+FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81!C8<=

981

K

,FOA

"

F,.=07F::F/69,,8A1:8</A,+A9=.76A,8,+A

-

=<,F=9<A

K

69=,8<

U

=6,818O

U

8:,+A98/=9=6,+8<F,FA0!;+A1A.DO

-

98

U

OA1,X81,<=/,J/,8:

'%%$ =17 0,<F/,A</81,<890

"

+8.ALA<

"

+=LA 18,F/A=>9

U

FO

-

<8LA7 ,+A

FO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:

K

8LA<1OA1,<A

K

69=,F810!

J1F1,A<A0,F1

K-

=<=99A90AAO0,8+=LA7ALA98

-

A78:9=,A>A,.AA1

GA<O=1

U

=17 X+F1= .F,+ <A

K

=<7 ,8 ,+A 0F

K

1F:F/=1/A 8:0,=,A .=

K

A

<A

K

69=,F81!S1,F9<A/A1,9

U

"

GA<O=1,<=7A61F810<A

b

A/,A7OF1FO6O.=

K

A0

=06176A

-

89F,F/=9F1,A<:A<A1/AF1:<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! PF,+,+A

!* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 20: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

7A/9F1AF1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

AF1,+A

-

=0,:A.

U

A=<0

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+A,<=7A61F810+=LA/+=1

K

A7,+AF<OF170! ;+A

U

=<A18./=99F1

K

:8<

0,=,6,8<

U

<A

K

69=,F818:OF1FO6O .=

K

A0

"

=,9A=0,F10A/,8<0F1.+F/+,+A

18<O=,FLA

-

<8LF0F8108:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=

--

9

U

819

U

,8=OF18<F,

U

8:

.8<VA<0

"

=17,+60=0,<81

K

A<0,=,A<89AF1.=

K

A0A,,F1

K

!

A:3D87G.5-8 :0 O-0C:37:56 23456.07-8 918-.7:36M

/0>7.0-.7:3 -34 L.07@16

]1A /8OO81 /9=00F:F/=,F81 8:,+A /81,A1,0 8:/899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0

7F0,F1

K

6F0+A0>A,.AA1 06>0,=1,FLA =17

-

<8/A76<=9<A

K

69=,F810! P+F9A

06>0,=1,FLA<A

K

69=,F810/81/A<1

b

8F1,<A0896,F81081.=

K

A0=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810

"

-

<8/A76<=9<A

K

69=,F810A0,=>9F0+1A

K

8,F=,F81=17=<>F,<=,F81

OA/+=1F0O0:8<

6

,=OF1

K

7

0,<6/,6<=9/81:9F/,0>A,.AA19=>86<=17/=

-

F,=9!

\A0F7A0

-

<8/A76<A01A

K

8,F=,A7>F9=,A<=99

U

>A,.AA1,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

-

=<,FA0

"

,+A<A =<A 0,=,6,8<

U

OA,+870 =17

-

<8/A76<A0 :8< <A=/+F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,!

P+A1X+F1A0A=17GA<O=1,<=7A61F817A9A

K

=,F810OAA,

"

,+AGA<O=1

0F7A:<A

h

6A1,9

U

,=9V0=>86,,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVA=17,+AX+F1A0A0F7A=>86,

,+A76,

U

,8A0,=>9F0+ +=<O81F860F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810=17,8

-

<ALA1,

/81:9F/,! P+=,=,:F<0,

K

9=1/A=

--

A=<0,8>A087FLA<

K

A1,

"

F0=

K

8877A=9

9A000881/980A<Aa=OF1=,F81

"

+8.ALA<!

;+A0,=,F0,F/0810,<FVAF1,A10F,

U-

<A0A1,A7F1E/+69,A1l0/81,<F>6,F81

$

0AAIF0

-

6,A5A0896,F81

%

=

--

A=<,8F17F/=,A,+A

-

<AL=9A1/A8:/81:9F/,6=9

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810F1,+APA0,A<1F1760,<F=9F0A7/861,<FA0!Z:81A=9,A<0

,+A/+80A1<A:A<A1/AL=<F=>9A

$

0,<FVA7=

U

0:8<ALA<

U

"%

"

%%%.8<VA<0

%

F1

,+A0A0,=,F0,F/0

"

+8.ALA<

"

=17/=9/69=,A0,+A=LA<=

K

A98008:.8<VF1

K

+86<0

-

A<.8<VA<76A,80,<FVA0

"

,+A<A069,0=<A=0,81F0+F1

K

!

=GA<O=1.8<VA<F0

810,<FVA:8<=1=LA<=

K

A8:"*OF16,A0=

U

A=<!DLA1I=1F0+.8<VA<0

"

.+8

+=LA,+A+F

K

+A0,0,<FVA<=,AF1D6<8

-

A

"

,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81:8<819

U

81A

+86<=17"# OF16,A0F1=.8<VF1

KU

A=<! C<8O8,+A<086</A0.AV18.

,+=,

"

F1/81,<=0,

"

,+A=LA<=

K

A16O>A<8:AO

-

98

U

AA08::0F/VF1GA<O=1

U

"*

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 21: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+F0=O861,0,8,+<AA=17=+=9:7=

U

0=

U

A=<

$

'%%*

%

F00ALA<=9,FOA0

+F

K

+A<! P+F9AF,F0,<6A,+=,,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0=:617=OA1,=9<F

K

+,F1

D6<8

-

A

"

F,F0=908,<6A,+=,F,F0AaA</F0A7F1:<A

h

6A1,9

U

=17,+=,,<=7A

61F810,<

U

,8<A089LA9=>86</81:9F/,0

-

<FO=<F9

U

>

U

OA=108:

-

A=/A:69

1A

K

8,F=,F810<=,+A<,+=10,<FVA=/,F81! E,<FVA0=<A=<A/6<<F1

K

,8

-

F/F1

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

>6,+=<79

U

ALA<60A7!

;+A0=OA=

--

9FA0,8E86,+H8<A=![8810+8.0

"

F1+F0/81,<F>6,F8181

7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81,+=,,+A:<A

h

6A1/

U

8:0,<FVA0+=0>AA1:=99F1

K

:8<

U

A=<0

"

.+F9A=<>F,<=,F81>

U

,+AR=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

$

RN5X

%

+=0>AA1F1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

06//A00:69! WAAa

-

9=F10,+A06//A008:,+ARN5X

=O81

K

8,+A<,+F1

K

0>

U

F,0,<F

-

=<,F,A/8O

-

80F,F81! 5A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:,+A

,<=7A61F810

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810=17,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,=<A=>9A,8.8<V

86,/8O

-

<8OF0A

-

<8

-

80=90

"

=0=<A069,8:.+F/+:A=0F>9A0896,F810/=1

AOA<

K

A:8<,+A,.8/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K -

=<,FA0! [881 7F0/A<10=1

F1/<A=0F1

K -

<8:A00F81=9F0=,F81 8: /81:9F/, <A0896,F81

"

.+F/+ F0 =908

O=1F:A0,A7F1,+A:=/,,+=,,+A1A

K

8,F=,F1

K-

=<,FA0,=VAA=/+8,+A<O8<A

0A<F8609

U

=17=

--

<8=/+81A=18,+A<.F,+<A=9F0,F/7AO=170!

Z1/8O

-

=<F081

"

X+F1=<A

-

<A0A1,0=7F0,F1/,O87A9! E,<FVA0=<A18,

0,=,6,8<F9

U

<A

K

69=,A7=17,<=7A61F810=<A18,=/,8<0F1/899A/,FLA7F0

-

6,A

<A0896,F81!N=>86<9=.69,FO=,A9

U

78A018,7F0,F1

K

6F0+>A,.AA1F17FLF76=9

=17/899A/,FLA/81:9F/,0=1778A018,

-

<8LF7A:8<0

-

A/F=9F0A79=>86</86<,0!

N=>86</81:9F/,0 =<A 7A=9, .F,+F1 ,A<O0 8:,+A /9=00F/=90A

h

6A1/A

OA7F=,F81

"

=<>F,<=,F81

"

9F,F

K

=,F81=17 .F,+,+A1A. J<>F,<=,F81 N=.

$

'%%$

%

.8<VA<0l=//A00,8,+AYA8

-

9Al0X86<,+=0>AA1 O=7AA=0FA<!

RALA<,+A9A00

"

.8<VA<0l

-

<8,A0,0 =<A 8//6<<F1

K

O8<A :<A

h

6A1,9

U

=17

0A,,9AOA1,0F1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

+=LA,8>A<A=/+A786,0F7A,+A8::F/F=9=<>F,<=,F81

O=/+F1A<

U

!Z1,+AF</81,<F>6,F81

"

E+A1=17Y=1=1=9

U

0A,+<AAF10,=1/A08:

0,<FVA=/,F81

"

-

8F1,F1

K

,8,+A.A=V1A008:,+A,<=7A61F810=170+8.F1

K

,+=,,+A

U

/=118,

$

=9.=

U

0

%

:69:F9,+AF<<89A=0=<>F,<=,8<! @=1

U-

<FL=,A

/8O

-

=1FA0=<A18,61F81F0A78<,<=7A61F810AaF0,819

U

81

-

=

-

A<

"

.+F9AF1

-

6>9F/A1,A<

-

<F0A0

6

,<=7A61F810=,,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA97A

-

A1781,+A

O=1=

K

AOA1,

"

.+F/+ 8>0,<6/,0 ,+AF<

-

<8,A/,F81 8: .8<VA<0l <F

K

+,0

"

#* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 22: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

<A76/F1

K

,+AF<A::A/,FLA1A00

7

kWA1/A,+AF<

-

<8

-

80=9,+=,,<=7A61F810>A

O8<A0,<81

K

9

U

0A

-

=<=,A7:<8O A1,A<

-

<F0A O=1=

K

AOA1,0=17,+=,,<=7A

61F81

-

<A0F7A1,0>AA9A/,A7>

U

,+A.8<VA<0!;+F0Aa

-

<A00A0=1FO

-

8<,=1,

-

<F1/F

-

9A

!

,<=7A61F810=<AO8<A9FVA9

U

,8

-

<8LA06//A00:69=0=<>F,<=,8<0F1

7F0

-

6,A0 .+A1 ,+A

U

=<A F17A

-

A17A1, 8: /8O

-

=1

U

O=1=

K

AOA1, =17

<A0

-

810F>9A,8,+A.8<VA<0!

23 JG:3:C7G A07616I P:> :0 +-F1 L1G507.Q

,

D/818OF/096O

-

0.+F/+<A069,F1=:=99F17AO=17:8<9=>86<819=>86<

O=<VA,0=9.=

U

0:8</A,<=7A61F810F1,8=:617=OA1,=97A/F0F81

!

0+8697

,+AF<

-

<F8<F,

U

>A,80A/6<A.=

K

A08<

b

8>0

1

E+8697

b

8>0>AO=F1,=F1A7>

U

OA=108:/81/A00F81081.=

K

A/6,08<0+8697,+A.=

K

A9ALA9A0,=>9F0+A7>

U

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<AO=F10,=>9A,+<86

K

+86,,+AA/818OF//<F0F0

1

;+A=1=9

U

0A0F1,+F0>88VAO

-

+=0F0A,+A0A10F,FLF,

U

8:,+F0F006A!Z1

E86,+ H8<A=

$

\=A=17 ;<=6>@A<B

%"

=0F1 GA<O=1

U

$

\=+1Od99A<

%"

/81/A00F81>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0

K

<8.F1

K

F1,+AA/818OF//<F0F0! ;+F0O=1F:A0,0

F,0A9:F1L=<F860:8<O0

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1GA<O=1

U

08OA,FOA0F10=1/,F81A7

7ALF=,F810:<8O /899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0>

U

OA=108:08 /=99A78

-

A1F1

K

/9=60A0

"

08OA,FOA0F1

6

=99F=1/A0:8<

b

8>0

7

F1A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"

.+F/+=<A=

K

<AA7

>

U

=/,8<0 =,/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9

"

.F,+86,,+A /810A1, 8:,+A /899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA0! P+A,+A<9A

K

F,FOF0A7>

U

,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA08<18,

"

F,F0=9.=

U

0=O=,,A<8:>=<,A<F1

K

! P+=,F0606=99

U

>=<,A<A7=<AAO

-

98

U

AA0l

/81/A00F810 81 .=

K

A0 8< .8<VF1

K

,FOA F1 <A,6<1 :8< AO

-

98

U

OA1,

K

6=<=1,AA0:<8O,+A/8O

-

=1

U

O=1=

K

AOA1,!

Z1X+F1=

"

,88

"

76<F1

K

,+AA/818OF//<F0F0F1'%%*,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

7AO=17A7,+=,0,=,A8.1A7/8O

-

=1FA0<A:<=F1:<8O<A7617=1/FA0=17

"

F1

<A,6<1

"

<A/8OOA17A7,+=,,+A<A>A18.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0,+F0,FOA<8617!J0

R

K

8V0+8.0

"

,+A<A .A<AALA17AO=170,8060

-

A179=>86<9A

K

F09=,F81

,AO

-

8<=<F9

U

"

>6,.F,+,+A+A9

-

8:,+AJXG\,+A0A.A<A<A

-

690A7! P+A<A

/A1,<=9

K

8LA<1OA1,.=09A00=>9A,8AaA</F0AF,0=6,+8<F,

U

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+A

9=..=0:986,A781=O=00FLA0/=9A=1798/=9=6,+8<F,FA0=998.A7F17FLF76=9

$*

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 23: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/8O

-

=1FA0 ,8 060

-

A17 ,+A

-

=

U

OA1, 8: AO

-

98

U

A< 08/F=9 F106<=1/A

/81,<F>6,F810!

J0=/<F0F00,<=,A

KU

"

.=

K

A0=1708/F=9>A1A:F,0=<A606=99

U

06>8<7F1=,A

,8,+A

K

8=98:/8O

-

=1

U

/8O

-

A,F,FLA1A00! \6,,+F0=908

-

8F1,0,8,+A

-

<8>9AO8:A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9.=

K

A=

K

<AAOA1,0!J0[881=17\=A0+8.:8<

E86,+H8<A=

"

/8O

-

=1

U

.8<V:8</A0=<A0,<6

KK

9F1

K

,8VAA

-

,+AF<

b

8>0F1

/8O

-

A,F,F81 .F,+8,+A<.8<V:8</A0=17=<A

h

6F/V,8 O=VA/81/A00F810

.+F/+0A/6<AAO

-

98

U

OA1,=,,+AF<8.1

-

9=1,=17

b

A8

-

=<7F0A,+A

b

8>08:

8,+A<0!\=+1Od99A<0+8.0,+=,ALA1><=1/+,<=7A61F810.F,+F1760,<

U

.F7A=

K

<AAOA1,0=<A18,=LA<0A,8,+F0VF178:78.1.=<7/8O

-

A,F,F81!

I6<F1

K-

A<F8708:A/818OF//<F0F0ALA1F1GA<O=1

U

.8<V0/861/F908

--

80A

,<=7A61F810:<8O,FOA,8,FOA=177AO=17=0F

K

1F:F/=1,<A76/,F81F1

9=>86</80,0!

GA<O=1

U

+=0

-

<8>=>9

U

,+AO80,7ALA98

-

A7

6

,889>8a

7

F1,+A.8<97:8<

/8O>=,F1

K

/<F0A0F1,+A9=>86<O=<VA,!;+A

-

<F1/F

-

=9OA=108:0O88,+9

U

=7=

-

,F1

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1,L896OA0,8:96/,6=,F810F17AO=178<0=9A0=<A

=

K

<AAOA1,0 >A,.AA1 ,<=7A 61F810 =17 AO

-

98

U

A<0l =008/F=,F810 81

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

K

6=<=1,AA0

"

81,+A81A+=17

"

=17>A,.AA1.8<V0/861/F90

=17

K

<86

-

O=1=

K

AOA1,0

"

81,+A8,+A<+=17! P8<VF1

K

,FOA=//861,0

"

F1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

/<A=,A:9AaF>F9F,

U

$

/:! IM6>9A<

"

P8<VA<0l5F

K

+,0

%

kZ1>88O

-

A<F870

"

.8<VA<0/=1788LA<,FOA:8<.+F/+,+A

U

7818,<A/AFLA.=

K

A0>6,

/<A7F,0F1,+AF< .8<VF1

K

,FOA=//861,! Z1

-

A<F8708:/<F0F0

"

,+F0F0

<ALA<0A7!;+A

U

/81,F16A,8<A/AFLA,+AF<<A

K

69=<.=

K

A=9,+86

K

+,+A

U

.8<V

9A00! X899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,081AO

-

98

U

OA1,=,0A/,8<=99ALA9/<A=,A,+A

:<=OA.8<V

"

.+F9A/8O

-

=1

U

=

K

<AAOA1,09=

U

78.1,+A7A,=F90!

E+8<,,FOA .8<VF1

K

F0 =1 F1,A<OA7F=,A O87A9 .+F/+ +=0 >AA1

7ALA98

-

A7F1GA<O=1

U

:8<<A76/F1

K

>8,+.8<VF1

K

,FOA=17.=

K

A/80,0!

;+ACA7A<=9N=>86<J

K

A1/

U-

=

U

006>0F7FA0,8/8O

-

A10=,A:8<08OA8:,+A

.8<VA<0l.=

K

A9800A0!;+F0=998.0/6,>=/V0F1

-

<876/,F81.F,+86,9=

U

F1

K

8::.8<VA<0! P8<VF1

K

,FOAF0<A76/A7A

h

6=99

U

:8<=99AO

-

98

U

AA0F1,+A

/8O

-

=1

U

8<

-

=<,F/69=<

-

=<,8:,+A/8O

-

=1

U

"

.+F9A.=

K

A9800A0:8<,+A

AO

-

98

U

AA08<08/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810=<A9=<

K

A9

U

,=VA18LA<>

U

,+A

%* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 24: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

CA7A<=9N=>86<J

K

A1/

U

!

6

;+A>A1A:F,0=<A/810F7A<=>9A:8<>8,+0F7A0!

;+AAO

-

98

U

AAF018,7F0OF00A7

"

.+F9A,+AAO

-

98

U

A<<A,=F10=.A99,<=F1A7

.8<V:8</A

"

A1=>9F1

K

+FO ,8<A0,=<,617A<

K

887/817F,F810 .+A1,+A

A/818OF/0F,6=,F81FO

-

<8LA0

7$

IM6>9A<

!

P8<VA<0l5F

K

+,0

%

k

PF,+,+A+A9

-

8:,+F0F10,<6OA1,GA<O=1

U

+=0>AA1=>9A,8/60+F81

,+A61AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A069,F1

K

:<8O,+A/6<<A1,.8<97A/818OF//<F0F0,8=

/810F7A<=>9AAa,A1,! ]LA<81A OF99F81 .8<VA<0 .A<A 81 0+8<,,FOA

.8<VF1

K

F1'%%*

"

=,81A,FOA8<=18,+A<

"

0=LF1

K

=<8617)%%

"

%%%:699

,FOA

b

8>0!

J7

b

60,F1

K

.8<VF1

K

,FOA ,8 ,+A 8<7A< 0F,6=,F81

"

=//6O69=,F1

K

8LA<,FOA=17 .8<VF1

K

0+8<,A<+86<0 .+A1 8<7A<0=<A9=/VF1

K

!

,+F0

<A

h

6F<A07ALA98

-

A7OA,+870:8<O=1=

K

F1

K

.8<VF1

K

,FOA=//861,0=17,+A

=

K

<AAOA1,8:,+A

-

A<0810/81/A<1A7!Z1E86,+H8<A=

"

>8,+=<A9=/VF1

K

>A/=60A8LA<,FOA+=0

"

,8=/810F7A<=>9AAa,A1,

"

981

K

/861,A7=0

-

=<,8:

,+A18<O=9.8<VF1

K

7=

U

$

/:!\=A=17;<=6>@A<B

%

kH8<A=1/8O

-

=1FA0

=17,<=7A61F8106<

K

A1,9

U

1AA7,8,+F1V/<A=,FLA9

U

=>86,,+F0! J 1A.

F10,<6OA1,+=0=9<A=7

U

>AA1,<FA786,>

U

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

!

617A<=1

DO

-

98

U

OA1,@=F1,A1=1/AY<8

K

<=OOA

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A0.+F/+<A:<=F1:<8O

9=

U

F1

K

8:: .8<VA<0 .+A1,+A<AF0=78.1,6<1F10=9A0<A/AFLA0,=,A

/8O

-

A10=,F81!

W8.ALA<O6/+,+A=9,A<1=,FLA08:<A76/F1

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1,8<.=

K

A0

OF

K

+,>A<=,F81=90,<=,A

K

FA0:8<F17FLF76=9/8O

-

=1FA0:=/F1

K

=:=99F10=9A0

"

,+F0OF/<8A/818OF/<=,F81=9F,

U

/=1,6<1F1,8=O=/<8A/818OF/>88OA<=1

K

F:

,+A0=9A0/<F0F08//6<0=/<800,+A>8=<7! P+F9A.=

K

A0=<A819

U

=/80,:=/,8<

:8<F17FLF76=9/8O

-

=1FA0

"

:8<,+AA/818O

U

=0=.+89A.=

K

AF1/8OAF0=VA

U

7AO=17L=<F=>9A! P+=,F07F0/811A/,A7=,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9O60,>A><86

K

+,

,8

K

A,+A<=,,+A9ALA98:,+AA/818O

U

=0=.+89A

"

=1708F1=1A/818OF/

/<F0F0 .=

K

A0 =17 AO

-

98

U

OA1, 0+8697 F1/<A=0A F1 8<7A< ,8 ,<F

KK

A<

/8106O

-

,F81F176/A7A/818OF/

K

<8.,+!C8<=1F17FLF76=9/8O

-

=1

U

=/,F1

K

=981A

"

06/+=0,<=,A

KU

.8697>A06F/F7=9

!

F,/=1.8<V819

U

F:=99A1,A<

-

<F0A0

=/,,8

K

A,+A<

"

.+F/+<610/861,A<,8,+A98

K

F/8:/8O

-

A,F,FLA/=

-

F,=9F0O!Z1

/810A

h

6A1/A

"

,+A ,=0V 8: FO

-

9AOA1,F1

K

=1 Aa

-

=10FLA .=

K

A =17

&*

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 25: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

-

89F/

U

:=990,8,+A,<=7A61F810=17,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,! ;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,O60,0,FO69=,A/8106O

-

,F81=17F1LA0,OA1,.F,+=0

-

A17F1

K

-

<8

K

<=OOA08OA.+=,F17A:F=1/A8:O=<VA,98

K

F/

"

.+F9A,+A,<=7A61F810

O60,78=99,+A

U

/=1,88

--

80AAO

-

98

U

OA1,<A76/,F810=17.=

K

A/6,0!Z:

,+A

Ub

8F1F1,+A<=/A,8,+A>8,,8O:8<,+A98.A0,.=

K

A0,+A

U

.F99819

U

Aa=/A<>=,A,+A/<F0F0!Z1+F0=1=9

U

0F08:,+A/81,<F>6,F818:5880ALA9,l0

RA.IA=9,88LA</8OF1

K

,+AG<A=,IA

-

<A00F818:,+A"*3%=

"

gF=87<=.0

,+A0=OA/81/960F810:8</8O>=,F1

K

,+A/<F0F0F1X+F1=

!6

J9A0081:<8O,+A

RA.IA=9F0,+=,F,F0+=<7,8

K

A16F1A9

U

F1/<A=0A78OA0,F/7AO=17=17

0,FO69=,AA/818OF/

K

<8.,+ .F,+86,F1/<A=0F1

K

.=

K

AF1/8OA=1708/F=9

0A/6<F,

U

!;+A<A:8<A

"

F,F0:8<,+A

-

6<

-

80A8:O=F1,=F1F1

K

08/F=9A

h

6F,

U

=17

A/818OF/

K

<8.,+,+=,.A0,<A00,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,076<F1

K

A/818OF//<F0A0

7

k

L.-34-04 =->:50 A:3.0-G.6 :0

/.QK7G-8 JCK8:QC13.

,

6

\A

U

817,+A0,=17=<79=>86</81,<=/,

7

8<

6

=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,

7

,+A0A

=<A,+A1=OA0

K

FLA1>

U

IM6>9A<l0/81,<F>6,F8181GA<O=1

U

=17\=Al081

E86,+H8<A=,8=.8<<

U

F1

K

,<A17

!

,+A

-

<8

-

8<,F818:<A

K

69=<

b

8>0F0:=99F1

K

=17,+A<A =<A O8<A =17 O8<A 0+8<,,A<O /81,<=/,0

"

-

=<,,FOA =17

,AO

-

8<=<

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<V

"

=0 .A99=0

$

:8</A7

%

0A9:AO

-

98

U

OA1,! Z1

GA<O=1

U

"

,87=

U

81A,+F<78:,+A.+89A.8<V:8</AF0=::A/,A7

"

.+F9AF1

E86,+H8<A=34

-

A</A1,

$

'%%&

%

8:=99AO

-

98

U

AA0=<AF1=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,!

J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,><F1

K

078.1,+A.=

K

A9ALA9=17,+6008/F=9

F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810!Z1GA<O=1

U

"

,+AF1/<A=0AF1=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,

+=0>AA1F10,<6OA1,=9F1><F1

K

F1

K

F1,8>AF1

K

=98..=

K

A0A/,8<.+F/+

A1/8O

-

=00A0=<8617'%('#

-

A</A1,8:AO

-

98

U

AA0! @=1

U

F1,+F00A

K

OA1,

/=118981

K

A<9FLA81,+AF<.=

K

A0=17<A

h

6F<A0,=,A06>0F7FA08<F1/8OA

06

--

8<,F18<7A<,89FLA=7A/A1,9F:A!

;<=7A61F810+=LA>AA1

-

<8,A0,F1

K

=

K

=F10,,+F0,<A17=0F,+=0,+<AA

'* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 26: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

1A

K

=,FLA<A

-

A</600F810

!

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

:<AAB81A0=<A:8<OA7

,

61F810

980AOAO>A<0+F

-

,

=17=98..=

K

A0A/,8<AOA<

K

A0

"

:8</F1

K

78.1.=

K

A0F1

0,=17=<7AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

0! Z1:=/,

"

O=1

U

,<=7A61F810981

K

F

K

18<A7,+F07ALA98

-

OA1,=0=O=,,A<8:

-

89F/

U

=17F1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.A<A O8<A /81/A<1A7 .F,+ ,+AF< OAO>A<0F1 0,=17=<7 AO

-

98

U

OA1,

<A9=,F810+F

-

0,+=1 .F,+ 181OAO>A<0F1=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,! Z1 +F0

/81,<F>6,F8181

6

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

7"

[8810+8.0

"

.F,+,+AAa=O

-

9A

8:=06//A00:69/=0A

"

+8.,<=7A61F810F1,+AF</899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0/=1

=908><F1

K

=>86,,+A,<=10:8<O=,F818:0+8<,,A<OF1,8

-

A<O=1A1,

b

8>0 >

U

<A:<=F1F1

K

:<8O

-

6<06F1

K

O=aFO6O.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0!

;<=7A61F810=981A=<A0/=</A9

U

F1=

-

80F,F81,87<FLA>=/V,+F0

0A

K

OA1,8:,+A9=>86<O=<VA,=1

U

,FOA0881! G8LA<1OA1,06

--

8<,=17

<A

K

69=,F81=<A<A

h

6F<A7! PF,+F,01A.N=>86<X81,<=/,N=.

$

'%%$

%"

X+F1=

+=0/<A=,A7=9A

K

=9F10,<6OA1,.+F/+<A0,<F/,0,AO

-

8<=<

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<V!Z1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

F,

-

<8+F>F,0/8O

-

=1FA0:<8O0A,,F1

K

6

-

,+AF<8.1,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<V=

K

A1/FA0:<8O .+F/+,+A

U

,+A1

6

>8<<8.

7

,+AF<.8<VA<0! @F1FO6O

.=

K

A0:8<AO

-

98

U

AA0F1,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<V=

K

A1/FA0=170,<F/,A<<A

K

69=,F818:

98=1

-

A<F870.8697>A+A9

-

:69F1GA<O=1

U

!DO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810.F,+86,

=

--

<8

-

<F=,A .=

K

A =17 08/F=9F106<=1/A =<A 61

b

60,F:FA7 06>0F7FA0 ,8

/8O

-

=1FA0 .+F/+ +=LA ,8 >A

-

=F7 >

U

,+A ,=a

-

=

U

A<,+<86

K

+ .=

K

A

/8O

-

A10=,F81,8,+80A=::A/,A78<F1/8OA06

--

8<,F:,+A

U

+=LA<A=/+A7

-

A10F81=>9A=

K

A!

A:3G85473F 91C-0@6

Z1760,<F=9<A9=,F810=<A617A<

K

8F1

K

0,<6/,6<=9,<=10:8<O=,F81!Z1 O=1

U

/861,<FA0

"

=0F1GA<O=1

U

"

/899A/,FLA<A

K

69=,F810=<A>AF1

K

.=,A<A778.1

>

U

7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81=17:9AaF>F9F0=,F81! N=>86<<A9=,F810<A

K

69=,A7 >

U

/899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0 =17 ,<=7A 61F81 OAO>A<0+F

-

=<A 7A/9F1F1

K

$

GA<O=1

U

%

8<0,=

K

1=,F1

K

=,=98.9ALA9

$

E86,+H8<A=

%

kX+F1=F00,F99F1

,+AA=<9

U

0,=

K

A08:08/F=9

-

=<,1A<0+F

-

F1L89LF1

K

,<=7A61F810!Z1 O=1

U

=<A=0

"

,+A0,=,AF081,+A<A,<A=,

"

>6,F,<AO=F10,+A78OF1=1,=6,+8<F,

U

(*

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 27: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

.F,+<A

K

=<7 ,8 0A,,F1

K

OF1FO6O 0,=17=<70:8< .=

K

A0 =17 .8<VF1

K

/817F,F810!

X+F1=

"

E86,+ H8<A==17 GA<O=1

U

$

=0 .A99=0 8,+A< D6<8

-

A=1

/861,<FA0

%

+=LA 0FOF9=<

-

<8>9AO0 8: 9=>86< O=<VA, O=1=

K

AOA1,

$

/8O>=,F1

K

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

0=:A

K

6=<7F1

K

.=

K

A9ALA90

"

Aa

-

=10F81 8<

O=F1,A1=1/A8:>=0F/08/F=9F106<=1/A

%

=177F::A<A1,8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9O87A90

=170896,F810,<=,A

K

FA0:8</8

-

F1

K

.F,+,+A0A

-

<8>9AO0! ]1A8:,+AO80,

0,<FVF1

K

7F::A<A1/A0/81/A<10,+A

-

89F,F/=9F1,A<=/,F81>A,.AA1,+A0,=,A=17

,+A,<=7A61F810!Z:=

--

<8

-

<F=,A=10.A<0+=LA18,>AA1:8617,8,+AVA

U

-

<8>9AO08:9=>86<O=<VA,O=1=

K

AOA1,=17

-

<A/=<F860AO

-

98

U

OA1,F081

,+A<F0A

"

,+A/861,<FA0=17/899A/,FLA=/,8<0=::A/,A7>

U

,+AO0+8697>A

8

-

A1=17<A=7

U

:8</+=1

K

A

"

=0.A99=0,89A=<1:<8O,+A0,<A1

K

,+0=17

.A=V1A00A08:,+A

-

89F/FA0=

--

9FA7>

U

8,+A<0!

Z1X+F1=

"

,+A,<=7A61F8100,F99+=LA9F,,9A>

U

.=

U

8:/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

8.A<=17,+AF<<89AF1,+AAa

-

=10F818:,+A.A9:=<A0,=,A

<AO=F108

-

A1!;+AX+F1A0A,<=7A61F8101AA7,87ALA98

-

1A./81/A

-

,0=17

0,<=,A

K

FA0F18<7A<,8A0,=>9F0+=0,<81

K-

80F,F81F1,+A0AF1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

FO

-

8<,=1,=<A=0!

Z1 GA<O=1

U

"

,<=7A61F81/8<

-

8<=,F0O 981

K

0,=>F9F0A7,+A +F

K

+9

U

7ALA98

-

A7.A9:=<A0,=,A

"

>6,.=061=>9A,8

-

<ALA1,,+AAOA<

K

A1/A8:=98.

.=

K

A0A/,8<=17<A/A1,9

U

,+A

-

+A18OA1818:,+A

6

.8<VF1

K-

88<

7

+=0

>A/8OA

-

=<,8:,+A9=>86<=1708/F=9O87A98:=1=7L=1/A7F1760,<F=9F0A7

/861,<

U

!J1Aa

-

=10FLA.=

K

A

-

89F/

U

"

,8

K

A,+A<.F,+=0,=,AOF1FO6O.=

K

A

-

89F/

U

"

/8697/81,<F>6,A0F

K

1F:F/=1,9

U

,8=1A.08/F=9/81,<=/,:8<08/F=9

A

h

6=9F,

U

F1GA<O=1

U

!

Z1E86,+H8<A=

"

,+A08/F=9F106<=1/A0

U

0,AO +=0>A/8OA.AF

K

+,A7

,8.=<70A1,A<

-

<F0A0=17+=0/81,<F>6,A7,8,+A0

-

9F,8:,+A.8<V:8</AF1,8=

-

<FLF9A

K

A7OF18<F,

U-

<8,A/,A7>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=17=O=

b

8<F,

U

.F,+

9F,,9A

-

<8,A/,F81! ;+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,8:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,1A<0+F

-

0

=,><=1/+9ALA9=17=,<=7A61F81

-

89F/

U

81/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.+F/+

0,<FLA0:8<,+A,<=10:8<O=,F818:0+8<,,A<O

b

8>0F1,8

-

A<O=1A1,81A0=<A

LA<

U-

<8OF0F1

K

0896,F810! P+=,F01AA7A7=>8LA=99

"

+8.ALA<

"

F0,+A

)! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 28: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

Aa

-

=10F818:,+A.A9:=<A0,=,A! J17+A<A,+A,<=7A61F810O60,Aa=OF1A

.+A,+A<,+A

U

=<A0,<81

K

A186

K

+,8:F

K

+,:8<,+F0=981A8<0+8697,<

U

,8

=/+FALA=

-

=/,.F,+,+A0,=,AF1=99F=1/A.F,+8,+A<08/F=9:8</A0!

*!

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810F1X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U!

Page 29: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

A%&'+

!"00*N'()*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

Page 30: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!2%&%N'*&(/'(N/"8!"00*N'()*V%

?

*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

(,

!2(,%%,-'2*A&%N'(N%01"0*"89&%-*W,(",/

W6=1

K

5A1OF1

@8<A,+=1=7A/=7A+=0

-

=00A70F1/A/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

>A

K

=1F1

X+F1=F1,+AOF7"**%0!;+A16O>A<8:A1,A<

-

<F0A0/=<<

U

F1

K

86,/899A/,FLA

.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=170F

K

1F1

K

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=17,+A16O>A<8:

.8<VA<0/8LA<A7>

U

,+80A=

K

<AAOA1,0+=LA<F0A1/810F7A<=>9

U

!\

U

,+AA17

8:'%%&

"

,+A,8,=916O>A<8:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=/<800X+F1=+=7

<A=/+A73)3

"

%%%

"

"'!4

-

A</A1,+F

K

+A<,+=1,+A

-

<ALF860

U

A=<

"

=17

/8LA<F1

K

4''

"

%%%A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"

6

-

>

U

"$!3

-

A</A1,8LA<,+A

-

<ALF860

U

A=<

=17>

U

""'!3

-

A</A1,8LA<'%%3!;+A16O>A<8:.8<VA<0/8LA<A70,887=,

3*!4$4OF99F81

"

6

-

>

U

4!$

-

A</A1,8LA<,+A

-

<ALF860

U

A=<!X899A/,FLA.=

K

A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

+=0

-

9=

U

A7=186,0,=17F1

K

<89AF1

K

6=<=1,AAF1

K

.8<VA<0l

-

=

U

=1718<O=9.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0

"

=0.A99=0+=<O81FBF1

K

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810!

W8.ALA<

"

K

A1A<=99

U

0

-

A=VF1

K

"

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F00,F99F1F,0

A=<9

U

0,=

K

A0F1X+F1=! ;+A<A=<A0,F99

-

<8>9AO0=170+8<,/8OF1

K

0.+F/+

O60,>A,=/V9A7!Z1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

,+A<AF0=0,<81

K

1AA7,8/8176/,>8,+

,+A8<A,F/=9=17

-

<=/,F/=9<A0A=</+F1,8,+A<89A8:,<=7A61F810F1/899A/,FLA

.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

Page 31: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

!

A,-0-G.1076.7G6 :D A:881G.7H1

+-F1 R-0F-7373F 73 A,73-

X899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=7F::A<0:<8O>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA

1A

K

8,F=,F810F1,+A PA0,! Z,F0

"

F1:=/,

"

=/8O>F1=,F818:,+A,.8!

X899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=+=0,+A:8998.F1

K

/+=<=/,A<F0,F/0!

EBE92*A&*#(/*

!

!"00*N'()*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

X&(*,'*-'"T%&-/<.'.%0+,'*&*/'/

%,-!""

$

*&%'(",

P+A1F,/8OA0,8,+A,+A8<

U

8:/899A/,FLA .=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

PA0,A<1

A/818OF0,0F1ALF,=>9

U

988V=,,+AFO

-

=/,8:0,<FVA0=17:=/,8<

U

98/V86,081

,+A:F1=986,/8OA! X+F1A0A9=. +=0 18, A178.A7 ,<=7A 61F810 8<

A1,A<

-

<F0A0.F,+<F

K

+,0,80,<FVA8<FO

-

80A98/V86,0! ;+AG8LA<1OA1,

"

F10,A=7

"

=7L8/=,A0F1760,<F=9<A9=,F81081,+A>=0F08:O6,6=9F1,A<A0,=17

/88

-

A<=,F81!;+AO=

b

8<OA=06<A0=<A

!

$

"

%

;+A G8LA<1OA1, /81,<890 >8,+ AO

-

98

U

A< =17 AO

-

98

U

AA

8<

K

=1FB=,F810

"

.F,+ =LFA. ,8<A089LF1

K

7F0

-

6,A0,+<86

K

+,+A0A,.8

-

=<,FA0

"

-

<ALA1,F1

K

,A10F810=17,+A<A>

U

7F0<6

-

,F8108:,+A08/F=98<7A<!

$

'

%

J ,<F

-

=<,F,A >=<

K

=F1F1

K

OA/+=1F0O /810F0,F1

K

8: .8<VA<0

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0=17,+AG8LA<1OA1,+=0>AA1A0,=>9F0+A7! ;+AG8LA<1OA1,

78OF1=,A0/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

F1

8<7A<,8O=VA/88

-

A<=,F81>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<0=17.8<VA<0

-

800F>9A!;+A

G8LA<1OA1,+=0,+A:F1=90=

U

F1 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

86,/8OA0=17 O81F,8<0

FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81!Z,<AF10F1A1,A<

-

<F0A0lLF89=,F8108:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0=17

OF,F

K

=,A0F1760,<F=9/81:9F/,0,8 = /A<,=F1 Aa,A1,! ;+A

-

A=/AVAA

-

F1

K

8>9F

K

=,F810,F

-

69=,A7F1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A:9A/,0,+AG8LA<1OA1,l0

9A=7F1

K

<89AF1F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810!

EBC3'%'*+,'*&)*,'(",

!

5")*&,#*,'0*-!"00*N'()*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

Z1X+F1=

"

,+AG8LA<1OA1,

-

9=

U

0=9A=7F1

K

<89AF1,+A:8<O=,F81=17

%! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 32: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

AL896,F81 8:F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810! Z1 8<7A<,8 0,=>F9F0AF1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810=17 O=F1,=F1F1760,<F=9

-

A=/A

"

F,=/,FLA9

U

0=:A

K

6=<70,+A

AaF0,F1

K

,<=7A61F810

U

0,AO=17

-

<8O8,A0/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1A1,A<

-

<F0A0!

$

"

%

;+A G8LA<1OA1,7AO=170,+=,A1,A<

-

<F0A0

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1

/899A/,FLA .=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.F,+ .8<VA<0l<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

"

7F0/600

.F,+,+A9=,,A<

"

81=1A

h

6=9:88,F1

K

"

F006A006/+=0.=

K

A7F0,<F>6,F81

=17,+A.=

K

A9ALA9

"

=17/81/967A=/899A/,FLA.=

K

A=

K

<AAOA1,! ;+A

G8LA<1OA1,=908

K

FLA0

-

<F8<F,

U

,8,+A/899A/,FLA.=

K

A=

K

<AAOA1,8LA<

A1,A<

-

<F0A<A

K

69=,F810=179=>86</81,<=/,0

"

08=0,89FOF,,+A

-

8.A<

,+=,O=

U

8,+A<.F0A>AA1

b

8

U

A7>

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A076<F1

K

F17FLF76=9.=

K

A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.F,+.8<VA<0!

$

'

%

;+A G8LA<1OA1,<A0A<LA0,+A<F

K

+,8::F1=9=

--

<8L=98:

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A=

K

<AAOA1,0! ;+=,F0,80=

U

"

.=

K

A=

K

<AAOA1,0=<A18,

L=9F7 61,F9,+A =7OF1F0,<=,FLA 7A

-

=<,OA1,0 8:9=>86< =17 08/F=9

0A/6<F,

U

+=LA=

--

<8LA7,+A<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:>8,+0F7A0F1/899A/,FLA

.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

=0.A99=0,+A/81,A1,08:,+A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,

=17,+A<A9AL=1,

-

<8/A76<A0!

$

3

%

;+A G8LA<1OA1, O=17=,A0 /88

-

A<=,F81 F1 /899A/,FLA .=

K

A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,

,+=,F0

"

18

-

=<,

U

F0=998.A7,8<A08<,,8Aa,<AOAOA=06<A0

"

,+<A=,08<7A/A

-

,F81!X899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=1>A0=F7,8/810,F,6,A

G8LA<1OA1,9A7 F1760,<F=9 /88

-

A<=,F81! ;+A G8LA<1OA1, 0,<FLA0 ,8

O=F1,=F1F1760,<F=9

-

A=/A

"

<A76/A/81:9F/,0

"

F1/<A=0A.=

K

A0=170,FO69=,A

78OA0,F/ 7AO=17 >

U

A0,=>9F0+F1

K

,+A /899A/,FLA .=

K

A >=<

K

=F1F1

K

OA/+=1F0O=17>

U

,+A0

U

0,AOl07A0F

K

1!

EBD 1*

$

&*/*,'%'(", "8 +,'*&*/' 5&".

$

/

!

!"00*N'()* O%&

?

%(,(,

?

%#",

?

<.0'(

$

0*3'%Y*2"0-*&/

J76=9<A

-

<A0A1,=,F810

U

0,AO :8< .8<VA<0+=0>AA1=78

-

,A7F108OA

O=<VA,A/818OFA0! C8< Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A<AF0 /<800A1,A<

-

<F0A /899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

=0.A99=0

6

/87A,A<OF1=,F81

7

.F,+F1A1,A<

-

<F0A0F1GA<O=1

U

!

&!

X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=

!

Page 33: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

W8.ALA<

"

GA<O=19=.>A0,8.0,+A<F

K

+,,8/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

81,<=7A

61F810819

U

$

NFgF1

KU

F

"

'%%4

%

kJ//8<7F1

K

,8X+F1=l0/6<<A1,/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/81,<=/,0

U

0,AO

"

F1A1,A<

-

<F0A0 .F,+86,,<=7A61F810

"

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0/+80A1>

U

,+A.8<VA<0=908+=LA,+A<F

K

+,,8

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17,80F

K

1/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0!

!

;+A<A:8<A

"

,<=7A

61F8100F

K

1/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0.F,+AO

-

98

U

A<0=908F1,+A/=

-

=/F,

U

8:

.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0!

EF1/A,+A,<=7A61F81F018,,+A819

U

06>

b

A/,<A

-

<A0A1,F1

K

,+A.8<VA<0

F1=/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,

"

,+A<A=<A76=99A

K

=9=,,<F>6,A0F1X+F1=l0/899A/,FLA

/81,<=/,0

!

$

"

%

;+A,<=7A61F81F09A

K

=99

U

=9A

K

F,FO=,A06>

b

A/,F1=/899A/,FLA

/81,<=/,!;+A/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,F,0F

K

10.F,+,+AA1,A<

-

<F0AF0=

K

<86

-

=

K

<AAOA1,!

$

'

%

J/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0F

K

1A7.F,+,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A>

U

A9A/,A7.8<VA<

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0F018,=

K

<86

-

=

K

<AAOA1,

"

>6,=/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,

'! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! J//8<7F1

K

,8J<,F/9A'%8:,+AY<8LF0F81081X899A/,FLAX81,<=/,0

"

.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

F1=>=<

K

=F1F1

K

61F,=<A,8>A/+80A1>

U

,+A,<=7A61F81=,,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A!Z:,+A<AF018,<=7A61F81

"

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA00+8697>AA9A/,A7

"

,+<86

K

+=7AO8/<=,F/

-

<8/A00

"

.F,+,+A=00A1,8:=,9A=0,+=9:8:

=99.8<VA<0!;+A/+=F<

-

A<0818:,+A,<=7A61F810+8697>A,+A/+FA:.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA! ;+A

/+=F<

-

A<081O=

U

=6,+8<FBA F1.<F,F1

K

8,+A<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0,8=/,81,+AF<>A+=9:!Z:,+A/+=F<

-

A<081l0

-

80F,F81>A/8OA0L=/=1,

"

,+A

-

A<081<A0

-

810F>9A:8<,+A7=F9

U

8

-

A<=,F818:,+A,<=7A61F81>A/8OA0

,+A/+FA:.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA!Z:,+A<AF018,<=7A61F81

"

,+A/+FA:.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0+8697>A

A9A/,A7:<8O=99<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0,+<86

K

+=7AO8/<=,F/

-

<8/A00!

J//8<7F1

K

,8J<,F/9A*8:,+AY<8

-

80A7@A,+8708:X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

F1/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=<A,8>A0A9A/,A7>

U

,+AA0,=>9F0+A7

-

<8/A76<A! P8<VA<0=<A,8>A

<A

-

<A0A1,A7>

U

,<=7A61F810!Z1=1A1,A<

-

<F0A.F,+86,=,<=7A61F81

"

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA00+8697>A

A9A/,A7,+<86

K

+=7AO8/<=,F/

-

<8/A00.F,+,+A=00A1,8:=,9A=0,+=9:8:=99.8<VA<0! ;+A9A

K

=9

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA8:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A=178,+A<0,+A

U

=

--

8F1,<A

-

<A0A1,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<!

J//8<7F1

K

,8J<,F/9A"%8:,+AY<8

-

80A7 @A,+8708:X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

>8,+

-

=<,FA0F1

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0+86971=OA=/+FA:<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA!;+A/+=F<

-

A<0818:,+A,<=7A61F810+8697

>A,+A/+FA:.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA!;+A

U

/=1=908=6,+8<F0A F1.<F,F1

K

=18,+A<

-

A<081,8=/,81,+AF<

>A+=9:!Z:,+A<AF018,<=7A61F81

"

,+A/+FA:.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0+8697>AA9A/,A7>

U

=99.8<VA<

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0!

Z1=1A1,A<

-

<F0A.F,+=,<=7A61F81

"

18.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA+=0,+A<F

K

+,,8=/,F17A

-

A17A1,9

U

8:F,F1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

Page 34: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

0F

K

1A7>A,.AA1=99.8<VA<0=17,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A!

X6<<A1,9=.<A

K

=<70>8,+,+A

K

<86

-

=

K

<AAOA1,>A,.AA1=,<=7A61F81

=17,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

"

=17,+A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,>A,.AA1.8<VA<0=17,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A

"

=0/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0! ;+A

U

=<AA

h

6=99

U

L=9F7!Z1/=0A8:

7F0

-

6,A0/81/A<1F1

K

,+A /81/960F81 =17 FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81 8: =

K

<86

-

=

K

<AAOA1,

"

,+A,<=7A61F81

"

=0=

-

=<,

U

,8,+A/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,

"

1=,6<=99

U

>A/8OA0=06>

b

A/,.+F/+F0A1,F,9A7,8:F9A=/899A/,FLA/8O

-

9=F1,:8<9=>86<

=<>F,<=,F818<9F,F

K

=,F81! ]1,+A8,+A<+=17

"

F1/=0A8:7F0

-

6,A0=<F0F1

K

:<8O=/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0F

K

1A7>

U

.8<VA<0lA9A/,A7<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

"

/8O

-

9=F1,0/=1819

U

>A:F9A7F1,+A1=OA8:=99,+A.8<VA<0.+8=<A,+A

06>

b

A/,8:9=>86<=<>F,<=,F818<9F,F

K

=,F81!

EBGZ*)*0"8P*N*,'&%0(/%'(",

!

A&*-"#(,%,'0

6

P*N*,'&%0(/*-!"00*N'()*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

]<F

K

F1=99

U

"

0,=,A9=.0=17<A

K

69=,F810.A1,819

U

=0:=<=0A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0!;+A

U

/=,A

K

8<F0AA1,A<

-

<F0A

9ALA9,<=7A61F810=09A

K

=906>

b

A/,0F1/81/967F1

K

/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0!

N=,A<

"

J<,F/9A#38:,+A N=>86< X81,<=/,N=.

-

<8O69

K

=,A7F1'%%$

08OA.+=,<AOA7FA7,+F07A:A/,>

U

0,F

-

69=,F1

K

,+=,=,/861,

U

9ALA98<

>A98.

"

,<=7A 61F810 O=

U

/81/967AF1760,<F=9 8< <A

K

F81=9/899A/,FLA

/81,<=/,0.F,+,+A<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:A1,A<

-

<F0A0F106/+F1760,<FA0=0

/810,<6/,F81

"

OF1F1

K

=17/=,A<F1

K

! W8.ALA<

"

O8<A7A,=F9A7

K

6F7A9F1A0

0,F99<AO=F1F1=7A

h

6=,A!

;+A<A=<A 0

-

A/F:F/0,F

-

69=,F810/81/A<1F1

K

<A

K

F81=98<F1760,<F=9

/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17 /899A/,FLA /81,<=/,0 F1 98/=9 <A

K

69=,F810!

W8.ALA<

"

,+80A 98/=9 <A

K

69=,F810 L=<

U

"

<A069,F1

K

F1 /81:9F/,0 F1

=

--

9F/=,F81

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

.+A1F1760,<F=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA

/81,<=/,0/<800<A

K

F81=9>8617=<FA0!

@8<A8LA<

"

98/=9<A

K

69=,F810=<A9A00A::A/,FLA=179A000

-

A/F:F/

"

.+F/+

F018,/8176/FLA,8FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81!X810A

h

6A1,9

U

"

F1760,<F=98<<A

K

F81=9

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0=<A9FOF,A7F1,+AF<

K

<8.,+

=17:61/,F81! @=1

U

8:,+AO 0,=

U

81

-

=

-

A<! @8<A8LA<

"

9=.0 =17

(!

X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=

!

Page 35: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

<A

K

69=,F810:=F9,8A0,=>9F0+F1760,<F=98<<A

K

F81=9,<=7A61F810=09A

K

=9

=/,8<0F1/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0

"

=::A/,F1

K

,+A

L=9F7F,

U

8:<A

K

F81=98<F1760,<F=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/81,<=/,0!

;+A<A:8<A

"

F,F00=:A,8/81/967A,+=,<A

K

F81=98<F1760,<F=9/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0=<A0,F99=,=1Aa

-

A<FOA1,=90,=

K

A=17

,+=,O80,/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=F07A/A1,<=9FBA7=17,=VA0

-

9=/A=,

A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9!

J0=<A069,8:7A/A1,<=9FBA7 /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17 /899A/,FLA

/81,<=/,0=,,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

"

,+A<AF0=1FO>=9=1/A8:

-

8.A<>A,.AA1

,+A A1,A<

-

<F0A =17 F,0 .8<VA<0! X8O

-

=<=,FLA 0,67FA0 8: /899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/81,<=/,0F18,+A</861,<FA07AO810,<=,A,+=,,+A

-

8.A<8:

=1A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9,<=7A61F81F0O6/+ .A=VA<,+=1,+=,8:= O69,F

A1,A<

-

<F0A,<=7A61F81F1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=171A

K

8,F=,F810!

"

!

?-S:0 T0:>81C6 U7., A50013. A:881G.7H1

+-F1 R-0F-7373F 73 A,73-

;+A/+=<=/,A<F0,F/08:X+F1=l0/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

,+A

0,<81

K

<89A

-

9=

U

A7>

U

,+AG8LA<1OA1,=17,+AAO

-

+=0F081/88

-

A<=,F81

"

+=LA:=/F9F,=,A7,+A.F7A=78

-

,F818:,+A0

U

0,AO=/<800X+F1=F1=<A9=,FLA9

U

0+8<,

-

A<F878:,FOA! W8.ALA<

"

7A0

-

F,A,+A/810F7A<=>9A

K

<8.,+F1,+A

16O>A< 8: A1,A<

-

<F0A0 A1

K

=

K

A7 F1 /899A/,FLA .=

K

A >=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17

/81/967F1

K

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

=0.A99=0,+A16O>A<8:.8<VA<0

/8LA<A7

"

-

<8>9AO00,F99AaF0,F1,+A:8998.F1

K

=<A=0!

CBE92**88*N'"8N"00*N'()* T%

?

*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

(/&*/'&%(,*- :

6

T"&Y*&/U

(,%-*

[

.%'*

$

%&'(N(

$

%'(",(,-*#"N&%'(N#%,%

?

*#*,'

C8<=981

K

,FOA

"

X+F1=l0

-

<8O8,F818:.8<VA<

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81F17AO8/<=,F/

A1,A<

-

<F0AO=1=

K

AOA1,+=018,>AA1LA<

U

06//A00:69!Y=<,F/F

-

=,F81<AO=F10

06

-

A<:F/F=9!Z18,+A<.8<70

"

F,+=0>AA1

h

6F,A7F::F/69,:8<.8<VA<0,8

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1,+A7AO8/<=,F/O=1=

K

AOA1,8:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A.+A<A,+A

U

)" !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 36: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

.8<V! DLA1F:06/+ =0

U

0,AO AaF0,0F1 =1 A1,A<

-

<F0A

"

,+A9ALA98:

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81F008F1=7A

h

6=,A,+=,18

-

<8

-

A<A/818OF/8<08/F=9>A1A:F,F0

Aa

-

A<FA1/A7!;+AO=

b

8<<A=0819FA0F1,+A:=/,,+=,O=1

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A8.1A<0

=17O=1=

K

A<0O=aFOF0A,+AF<8.1>A1A:F,0>

U

/=

-

F,=9F0F1

K

81,+AF<<A086</A

=17F1:8<O=,F81=7L=1,=

K

A0!

W8.ALA<

"

F:.8<VA<0/=1

-

=<,F/F

-

=,A06>0,=1,F=99

U

F1,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,

8:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

"

,+A

U

.F99+=LA=:699A<617A<0,=17F1

K

8:F,08

-

A<=,F81=9

=17 :F1=1/F=9 0,=,60

"

,+A<A>

U

<A76/F1

K

,+A 0/8

-

A 8: A1,A<

-

<F0A

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0,8

-

6<06A=0,<=,A

KU

8: .=

K

A OF1FOF0=,F81! Z1 8,+A<

.8<70

"

.8<VA<0l

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81F1 O=1=

K

AOA1, O=

U -

6, 8.1A<0 =17

O=1=

K

A<0=,=7F0=7L=1,=

K

A!W8.ALA<

"

,+F0LFA.F00+8<,0F

K

+,A7>A/=60A

"

,+A8<A,F/=99

U

0

-

A=VF1

K

"

F1=O=<VA,A/818O

U

.F,+

-

A<:A/,/8O

-

A,F,F81

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A

-

<8:F,0.F99=9.=

U

0/81LA<

K

A,8.=<70BA<8!Z18<7A<,8=/+FALA

=>8LA=LA<=

K

A

-

<8:F,0

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A0O60,F1/<A=0A,+AF<F1

-

6,

"

F1/967F1

K

+6O=1/=

-

F,=9F1

-

6,!Z10,A=78:0FO

-

9

U

0

h

6AABF1

K

9=>86</80,0

"

,+A<A:8<A

"

=7L=1/A7O87A<1>60F1A00O=1=

K

AOA1,,<FA0,8FO

-

<8LA,+A=77A7L=96A8:

+6O=1/=

-

F,=9

"

,=

--

F1

K

F1,8

-

A8

-

9Al0F1F,F=,FLA=17/<A=,FLF,

U

F18<7A<,8

/<A=,A=>8LA=LA<=

K

A

-

<8:F,0:8<,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A! WF

K

+F1

-

6,

#

+F

K

+.=

K

A

#

+F

K

+

h

6=9F,

U

#

+F

K

+

-

<8:F,F0,+A:617=OA1,=9<=,F81=9A8:O87A<1>60F1A00

O=1=

K

AOA1,

"

=0.A99=0,+A:8617=,F8181.+F/+,8

-

A1,A<

-

<F0A0

-

<8O8,A

7AO8/<=,F/

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81>

U

.8<VA<0!

Z,0AAO0

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+=,F1X+F1=7AO8/<=,F/

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81>

U

.8<VA<0

F1 O=1=

K

F1

K

/8O

-

=1

U

=::=F<0F00,F99=,=

-

<AO87A<1

"

98. .=

K

A

#

98.

h

6=9F,

U

#

98.=77A7L=96A0,=

K

A

"

/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

=18>0A00F81 .F,+08

/=99A798.9=>86</80,=7L=1,=

K

A

"

=17=161.F99F1

K

1A00,8FO

-

<8LA,+A

0,<6/,6<A8:F1

-

6,:=/,8<0!;+F0+=0>A/8OA=LF/F860/

U

/9A!

6

N8.9=>86<

/80,0

7

+=0 >A/8OA,+A,<6O

-

/=<7:8<08OA98/=9F,FA0F1 =,,<=/,F1

K

F1LA0,OA1,

$

Q+=1

K

NFV61

"

'%%&

%"

8<=

6

98.,A/+1898

KU-

F,:=99

7"

=//8<7F1

K

,808OA0/+89=<0!Z18<7A<,88LA</8OA,+F0

-

F,:=99

"

.A1AA7,8/+=1

K

A86<

OF170A,

"

A1+=1/A 7AO8/<=,F/ .8<VA<

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81 F1 A1,A<

-

<F0A

O=1=

K

AOA1,=17<A76/AF1:8<O=,F81=0

U

OOA,<

U

"

08,+=,.8<VA<0<A=99

U

/=<A=>86,,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A,+A

U

.8<V:8<

"

617A<0,=17F,=17<A9=,A,+AF<8.1

*"

X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=

!

Page 37: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F1,A<A0,0,8,+80A8:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A!]19

U

F1,+F0.=

U

/=1/899A/,FLA.=

K

A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,<=10/A17,+A,F,:8<,=,

K

<=>:8<>F

KK

A<

-

FA/A08:,+AAaF0,F1

K

-

FAF1,+A7F<A/,F818:

b

8F1,A::8<,0,8O=VA,+A

-

FA>F

KK

A<=17,+A<A:8<A,8

O8LA,8.=<70 = .F1.F1 86,/8OA! Z, /=1 >A /81/967A7 ,+=, ,+A

A::A/,FLA1A008:/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0

-

80F,FLA9

U

/8<<A9=,A7.F,+,+A

9ALA98:7AO8/<=,F/.8<VA<

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81F1A1,A<

-

<F0AO=1=

K

AOA1,! ]19

U

>

U

:6<,+A<

-

<8O8,F1

K

06/+

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81/=1.A:617=OA1,=99

U

/+=1

K

A,+A

0F,6=,F81F1.+F/+/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

+=00F

K

1F:F/=1/A819

U

81

-

=

-

A<!

"

!

" =-G@ :D /U-013166 :D A:881G.7H1 +-F1 R-0F-7373F

J,

-

<A0A1,

"

,+A<AF0=<A

K

F81=9FO>=9=1/AF1,+A7ALA98

-

OA1,8:/899A/,FLA.=

K

A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=!;+AO8<A=7L=1/A7<A

K

F810+=LA:8<OA7=:=L86<=>9A08/F=9

A1LF<81OA1,

"

F1 .+F/+AO

-

98

U

A<0=17 .8<VA<07A/F7A81 .=

K

A0,+<86

K

+

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!]1,+A8,+A<+=17

"

,+A<A=<A0,F99O=1

U

<A

K

F810F1

.+F/+.=

K

A0=<A7A/F7A761F9=,A<=99

U

>

U

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A!

J9,+86

K

+F,F0/8OO81

-

<=/,F/AF1O=<VA,A/818OFA0:8<,<=7A61F810

,8<A

-

<A0A1, .8<VA<0F1/899A/,FLA .=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.F,+ A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"

0,=VA+897A<0F1X+F1=0,F99+=LAOF0/81/A

-

,F8108</81/A<10=>86,F,!CF<0,

8:=99

"

08OA98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0,=VA,+A1=<<8.LFA.,+=,/899A/,FLA.=

K

A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7<FLA0F1LA0,8<0=.=

U

=170,61,098/=9A/818OF/

K

<8.,+!;+A

U

,6<1=7A=:A=<,8/=990:8</899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

:8<:A=<8:=1

K

A<F1

K

F1LA0,8<0

$

6 F=8

b

61

"

'%%4

%

kJ,,+A0=OA,FOA

"

08OAA1,A<

-

<F0A8.1A<0

8<O=1=

K

A<0

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U-

<FL=,A>60F1A008.1A<0

"

>A9FALAF,F00FO

-

9

U

,+AF<

<F

K

+,,87A/F7A.=

K

A0! ;+F0>A9FA:9A=70,8,+A

-

<AL=9A1/A8:61F9=,A<=9

7A/F0F81 O=VF1

K

>

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A081.=

K

A9ALA90

"

OA=108:

-

=

U

OA1,=17

<=F0A0

"

O=VF1

K

F, 7F::F/69, ,8

-

<8O8,A /899A/,FLA .=

K

A >=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

X810A

h

6A1,9

U

"

,+AO=

b

8<F,

U

8:.8<VA<07818,A1

b

8

U

,+A:699>A1A:F,08:

A/818OF/

K

<8.,+! ;+AF<.=

K

A9ALA90=<ALA<

U

98.

"

.F,+9FOF,A7 .=

K

A

<F0A0

"

<A069,F1

K

F1:<A

h

6A1,/81:<81,=,F810!Z1=77F,F81

"

08OA,<=7A61F81

8::F/F=90<A

K

=<7F,=0:=<,887F::F/69,,8

-

<8O8,A/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8<:=F9,8617A<0,=17,+AFO

-

8<,=1,<89A8:,<=7A61F810F1/899A/,FLA

!" !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 38: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

"

!

# =-G@ :D R73473F B:0G1

X899A/,FLA .=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0=:8<O 8:9A=0A,<=10=/,F81>A,.AA1=1

A1,A<

-

<F0A=17F,0.8<VA<0! J0F1,A<1=9=17Aa,A<1=9/817F,F810/+=1

K

A

"

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A0+8697<A1A

K

8,F=,A,+A9=>86<<A1,=9

-

<F/A.F,+.8<VA<0!

EF1/AF,F0=,<=10=/,F81

"

,+AF1,A<A0,08:>8,+8.1A<0=17.8<VA<0=<A

F1L89LA7

"

=17,+A<AF0,+A

-

<8>9AO8:.+A,+A<,+A7F::A<A1,F1,A<A0,

K

<86

-

0

/=1<A=/+=1=

K

<AAOA1,>

U

.=

U

8:/8O

-

<8OF0A! ;+A/6<<A1,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO

"

9=.0=17<A

K

69=,F810F1 X+F1==<A=

--

=<A1,9

U

F1=7A

h

6=,AF1

-

<8LF7F1

K

F1/A1,FLA0,8

-

<8O8,A/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8<ALA1FO

-

80A

<A0,<=F1,0.+F/+617A<OF1AF,! J0=<A069,

"

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0+=<79

U

81=1

A

h

6=9:88,F1

K

"

,+A.A=VA<

-

=<,

U

l0F1,A<A0,F0LF89=,A7=17

K

<FAL=1/A0=<A

=//6O69=,A7

"

.+F/+F0/8176/FLA1AF,+A<,8,+A981

K

,A<O

K

<8.,+8:,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A18<,8,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0!;8>AO8<A0

-

A/F:F/

"

,+A<A=<A

-

<8>9AO0F1,+A:8998.F1

K

=<A=0

!

$

"

%

N=.0=17<A

K

69=,F81081.=

K

A7F0,<F>6,F81=17.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1

X+F1==<AF1/810F0,A1,=17F1/8O

-

9A,A! ;+AA,5

;

'6

F

)'N

"

,+AK"':#

960,6)'N

"

,+A!",E0$0,6$,6A,&&#1/0E#A,6/"'1/$=17,+A!",

;

,$#:

Q#/7,:$,

?

A,&&#1/0E#2'

3

#@'"

3

'0606

3

+=LA7F::A<A1,7A:F1F,F8108:.+8

0+86977A/F7A81.=

K

A0

"

<A069,F1

K

F17F0=

K

<AAOA1,0=>86,.+A,+A<.=

K

A0

0+8697>A7A/F7A761F9=,A<=99

U

8<>F9=,A<=99

U

!;+AA,5

;

'6

F

)'N0,F

-

69=,A0

,+=,,+A>8=<78:7F<A/,8<00+=99+=LA,+A:61/,F81=17

-

8.A<,8

6

:8<O69=,A

,+A=116=9:F1=1/F=9>67

K

A,

-

9=1=17:F1=9=//861,0

-

9=18:,+A/8O

-

=1

U

7,

,+=,=/8O

-

=1

U

0+=99

6

F10,67

U

F1

K

=177A/F7F1

K

81F006A0F1L89LF1

K

,+A

-

A<081=9F1,A<A0,08:F,00,=::=17.8<VA<0

"

06/+=0,+AF<0=9=<FA0

7"

089F/F,

F1=7L=1/A,+A8

-

F1F8108:,+A,<=7A61F81=17,+A0,=::=17.8<VA<08:,+A

/8O

-

=1

U

"

=17,+=,<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:,+A,<=7A61F810+=99>AF1LF,A7,8

=,,A17<A9AL=1,OAA,F1

K

0=0181L8,F1

K-

=<,F/F

-

=1,0! ]1,+A8,+A<+=17

"

,+A!",

;

,$#: Q#/7,:$,

?

A,&&#1/0E# 2'

3

#@'"

3

'0606

3

0,F

-

69=,A0,+=,

6

.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0=17A1,A<

-

<F0A<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA00+=99/=<<

U

86,

""

X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=

!

Page 39: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

81=1A

h

6=9:88,F1

K

81 .=

K

A7F0,<F>6,F81

"

.=

U

08: .=

K

A

7F0,<F>6,F81

"

=17.=

K

A9ALA90

7

kJ

--

=<A1,9

U

"

,+A,.87818,=

K

<AA81.+8

0+86977A/F7A.=

K

A0! @8<A8LA<

"

,+A:8<OA<F0=+F

K

+A<:8<O8:9=.,+=1

,+A9=,,A<

"

.+F/+.F99/<A=,A8>0,=/9A0:8<.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!J9,+86

K

+,+A

/6<<A1,LA<0F818:,+A!",

;

,$#:Q#/7,:$,

?

A,&&#1/0E#2'

3

#@'"

3

'0606

3

-

<8LF7A0 :8< <A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

"

,+A<A =<A 18

-

<8LF0F810 81 +8.

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA00+8697 >A 0A9A/,A7 8< .+=, VF170 8:0,=17=<70 =17

-

<8/A76<A0=<A=

--

9F/=>9AF1/=0A8:7F0

-

6,A0!C6<,+A<O8<A

"

,+A

-

<8LF0F810

=<A9A

K

=99

U

181>F17F1

K

.F,+<A

K

=<7,8,+A<A0

-

810F>F9F,FA08:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

F1/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! J<,F/9A338:,+A)'+,-")'N 0,=,A0,+=,

6

,+AAO

-

98

U

AA08:=1A1,A<

-

<F0A=081A

-

=<,

U

O=

U

/81/967A=/899A/,FLA

/81,<=/,.F,+,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A=0=18,+A<

-

=<,

U

819=>86<<AO61A<=,F81

"

.8<VF1

K

+86<0

"

<A0,=179A=LA

"

9=>86<0=:A,

U

=170=1F,=,F81

"

F106<=1/A

"

.A9:=<A,<A=,OA1,=178,+A<,+F1

K

0

7

k;+A.8<7

6

O=

U

7

F17F/=,A0,+=,,+A

/81,<=/,F08

-

,F81=9

"

18,/8O

-

6908<

U

"

F19A

K

=9,A<O0! J//8<7F1

K

,8,+A

!",E0$0,6$,6A,&&#1/0E#A,6/"'1/$

"6

.+A181A

-

=<,

U

7AO=170/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

,+A8,+A<

-

=<,

U

0+=99

K

FLA=.<F,,A1<A

-

9

U

.F,+F1'%7=

U

08:

<A/AFLF1

K

,+A<A

h

6A0,

"

=170+=9918,<A

b

A/,/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.F,+86,

b

60,F:F/=,F81

7

kW8.ALA<

"

F,78A018,7A:F1A.+=,/810,F,6,A0

6

.F,+86,

b

60,F:F/=,F81

7

kRAF,+A<F0F,/9A=<=>86,,+A9A

K

=9/810A

h

6A1/A0F:81A

-

=<,

U

<A

b

A/,08<7A:=69,081/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!Z1/81/960F81

"

F1/8O

-

9A,A9=.0

=17<A

K

69=,F810=<A=O=

b

8<:=/,8<<A0,<=F1F1

K

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

$

'

%

;+A<AF0=9=/V8:06>0,=1,F=9O=/<8

K

6F7=1/A.F,+<A

K

=<7,8

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

>

U

,+AG8LA<1OA1,!X899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1/967A0.=

K

A7F0,<F>6,F81

"

OA=108:.=

K

A7F0,<F>6,F81=17.=

K

A9ALA90

"

=998:.+F/+0+8697<A:9A/,,+A0,=17=<70,=,A9=.0819=>86<<AO61A<=,F81!

\6,,+A/6<<A1,0,=17=<79=.0819=>86<<AO61A<=,F81=<A:=<:<8OOAA,F1

K

,+A1AA708:/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! @8<A8LA<

"

8.F1

K

,8,+A9=/V8:

<A9AL=1,7=,=

"

06/+=0=LA<=

K

A.=

K

AF1F1760,<

U

"

.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

O60,

<A:A<,8,+A98/=9OF1FO6O .=

K

A8<,8.=

K

A

K

6F7A9F1A0.+F/+=<A:=<,88

K

A1A<=9!J0=<A069,

"

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8:,A19=/V08>

b

A/,FLA=17

L=9F7<A:A<A1/A0!

#" !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 40: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

$

3

%

;+A/6<<A1,08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AOF1X+F1=:=F90,8

K

FLA.8<VA<0

A186

K

+.AF

K

+,F1.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! J/899A/,FLA.=

K

A=

K

<AAOA1,0+8697

<A069,:<8O=/810A1060>A,.AA1,.8

-

=<,FA081,+A>=0F08:A

h

6=9F,

U

"

<A=081=17/81069,=,F81! ;+=,F0,80=

U

"

F,F0

-

800F>9A18,,8<A=/+=1

=

K

<AAOA1,!Z:,+A<AF006/+7F0=

K

<AAOA1,

"

,+A .A=VA<

-

=<,

U

+=0:A.

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/861,A<0

"

06/+=0.=9VF1

K

=.=

U

:<8O,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,=>9A

"

8.F1

K

,8,+A/6<<A1,9

U

F1=7A

h

6=,A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO

"

.+F/+ OA=10

,+=,.8<VA<0/=118,7A

-

A1781F,F:,+A

U

980A,+AF<

b

8>!Z1,+AA17

"

.8<VA<0/=1819

U

=//A

-

,,+A/817F,F8100A,>

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0! ;+F0VF178:

06

-

A<:F/F=9/810A1060/=1+=<79

U

>A:=F<=17A

h

6F,=>9A!

#

!

?-V7C761 .,1 9:81 :D ;0-41 <37:36

73 A:881G.7H1 +-F1 R-0F-7373F

X899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=OAF1,8>AF1

K

F1X+F1=<A9=,FLA9

U

<A/A1,9

U

!

RAF,+A<AO

-

98

U

A<018<AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A .A99A

h

6F

--

A7 .F,+,+A8<FA08<

Aa

-

A<FA1/A!;<=7A61F81<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA00AAO,8>AF1=.A=V

-

80F,F81F1

/899A/,FLA .=

K

A >=<

K

=F1F1

K

! e67

K

F1

K

>

U

/899A/,FLA .=

K

A >=<

K

=F1F1

K

-

<=/,F/A0F18,+A</861,<FA0

"6

/8O

-

=1FA0

7

=>F9F,

U

,8

-

=

U

.=

K

A0=17,<=7A

61F810l=>F9F,

U

,8:8</A/8O

-

=1FA0,8

-

=

U

.=

K

A0l=<A,.8VA

U

:=/,8<0F1

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

$

W6=1

K

5A1OF1

"

'%%&

%

kW8.ALA<

"

F,,=VA0

Aa

-

A<,F0A,89ALA<=

K

A,+A0A,.8:=/,8<0!

#

!

! P54F73F A:CK-3716

l

/>787.Q .: T-Q +-F16

;+F0F0=:8/=9F006AF1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!X8O

-

=1FA0,<

U

,878.1

-

9=

U

,+AF<=>F9F,

U

,8

-

=

U

.=

K

A0=,,+A9ALA97AO=17A7>

U

,<=7A61F810

"

><F1

K

F1

K

:8<.=<7=99VF1708::F1=1/F=97=,=,8>=/V6

-

,+AF</9=FO0

"

.+F9A,<=7A

61F81<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0,<

U

,8F7A1,F:

U

=<A=08:OF0<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1,+80A

0=OA7=,=! W8.ALA<

"

/8O

-

=1FA0606=99

U

+=LA=//A00,8O8<AF1:8<O=,F81

,+=1,<=7A 61F810! X810A

h

6A1,9

U

"

,<=7A 61F8100+8697 7AO=17,+=,

/8O

-

=1FA0

-

<8LF7A=99,+AF1:8<O=,F811AA7A7F1>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

81,+A81A

$"

X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=

!

Page 41: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

+=17

"

.+F9A

b

67

K

F1

K

,+A9=,,A<l0=>F9F,

U

,8

-

=

U

.=

K

A0F1,A<O08:,+A

:8998.F1

K

,+<AA:=/,8<0

"

81,+A8,+A<

!

$

"

%

P+A,+A<,+A/8O

-

=1

U

F08

-

A<=,F1

K

18<O=99

U

! J/8O

-

=1

U

61=>9A

,8 O=F1,=F1 >=0F/8

-

A<=,F810F0/9A=<9

U

61=>9A,8

-

=

U

+F

K

+A< .=

K

A0!

P8<VA<0606=99

U

+=LA=0A10A8:.+A,+A<,+A<A=<A18<O=98

-

A<=,F810

"

8<

,+A

U

/86970FO

-

9

U

/+A/V.+A,+A</=

-

=/F,

U

F0>AF1

K

:699

U

6,F9FBA7!

$

'

%

;+A/8O

-

=1

U

l0

-

<8:F,=>F9F,

U

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

F,0

-

<8:F,,=a

-

=

U

OA1,0!

\8,+=<AFO

-

8<,=1,F17F/=,8<08:=/8O

-

=1

U

l0A/818OF/

-

A<:8<O=1/A! J

/8O

-

=1

U

O=

U

O=VA98. 8<ALA11A

K

=,FLA

-

<8:F,8.F1

K

,8F,09=/V8:

/8O

-

A,F,FLA1A00

"

,+AO=<VA,A1LF<81OA1,8<+F

K

+/80,0! J0=<A069,

"

F,

O=

U

>A61=>9A,8

-

=

U

+F

K

+A<.=

K

A0!X8<

-

8<=,A

-

<8:F,,=a

-

=

U

OA1,0=<A=1

FO

-

8<,=1,

-

FA/A8:ALF7A1/AF1

b

67

K

F1

K

=/8O

-

=1

U

l0

-

<8:F,=>F9F,

U

=17

,+A<A>

U

F,0=>F9F,

U

,8

-

=

U

.=

K

A0!

$

3

%

;+A/8O

-

=1

U

l0

-

6</+=0A08:

-

<876/,F818<181

-

<876/,F81<A9=,A7

A

h

6F

-

OA1,!J/8O

-

=1

U

O=

U

/F,A<A=081006/+=0

-

<876/,F81Aa

-

=10F81=17

A

h

6F

-

OA1,6

-K

<=7F1

K

,8Aa

-

9=F1.+

U

F,/=118,

-

=

U

+F

K

+A<.=

K

A0!Z:,+F0F0

F17AA7,+A/=0A

"

,+A,<=7A61F810+8697>A06

--

8<,FLA>

U

=7

b

60,F1

K

F,0

8<F

K

F1=97AO=170=17/=99F1

K

81.8<VA<0,8/81,<F>6,A,8,+A

K

<8.,+8:,+A

/8O

-

=1

U

"

.+F/+F0=

K

=F1=7AO810,<=,F81,+=,/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=F08<FA1,A7,8.=<70O6,6=9F1,A<A0,0=17/88

-

A<=,F81!X8O

-

=1FA0

0+8697

-

<A0A1,

-

+

U

0F/=9ALF7A1/A8:1A.A

h

6F

-

OA1,

-

<8/6<AOA1,!

DBC9&%-*W,(",/UR:(0('

6

'"S"&N*!"#

$

%,(*/'"A%

6

\(

?

2*&V%

?

*/

;+F0<A:A<0,8,<=7A61F810l=>F9F,

U

,8=/+FALA,+AF<>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,=<

K

A,0.+A1

/8O

-

=1FA0.F,+,+A/=

-

=/F,

U

,8

-

=

U

+F

K

+A<.=

K

A0<A:60A,8/8OA,8=1

=

K

<AAOA1,!Z,606=99

U

7A

-

A17081,+A:8998.F1

K

,+<AA/810F7A<=,F810

!

$

"

%

W8..A998<

K

=1F0A7=,<=7A61F81F0!X899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0>=<

K

=F1F1

K

81=1A

h

6=9:88,F1

K

>A,.AA1 .8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0=17

A1,A<

-

<F0A<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08LA< .=

K

A=17 8,+A</8O

-

A10=,F81F006A0!

J9,+86

K

+F,F0,+A8<A,F/=99

U

=179A

K

=99

U-

800F>9A:8<.8<VA<0F1=181

61F81F0A7A1,A<

-

<F0A,8A9A/,<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

"

F,F0+=<7,8/=<<

U

86,,<6A

%" !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 42: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8<,87A:A17,+AF1,A<A0,08:,+80A<A

-

<A0A1,A7.F,+86,A::A/,FLA

8<

K

=1F0=,F81!;+A<A:8<A

"

,+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,8:=1A::A/,FLA,<=7A61F81F0

=1F10,F,6,F81=9

-

<A/817F,F81:8</899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

$

'

%

;+A1A

K

8,F=,F810VF9908:,<=7A61F81<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0!X899A/,FLA

.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0=

-

<8/A008:=1=9

U

0F0

"

=<

K

6OA1,=,F81

"

7A>=,A=17

/8O

-

<8OF0A8LA<.=

K

A<A9=,A7F006A0

"

.+F/+/=990:8<V18.9A7

K

A8:9=.

"

A/818OF/0

"

O=1=

K

AOA1, =17 /8<

-

8<=,A :F1=1/A! ;+A :69:F9OA1, 8:

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8>

b

A/,FLA07A

-

A170,8=9=<

K

AAa,A1,8106/+V18. +8.!

;+A<A:8<A

"

,<=7A61F8100+86970,<FLA,8:8<O=,A=O8:O=<VA,0=LL

U

-

<8:A00F81=90!

$

3

%

J/,F8108:9=0,<A08<,

"

.+F/+=<A08OA,FOA061=L8F7=>9AF1

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! ;<=7A61F8100+8697>A<A086</A:69.+A1

1A

K

8,F=,F810>=0A781<A0,<=F1,=17<A=081=>9A=<

K

6OA1,0:=F9!

DBD\%,-0*7%N23'%

?

*"8!"00*N'()*V%

?

*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

!%&*8.00

6

'"+#

$

&")*

'2*X.'N"#*

$

"

%

X+880A .8<VA< <A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0 :8< /899A/,FLA .=

K

A >=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=<A:699

U

! ;+A !",

;

,$#: Q#/7,:$ ,

?

A,&&#1/0E# 2'

3

# @'"

3

'0606

3

0,F

-

69=,A,+=,

6

.8<VA<00+8697>A<A

-

<A0A1,A7>

U

,+A,<=7A61F81

7

F1

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

=17,+=,

6

,+A/+=F<

-

A<0818:,+A,<=7A61F810+8697

>A,+A/+FA:.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA

7

kW8.ALA<

"

F1<A=9F,

U

"

O=1

U

,<=7A

61F81/+=F<

-

A<0810=<A=908=7OF1F0,<=,8<08<O=1=

K

A<0

"

.+8=<AAF,+A<

18,:699

Uh

6=9F:FA78<ALA1F99

h

6=9F:FA7,8<A

-

<A0A1,,+AF1,A<A0,08:

.8<VA<0!;+A<A=<A08OA<69A0=17<A

K

69=,F81081,+F0

!

J<,F/9A')8:,+A

Y<8LF0F81081 X899A/,FLA X81,<=/,00,F

-

69=,A0,+=,=

-

A<0810+=9918,

<A

-

<A0A1,>8,+AO

-

98

U

A<=17AO

-

98

U

AA=,,+A0=OA,FOA

,

J<,F/9A')8:,+A

5A

K

69=,F8181;<=7AS1F81 P8<VF1D1,A<

-

<F0A00,=,A0,+=,

6

A1,A<

-

<F0A

AaA/6,FLA0

"

-

=<,1A<0=17,+AF</980A<A9=,FLA00+=9918,>A/8OA/=17F7=,A0

:8<,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A,<=7A61F81/8OOF,,AA

7,

J<,F/9A48:,+A@A=06<A0:8<

,+A D9A/,F81 8: ,+A ;<=7A S1F81 X+=F<

-

A<081 8: =1 D1,A<

-

<F0A

$

Y<8LF0F81=9

%

0,=,A0,+=,

6

A1,A<

-

<F0AAaA/6,FLA0

$

F1/967F1

K

7A

-

6,FA0

%"

-

=<,1A<0=17,+AF</980A<A9=,FLA0

"

+A=708:,+A W5 7A

-

=<,OA1,=17

&"

X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=

!

Page 43: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

AO

-

98

U

AA0.F,+:8<AF

K

11=,F81=9F,

U

0+=9918,>A/8OA/=17F7=,A0:8<,<=7A

61F81/+=F<

-

A<0810+F

-

7

kRALA<,+A9A00

"

,+A0A<69A0=17<A

K

69=,F810=<A

-

88<9

U

A1:8</A7

"

9A=7F1

K

,8 610=,F0:=/,8<

U

<A069,0! ;+A<A:8<A

"

,+A

!",

;

,$#:Q#/7,:$,

?

A,&&#1/0E#2'

3

#@'"

3

'0606

3

0+8697>A<ALF0A7=0

0881=0

-

800F>9A! \A:8<A,+=,

"

,<=7A61F81/+=F<

-

A<0810 .+8=<A=908

AaA/6,FLA08:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A0+8697,=VA,+AF1F,F=,FLA,8

-

<8

-

80A,+=,=

O8<A

h

6=9F:FA7

-

A<081>A:8617,80A<LA=0/+FA:.8<VA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLAF1

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

J,,+A0=OA,FOA

"

,<=7A61F8100+8697O8>F9F0A.8<VA<0,8,=VA

-

=<,

F1 /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

! ;+A

U

0+8697 089F/F, .8<VA<0l 8

-

F1F810

Aa,A10FLA9

U

"

-

<876/A=0+8<,9F0,8:/=17F7=,A0=17+A9

-

0A9A/,.8<VA<

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0,+<86

K

+06/+7AO8/<=,F/

-

<8/A00A0=0A9A/,F81>

U

0A/<A,

>=998,! ]1/A,+A<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0=<AA9A/,A7

"

,<=7A61F8100+86978::A<

,+AO,<=F1F1

K

=170AOF1=<081+8.,8/8176/,/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

$

'

%

X899A/,06::F/FA1,F1:8<O=,F81

"

O=VA=/8<<A/,=1=9

U

0F0=17

-

6,F,

,8,+A<F

K

+,60A!J7A

h

6=,A

-

<A

-

=<=,F81F0F17F0

-

A10=>9AF1/899A/,FLA.=

K

A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!;8A106<A,+=,,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0<A=99

U

81

b

60,

K

<86170=17,8

.8<VA<0l =7L=1,=

K

A

"

Aa,A10FLA F1:8<O=,F81 0+8697 >A /899A/,A7

>A:8<A+=17! X8<<A/,=1=9

U

0F0=1760=

K

A=<A=908FO

-

8<,=1,! 5A

h

6F<A7

F1:8<O=,F81F1/967A0O=/<8A/818OF/7=,==17A1,A<

-

<F0AA/818OF/7=,=!

;8>A O8<A0

-

A/F:F/

"

O=/<8A/818OF/7=,=0+8697F1/967A,+A1=,F81=9

/8106OA<

-

<F/AF17Aa

$

XYZ

%"

K

6F7A9F1A081A1,A<

-

<F0A.=

K

A0F006A7>

U

,+A

98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,

"

=116=9=LA<=

K

A.=

K

A0F1,+A<A

K

F81=17=LA<=

K

A.=

K

A0

F1,+AF1760,<

U

! S17A<18<O=9/F</6O0,=1/A0

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A .=

K

A9ALA90

0+8697>A=7

b

60,A7,8/+=1

K

A0F1,+A0AF17F/=,8<0! P+A1,+A<AF0=

/810F7A<=>9A6

-

.=<7O8LAOA1,F1,+A0AF17F/=,8<0

"

,<=7A61F8100+8697

7AO=17=.=

K

AF1/<A=0A!

D1,A<

-

<F0AA/818OF/7=,=F1/967A=116=986,

-

6,

"

=116=9,6<18LA<

"

=116=9

-

<8:F,0

"

-

<8:F,

K

<8.,+

"

,8,=9=116=9Aa

-

A17F,6<A=17,8,=9/80,0

$

F1/967F1

K

O=,A<F=9/80,0

"

8LA<+A=70

"

9=>86</80,0=170881

%"

,8,=9.=

K

A

-

=

U

OA1,0=17=LA<=

K

A.=

K

A0!CF<0,

"

.+A1=1=9

U

0F1

K

=1760F1

K

,+A7=,=

"

,+A

U

0+869718,>A,=VA1=,:=/AL=96A!Z10,A=7

"

F,0+8697>A/+A/VA7

'" !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 44: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

.+A,+A<,+A

U

=<A/810F0,A1,!Z1,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

<8/A00

"

,<=7A61F810

0+86977AO=17Aa

-

9=1=,F810:<8OA1,A<

-

<F0A08<

-

<8

-

80A,+=,.=

K

A0>A

9F1VA7,886,

-

6,F10,A=78:

-

<8:F,0

"

.F,+=LFA.,8

-

<8,A/,F1

K

.8<VA<0l

<F

K

+,0!EA/8179

U

"

F17F/=,8<00+8697>A=00

-

A/F:F/=0

-

800F>9A

"

/8LA<F1

K

>8,+,8,=9=O861,0=1761F,=O861,0!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

.+A17F0/600F1

K

.=

K

A

F1/<A=0A0

"

=,,A1,F810+8697>A

-

=F7

"

18,819

U

,8,+A

-

A</A1,=

K

A8:,+A

8LA<=99F1/<A=0A

"

>6,=908,+A

-

A</A1,=

K

A8:F1/<A=0A:8< .8<VA<08:

7F::A<A1,9ALA90

"

08,+=,=99.8<VA<0/=1>A1A:F,:<8O 18<O=9<=F0A0!

;+F<79

U

"

.+A1

-

<A

-

=<F1

K

:8</899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

F1=77F,F81,8

0

-

A/F:F/.=

K

A,=<

K

A,0

"

,+A<A0+8697=908>A=/8O

-

<A+A10FLA9=>86</80,

=1=9

U

0F0=17=//861,F1

K

!N=>8</80,<A:A<0,8=99A1,A<

-

<F0A/80,0<A9=,A7,8

.=

K

A0

"

F1/967F1

K

.=

K

A/80,0=17=77810! J77810<F0A .F,+ .=

K

A

F1/<A=0A0!;+A<A:8<A

"

>A:8<A/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

,+A,<=7A61F81

0+8697

K

FLA/8O

-

<A+A10FLA/810F7A<=,F81,8,+AFO

-

=/,81,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A8:

F1/<A=0A0F1 >8,+ .=

K

A/80,0=17 =77810

"

08,+=,F,0

-

<8

-

80=9F0

<A=081=>9A!

$

3

%

P8<V86,,+AF006A0

"

F1/967F1

K

VA

U

F006A0

"

:8<,+A6

-

/8OF1

K

/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! ;+AF7A1,F:F/=,F81=17<A

K

69=<=7

b

60,OA1,8:

.=

K

A9ALA90F0=VA

U-

=<,8:A1,A<

-

<F0A/899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!\A0F7A0

"

,+A<A=<A8,+A<06>0,=1,F=9F006A0

"

O80,9

U

<A9=,A7,8,+A.=

K

A0

U

0,AO=17

.=

K

A7F::A<A1,F=90! ;+A .=

K

A0

U

0,AO /8LA<0= .F7A<=1

K

A8:F,AO0

"

F1/967F1

K

,+A>=0F/.=

K

A0

U

0,AO

"

>=0F/.=

K

A<=,A0:8<7F::A<A1,

-

80,0=17

,

U-

A08:.8<V

"

.=

K

A

-

=

U

OA1,

K

6=<=1,AA0=170881!P=

K

A7F::A<A1,F=90=<A

7F::A<A1/A0F1.=

K

A0>A,.AA17F::A<A1,,

U-

A08:.8<VA<0!

;+A<A:8<A

"

,+A,8

-

F/0:8<=116=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0+8697 >A

7A,A<OF1A7F1=//8<7=1/A.F,+=116=9A1,A<

-

<F0A

-

A<:8<O=1/A=17,+A981

K

,A<O .=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

9=1! ;+A

U

O=

U

F1/967A

!

>=0F/:8<O08:.=

K

A

7F0,<F>6,F81

,

.+A,+A<,+A.=

K

AF09F1VA7,87A

-

=<,OA1,=9

-

A<:8<O=1/A8<

A1,A<

-

<F0A

-

A<:8<O=1/A

"

,8

-

<8:F,,=<

K

A,08<86,

-

6,,=<

K

A,0

,

/<F,A<F=:8<

<=F0A0

"

06/+=0=116=9

-

A<:8<O=1/AAL=96=,F81=17

b

8>,F,9A0

,

8LA<,FOA

.=

K

A<=,A0

"

.=

K

A<=,A0 .+A1

-

<876/,F810,8

-

08<F0<611F1

K

=,+=9:

/=

-

=/F,

U

"

-

80,.=F,F1

K

=998.=1/A=17A=<9

U

<A,F<AOA1,=998.=1/A

,

.=

K

A

("

X899A/,FLAP=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1X+F1=

!

Page 45: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F1/<A=0A08<7A/<A=0A0:8<7F::A<A1,

-

80,0

,

>8160A0=178,+A<F1/A1,FLA0

,

.=

K

A<A76/,F8176<F1

K

F1760,<

U

.F7A<A/A00F810

,

9=

U

8::/8O

-

A10=,F81=17

0881!;+A

U

O=

U

=908F1/967A

!

A1,A<

-

<F0A0

-

A/F:F/>A1A:F,0

"

,+A9ALA98:,+A

+860F1

K

/8OO81<A0A<LA:617

"

-

=F7 .A77F1

K

=17>A<A=LAOA1,9A=LA

"

06

--

9AOA1,=<

U

F106<=1/A=170881

$

6I81

K

aF1

K

"

'%%3

%

k

e67

K

F1

K

>

U

,+A/6<<A1,0,=,A8:X+F1A0A,<=7A61F810

"

,<=7A61F81

8::F/F=900+8697FO

-

<8LA,+AF</899A/,FLA.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0VF990

"

=/

h

6F<A

06::F/FA1,V18.9A7

K

A,8>A=>9A,8=1=9

U

0A,+A<A9AL=1,:=/,8<0/8<<A/,9

U

"

A106<A,+AA::A/,FLA1A008:/899A/,FLA .=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17

-

<8,A/,,+A

<F

K

+,08:.8<VA<0

$

[=1W6F

"

'%%&

%

k

1*8*&*,N*/

X+A1

K

[=1

U

6=1

$

'%%)

%"

%#$#'"1706/,/7#A,&&#1/0E#@'"

3

'0606

3

.

F

$/#5! \AF

b

F1

K

!

X+F1=5A1OF1S1FLA<0F,

U

Y<A00!

W6=1

K

5A1OF1

$

'%%&

%"

M-0:#+,,C

?

,"A,&&#1/0E#2'

3

#@'"

3

'0606

3

%#

;

"#$#6/'/0E#$

"

\AF

b

F1

K

!

X+F1=P8<VA<0lY<A00

"

--

!')('#!

NFgF1

KU

F

$

'%%4

%"6

N=,A0,IALA98

-

OA1,0F1P=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1GA<O=1

U

7"

F1

!

UT0#N

,

?

)'+,"960,6$

"

"&

!

4'!

N68 F=1

K

OF1

K

=17XA1

K

F=81F1

K

$

'%%4

%"6

P=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

;<=7AS1F810PF99Y9=

U

=1Z1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

ZO

-

8<,=1,589A

7"

.017-'62,"C#"$RI'0&

F

"

"%@=

U

"

-

!"!

!#,

;

&#R$I'0&

F

$

'%%%

%"6

Y<8

-

80A7@A,+8708:X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

7"

'&R8LAO>A<!

6 I81

K

aF1

K

$

'%%3

%"6

J E,67

U

8:IF::F/69,FA0F1ZO

-

9AOA1,F1

K

X899A/,FLA P=

K

A

\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E]D0

7"

F1

!

K"':#960,64,"-5

"

)

!

"4!

6 F=8

b

61

$

'%%4

%"6

;<=7AS1F810E+8697\A/8OA,+A@=

b

8<J/,8<F1ZO

-

9AOA1,F1

K

P8<VA<P=

K

AZ1/<A=0A@A/+=1F0O

7"

F1

!

A706'.,10'&.10#61#$I0

3

#$/#

!

"'$!

[=1 W6F

$

'%%&

%"

%#$#'"17,6 K7#,"0#$,

?

.,10'&0$/K"':# 960,6$ N0/7 A706#$#

A7'"'1/#"0$/01$

$

_896OA"

%

k\AF

b

F1

K

!

X+F1= N=>8<E8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

Y6>9F0+F1

K

W860A

"

-

!33!

Q+=1

K

NFV61

$

'%%&

%"6

E8OA]6,0,=17F1

K

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810Z006A0F1X+F1==17

X861,A<OA=06<A0

7"

F1

!

B,-"6'&,

?

A706'*6$/0/-/#,

?

*6:-$/"0'&%#&'/0,6$

"

'

!

4!

)# !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 46: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

Z%:".&1*0%'(",/%,-!"00*N'()*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

(,3".'24"&*%

@8LF1

K

:<8OD1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

,8

Z1760,<

U

"

EA/,8<=99ALA9X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

[861

K

O8[881

!

!

23.0:45G.7:3

X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1H8<A=.=0

"

:8<=981

K

,FOA

"

0+=

-

A7>

U

,.80,<81

K

,<=7F,F810!]1A.=0,+A0,<=,A

KU

8:,+A

6

7ALA98

-

OA1,=9

7

0,=,A

"

,+A=FO8:

.+F/+ .=0,8 /81,<899=>86</80,0 =179=>86< =/,FLF0O .F,+F1 ,+A

:<=OA.8<V8:=1Aa

-

8<,8<FA1,A7A/818OF/

K

<8.,+

-

89F/

U

=17=0,=,F0,

08/FA,

U

!;+A8,+A<AL89LA7:<8O,+A7AO8/<=/

U

O8LAOA1,.+F/+>6F9,6

-

76<F1

K

,+A

U

A=<08:=6,+8<F,=<F=1<69A=17

-

60+A7:8<

-

89F,F/=97AO8/<=/

U

=1708/F=9089F7=<F,

U

! ;<=7A 61F810F1 H8<A=<A=/,A7 ,8 ,+A0A,.8

,<=7F,F810

"

+8.ALA<

"

.F,+7F::A<A1,0,<=,A

K

FA0

"

.+F/+>A/=OA=086</A8:

:617=OA1,=9/81,<8LA<0

U

.F,+F1,+A9=>86<O8LAOA1,!Y<F8<,8"*$&

"

,+A

0,<6/,6<A8:,<=7A61F810=17/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.=07A,A<OF1A7>

U

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,! C<8O ,+A "*&%0 81.=<70

"

61F810 L=/F99=,A7 >A,.AA1

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O =17F1760,<F=961F81F0O

"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81 .+=,,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,,+86

K

+,.=0A=0FA<,8/81,<89! P+A1=1A. ,<=7A61F81

=/,FLF0OAOA<

K

A7F1"*$&

"

.8<VA<0l

-

<A006<A:8<=6,818O

U

=170A9:

Page 47: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

8<

K

=1F0=,F81+=7,8=7=

-

,,8,+AAaF0,F1

K

0,<6/,6<A8:A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O

"

.+F/++=7>AA1A0,=>9F0+A7=17O=F1,=F1A7>

U

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,0F1/A,+A

A=<9

U

"*$%0!

C<8O"*$&81.=<70

"

76<F1

K

,+A

-

A<F878:7AO8/<=,F0=,F81

"

.+A1=

1A..=LA8:,<=7A61F818<

K

=1F0F1

K

0.A

-

,=/<800,+A/861,<

U

>8,+F1,+A

O=

b

8<F1760,<F=9<A

K

F810=170A<LF/A0A/,8<0F16<>=1=<A=0 /8O

-

=1FA0

"

<=,+A<,+=1><=1/+A0=17F1760,<FA0

"

>A/=OA,+AO=F1:8/608:F1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810!X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9>A/=OA,+A78OF1=1,

:8<O8:.=

K

A:FaF1

K

"

O=VF1

K

<88O:8<,+A7ALA98

-

OA1,8:=,<=7A61F81

/69,6<A>=0A781

6

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O

7

kW8.ALA<

"

0F1/A,+AA/818OF/

/<F0F0F1"**&

"

=9=<

K

A16O>A<8:,<=7A61F810F1H8<A=+=LA7A/F7A7,8

A0/+A.1=<<8.

6

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O

7

=17=<A/=99F1

K

:8<=/+=1

K

A,8

F1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! W=17F1+=17.F,+Aa

-

=17F1

K

,+A

0/8

-

A8:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

61F810=<A0AAVF1

K

,<=10:8<O=,F81:<8O

/8O

-

=1

U

61F810,861F8108<

K

=1F0A7=,,+AF1760,<

U

9ALA9!;+F0A::8<,+=0

18,<A/AFLA7=1

U

VF178:>9A00F1

K

:<8O,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

"

.+F/++=0<A:60A7

,8=/V18.9A7

K

A,+A

-

80F,FLAL=96A8:7

U

1=OF/F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810>=0A781

=/,FLA,<=7A61F81F0O!

;+A1AA7:8<=,<=10:8<O=,F81,8

6

F1760,<F=961F81F0O

7

F076A,8,+A

9FOF,=,F8108:

6

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O

7

kS1F810:8617,+=,

6

A1,A<

-

<F0A

61F81F0O

7

+=7=,A17A1/

U

,8

-

6<06A86,/8OA0.+F/+>A1A:F,A7819

U

,+A

AO

-

98

U

AA08:,+A/8O

-

=1

U

=,.+F/+/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,88V

-

9=/A!

X8O

-

=1

U

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A069,A7F1 L=0, 7F::A<A1/A0

"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81 ,+A

0,<A1

K

,+8:,+AF17FLF76=961F81=17,+A0,=,A8:,+A/8O

-

=1

U

!Z1=77F,F81

"

=9=<

K

A16O>A<8:.8<VA<0<AO=F1A761/8LA<A7

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

F:,+A

U

.8<VA7

F1 18161F81FBA7/8O

-

=1FA0! J,,+A0=OA,FOA

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A.=09FOF,A7,8.8<VA<0AO

-

98

U

A77F<A/,9

U

>

U

,+A/8O

-

=1

U

=0

<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0!

6

Z<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0

7"

.+A,+A<AO

-

98

U

A7F17F<A/,9

U

,+<86

K

+O69,F,FA<A7F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

8<7F<A/,9

U

"

>6,81=

-

=<,

,FOA>=0F08<.F,+:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0.A<AAa/967A7:<8O >=<

K

=F1F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,0! ;+F00F,6=,F81 .=0<A:9A/,A7F1,<=7A61F81 OAO>A<0+F

-

"

.+F/+.=0O80,9

U

/81:F1A7,8,+A

6

<A

K

69=<

7

AO

-

98

U

AA08:=/8O

-

=1

U

!

!# !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 48: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

"

!

A07676 :D =->:50 918-.7:36 53410

+

J3.10K0761 <37:376C

,

I6<F1

K

,+AA/818OF//<F0F0

"

.+A1 O=1

U

/8O

-

=1FA0:897A7

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A

61F810>A

K

=1,8<A=9F0A,+=,,+AF<:6,6<A.=0+80,=

K

A,8,+A06//A008:

F17FLF76=9/8O

-

=1FA0

"

-

=<,F/69=<9

U

.F,+86,=1A::A/,FLA0,=,A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO!;+A98008:81Al0

b

8>/=<<FA7.F,+F,,+AFOOA7F=,A,+<A=,8:08/F=9

O=<

K

F1=9F0=,F81!S1F810>A

K

=1,8<A=9F0A,+A1AA7,8/<A=,A=9ALA9

-

9=

U

F1

K

:FA97.F,+F1=1F1760,<

U

=17,8>6F976

-

<A086</A0,8

-

<8LF7A:8<,+A08/F=9

.A9:=<A8:.8<VA<018,9F1VA7,8,+A:=,A8:=0

-

A/F:F//8O

-

=1

U

!

!

9%:0*E

!

S*%'.&*/"8*,'*&

$

&(/*.,(",(/#

E8OA:A=,6<A08:A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O=17A1,A<

-

<F0A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1H8<A=

S1F810,<6/,6<A=17

98/=,F818:

-

8.A<

S1F810=,,+A/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9+=LA=6,818O

U

F1,A<O08:8<

K

=1F0=,F81

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA=/,F81

"

F1/967F1

K

0,<FVA0

E+=

-

A8:

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

X810,=1,0+F:,F1>=9=1/A8:

-

8.A<>A,.AA1.8<VA<0=17AO

-

98

U

A<=,A=/+

/8O

-

=1

U

"

.F,+86,0,=>F9F,

U

"

9A=7F1

K

,8/810,=1,0,=178::0=17,6

K

0

8:.=<

& 3

<A069,F1

K

08OA,FOA0F1.8<VA<78OF1=1/A

& 3

08OA,FOA0F1AO

-

98

U

A<78OF1=1/A

& 3

A=/+0F7AF1LA0,0/810F7A<=>9A<A086</A0F1O=F1,=F1F1

K

F,0

-

80F,F81

LF0mLF0,+A8,+A<

P8<VA<

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81

F1.8<V

-

<8/A00

R8 7F0,F1/,F81 F1

-

<8/A76<A >A,.AA1 /81:9F/,6=9 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17

/88

-

A<=,FLA

#

/81069,=,FLA

b

8F1,A::8<,0

Z1760,<F=9

=/,F81

"

0,<FVA0

DF,+A<+F

K

+:<A

h

6A1/

U

8:0O=990FBA70,<FVA08<180,<FVA0

$

0,<FVA0/=1

-

<8981

K

>=7:AA9F1

K

%

_FA.08:=/,8<0

;<=7A61F810

Y<A:A<<A7>

U

.8<VA<0 .+8 =<AF1 =1 =7L=1,=

K

A860

-

80F,F81

$

9=<

K

A

/8O

-

=1FA0

"

-

6>9F/ A0,=>9F0+OA1,0

%,

<A069,0F1 =:<=

K

OA1,A7 61F81

O8LAOA1,

,

9F,,9A

-

800F>F9F,

U

:8<7ALA98

-

F1

K

=/8OO81=

K

A17=:8<,+A

><8=7A<

-

8

-

69=,F81 8: .8<VA<0

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

.F,+ <A

K

=<7 ,8 /8OO81

/81/A<10

"

08/FA,

U

.F7AF10,F,6,F810=17

-

89F,F/=9F1:96A1/A

DO

-

98

U

A<0

Y<8LF7A0,+A /=

-

=/F,

U

,8 <A=/, :9AaF>9

U

=17 0.F:,9

U

,8 /8O

-

=1

U

0

-

A/F:F//+=1

K

A0

Y<8LF7A0=18

--

8<,61F,

U

,8/69,FL=,A=/8O

-

=1

U

:<FA179

U

61F81

!

=061F81

8<

K

=1F0=,F81F0.F,+F1,+A/8O

-

=1

U

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A</=1F1,A<LA1AF1,+A

.8<VF1

K

08:,+A61F81

"

F1/967F1

K

,+AA9A/,F818:F,09A=7A<0

"

O=F1,=F1F1

K

/980A

-

A<081=9<A9=,F810.F,+,+AO

;+<A=,A10/8O

-

A,F,FLA.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0F1,FOA08:A/818OF/

K

<8.,+

"#

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 49: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

E8OA=0

-

A/,08:,+A/<F0F08:

6

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O

7

/=1>A:8617F10,=,F0,F/=9

7=,=!S1F817A10F,

U

"

.+F/+

-

A=VA7=,

b

60,>A98.'%

-

A</A1,F19=,A"*$%

"

0,=<,A7,87A/9F1A,+A<A=:,A<

"

7<8

--

F1

K

>A98."#

-

A</A1,F1"**)=170,=

K

1=,F1

K

0F1/A'%%'

"

=,=<8617"%

-

A</A1,!X6<<A1,9

U

"

819

U

"!4OF99F81.8<VA<0=<A

8<

K

=1F0A7F1,<=7A61F810! ]:,+A0A"!4 OF99F81,<=7A61F81 OAO>A<0

"

,+A

O=

b

8<F,

U

4'!#

-

A</A1, =<AAO

-

98

U

A7F19=<

K

A/8O

-

=1FA0

$

O8<A,+=1"

"

%%%

AO

-

98

U

AA0

%

k;+60

"

O80,61F81OAO>A<0>A981

K

,8>A,,A<A178.A7/8O

-

=1FA0

"

.+F/+/=1=::8<7,8

-

=

U

+F

K

+A<.=

K

A0!

;+A/<F0F08:<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81>A/8OA0ALA1O8<AALF7A1,.+A161F817A10F,

U

=O81

K

.8<VA<0F1L=<F860/=,A

K

8<FA08:

6

181<A

K

69=<

7

AO

-

98

U

OA1,F0Aa=OF1A7!

S1F81F0=,F818:,+A0A.8<VA<0.=0'!)

-

A</A1,

$

"*%

"

%%%.8<VA<0

%

F1'%%3

"

3!'

-

A</A1,

$

'&%

"

%%%

%

F1'%%#=17'!$

-

A</A1,

$

')%

"

%%%

%

F1'%%4! P+A1

61F817A10F,

U

F061

-

=/VA7

"

,+A7A10F,

U

=O81

K

.8<VA<0F1

6

<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

OA1,

7

<F0A0,8 '"!&

-

A< /A1,! ;+A98. OAO>A<0+F

-

8: 181<A

K

69=< .8<VA<0

7AO810,<=,A0,+A<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81=9

-

<8:F9A8:,<=7A61F810!Z1'%%3

"

819

U

""!#

-

A</A1,8:61F81 OAO>A<0.A<A.8<VA<0F1

6

F<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

OA1,

7

k;+A

0F,6=,F81+=018,/+=1

K

A7

K

<A=,9

U

7A0

-

F,A,+AO6/+

-

6>9F/F0A7A::8<,08:,+A

,<=7A61F810 F106>0A

h

6A1,

U

A=<0

!

"3!*

-

A</A1,F1'%%)

"

"#!)

-

A</A1,F1

'%%#=17"3!&

-

A</A1,F1'%%4!

!

9%:0*C

!

W,(",#*#:*&/2(

$

)

:

6

8(&#/(=*

#

CFFD

$

CF<O0FBA S1F810 S1F81OAO>A<0 J99AO

-

98

U

AA0

NA00,+=1#%.8<VA<0 '*&4

$

)*!*T

%

#%))4

$

3!3T

%

&*!3T

#%

(

**.8<VA<0 "%)"

$

"&!#T

%

&)'%4

$

)!*T

%

$!*T

"%%

(

'**.8<VA<0 "3#%

$

''!4T

%

''3#)&

$

")!*T

%

*!4T

3%%

(

)**.8<VA<0 '3#

$

3!*T

%

*""$&

$

4!"T

%

3!#T

#%%

(

***.8<VA<0 "$3

$

3!"T

%

"')*'#

$

$!3T

%

3!)T

"%%%.8<VA<0=17O8<A "$4

$

3!"T

%

*)"$4"

$

4'!#T

%

#!3T

;8,=9 #*&"

$

"%%T

%

"#%4"&'

$

"%%!%T

%

"%%!%T

R8,A

!

@F1F0,<

U

8:N=>86<7=,=7818,F1/967A

6

61<A

K

F0,A<A761F810

7

k

E86</A0

!

@F1F0,<

U

8:N=>86<

"

Y<A005A9A=0A

"

*R8LAO>A<'%%4

,

HNZ

"

HNZN=>86<E,=,F0,F/0

"

'%%#!

## !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 50: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*D W,(",-*,/('

6

)

:

6

*#

$

0"

6

#*,''

6$

*

#

R.

?

./'CFFG

$

DO

-

98

U

OA1,,

U-

A P=

K

AA=<1A<0 S1F81OAO>A<0 S1F817A10F,

U

YA<O=1A1, &

"

&%%

"

%%% "

"

&3#

"

%%% ''!#T

;AO

-

8<=<

U

)

"

$"3

"

%%% &'

"

%%% "!#T

I=F9

U

'

"

%&"

"

%%% $

"

%%% %!)T

E86</A

!

H8<A=N=>86<Z10,F,6,A

"

()*)'+,-"./'/0$/01$

"

'%%#!

;+A,<=7A61F81O8LAOA1,F1H8<A=

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

,+AH8<A=1X81:A7A<=,F81

8:;<=7A S1F810

$

HX;S

%"

+=0

-

<8/9=FOA7F,0F1,A1,F81,8,<=10:8<O

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0OF1,8F1760,<F=961F81F0O!Z,+=0

-

8F1,A786,,+AO=1

U

9FOF,=,F8108:A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O

"

=09F0,A7>A98.

"

F1<A=::F<OF1

K

F,0

/8OOF,OA1,,8F1760,<F=961F81F0O

!

F,F07F::F/69,,88<

K

=1F0A.8<VA<0F1OF/<8

#

0O=99=17OA7F6O0FBA7

A1,A<

-

<F0A0=17A0

-

A/F=99

U

.8<VA<0F1F<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

OA1,

#

.+A1

61F810:61/,F81819

U

=0A1,A<

-

<F0A>86178<

K

=1F0=,F810

%

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810

-

<8O8,A=/8O

-

=1

U

8<FA1,A7/810/F8601A00=17

0A9:F0+1A00=17,+60 8>0,<6/,><8=7A< .8<VA<0l089F7=<F,

U

=17

61F,

U

%

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810/81,<F>6,A,8,+A:<=

K

OA1,=,F818:,+A.8<VA<0

=17,+A9=>86< O=<VA,>

U

.F7A1F1

K

.=

K

A7F::A<A1,F=90>A,.AA1

/8O

-

=1FA0

&

A0

-

A/F=99

U

F1,A<O08::F<O0FBA

'%

=,<=7A61F81O8LAOA1,>=0A781A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0OF09FOF,A7F1

F,0=>F9F,

U

,8F1F,F=,A=179A=7><8=7A</=O

-

=F

K

10:8<08/F=90A/6<F,

U

=1708/F=9

#

-

89F,F/=9=17A/818OF/<A:8<O=,,+A1=,F81=99ALA9

%

=17

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0OO=VA0F,7F::F/69,:8<,+A,<=7A61F81O8LAOA1,

=0=.+89A,8AaA<,F,0F1:96A1/A8108/FA,

U

=17

-

89F,F/0F1

K

A1A<=9=0

=

-

8.A<:69

-

89F,F/=9:8</A!

;+A,.F1/<F0F08:A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0OF1H8<A= F,0F1=>F9F,

U

,8

-

<8LF7A

08/F=90A/6<F,

U

86,0F7A,+A.=9908:0

-

A/F:F//8O

-

=1FA0=17,+A/<F0F08:

,<=7A61F81<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81=17.8<VA<0l089F7=<F,

U

+=0

-

<8

-

A99A7,<=7A

61F810,87ALA98

-

=1A. 0,<=,A

KU

=17,8 O8LA:8<.=<7,8.=<70,+A

$#

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 51: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

7ALA98

-

OA1,8:

6

F1760,<F=961F81F0O

7

k;.8

-

<8/A00A0=<A617A<.=

U

!

P+F9A,+AA::8<,08:61F810,8<A8<

K

=1F0A,+AO0A9LA0 +=LA

K

=,+A<A7

/810F7A<=>9AO8OA1,6O

"

,+A/+=1

K

A0F1,+A9A

K

F09=,FLA:<=OA.8<V:8<

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

>A

U

817,+A/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9=<A0,F99F1,+AF<A=<9

U

0,=

K

A0!

Z1 <A8<

K

=1F0F1

K

,+AO0A9LA0

"

,<=7A 61F810 =<A :=/A7 .F,+ ,.8

/+=99A1

K

A0! ]1,+A 81A +=17

"

,+A

U

+=LA,8,<=10:8<O ,+AO0A9LA0

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=99

U

:<8OA1,A<

-

<F0A61F810F1,8F1760,<F=961F810

"

7F0089LF1

K

0O=99A<8<

K

=1F0=,F81=961F,0=17/8OF1

K

,8

K

A,+A<F19=<

K

A<0,<6/,6<A0

"

.+F9A81,+A8,+A<+=17

"

,+A

U

+=LA,8>6F97=1A.

-

9=,:8<O:8<

b

8F1,

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.F,+AO

-

98

U

A<0=,,+AF1760,<

U

9ALA9! E6//A0081,+A0A,.8

:<81,0+=0>AA1OFaA7!

#

!

;0-36D:0C73F J3.10K0761 <37:36

73.: 23456.07-8 <37:36

IA0

-

F,A,+A

-

<F1/F

-

9A70,=1/A81,+A1AA7,8 O8LA,8.=<70F1760,<F=9

61F81F0O

"

61,F9"**&,+A<A .=09F,,9A

-

<8

K

<A00! J 1A. :=/,8<,+=,

-

<8

-

A99A7,+AO8LAOA1,,8.=<701=,F81=9F1760,<F=961F810=<80A:<8O,+A

7<=0,F//+=1

K

A0F1,+A9=>86<O=<VA,0F,6=,F81F1,+A=:,A<O=,+8:,+A

J0F=1A/818OF//<F0F0.+F/++F,E86,+H8<A=F19=,A"**&! ;+A61A17F1

K

0A<FA08:O=00<A,<A1/+OA1,0

"

.8<V:8</A78.10FBF1

K

=1786,086</F1

K

"

617A<,=VA1F1,+A1=OA8:9=>86<O=<VA,:9AaF>F9F,

U

"

=17,+A7A:A10FLA

-

80F,F81,+A61F810.A<A:8</A7F1,8F1,+AF<.=

K

A=17/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,

1A

K

8,F=,F810

"

9A7,89800A0F1,A<O08:,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,

$

b

8>

%

0A/6<F,

U

"

.=

K

A0=17FO

-

<8LAOA1,0F1.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810,+A

U

+=7.81=,/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9=0A1,A<

-

<F0A61F8108LA<,+A

U

A=<0! ;<=7A61F81 OAO>A<0.A<A

7<FLA186,8:

b

8>0F17<8LA0=17/81LA<,A7F1,8

6

F<<A

K

69=<

7

.8<VA<0

"

.F,+86,>AF1

K

=>9A,8

-

6,6

-

=1

U

VF178:<A0F0,=1/A! ;+A61F810:8617

,+AO0A9LA0,8,=99

U-

8.A<9A00!]LA<=99,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

:A99>=/V,8,+A

9ALA9>A:8<A,+A"*$&6

-

06<

K

AF1,+A,<=7A61F81O8LAOA1,!;+AA/818OF/

/<F0F0+=7,+A

-

8,A1,F=9,80+=VA,+A,<=7A61F81O8LAOA1,,8F,0/8<A

"

=0

%# !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 52: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F,0<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA1A00/=OA617A<0A<F860/+=99A1

K

A!

PF7A0

-

<A=7=170677A1Aa

-

806<A8:,+A9FOF,=,F8108:A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7

,<=7A61F81F0OA1

K

<=LA7F1,+AOF1708:61F819A=7A<0=17OAO>A<0=9FVA

,+A9A

K

F,FO=/

U

8:,+A1AA7,8,<=10:8<O,+A,<=7A61F810F1,81=,F81=9

F1760,<F=961F810! ;+A8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9,<=10:8<O=,F81F1,89=<

K

A<61F810

>A

K

=1F1A=<1A0,F1"**&

"

<A069,F1

K

F106//A00:69<A0,<6/,6<F1

K

F1,+A

+A=9,+=17OA7F/=90A/,8<!;+F09A7,8,+A:8<O=,F818:,+A:F<0,1=,F81.F7A

F1760,<F=961F81

"

,+A(,"#'6]#'&/7'6:Q#:01'&2,"C#"$960,6F1"**$!

;+A8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9,<=10:8<O=,F81:<8OA1,A<

-

<F0A61F810,8O69,F

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810=17,81=,F81=961F810+=0>AA1:=F<9

U

06//A00:69!Z1

"**4

"

819

U

*%

"

%%%.8<VA<0

$

#!#

-

A</A1,8:,8,=961F81OAO>A<0

%

.A<A

OAO>A<08:O69,FA1,A<

-

<F0A,<=7A61F810!;A1

U

A=<09=,A<

"

F1'%%4

"

08OA

*%%

"

%%% .8<VA<0 +=7 >A/8OA OAO>A<0 8:

b

60,8LA<#% 1=,F81.F7A

F1760,<F=961F810! ;+A<A+=0=908>AA1=0F

K

1F:F/=1,7ALA98

-

OA1,F1,+A

A0,=>9F0+OA1,8:<A

K

F81=9

K

A1A<=961F810=17

6

8//6

-

=,F81=9

7

61F810!;+A

<AO=F1F1

K

8<

K

=1F0A7.8<VA<0

"

86,8:=,8,=98:"!4OF99F81

"

>A981

K

,808OA

4

"

%%%A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810!

;+A 8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9 ,<=10:8<O=,F81 8: ,<=7A 61F810 +=0 >AA1

617A<,=VA1F1,+A:8998.F1

K

0A/,8<0

!

"

>=1VF1

K

"

OA,=9

"

+80

-

F,=90

"

OA7F=

&

1A.0

-

=

-

A<0=17;_<=7F8

'

"

><=1/+A08:,+A:F1=1/F=90A/,8<

&

F106<=1/A

#

0A/6<F,FA0=170881

'

"

<A0A=</+0A<LF/A0

"

><=1/+A08:,+A/810,<6/,F810A/,8<

&

<A=7

U

OFaA7/81/<A,A7A9FLA<

U

LA+F/9A0

#

-

9=1,O=F1,A1=1/A

#

,8.A</<=1A8

-

A<=,8<0

#

/=<

-

A1,A<0

=170881

'

"

><=1/+A08:,+A,<=10

-

8<,0A/,8<

&

/=<

K

8,<6/V7<FLA<0

#

,=aF0

#

>60A0

=170881

'

"

O61F/F

-

=90A<LF/A0

"

,A=/+A<0

#

/FLF90A<L=1,0

"-

6>9F/0A/,8<

&

K

8LA<1OA1,=

K

A1/FA0=17,<=10

-

8<,=,F81

/

<=F9.=

U

0

06>.=

U

0

#

>60A0

#

,=aF0

0'

&#

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 53: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

$

!

;,1 L.05FF81 D:0 A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F

-. 23456.0Q =1H18

;+A O80,

-

<81861/A7

-

<8

K

<A00F1,<=10:8<OF1

K

/8O

-

=1

U

>=0A7,<=7A

61F810F1,8F1760,<

U

.F7A0,<6/,6<A0+=0>AA1<A/8<7A7F1,+A>=1VF1

K

0A/,8<

"

,+AOA,=90A/,8<=17,+A+80

-

F,=90A/,8<!;+A0A/+=1

K

A0+=LA>AA1

=//8O

-

=1FA7>

U

L=<

U

F1

K

7A

K

<AA08:06//A00:69F1760,<

U

.F7A/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

$

!

! R-3@73F L1G.:0

Z1,+A>=1VF1

K

0A/,8<

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,=VA0

-

9=/A=,,+AF1760,<

U

9ALA9

"

>A,.AA1,+A(,"#'6406'610'&*6:-$/"

F

960,6=17=1=7+8/

K

<86

-

8:>=1V0<A

-

<A0A1,A7>

U

,+A(,"#'4#:#"'/0,6,

?

@'6C$!;+A1A

K

8,F=,F1

K

-

=<,1A<0606=99

U

=

K

<AA81=

6

>=17.F7,+

7

:8<.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0

"

.+F/+=998.0

61F810,<6/,6<A0=,A=/+1=,F81=9>=1V

K

<86

-

,81A

K

8,F=,A=0

-

A/F:F/.=

K

A

F1/<A=0A.F,+F1,+A

-

<A 7A,A<OF1A79FOF,0! I6<F1

K

,+A'%%$/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<8617

"

>8,+0F7A0=908=

K

<AA7,+=,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0.8697A1,A<

,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<8617F1'%%*<A

-

<A0A1,A7>

U

=>=1VF1

K

0A/,8<AO

-

98

U

A<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F81

"

.+F/+0+8697>AA0,=>9F0+A7>

U

,+A1!

;+A(,"#'6406'610'&*6:-$/"

F

960,6 ,+AO=F1F1760,<F=961F81F1

,+A>=1VF1

K

0A/,8< +=0=981

K

+F0,8<

U

"

0,=<,F1

K

:<8O ,+A D'/0,6'&

U$$,10'/0,6,

?

@'6C 2,"C#"$960,6$F1"*4%! Z,+=0=908+=708OA

Aa

-

A<FA1/A 8: 8

-

A<=,F1

K

=0 =1 F1760,<F=9 61F81

"

-

<F8< ,8 "*$%!

C6<,+A<O8<A

"

F,=908O=1=

K

A7,80A,6

-

=>F17F1

K

6

0A/,8<=99ALA9

7

/A1,<=9

9=>86<O=1=

K

AOA1,/861/F9F1,+A>=1VF1

K

F1760,<

U

! Z1,+A"*$%0

"

:8998.F1

K

,+A:8</A7,<=10F,F81,8A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O>

U

=/+=1

K

AF1,+A

9=.F1"*$%

"

,+A61F81,<FA7,80,F/V,8,+A

-

<ALF860=<<=1

K

AOA1,0=17

,+A<A.A<A16OA<860/=0A08:

b

8F1,/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

.+A<A,+A

4#:#"'/0,6,

?

@'6C 2,"C#"$960,6$=17=1=::F9F=,A7A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

61F81

b

8F1A76

-

,8>=<

K

=F1.F,+=0F1

K

9A>=1VAO

-

98

U

A<!

'# !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 54: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

;+AAO

-

98

U

A<0F1,+A>=1VF1

K

0A/,8<.A<A=90818,08LA+AOA1,9

U

8

--

80A7,8,+AF7A=8:/A1,<=9F0A7/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

=0.=

K

A9ALA90=17

.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810=<A0FOF9=<=/<800,+A>=1VF1

K

F1760,<

U

"

=17,+A<A.=0

7A:=/,8

6

-

=,,A<1>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7"

.+A<A,+A<A069,08:=1=

K

<AAOA1,F181A8:

,+AO=

b

8<>=1V0=9.=

U

0=::A/,A71A

K

8,F=,F810F18,+A<>=1V0!

X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,,+AF1760,<

U

9ALA9:8/60A7 O=F19

U

81

K

A1A<=9F006A0:=/F1

K

=99,+A>=1V0=17>=1VF1

K

.8<VA<0

"

06/+=0,+A

F1,<876/,F818:=:FLA7=

U

.8<VF1

K

.AAV=17<A76/,F810F1>60F1A00

+86<0

"

.F,+86,

K

8F1

K

F1,8 O8<A 7A,=F9 =>86, 0

-

A/F:F/ .8<VF1

K

/817F,F810!Z1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

A0,=>9F0+A7=,<=7F,F81

8:0A,,F1

K

><8=7

-

=<=OA,A<0:8<.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0

"

.+F/+

K

FLA098/=9F0A7

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1F17FLF76=9>=1V0<88O ,8 7ALA98

-

0

-

A/F:F/

"

0F1

K

9AA1,A<

-

<F0A=<<=1

K

AOA1,0!

$

!

" ?1.-8 L1G.:0

Z1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1,+AOA,=90A/,8< 9A7>

U

,+AHX;S

=::F9F=,A7(,"#'6Q#/'&2,"C#"$960,6

$

H@PS

%

+=07ALA98

-

A7F1,.8

0,=

K

A0! ;+A(,"#'6Q#/'& 2,"C#"$960,6 .=0:8<OA7F1'%%"

"

.+A1

08OA)%

"

%%% .8<VA<0F1=>86,'%%A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810=::F9F=,A7,8,+A

(,"#'6Q#/'&2,"C#"$4#:#"'/0,6

$

H@PC

%

7A/F7A7,8

b

8F1,8

K

A,+A<F1,8

=0F1

K

9AF1760,<F=961F81! ;+A=/,6=9,<=10:8<O=,F81<A

h

6F<A7A=/+8:,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810,8

K

8,+<86

K

+=

-

<8/A008:

6

7F00896,F81

7

=17=78

-

,=

<A0896,F81,8>A

-

=<,8:=1F1760,<F=961F81! J//8<7F1

K

,8,+A0,=,6,A0

"

,+F0<A

h

6F<A7=,.8,+F<70O=

b

8<F,

U

8:=99OAO>A<08:A=/+61F81!Z1'%%"

"

61F810F19=<

K

A/8O

-

=1FA0.A<A O80,9

U

61=>9A,8

b

8F1! ;+A ]

F

-6:'0

Q,/,"2,"C#"$960,6

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

.+F/+=981A+=7=OAO>A<0+F

-

8:

O8<A,+=1)%

"

%%%

"

:=F9A781,.88//=0F810,80A/6<A,+A<A

h

6F<A7O=

b

8<F,

U

8:F,0OAO>A<0!J0=<A069,

"

61,F9'%%4

"

,+AOA,=90A/,8<F1760,<F=961F81

<A

-

<A0A1,A7819

U

)%

"

%%%OAO>A<0 O80,9

U

:<8O0O=99=17OA7F6O0FBA7

:F<O0 .+F9A=:6<,+A<"%%

"

%%% .8<VA<0

"

O80,9

U

:<8O 9=<

K

A<:F<O0

"

<AO=F1A7OAO>A<08:A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810!

(#

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 55: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

P+F9A,<=7A61F818<

K

=1F0=,F81=9,<=10:8<O=,F81 .=081A:=/,8<F1

-

60+F1

K

:8</899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,F1760,<

U

9ALA9

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0<A0F0,A7

,+AF7A=8:,<=10:A<<F1

K

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=6,+8<F,

U

,8=1

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F81

=,F1760,<F=99ALA9!Z18<7A<,88LA</8OAAO

-

98

U

A<<A0F0,=1/A

"

,+A61F810

=78

-

,A77F::A<A1,OA,+870,8><F1

K

AO

-

98

U

A<0,8

K

A,+A<=,81A1A

K

8,F=,F81

,=>9A! ;+F0,88V,+A:8<O 8:

6

b

8F1,/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

7" 6

K

<86

-

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

8<

6

7F=

K

81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7$

0AA>8a:8<=

><FA:7A0/<F

-

,F818:A=/+8:,+A0A:8<O08:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

%

k;+A0A

7F::A<A1,OA,+870=908<A:9A/,A7,+A

-

<A

-

=<A71A008:61F81 OAO>A<0=,

7F::A<A1,A1,A<

-

<F0A0,8=//A

-

,,+A/81/A

-

,=177F0/F

-

9F1A8:/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,=+F

K

+A<8<

K

=1F0=,F81=99ALA9!

X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

617A<,=VA1>

U

,+AH@PS7ALA98

-

A7,+<86

K

+

7F::A<A1,

-

+=0A0!ZOOA7F=,A9

U

=:,A<F,0A0,=>9F0+OA1,F1'%%"

"

F,,88V,+A

:8<O8:

6

b

8F1,/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

=17

6

7F=

K

81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

k

Z1'%%'

"

F,

-

<8

K

<A00A7,8

6

K

<86

-

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

>

U

<A

K

F81=998/=90

"

.+80AO=F18>

b

A/,FLA.=0,80A/6<A:<8OAO

-

98

U

A<0=

6

>=0F/=

K

<AAOA1,

7

.+F/+/8OOF,,A7,+AO ,8 O8<A/A1,<=9F0A7 /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

,+A

:8998.F1

KU

A=<! Z1'%%3

"

AO

-

98

U

A<08:*&A1,A<

-

<F0A0=6,+8<F0A7=17

O=17=,A7 /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

,8 = 0A9A/,

K

<86

-

8: AO

-

98

U

A<

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0!;+F09A7,8,+A:F<0,ALA<

6

0AOF/A1,<=9F0A7

7

/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,/81/967A7>

U

,+A(,"#'6Q#/'&2,"C#"$960,6=17=

$

0,F99

0O=99

%

AO

-

98

U

A<0l1A

K

8,F=,F1

KK

<86

-

!;+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,

/81,=F1A7

-

<8LF0F81081=)%+86<

"

:FLA7=

U

.8<VF1

K

.AAV

"

-

<8,A/,F818:

.8<VA<0F1F<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

OA=06<A081O60/69=<0VA9A,=97F08<7A<0

=17,<=7A61F81<F

K

+,0F1,+A.8<V

-

9=/A!Z,.=0,+A0,<=,A

KU-

6<06A7>

U

,+A(,"#'6Q#/'&2,"C#"$960,6.+F/+:F1=99

U

9A7,8,+A:8<O=,F818:=1

F1760,<

U

.F7AAO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F81F1A=<9

U

'%%4!IA0

-

F,A,+A/81,F16A7

-

<8

K

<A00 F1 F1760,<

U

9ALA9 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

+8.ALA<

"

06>0,=1,F=9F006A0

"

F1/967F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,81.=

K

A0

"

.A<A0,F990A,,9A7O=F19

U

=,,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

9ALA9!

)$ !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 56: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

O&(*8N2&","0"

?6

"8'2*-*)*0"

$

#*,'"8(,-./'&

6

0*)*0

N"00*N'()*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

(,'2*#*'%0/*N'"&

'%%" C8<O=,F818:,+AH8<A=1@A,=9P8<VA<0S1F81

$

OAO>A<0+F

-

!

3%

"

&*#

%

'%%'

6

G<86

-

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7,

/81/960F818:

6

>=0F/=

K

<AAOA1,

7

=,"%$A1,A<

-

<F0A0

'%%3

XA1,<=9F0A7F1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,

61F:FA7=

K

<AAOA1,

"

F1/967F1

K

:FLA7=

U

.8<VF1

K

.AAV

'%%4 C8<O=,F818:OA,=90A/,8<AO

-

98

U

A<0l/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8<

K

=1F0=,F81

'%%4 E6//A00:69L8,A:8<,<=10:8<O=,F81,8F1760,<F=961F81=,9=<

K

A<A1,A<

-

<F0A0

;+A0A/8170,=

K

A8:7ALA98

-

F1

K

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,F1760,<

U

9ALA9F1

,+AOA,=90A/,8<>A

K

=1.F,+,+A06//A00:697F00896,F818:A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810

=,9=<

K

A/8O

-

=1FA0

"

06/+=0,+A]

F

-6:'0Q,/,"2,"C#"$960,6813%e61A

'%%4!;<=7A61F81OAO>A<0F108OA")A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810

"

.F,+=,8,=9

OAO>A<0+F

-

8:8LA<*%

"

%%%

"

.A1,,8,+A>=998,>8a

"

F1/967F1

K

,+A

]

F

-6:'0Q,/,"2,"C#"$960,6

"

=177A/F7A7,8>A/8OA

-

=<,8:,+A(,"#'6

Q#/'& 2,"C#"$ 960,6! H@PS AOA<

K

A7 =0 =1 F1760,<F=9 61F81

<A

-

<A0A1,F1

K

08OA"#%

"

%%%.8<VA<0!

I6<F1

K

,+A:F<0,

U

A=<

"

,+AA17A=L86<08:,+AA19=<

K

A7F1760,<F=961F81

,8A1

K

=

K

AF1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1,+AOA,=90A/,8<F1'%%&.A<A

-

9=

K

6A7

>

U

=9=/V8:

-

<A

-

=<A71A00=17

"

F1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

>

U

,+A<AO=F1F1

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A

61F810,<6/,6<A0=,,+A1A.9

U

/81LA<,A761F810! X8O

-

9F/=,F810=<80A

"

=908

"

76A,8,+A<A0F0,=1/A8:AO

-

98

U

A<0:<8O9=<

K

A</8O

-

=1FA0,8

b

8F1,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F81,+=,+=7>AA1A0,=>9F0+A7A=<9FA<! ;+A<A.A<A

0F

K

10,+=,08OA

K

<86

-

0 >8,+AO

-

98

U

A<0=1761F810 .8697<A:60A,8

06>

b

A/,,+AO0A9LA0,8,+A7F0/F

-

9F1AA0,=>9F0+A7

-

<ALF8609

U

>

U

0O=99A<

8<

K

=1F0=,F810!J0=<A069,

"

F1760,<

U

9ALA9/A1,<=9F0A7/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.=09FOF,A7=

K

=F1,8,+80A.8<V

-

9=/A0=,.+F/+F1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

+=7,=VA1<88,0F1/A'%%"

"

.+F9A9=<

K

A</8O

-

=1FA00,F990A,,9A7

:8<A1,A<

-

<F0A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! J0

U

A,

"

,+A0A/8170,=

K

A8:F1760,<

U

.F7A

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1,+AOA,=90A/,8<+=018,O=7A0F

K

1F:F/=1,

-

<8

K

<A00!

Z,F00,F99O=<<A7>

U

61Aa

-

A/,A77ALA98

-

OA1,081>8,+0F7A0

!

>

U

,+A

<A0F0,=1/A8:AO

-

98

U

A<0:<8O9=<

K

A/8O

-

=1FA0

"

=0.A99=0,+A61F810l8.1

*$

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 57: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:=F96<A,8O=0,A<8<

K

=1F0=,F81=97F0/F

-

9F1AF1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

O"]

!

P(88*&*,'8"&#/"8N"00*N'()*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

(,4"&*%

=!86/#"

;

"0$#&#E#&1,&&#1/0E#+'"

3

'0606

3

!

;+F0F0,+A78OF1=1,

:8<O!X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,=VA0

-

9=/A>A,.AA1,+AAO

-

98

U

A<8:=1

A1,A<

-

<F0A=17,+A61F81A0,=>9F0+A7=,,+A.8<V

-

9=/A! ;+A/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,=

--

9FA0819

U

,8,+AOAO>A<08:,+A61F81

$

8<

AO

-

98

U

AA0

%

=, ,+A

-

=<,F/69=< /8O

-

=1

U

#

A0,=>9F0+OA1,

#

.8<V

-

9=/A!

W8.ALA<

"

,+A=

K

<AAOA1,O=

U

=9087A,A<OF1A/8LA<=

K

A=170

-

A/F:

U

.+F/+AO

-

98

U

AA0F,.F99=

--

9

U

,8!

>!960

?

0#:1,&&#1/0E#+'"

3

'0606

3

!

;+F0,=VA0

-

9=/A>A,.AA1=

1=,F81=99ALA9,<=7A61F818<

K

=1F0=,F81=17=1=,F81=99ALA9AO

-

98

U

A<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F81!\8,+0F7A0+=LA

"

>

U

LF<,6A8:,+A<69A0=17/810,F,6,F810

8:,+AF<8<

K

=1F0=,F810

"

,+A=6,+8<F,

U

=17 O=17=,A,8/8176/,=17

/81/967A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=::A/,F1

K

=99,+AF<OAO>A<0!

C<8O=,<=7A61F81

-

8F1,8:LFA.

"

F1760,<

U

9ALA9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=1>A

/8176/,A7AF,+A<>

U

=1F1760,<

U

.F7A,<=7A61F818<=1F1760,<

U

.F7A

:A7A<=,F818:,<=7A61F810

"

F:F,0OAO>A<0

"

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A61F810

"

+=LA

7A9A

K

=,A7>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=6,+8<F,

U

,8,+A:A7A<=,F81!

J1F1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,O=

U

0A,,+A

0,=17=<7.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810F1,+A

-

=<,F/69=<F1760,<

U

"

.+F9A9A=LF1

K

:6<,+A</81/960F810,8/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9!

J1F1760,<

U

.F7A61F81 =1F1760,<F=961F81 606=99

U

=998/=,A0

,+A=6,+8<F,

U

=17 O=17=,A,8/8176/,/899A/,FLA1A

K

8,F=,F810,8,+A

-

<A0F7A1,8:,+A8<

K

=1F0=,F81!

S1F:FA7/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/A1,<=9F0A0,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

-

<8/A00

"

=0.A99=0,+A<F

K

+,=17<A086</A0,8,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81!

S1F:FA7/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

h

6F<A0,+A>A0,8.=98:=6,+8<F,

U

:8<

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,+F

K

+A<9ALA9081,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l0F7A

"

=0.A99!

$

Z1,+A

/=0A8:,+AF1760,<

U

.F7A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8176/,A7 >

U

,+A

H@PSF1'%%3

"

,+A<A.=018AO

-

98

U

A<8<

K

=1F0=,F81

U

A,!5=,+A<

"

,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<08:F17FLF76=9A0,=>9F0+OA1,0,<=10:A<<A7,+AF<>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=6,+8<F,

U

=17O=17=,A,8=,AO

-

8<=<

U

>87

U

"

.+F/+>A/=OAV18.1=0

,+A

6

H@PS=008/F=,A7AO

-

98

U

A<0

7

k

%

$

@,P1,6/R:

%

!$ !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 58: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/!I0'

3

,6'&1,&&#1/0E#+'"

3

'0606

3

!

;+F0<A:9A/,0=18<

K

=1F0=,F81=9

=0

U

OOA,<

U

>A,.AA1,<=7A61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0! IF=

K

81=9/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0=78

-

,A7>

U

=1=,F81=9,<=7A61F818<

K

=1F0=,F81

$

AF,+A<=

:A7A<=,F818:F17FLF76=9A1,A<

-

<F0A61F8108<=1F1760,<F=961F81

%

.+A1

,+A<AF018<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLAAO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F81.+F/+:61/,F810=0=

/861,A<

-

=<, F1 /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

.F,+ ,+A 1=,F81=9 61F81

8<

K

=1F0=,F81!\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0/8176/,A7>

U

=1=,F81=9,<=7A61F810,<6/,6<A

.F,+,+AAO

-

98

U

A<8:=0F1

K

9AA0,=>9F0+OA1,=,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9!

IF=

K

81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

O=

U

>A=78

-

,A7=0=

K

A1A<=9/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0,<=,A

KU

>

U

=1=,F81=9

$

F1760,<F=9

%

8<

K

=1F0=,F818<=0=.=

U

8:

7A=9F1

K

.F,+/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

<8>9AO0=,=0F1

K

9AA1,A<

-

<F0A!

Z1,+A:8<OA</=0A

"

,+A/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

0A9A/,A7>

U

=1=,F81=98<

K

=1F0=,F818:,<=7A61F810A1

K

=

K

AF1=0A<FA08:

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<86170.F,+F17FLF76=9AO

-

98

U

A<08:16OA<860

A0,=>9F0+OA1,0617A<F,0

6

b

6<F07F/,F81

7"

81=81A

$

1=,F81=98<

K

=1F0=,F81

8:61F810

%

,881A

$

=0F1

K

9AAO

-

98

U

A<

%

>=0F0!

Z,/=1=908>A=78

-

,A7.+A1.=

K

A9ALA90=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810

7F::A<

K

<A=,9

U

>A,.AA1,+AL=<F860 .8<V

-

9=/A0<A

-

<A0A1,A7 >

U

,+A

1=,F81=961F818<

K

=1F0=,F81!Z,F0=9088:,A160A7=0=OA=108:A::A/,F1

K

-

=,,A<1>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!Z,F0=FOA7=,8>,=F1F1

K

=1F1760,<

U

.F7A86,/8OA81,+A

>=0F08:=

K

A1A<=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=

K

A17==170,<=,A

KU

!

7! B,06/1,&&#1/0E#+'"

3

'0606

3

!

;+F0F0=:8<O 8:/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1 .+F/+ ,+A 1=,F81=9,<=7A 61F81 8<

K

=1F0=,F81 =17

A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9,<=7A61F81:8<O=0F1

K

9A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,A=O,8>=<

K

=F1

.F,+,+AAO

-

98

U

A<8:=0F1

K

9AA1,A<

-

<F0A!

;+F0OA,+878:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=18LA</8OA,+A.A=V1A00

8:A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! Z,F0=908= .=

U

:8<,+A

1=,F81=961F818<

K

=1F0=,F81,8AaA</F0A08OAF1:96A1/A81,+A/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

<8/A008:=0,<81

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A,<=7A61F81!Z,O=

U

<A

h

6F<A

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA961F81,8,<=10:A<08OA=6,+8<F,

U

,8,+A:A7A<=,F81

:8</899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

6<

-

80A0! ;+F0:8<O8:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7F::A<0:<8O7F=

K

81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1,+A:=/,,+=,

"

F1,+A9=,,A<

"

,+A

1=,F81=98<

K

=1F0=,F81F0,+A/A1,<=9=/,8<F1,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

<8/A00!

A! M",-

;

1,&&#1/0E#+'"

3

'0606

3

!

;+F0F0=:8<O 8:/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1.+F/+=,<=7A61F818<

K

=1F0=,F81A1

K

=

K

A0F1/899A/,FLA

$

@,P1,6/R:

%

"$

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 59: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.F,+ =

K

<86

-

8:AO

-

98

U

A<0! ]1,+A 61F81 0F7A

"

,+A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

>87

U

O=

U

>A=0F1

K

9A1=,F81=961F818<

K

=1F0=,F81

$

F1760,<F=9

61F818<=:A7A<=,F818:A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810

%

8<=

K

<86

-

8:61F810

:8<OF1

K

=/861/F9,+=,/8<<A0

-

8170,8,+A

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F1

K

AO

-

98

U

A<0!

;+F0:8<O 8:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=1 =/+FALA=/8OO810A,8:

86,/8OA0:8<,+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,0<A

-

<A0A1,A7F106>0,=1,F=9=<A=08:

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

GBD RN2(*)*#*,'/ "8 +,-./'&

6

0*)*0 !"00*N'()* O%&

?

%(,(,

?

(, '2*

\"/

$

('%03*N'"&

;+A(,"#'6]#'&/7'6:Q#:01'&2,"C#"$960,6

$

HW@PS

%

.=0:8<OA7

F1"**$

"

:8998.F1

K

/81/A<,A7A::8<,0>

U

,+A(,"#'64#:#"'/0,6,

?

]#'&/7

'6: Q#:01'& 2,"C#"$ 960,6$

$

HCW@PS

%

k;+A,<=10:8<O=,F81 8:

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=90,<6/,6<A><86

K

+,08OA"%%61F810:<8O7F::A<A1,+80

-

F,=90

F1,881A1=,F81=961F81

"

.F,+=,8,=9OAO>A<0+F

-

8:8LA<)%

"

%%%!

$

S1F81

7A10F,

U

F1,+A0A/,8<

"

+8.ALA<

"

<AO=F1098.

"

=,=<8617"%

-

A</A1,!

%

;+A(,"#'6]#'&/7'6: Q#:01'& 2,"C#"$960,6 +=0/810F7A<=>9A

Aa

-

A<FA1/AF1 F,0 A::8<,0 ,8 8LA</8OA ,+A9FOF,=,F810 8: A1,A<

-

<F0A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!Z,60A7

6

7F=

K

81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

ALA1 >A:8<A,+A

,<=10F,F81,8F1760,<F=961F81F0O!HW@PS=

--

9FA7=

K

<=76=90,<=,A

KU

,8

61F:

U

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! ;+A:F<0,0,=

K

A.=0=FOA7=,0A/6<F1

K

6

b

8F1,

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

81,+A>=0F08:

6

7F=

K

81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

=<<=1

K

AOA1,0!;+A0A/8170,=

K

A/=99A7:8<,+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,8:

6

61F:FA7

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

k;+A61F81O=1=

K

A7,8/81/967A=1F1760,<

U

9ALA9

/A1,<=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,:8<,+A:F<0,,FOAF1'%%)

"

=

--

9

U

F1

K

,8O8<A,+=1"%%+80

-

F,=90!

Z1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1,+A+80

-

F,=90A/,8<+=0=/+FALA7

:=<<A=/+F1

K

0F

K

1F:F/=1/A

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

.F,+<A

K

=<7,8.=

K

A0=17F<<A

K

69=<

AO

-

98

U

OA1,! J17,+A+80

-

F,=90A/,8<+=0>A/8OA,+A:F<0,0A/,8<,8

F1,<876/A A::A/,FLAF1760,<

U

.F7A .=

K

A 1A

K

8,F=,F810! Z1F,F=99

U

"

.=

K

A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.=09FOF,A7,80A,,F1

K

,+A>=0F/OF1FO6O

$

18,0,=17=<7

%

.=

K

A

#$ !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 60: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F1/<A=0A

"

.+F9A9A=LF1

K

,+A1A

K

8,F=,F810810

-

A/F:F/ .=

K

AF1/<A=0A0,8

+80

-

F,=99ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

Z1'%%)

"

HW@PS =

K

<AA7 .F,+,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0,+=,

"

+A1/A:8<,+

"

F1760,<

U

9ALA9 =

K

<AAOA1,0 0+8697 +=LA

-

<F8<F,

U

8LA< 06

--

9AOA1,=<

U

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,F17FLF76=9+80

-

F,=90!J:,A<,+F0

"

,+A61F81.=0=>9A,8<A=/+

=0,=17=<7=<<=1

K

AOA1,:8<.8<VF1

K

+86<<A76/,F810

$

F1,<876/,F818:=

)%+86<

"

:FLA7=

U

.8<VF1

K

.AAV

%"

=0.A99=061F:8<O.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0!;+A

1A. =

--

<8=/+F1L89LA7 /88<7F1=,F81 8:,+AF1,A<A0,0 8:,<=7A 61F81

OAO>A<0F17F::A<A1,+80

-

F,=90

"

.+80A/=

-

=/F,

U

,8

-

=

U

7F::A<A7.F7A9

U

"

>=0A781,+AF<0FBA! W8.ALA<

"

08OA8:,+A61F81/+=

-

,A<0F1,+A9=<

K

A<

+80

-

F,=908>

b

A/,A7,8,+A/81/A

-

,8:.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0>=0A781=LA<=

K

A

/=

-

=/F,FA0!J0=<A069,

"

61F81/+=

-

,A<0F1=<8617"%9=<

K

A+80

-

F,=900

-

9F,

:<8O HW@PS=17A0,=>9F0+A7=0A

-

=<=,A:A7A<=,F81

"

<ALA<,F1

K

>=/V,8

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O=170F1

K

9A+80

-

F,=9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

RALA<,+A9A00

"

F1760,<

U

9ALA9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1'%%)/81,F16A7,8

-

<876/A

06>0,=1,F=9=

K

<AAOA1,081.=

K

A0=178,+A<FO

-

8<,=1,F006A0!

Z<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

OA1,+=0AL89LA7

K

<=76=99

U

=0=1F006A,=/V9A7>

U

OA=108:=116=9=

K

<AAOA1,0!Z1'%%)

"

,+AHW@PS8<

K

=1FBA7=/=O

-

=F

K

1

,8Aa,A17,+A=

--

9F/=,F818:,+AN=>86<E,=17=<70J/,

"

8//6

-

=,F81=9+A=9,+

=170=:A,

U

<A

K

69=,F810=1708/F=9F106<=1/A<A

h

6F<AOA1,0,8F<<A

K

69=<

.8<VA<0F1 7F<A/,AO

-

98

U

OA1,! Z1 '%%#

"

,+A 61F81 /=99A7 :8<,+A

/81LA<0F818:7F<A/,9

U

AO

-

98

U

A7F<<A

K

69=<.8<VA<0

$

-

=<,,FOA

"

:FaA7,A<O

AO

-

98

U

AA0

%

F1,8:699,FOA

"

<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0! Z,=908 7AO=17A7

b

8>

0A/6<F,

U

:8<,AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,.8<VA<0=17F17F<A/,9

U

AO

-

98

U

A7F<<A

K

69=<

.8<VA<0

$

.+8.8<VF1+80

-

F,=90=0AO

-

98

U

AA08:=:F<O/81,<=/,A7>

U

,+A

+80

-

F,=9

%

kZ,=908/=99A781+80

-

F,=9O=1=

K

AOA1,0,8F1,<876/A=/<F,A<F81

81,+A/=

-

=/F,

U

8:/81,<=/,8<0,8A106<A=

--

<8

-

<F=,A .=

K

A0:8<,+AF<

AO

-

98

U

AA0!Z1'%%4

"

,+A61F81.A1,=0,A

-

:6<,+A<=17/=O

-

=F

K

1A7:8<

FO

-

<8LAOA1,0F1,+A.=

K

A0=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F8108:7F<A/,9

U

AO

-

98

U

A7

F<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

.+F9A=9087AO=17F1

Kb

8>/81,F16F,

U

:8<F17F<A/,9

U

AO

-

98

U

A7.8<VA<0.+A1,+AF</81,<=/,8<0/+=1

K

A7!

$$

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 61: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

.%$/0%-1%("#*2*0*$3#$#$/4+3-

5

)*2*)('))*(3#2*6%-

7

%#$#$

7

#$899:

X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

:8<'%%&>A

K

=181'3 J

-

<F9=179=0,A7:8<,.8

O81,+0=17")7=

U

0!Z,0,=<,A7.F,+=61F817AO=17:8<="%

-

A</A1,.=

K

A

F1/<A=0A

"

,+A0=OAF1/<A=0A:8<F<<A

K

69=<.8<VA<0=17,+A/81LA<0F818:

F<<A

K

69=<.8<VA<0F1,8<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0! DO

-

98

U

A<0F1F,F=99

U

<A0

-

817A7

.F,+=/=99:8<=.=

K

A:<AABA8<

"

=9,A<1=,FLA9

U

"

="!4

-

A</A1,F1/<A=0A=17

/=,A

K

8<F/=9<A

b

A/,F8181=998,+A<61F817AO=170!Z1,+A/86<0A8:,+A

1A

K

8,F=,F810

"

,+A61F810<A:8<O69=,A7,+AF<7AO=170

"

-

<876/F1

K

=1A.

:8<O69=,8<A>=9=1/A,+AF1,A<A0,08:F<<A

K

69=<=17<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0

!

"

:9AaF>F9F,

U

F1.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0:8<<A

K

69=<.8<VA<081/817F,F81,+=,

F<<A

K

69=<.8<VA<0=<A/81LA<,A7F1,8<A

K

69=<.8<VA<0

%

"

.=

K

AF1/<A=0A8:3(4

-

A</A1,

#

-

960=77F,F81=9:6170,8:F1=1/A,+A

/80,8:/81LA<,F1

K

F<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0F1,8<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0!

J1=

K

<AAOA1,.=0/81/967A7.F,+86,=0,<FVA!5A

K

69=<.8<VA<0+=7,8:8<

K

8

=>86,=,+F<78:,+AF<

-

800F>9A.=

K

AF1/<A=0A=17,+A<A069,F1

K

0=LF1

K

0F1.=

K

A

/80,0.A<A0A,=0F7A,8:F1=1/AAO

-

98

U

OA1,/81LA<0F81=17FO

-

<8LAOA1,8:

.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810:8<F<<A

K

69=<.8<VA<0!J0=<A069,

"

=,8,=98:3%>F99F81.81

.=0

-

<8LF7A7,8FO

-

<8LA,+A0F,6=,F818:F<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0!

!

!"00*N'()*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

%

?

&**#*,'CFFI

&

T%

?

*(,N&*%/*%,-*#

$

0"

6

#*,'N",)*&/(",

;8,=9.=

K

A

F1/<A=0A

J/,6=9.=

K

AF1/<A=0A

:8<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0

Y8<,F818:.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0A,

=0F7A:8<AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81LA<0F81

Y<FL=,A61FLA<0F,

U

+80

-

F,=90

#!3T 3!#T "!$T

#

Y6>9F/61FLA<0F,

U

+80

-

F,=90

)T '!#T "!#T

Y<FL=,AOA7F6O

0FBA7+80

-

F,=90

)!3T 3T "!3T

R8,A

!

#

J"T .=

K

AF1/<A=0AF0A

h

6FL=9A1,,8"('>F99F81.81:8<,+A.+89A8:,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

61F,!

;+AF1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,><86

K

+,0F

K

1F:F/=1,FO

-

<8LAOA1,0

:8<F<<A

K

69=<.8<VA<0

"

.+8O=7A6

-

'%

-

A</A1,8:,+A.8<V:8</A

$

""

"

$%%

%

%$ !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 62: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F161F81F0A7+80

-

F,=90!]LA<4

"

%%%.8<VA<0.F,+181

-

A<O=1A1,/81,<=/,0

$

7F<A/,AO

-

98

U

OA1,

%

>A1A:F,A7.+A1,+AF<AO

-

98

U

OA1,0,=,60/+=1

K

A7,8

,+=,8:

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA! ]LA<#

"

%%%F17F<A/,9

U

AO

-

98

U

A7F<<A

K

69=<

.8<VA<0

$

AO

-

98

U

AA08:06>/81,<=/,8<0,8,+A+80

-

F,=90

%

0=.FO

-

<8LAOA1,0

F1,+AF< .=

K

A=17 .A9:=<A

-

<8LF0F810! J,,+A0=OA,FOA

"

,+A61F81

O=1=

K

A7,8F1,<876/A=1F1760,<

U

.F7A OF1FO6O .=

K

A:8<F17F<A/,9

U

AO

-

98

U

A7F<<A

K

69=< .8<VA<0

$

O80,9

U

0A/6<F,

U

=17/9A=1F1

K

0A<LF/A0

%"

<=F0F1

K

,+A.=

K

A:988<!

;+A<A.A<A,.8<A9=,A7/+=1

K

A0F1F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810!J0F1,+A/=0A

8:,+AOA,=90A/,8<

"

,+AA::8<,08:,+A61F81,87ALA98

-

F1760,<

U

9ALA9

>=<

K

=F1F1

KK

=LA<F0A,8,+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,8:=1AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F81

.+F/+<A/AFLA7=O=17=,A,8>=<

K

=F181>A+=9:8:F,0OAO>A<0!DO

-

98

U

A<0

8<F

K

F1=99

U

<A0F0,A7,+AF7A=8:,<=10:A<<F1

K

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=6,+8<F,

U

,8=1

AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F81

"

=0F9960,<=,A7 >

U

,+A 7A=798/V F1 /899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1'%%#!Z1'%%4

"

,+A

U

=

K

<AA7,8O8LA:8<.=<7=17,8A0,=>9F0+

,+AF<8.18<

K

=1F0=,F81>

U

,+AA178:,+A

U

A=<!IA0

-

F,A=:6<,+A<7A9=

U

"

F1

'%%&,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F81.=0:8<OA7,8>A,+A/861,A<

-

=<,8:,+A

61F81F11=,F81.F7A

"

F1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

;+A7ALA98

-

OA1,8:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,F1760,<

U

9ALA9+=0=908

<A069,A7F10F

K

1F:F/=1,/+=1

K

A0F1,+A0+=

-

A=17F1,A10F,

U

8:F1760,<F=9

7F0

-

6,A0! ;+AA=<9

U

7=

U

08:F1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.A<A

O=<VA7 >

U

981

K

=17 =

K

81F0F1

K

7F0

-

6,A0! C8< Aa=O

-

9A

"

/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1'%%)

K

=LA<F0A,8"37=

U

08:0,<FVA0F1L89LF1

K

,+AA1,F<A61F81

=174&/=0A08:0,<FVA0=,F17FLF76=9+80

-

F,=90

"

F1,+A/86<0A8:

b

60,8LA<

,+<AAO81,+08:1A

K

8,F=,F810! W=LF1

KK

81A,+<86

K

+=7F::F/69,

-

A<F87F1

,+A

-

<ALF860

U

A=<

"

>8,+

-

=<,FA0=

--

<8=/+A7,+A1A

K

8,F=,F810F1'%%#.F,+

K

<A=,A</=6,F81! ;+F0<A069,A7F1=7<=O=,F/<A76/,F81F10,<FVA7=

U

0!

;+A<A.A<A819

U

,+<AA7=

U

08:0,<FVA0F1L89LF1

K

,+A.+89A61F81

"

.+F9A

7F0

-

6,A0F1F17FLF76=9+80

-

F,=90.A<A9FOF,A7,8"'/=0A0!;+AO=,6<F1

K

8:

F1760,<

U

9ALA9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8697>A0AA18LA<,+A1Aa,,.8

U

A=<0

"

.+A1

,+A<A .=0819

U

81A0,<FVA7=

U

$

""/=0A08:F17FLF76=9+80

-

F,=99ALA9

7F0

-

6,A0

%

F1'%%4=1781AF1760,<

U

.F7A0,<FVAF1'%%&!

&$

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 63: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

;+A7A/9F1AF10,<FVAF1/F7A1/A=17

"

F1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

,+A7A/9F1AF1

7F0

-

6,A0F1F17FLF76=9+80

-

F,=90

$

06>0A

h

6A1,,8F1760,<

U

9ALA9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

%

F0F17F/=,FLA8:,+A

K

<8.F1

K

0,=>F9F,

U

8:F1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

;+F0<A:9A/,0=1F1/<A=0A7/=

-

=/F,

U

8:,+A61F81,8/88<7F1=,A,+A.8<VA<0l

7AO=170!;+A0=OA/=1=908>A0=F78:AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

=0F17F/=,A7>

U

,+A

A0,=>9F0+OA1,8:,+AF<8.1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8<

K

=1F0=,F81! J18,+A<

7FOA10F81F0,+A.F7A1F1

K

=

K

A17=:8</899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!RA.F006A0=<A

F1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

>AF1

K

F1/967A7,8=77<A00F1760,<

U

.F7A/81/A<10! ;+F0+=0

,+AA::A/,8:O87A<=,F1

K

+80

-

F,=90

-

A/F:F/7AO=170

"

=0,+AF1,A<A0,08:

.8<VA<0=0=.+89A=<A=77<A00A7=,,+AF1760,<

U

9ALA9!

%

!

A:3G8567:3

;<=7A61F810F1H8<A=+=LA>AA1:=F<9

U

06//A00:69F1,<=10:8<OF1

K

,+AF<

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=90,<6/,6<A:<8O81A/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810F1,8

81A/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

F1760,<

U

61F810!;+F0

-

<8/A00+=0<A/AFLA7O6/+8:

F,0O8OA1,6O:<8OAa

-

A<FA1/A076<F1

K-

A<F8708:A/818OF//<F0F0

"

.+A1

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,9A=

-

,=17,+ALA<

U

AaF0,A1/A8:,<=7A61F810.=0,+<A=,A1A7

>

U

,+A/899=

-

0A8:,+AF</8O

-

=1

U

8<,+A98008:AO

-

98

U

OA1,:8<=9=<

K

A

-

=<,

8:,+AF< OAO>A<0+F

-

! \6, .+F9A61F810 O8LA7 6

-

.=<70F1,A<O08:

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=90/=9A =17 0,=<,A7 ,8

-

60+ :8<F1760,<F=9 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0O80,9

U

<A

b

A/,A706/+=O8LA=17

-

<A:A<<A7,8OAA,,<=7A61F810

=,/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9=17,80,F/V.F,+0F1

K

9AA1,A<

-

<F0A=

K

<AAOA1,081.=

K

A0

=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810! RALA<,+A9A00

"

,<=7A61F81

-

<A006<AF1=:A.

0A/,8<0

"

06/+=0>=1VF1

K

"

OA,=9=17+80

-

F,=90

"

:F1=99

U-

=F78::=178

-

A1A7

,+A788<:8<,+A/81/960F818:F1760,<

U

.F7A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,0!Z1

,+F0

-

<8/A00

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0.A<A/81:<81,A7.F,+,+A1AA7,8:8998.,<=7A

61F81<A0,<6/,6<F1

K

>

U

A0,=>9F0+F1

K

F1760,<

U

.F7AAO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810

"

.+F/+<A/AFLA7=O=17=,A:<8O,+AF<OAO>A<0,8>=<

K

=F1=17/81/967A

=

K

<AAOA1,081,+AF<OAO>A<0l>A+=9:!

]LA<=99

"

F1760,<

U

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1H8<A=<AO=F10F1F,0

F1:=1/

U

=17F00,F999FOF,A7! ;+A

-

=<=O861,/+=99A1

K

AF1FO

-

<8LF1

K

'$ !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 64: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0,8F1/<A=0A61F817A10F,

U

=17.F7A1,+A0/8

-

A8:

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!]:0

-

A/F=9FO

-

8<,=1/AF0,+A06//A008:=0,<=,A

KU

,8

AO><=/AF<<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0! ;<=7A61F810+=LA,8

-

6,,+A

-

89F/

U

8:

,<=10:8<OF1

K

F<<A

K

69=<=17:9AaF>9AAO

-

98

U

OA1,

-

=,,A<10F1,8<A

K

69=<

9=>86</81,<=/,0+F

K

+81,+AF<=

K

A17=! ;+A/+=99A1

K

A08:AO

-

98

U

OA1,

:9AaF>F9F,

U

<AO=F18:/A1,<=9/81/A<1:8<>8,+,+A,<=7A61F810=17,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

=9,+86

K

+,+AF<LFA.081,+AO=,,A<=<A<=,+A<7F::A<A1,!

($

N=>86<5A9=,F810=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 65: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!"00*N'()*O%&

?

%(,(,

?

(,7.&"

$

* R,X)*&)(*T

;+8<0,A1E/+69,A1

!

!

+,-. 76 A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F />:5.

,

;+A,A<O

6

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7

.=0:F<0,60A7>

U

,+A\<F,F0+=/=7AOF/

=1708/F=9F0,<A:8<OA<\A=,<F/A PA>>F1,+A9=,A1F1A,AA1,+/A1,6<

U

!

\=0F/=99

U

"

/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8O

-

<F0A0 =

-

<8/A00 8: /899A/,FLA

1A

K

8,F=,F81081 .=

K

A0 =17 .8<VF1

K

/817F,F810! Z,<A

-

<A0A1,0 =1

=9,A<1=,FLA,8 >8,+ F17FLF76=9 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

>A,.AA1 AO

-

98

U

A<0 =17

F17FLF76=9.8<VA<0=1761F9=,A<=97A/F0F81 O=VF1

K

81,+A

-

=<,8:,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<! WF0,8<F/=99

U

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

+=07ALA98

-

A7=0=<A069,

8:L=<F8600,<6

KK

9A08:,+A9=>86<O8LAOA1,

"

.+F/+8<F

K

F1=99

U

+=7,8

:8</AAO

-

98

U

A<0,8<A/8

K

1F0A,<=7A61F810=0/899A/,FLA8<

K

=1F0=,F810

7A:A17F1

K

.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,0!

C<8O = .8<VA<0l

-

A<0

-

A/,FLA

"

/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0 = /<6/F=9

F10,<6OA1,:8<8LA</8OF1

K

,+A0,<6/,6<=9FO>=9=1/A8:

-

8.A<>A,.AA1

AO

-

98

U

A<0=17F17FLF76=9AO

-

98

U

AA0!Z,F0F1,A17A7,8+A9

-

.8<VA<0,8

=/+FALAA

h

6F,=>9A .=

K

A0=17 .8<VF1

K

/817F,F810! @8<A8LA<

"

/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=1>AF1,A<

-

<A,A7=0=:8<O 8:F1760,<F=97AO8/<=/

U

.+F/+

A1=>9A0.8<VA<0,8

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1,+A<A

K

69=,F818:.8<V=17,8+=LA=0=

U

F1,+A7F0,<F>6,F818:F1/8OA!

J9,+86

K

+

"

+F0,8<F/=99

U

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0 +=LA 8

--

80A7 /899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

F1,+A/86<0A8:,FOAO=1

U

+=LA/8OA,8<A/8

K

1F0A,+=,F,+=0

Page 66: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

08OA=7L=1,=

K

A0 ALA1 :8< ,+AO! EF1/A

"

8LA< ,+A

U

A=<0

"

F1 O80,

F1760,<F=9F0A7 /861,<FA0

"

/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

+=0 >A/8OA +F

K

+9

U

F10,F,6,F81=9F0A7=17,=VA0

-

9=/AF1=.A997A:F1A79A

K

=9:<=OA.8<V

"

:<8O

=1AO

-

98

U

A<l0

-

8F1,8:LFA.F,<A

-

<A0A1,0=<A9=,FLA9

U

6

/=9/69=>9A

7

.=

U

8:

7A=9F1

K

.F,+

-

800F>9A/81:9F/,0! @8<A8LA<

"

F:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,=VA0

-

9=/A 8<F0=,9A=0,/88<7F1=,A7 =,0A/,8<=99ALA9

"

F,/<A=,A0=/A<,=F1

/8O

-

A,F,FLA8<7A<F1.+F/+=99AO

-

98

U

AA0>A/8OA06>

b

A/,,8A

h

6=9.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810

"

08,+=,9=>86</80,0=<A,=VA186,8:/8O

-

A,F,F81!;+F0+=0,+A

=7L=1,=

K

A,+=,

"

F18<7A<,8F1/<A=0A/8O

-

A,F,FLA1A00

"

/8O

-

=1FA018.+=LA

,8<=F0A

-

<876/,FLF,

U

"

-

<8LF7A>A,,A<

h

6=9F,

U

=17/<A=,AO8<AF118L=,FLA

-

<876/,0

"

<=,+A<,+=10FO

-

9

U

/6,,F1

K

9=>86</80,0! X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=1

"

,+A<A:8<A

"

>A0AA1=0=1FO

-

8<,=1,F10,F,6,F81

"

A1=>9F1

K

=O8<A

6

+F

K

+

<8=7

7

A/818OF/7ALA98

-

OA1,O87A9!

;87=

U

"

F1O80,/861,<FA0

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,=VA0

-

9=/A>A,.AA1

=6,818O860,<=7A61F810

"

81,+A81A+=17

"

=17F17FLF76=9AO

-

98

U

A<08<

AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F81081,+A8,+A<!\8,+

-

=<,FA0+=LA,8>AF17A

-

A17A1,

:<8O 81A=18,+A<! ;+A<A=<A O=1

U

F1,A<1=,F81=9/81LA1,F810 .+F/+

F7A1,F:

U

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=0=:617=OA1,=908/F=9<F

K

+,!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1 "*)*

"

,+A Z1,A<1=,F81=9 N=>86< ]<

K

=1F0=,F81

$

ZN]

%

=78

-

,A7 =

/81LA1,F8181,+A

6

<F

K

+,,88<

K

=1F0A=17/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

7$

ZN]

X81LA1,F81 R8! *$

%"

=//8<7F1

K

,8 .+F/+

6

OA=06<A0=

--

<8

-

<F=,A,8

1=,F81=9/817F,F8100+=99>A,=VA1

"

.+A<A1A/A00=<

U

"

,8A1/86<=

K

A=17

-

<8O8,A,+A:6997ALA98

-

OA1,=176,F9F0=,F818:O=/+F1A<

U

:8<L8961,=<

U

1A

K

8,F=,F81>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<08<AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F810=17.8<VA<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F810

"

.F,+=LFA.,8,+A<A

K

69=,F818:,A<O0=17/817F,F8108:

AO

-

98

U

OA1,>

U

OA=108:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

7$

J<,F/9A)

%

kJ

6

<F

K

+,,8

>=<

K

=F1/899A/,FLA9

U

7

F0=908<A/8

K

1F0A7F1,+AD6<8

-

A=1E8/F=9X+=<,A<8:

"*4"

$

J<,F/9A4

%"

,+ADSX+=<,A<8:C617=OA1,=95F

K

+,08:'%%%

$

J<,F/9A

'$

%

=17,+A1=,F81=9/810,F,6,F8108:L=<F860D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0!

*%

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J1]LA<LFA.

!

Page 67: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

"

!

W-071.716 :D J50:K1-3 A-K7.-876C W-071.716 :D

A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F 91F7C16

;+A/81/<A,A:8<O0=17F10,F,6,F8108:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

AL=<

U

/810F7A<=>9

U

"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81,+A1=,F81=9A/818OF/

"

08/F=9=17

-

89F,F/=9/81,Aa,

"

F1/967F1

K

,+A1=,F81=9F1760,<F=9<A9=,F8100

U

0,AO! ;+A<A=<AL=<F860/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"#

3

05#$

"

.+F/+0+8.0F

K

1F:F/=1,7F::A<A1/A0F1,A<O08:,+A0,<A1

K

,+

8:,<=7A61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810

"

,+A9ALA908:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A! ;+A1=,F81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

K

FOA0

=<AAO>A77A7F1,+A.F7A<08/F=9=17A/818OF/0

U

0,AO0=17/=1>A0AA1=0=/8<A

F10,F,6,F818:1=,F81=9O87A908:/=

-

F,=9F0O!

Z1D6<8

-

A

"

,+A<A=<A=,9A=0,:FLA7F::A<A1,O87A908:/=

-

F,=9F0O

"

.F,+

/8<<A0

-

817F1

K

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

K

FOA0

$

;=>9A"

%

kCF<0,

"

,+A<AF0,+A

D,":015,:#&

"

/8LA<F1

K

,+AE/=17F1=LF=1/861,<FA0

"

0,=,A006/+=0IA1O=<V

"

E.A7A18<CF19=17.+F/+/=1>A/+=<=/,A<F0A7=0=

-

89F,F/=99

U

/88<7F1=,A7O=<VA,

A/818O

U

! ;+A /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

K

FOA 8:,+A R8<7F/ O87A9F0

/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

=+F

K

+61F817A10F,

U

"

=OA7F6OAO

-

98

U

A<0l7A10F,

U

"

=

-

<FO=<F9

U

0A/,8<=9 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

O87A9 =17 +F

K

+ /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A! ;+A0A/817 L=<F=1,8:D6<8

-

A=1/=

-

F,=9F0O F0,+AA#6/"'&

5,:#&

"

/8LA<F1

K

/861,<FA006/+=0\A9

K

F6O

"

GA<O=1

U

"

,+ARA,+A<9=170

=17J60,<F=! ;+AXA1,<=9O87A9=908<A

-

<A0A1,0=/88<7F1=,A7 O=<VA,

A/818O

U

"

.F,+=/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

OA7F6O

,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

"

+F

K

+AO

-

98

U

A<0l7A10F,

U

"

0A/,8<=9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17

<A9=,FLA9

U

+F

K

+>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A!;+F<79

U

"

,+A<AF0,+A.,-/7#"65,:#&

"

F1/967F1

K

/861,<FA006/+=0C<=1/A

"

G<AA/A

"

Z,=9

U

=17E

-

=F1

"

.+F/++=LA=

<=,+A<0,=,A8<FA1,A7 O=<VA, A/818O

U

! ;+A /8<<A0

-

817F1

K

/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

K

FOAF0>=0A781=<A9=,FLA9

U

98.,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

"

=+F

K

+

AO

-

98

U

A<0l7A10F,

U

"

0A/,8<=9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=0,+A78OF1=1,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

9ALA9

=17+F

K

+/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A!;+A9=,,A<F00,<81

K

9

U

06

--

8<,A7

>

U

,+A0,=,A

"

.+F/+606=99

U

Aa,A170/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0,8AO

-

98

U

AA0

=17/8O

-

=1FA0.+F/+=<A18,7F<A/,9

U

<A

-

<A0A1,A7F1,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

!% !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 68: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*E

!

Q%&(*'(*/"87.&"

$

*%,N%

$

('%0(/#%,-N"00*N'()*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

&*

?

(#*/

R8<7F/ XA1,<=9 E86,+A<1 PA0,A<1 D=0,A<1

X861,<FA0

IA1O=<V

"

CF19=17

"

E.A7A1

\A9

K

F6O

"

GA<O=1

U

"

RA,+A<9=170

"

J60,<F=

"

A,/!

C<=1/A

"

G<AA/A

"

Z,=9

U

"

E

-

=F1

"

A,/!

SH

"

A,/!

XBA/+5A

-

6>9F/

"

W61

K

=<

U

"

Y89=17

"

E98L=VF=

"

A,/!

;

U-

A8:O=<VA,

A/818O

U

/88<7F1=,A7 /88<7F1=,A7 0,=,A8<FA1,A7 9F>A<=9

0,=,A8<FA1,A7

8<9F>A<=9

1

;<=7A61F81

7A10F,

U

+F

K

+ OA7F6O 98. OA7F6O 98.

DO

-

98

U

A<0l

7A10F,

U

OA7F6O +F

K

+ +F

K

+

#

OA7F6O OA7F6O 98.

NALA98:

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0A/,8<=9 0A/,8<=9 0A/,8<=9 /8O

-

=1

U

/8O

-

=1

U

\=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A

+F

K

+ +F

K

+ +F

K

+ 98. 98.

E86</A

!

\=0A781D6<8

-

A=1X8OOF00F81

"

'%%*

"

-

!)*!

J:86<,+ O87A98: D6<8

-

A=1 /=

-

F,=9F0O F0,+A 2#$/#"6 5,:#&

"

,+A

-

<8,8,

U-

A8:.+F/+F0,+AS1F,A7HF1

K

78O! ;+APA0,A<1O87A9/=1>A

/=,A

K

8<F0A7=0=9F>A<=9O=<VA,A/818O

U

"

.F,+OA7F6O,<=7A61F81=17

AO

-

98

U

A<0l7A10F,FA0=17=/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

K

FOA/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

=

7A/A1,<=9F0A70

U

0,AO 8:/8O

-

=1

U

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17<=,+A<98. >=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A!CF1=99

U

"

,+A:F:,+,

U-

AF0,+A8'$/#"65,:#&

"

/8LA<F1

K

O80,8:

,+A1A. DS OAO>A<0,=,A006/+=0Y89=17

"

XBA/+5A

-

6>9F/

"

E98L=VF=

"

W61

K

=<

U

A,/!;+AD=0,A<1O87A9F0,+A86,/8OA8:,+A,<=10:8<O=,F818:

,+A:8<OA<08/F=9F0,A/818OFA00F1/A,+AA=<9

U

"**%0! J0=<A069,

"

=1A.

O87A98:/=

-

F,=9F0OAOA<

K

A7

"

.+F/+F0=OFa,6<A8:=

-

=<,9

U

0,F990,=,A

8<FA1,A7=17=1F1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

9F>A<=9O=<VA,A/818O

U

! ;+A/8<<A0

-

817F1

K

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

K

FOA8:,+AD=0,A<1 O87A9F0/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

=

<=,+A<98.7A10F,

U

8:,<=7A61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810

"

=0.A99=0

<=,+A<:<=

K

OA1,A7=177A/A1,<=9F0A7>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO0

"

.F,+LA<

U

98.

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A!

;806OO=<F0A

"

,+A<AF0180F1

K

9AD6<8

-

A=1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A

K

FOA

"

>6,=.F7A<=1

K

A8:<A

K

FOA0.+F/+/8<<A0

-

817,8,+AL=<FA,FA08:

"%

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J1]LA<LFA.

!

Page 69: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

D6<8

-

A=1/=

-

F,=9F0O! W8.ALA<

"

=99D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0+=LA=//A

-

,A7

.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0,88<

K

=1F0AF1=6,818O860,<=7A61F810=17,8/=9981

AO

-

98

U

A<0,8A1

K

=

K

AF1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! ;+A0=OA+8970,<6A:8<

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

.+8 +=LA,+A<F

K

+,,8 8<

K

=1F0AF1F17A

-

A17A1,AO

-

98

U

A<0l

=008/F=,F810!X81/A<1F1

K

,+A7A10F,

U

=17

-

89F,F/=9OA=1F1

K

8:,+A0A/899A/,FLA

F1,A<A0,8<

K

=1F0=,F810

"

,+A<A=<A

K

<A=,7F::A<A1/A0:<8O/861,<

U

,8/861,<

U

!

#

!

;0-41 <37:36 -34 JCK8:Q106

l

/66:G7-.7:36

;+A7ALA98

-

OA1,8:,<=7A61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810F0,+A<A069,

8:=981

K

+F0,8<F/=9

-

<8/A00<A:9A/,F1

K

0

-

A/F:F/1=,F81=9

-

89F,F/=97ALA98

-

OA1,0

=17

-

8.A<<A9=,F810>A,.AA19=>86<=17/=

-

F,=9! ;87=

U

"

,+A<A=<AO=

b

8<

7F::A<A1/A0F1,+A8<

K

=1F0=,F81=90,<A1

K

,+8:>8,+0F7A08:F1760,<

U

!]1,+A

AO

-

98

U

AA0l0F7A

"

,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

L=<FA0>A,.AA1&4

-

A</A1,F1E.A7A1

=17*

-

A</A1,F1C<=1/A

$

0AACF

K

6<A"

%

k;+A+F

K

+A0,7A10F,

U

F0F1,+A

E/=17F1=LF=1/861,<FA0

"

.+A<A=>86,,+<AA

h

6=<,A<08:=99AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A

0,F99OAO>A<08:=,<=7A61F81! ;+A+F

K

+61F817A10F,

U

F006

--

8<,A7>

U

S(

?

.&*E

!

9&%-*.,(",-*,/('

6

)

CFFG CFFJ

#

K

$

E86</A

!

D6<8

-

A=1X8OOF00F81

"

'%%*!

#% !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 70: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

0

-

A/F:F/F10,F,6,F81=9=<<=1

K

AOA1,0

$

F1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

,+A O=1=

K

AOA1,8:

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,F106<=1/A>

U

,+A,<=7A61F810

%

=17F0=O=

b

8</+=<=/,A<F0,F/

8:,+A R8<7F/ O87A9! J O=

b

8<F,

U

8:AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A=908,<=7A61F81

OAO>A<0F1X

U-

<60

"

@=9,==17\A9

K

F6O! W8.ALA<

"

F1 O80,D6<8

-

A=1

/861,<FA0

"

61F817A10F,

U

F0>A98.#%

-

A</A1,

"

.+F9AF1"30,=,A0F,F0

>A98.'#

-

A</A1,! ;+A98.A0,,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

/=1>A:8617F1

/861,<FA0.+F/+>A981

K

,8AF,+A<,+AE86,+A<18<,+AD=0,A<1O87A908:

/=

-

F,=9F0O!

S(

?

.&*C

!

P*,/('

6

"8*#

$

0"

6

*&/U%//"N(%'(",/

)

CFFL

#

K

$

R8,A

!

J;^J60,<F=

"

\D^\A9

K

F6O

"

\G^\69

K

=<F=

"

X[^X

U-

<60

"

XQ XBA/+5A

-

6>9F/

"

ID^

GA<O=1

U

"

IH^IA1O=<V

"

DD^D0,81F=

"

DN^G<AA/A

"

DE E

-

=F1

"

CZ^CF19=17

"

C5

^C<=1/A

"

WS ^ W61

K

=<

U

"

Z5 ^Z<A9=17

"

Z; ^Z,=9

U

"

N; ^ NF,+6=1F=

"

NS ^

N6aAO>86<

K

"

N_^N=,LF=

"

@;^ @=9,=

"

RN^RA,+A<9=170

"

YN ^Y89=17

"

Y;^

Y8<,6

K

=9

"

5]^58O=1F=

"

ED ^E.A7A1

"

EZ E98LA1F=

"

EH^E98L=VF=

"

SH^S1F,A7

HF1

K

78O!

E86</A

!

D6<8

-

A=1X8OOF00F81

"

'%%*!

]1,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l0F7A

"

,+A7A10F,FA08:AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810L=<

U

>A,.AA11A=<9

U

"%%

-

A</A1,F1 J60,<F=

$

.+A<A,+A<AF0 7A:=/,8

/8O

-

6908<

U

OAO>A<0+F

-

%

=17'%

-

A</A1,F1Y89=17=17NF,+6=1F=

$

0AA

CF

K

6<A'

%

kPF,+,+AAa/A

-

,F818:,+AE/=17F1=LF=10,=,A0

"

,+A<=,A8:

8<

K

=1F0=,F81:8<,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0F0=9.=

U

0+F

K

+A<,+=1,+A,<=7A61F81

7A10F,

U

! ;+A+F

K

+A0,

-

A</A1,=

K

A8:8<

K

=1F0A7AO

-

98

U

A<0F0:8617F1

$%

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J1]LA<LFA.

!

Page 71: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/861,<FA0>A981

K

F1

K

,8,+AXA1,<=9=17E86,+A<1O87A90

"

.+F9A,+A98.A0,

AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F817A10F,

U

AaF0,0F1,+AD=0,D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0!

$

!

=1F-8 B0-C1U:0@ :D A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F

X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0<A

K

=<7A7=0=:617=OA1,=908/F=9<F

K

+,.+F/+F1

O80,D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0F0

K

6=<=1,AA7 Aa

-

9F/F,9

U

8<FO

-

9F/F,9

U

>

U

,+A

/810,F,6,F81!Z1=77F,F81

"

,+A<A=<AL=<F860

-

<8/A76<=9<69A0:8</899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.+F/+=<A9=F778.1AF,+A<F1,+AN=>86<X87A

$

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1

C<=1/A

%"

8<F1 0

-

A/F=9/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

=/,0

$

:8< Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1

GA<O=1

U

%"

8<+=LA>AA19=F778.1>

U

,+A

-

A=V,<=7A61F81=17AO

-

98

U

A<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F810F108/=99A7\=0F/J

K

<AAOA1,0

$

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1E.A7A1

%

k

;+A

-

<8/A76<=9<69A0/=1/81,=F1=7A:F1F,F818:,+A

-

=<,FA0.+F/+ O=

U

/81/967A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

Aa,A10F81OA/+=1F0O0

"

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<69A0

"

<69A0:8</81:9F/,<A0896,F81

"

=170881!

;+A<A=<A08OA0F

K

1F:F/=1,7F::A<A1/A0>A,.AA1,+AL=<F860D6<8

-

A=1

/861,<FA0<A

K

=<7F1

K

,+A9A

K

=9/8LA<=

K

A8:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0!\=0F/=99

U

"

819

U

,+80AAO

-

98

U

AA0=17AO

-

98

U

A<0=<A/8LA<A7>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

.+F/+=<AOAO>A<08:81A8:,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA0

"

,+=,F0

"

=,<=7A61F81

8<AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F81

$

0AA;=>9A'

%

kW8.ALA<

"

O80,/861,<FA0+=LA08

/=99A7Aa,A10F81

-

<8/A76<A0.+F/+O=

U

Aa,A17/8LA<=

K

A,88,+A<.8<VA<0

8<AO

-

98

U

A<0!J0:=<=0.8<VA<0=<A/81/A<1A7

"

"*86,8:'#DS OAO>A<

0,=,A0+=LA=08/=99A7

6

A<

K

=8O1A0

7

<69A

"

=//8<7F1

K

,8.+F/+18,819

U

,<=7A61F81OAO>A<0>6,=99.8<VA<0=,=/A<,=F1/8O

-

=1

U

=<A/8LA<A7>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0! @8<A8LA<

"

=908F1,+80A/861,<FA0F1.+F/+

"

F1=

0,<F/,9

U

9A

K

=9 0A10A

"

/899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0 /8LA< 819

U

,<=7A 61F81

OAO>A<0

"

F1

-

<=/,F/A,+AAO

-

98

U

A<08:,A1Aa,A17,+A/899A/,FLA9

U

=

K

<AA7

/817F,F810,8=99.8<VA<0F18<7A<,8=L8F761A

h

6=9,<A=,OA1,F1,+A

/8O

-

=1

U

!Z108OA/861,<FA0

$

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

GA<O=1

U

%"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0=<A

=90818,=998.A7,8

-

=

U

18161F81OAO>A<0=+F

K

+A<.=

K

A:8<,+A

-

6<

-

80A

8:

K

FLF1

K

61F81OAO>A<0=1F1/A1,FLA,89A=LA,+A61F81!

%% !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 72: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*C

!

A%&'(*/N")*&*-:

6

N"00*N'()*%

?

&**#*,'/(,7.&"

$

*

P8<VA<0 DO

-

98

U

A<0

;<=7A61F81OAO>A<0819

U

J99.8<VA<0 Da,A10F81

-

<8/A76<A

J60,<F= ` [A0

\A9

K

F6O ` [A0

\69

K

=<F= ` [A0

X

U-

<60 ` R8

XBA/+5A

-

! ` [A0

IA1O=<V ` R8

D0,81F= ` [A0

CF19=17 `

$

`

%

[A0

C<=1/A ` [A0

GA<O=1

U

` [A0

G<AA/A ` [A0

W61

K

=<

U

` [A0

Z,=9

U

` [A0

N=,LF= ` [A0

NF,+6=1F= `

$

`

%

R8

@=9,= ` R8

RA,+A<9=170 ` [A0

Y89=17 ` [A0

Y8<,6

K

=9 ` [A0

58O=1F= ` R8

E98L=VF= ` [A0

E98LA1F= ` [A0

E

-

=F1 ` [A0

E.A7A1 ` R8

SH ` R8

E86</A

!

E/+69,A1

"

'%%#!

J0:=<=0AO

-

98

U

A<0=<A/81/A<1A7

"

F1"$86,8:'#DSOAO>A<0,=,A0,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0

"

617A</A<,=F1/817F,F810

"

,+A9A

K

=9

-

8.A<,8Aa,A17

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0,8=99AO

-

98

U

A<0F1=

-

=<,F/69=<0A/,8<

"

.+F9AF10ALA1

&%

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J1]LA<LFA.

!

Page 73: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/861,<FA0

$

=O81

K

,+AOIA1O=<V

"

E.A7A1=17,+ASH

%

,+A<AF0189A

K

=9

-

800F>F9F,

U

:8<Aa,A10F81!;+A60A8:06/+Aa,A10F81OA/+=1F0O0/=1=908

L=<

U

=

K

<A=,7A=9:<8O/861,<

U

,8/861,<

U

! P+F9AF1C<=1/A

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

O8<A,+=1*%

-

A</A1,8:=99/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=<AAa,A17A7,88,+A<

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

F1GA<O=1

U

9A00,+=1'

-

A</A1,=<AAa,A17A7!

%

!

=1H186 :D A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F

Z1

-

<F1/F

-

9A

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A/=1,=VA

-

9=/A=,L=<F860

9ALA90

"

F1/967F1

K

1=,F81=9

"

0A/,8<=9=17/8O

-

=1

U

! P+A<A,+A<AF01=,F81=9

9ALA9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

F,8:,A1/81,=F10=O8<A

K

A1A<=9:<=OA.8<V:8<.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810<=,+A<,+=1.=

K

A0!W8.ALA<

"

,+A<A=<A,.8/861,<FA0

$

\A9

K

F6O

=17Z<A9=17

%

F1.+F/+

K

A1A<=9.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0=<A7A,A<OF1A7=,1=,F81=9

9ALA9

"

.F,+/8O

-

9AOA1,=<

U

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,0A/,8<=9=17/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9!Z1

:FLA/861,<FA0

$

D0,81F=

"

G<AA/A

"

W61

K

=<

U

"

NF,+6=1F==1758O=1F=

%

,+A<A

=<A1=,F81=9/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,081OF1FO6O.=

K

A0!

Z1"3 D6<8

-

A=1 /861,<FA0

"

,+A0A/,8<F0,+A 78OF1=1,9ALA98:

/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

81 .=

K

A0! ;+A :617=OA1,=9F7A= 8: 0A/,8<=9

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0,8+=LAA

h

6=9

-

=

U

9ALA90.F,+F1=.+89A><=1/+

"

0A/,8<8<

F1760,<

U

F18<7A<,89FOF,/8O

-

A,F,F81819=>86</80,0!EA/,8<=9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F078OF1=1,F1,+A/861,<FA0 >A981

K

F1

K

,8,+A R8<7F/

"

XA1,<=9=17

E86,+A<1O87A908:D6<8

-

A=1/=

-

F,=9F0O

"

=0.A99=0F1=:A.0,=,A08:,+A

D=0,A<1 O87A9! S06=99

U

"

0A/,8<=9 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0 /8O

-

9AOA1,A7 >

U

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=, /8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9

"

.+F/+ 8:,A1

-

<8LF7A0 =77F,F81=9

-

=

U

F1/<A=0A0! E8OA/861,<FA0=908 +=LA08/=99A7

6

8

-

A1F1

K

7

8<+=<70+F

-

/9=60A0.F,+F10A/,8<=9=

K

<AAOA1,0.+F/+=998./8O

-

=1FA0Aa

-

A<FA1/F1

K

A/818OF/7F::F/69,FA0,87FLA<

K

A:<8O,+A0A/,8<=9=

K

<AAOA1,:8<=/A<,=F1

-

A<F87!

'% !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 74: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*D

!

Z*)*0/"8N"00*N'()*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

(,7.&"

$

*

R=,F81=9 EA/,8<=9 X8O

-

=1

U

R=,F81=9 EA/,8<=9 X8O

-

=1

U

\A9

K

F6O ` ` ` ` J60,<F= ` ` `

Z<A9=17 ` ` ` ` \69

K

=<F= ` ` ` `

IA1O=<V ` ` ` `

X

U-

<60 ` ` ` CF19=17 ` ` ` `

XBA/+5A

-

! ` ` ` GA<O=1

U

` ` `

D0,81F=

$

` `

%

` ` ` G<AA/A

$

` `

%

` ` `

W61

K

=<

U

$

` `

%

` ` ` Z,=9

U

` ` `

N=,LF= ` ` ` RA,+A<9=170 ` ` ` `

NF,+6=1F=

$

` `

%

` ` ` Y8<,6

K

=9 ` ` `

N6aAO>86<

K

` ` ` E98L=VF= ` ` `

@=9,= ` ` ` E98LA1F= ` ` ` `

Y89=17 ` ` ` E

-

=F1 ` ` ` `

58O=1F=

$

` `

%

` ` ` E.A7A1 ` ` `

SH ` ` ` C<=1/A ` ` `

R8,A0

!

` `^78OF1=1,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

9ALA9:8<.=

K

A0

,

$

` `

%

^78OF1=1,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

9ALA9:8<OF1FO6O.=

K

A0819

U

,

` AaF0,F1

K

"

>6,18,78OF1=1,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

9ALA9

,

` ^1878OF1=1,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

9ALA9!

E86</A

!

S

-

7=,A8:E/+69,A1

$

'%%#

%

k

;+A<A=<A"" /861,<FA0F1,+A DS .+F/+ +=LA819

U

=:A. 0A/,8<=9

=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

.+F9A,+A/8O

-

=1

U

F0,+A78OF1=1,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

9ALA9! ;+F0

K

<86

-

/8LA<0 O=19

U

/861,<FA0>A981

K

F1

K

,8AF,+A<,+A PA0,A<18<,+A

D=0,A<1O87A98:D6<8

-

A=1/=

-

F,=9F0O

"

08,+=,/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/=1>A<A

K

=<7A7=0,

U-

F/=98:= O8<A9F>A<=9

"

:<AA O=<VA, 8<FA1,A7

A/818O

U

!

&

!

A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F A:H10-F1

X899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

AF0,+A

-

<8

-

8<,F818:.8<VA<0/8LA<A7>

U

=

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,=17 /=1 >A<A

K

=<7A7 =0 = O=

b

8<F17F/=,8<:8<

(%

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J1]LA<LFA.

!

Page 75: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

OA=06<F1

K

,+A0/8

-

A=17A::A/,FLA1A008:,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO!

PF,+F1D6<8

-

A

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A0+8.0+6

K

A7F::A<A1/A0

"

<=1

K

F1

K

:<8O**

-

A</A1,F1J60,<F=,8819

U

""

-

A</A1,F1NF,+6=1F=

$

0AA

CF

K

6<A3

%

kZ1,+A/861,<FA0>A981

K

F1

K

,8,+AR8<7F/

"

XA1,<=9=17E86,+A<1

O87A908:D6<8

-

A=1/=

-

F,=9F0O

"

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

AF0:=F<9

U

+F

K

+

"

L=<

U

F1

K

F1O80,/861,<FA0>A,.AA1&%

-

A</A1,=17*#

-

A</A1,!Z1/81,<=0,

"

,+A

98.A0,/8LA<=

K

AF0F1,+A D=0,A<1 D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0 ,8

K

A,+A< .F,+,+A

SH .F,+9A00,+=1#%

-

A</A1,8:AO

-

98

U

AA0/8LA<A7>

U

=/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,!

S(

?

.&*D

!

!"00*N'()*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

N")*&%

?

*(,7.&"

$

*

)

CFFL

#

R8,A

!

#

T8:=99AO

-

98

U

AA0!

E86</A

!

D6<8

-

A=1X8OOF00F81

"

'%%*!

;+A<A=<A=,9A=0,,+<AAO=

b

8<<A=0810:8<+F

K

+A<8<98.A<>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A!CF<0,

"

,+A<AF0/9A=<ALF7A1/A,+=,O8<A/A1,<=9F0A7>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO0

"

.F,+/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,1=,F81=98<0A/,8<=99ALA9

"

+=LA

+F

K

+A<>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A!Z1/81,<=0,

"

/861,<FA0.F,+O8<A7A/A1,<=9F0A7

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO0=1778OF1=1,/8O

-

=1

U

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

$

06/+=0O80,D=0,

D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0=17,+ASH

%

+=LA/8O

-

=<=,FLA9

U

98./8LA<=

K

A!Z1

,+A0A/861,<FA0

"

,+AAaF0,A1/A8:=/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,7A

-

A1709=<

K

A9

U

81

,+A0,<A1

K

,+8:,+A,<=7A61F81<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81=,,+A9ALA98:,+AF17FLF76=9

)& !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 76: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:F<O!;+A0A/817<A=081:8<+F

K

+/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

AOF

K

+,>A=

+F

K

+,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

"

.+F/+F0,+A/=0AO=F19

U

F1,+AE/=17F1=LF=1

/861,<FA0!;+F<79

U

"

F1/861,<FA0/8OF1

K

617A<,+AXA1,<=9=17E86,+A<1

D6<8

-

A=1O87A908:/=

-

F,=9F0O

"

+F

K

+>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A7A

-

A1709=<

K

A9

U

81,+A60A8:Aa,A10F81

-

<8/A76<A0>

U

,+A0,=,A

"

.+F/+F0=1FO

-

8<,=1,

-

9=

U

A<F106

--

8<,F1

K

,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO!

;806O 6

-

"

=99,+A7F::A<A1, O87A908:D6<8

-

A=1/=

-

F,=9F0O +=LA=

7F0,F1/,FLA

-

=,,A<1<A

K

=<7F1

K

,+A<A9=,F810+F

-

>A,.AA1,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

=17

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A

$

0AACF

K

6<A)

%

k;+A+F

K

+A0,/8LA<=

K

AAaF0,0F1,+A

R8<7F/O87A9

"

.+F/+=908+=0,+A+F

K

+A0,61F817A10F,

U

! ;+AXA1,<=9O87A9

=908+=0LA<

U

+F

K

+/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A

"

>6,819

U

=O87A0,,<=7A61F81

7A10F,

U

"

08,+=,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A7A

-

A170O=F19

U

81,+A60A8:Aa,A10F81

OA/+=1F0O0!;+A0=OA+8970,<6A:8<,+AE86,+A<1O87A9

"

.+F/+=908+=0

<A9=,FLA9

U

+F

K

+/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A>6,,+A98.A0,,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

!

\8,+,+APA0,A<1=17,+AD=0,A<1O87A90/8O>F1A98./899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A.F,+=<A9=,FLA9

U

98.61F817A10F,

U

!

S(

?

.&*G

!

W,(",-*,/('

6

%,-N"00*N'()*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

N")*&%

?

*(,-(88*&*,'

#"-*0/"87.&"

$

*%,N%

$

('%0(/#

)

CFFJ CFFL

#

K

$

E86</A

!

D6<8

-

A=1X8OOF00F81

"

'%%*!

*&

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J1]LA<LFA.

!

Page 77: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

'

!

J50:K1-3 A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F

73 -3 23.103-.7:3-8 T106K1G.7H1

N88VF1

K

=,/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A=0=.+89A

"

F,+=0=16O>A<8:

7F0,F1/,FLA:A=,6<A0F1/8O

-

=<F081.F,+,+ASEJ8<e=

-

=1

$

0AACF

K

6<A#

%

k

P+F9A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0F1,+AD6<8

-

A=1 S1F81/8LA<

"

81=LA<=

K

A

"

=>86,,.8,+F<708:=99AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

AF0819

U

=>86,"&

-

A</A1,F1,+ASEJ=17")

-

A</A1,F1e=

-

=1! X8O

-

=<F1

K

,<=7A61F81

7A10F,FA0

"

,+A7F::A<A1/A0>A,.AA1D6<8

-

A

"

81,+A81A+=17

"

=17,+ASEJ

=17e=

-

=1

"

81,+A8,+A<

"

=<A9A00

-

<81861/A7! J>86,'#

-

A</A1,8:=99

D6<8

-

A=1.8<VA<0=<AOAO>A<08:=,<=7A61F81

"

/8O

-

=<A7,8"*

-

A</A1,

F1,+ASEJ=17""

-

A</A1,F1e=

-

=1!;+A<A:8<A

"

,+AO=

b

8<<A=081:8<,+A

O6/++F

K

+A</899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

AF1D6<8

-

AF018,F,0+F

K

+A<

,<=7A61F817A10F,

U

>6,,+A:=/,,+=,O=1

U

/861,<FA0+=LA1=,F81=98<

0A/,8<=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

.+F9AF1,+ASEJ=17e=

-

=1,+A/8O

-

=1

U

F0

,+A78OF1=1,>=<

K

=F1F1

K

9ALA9! @8<A8LA<

"

F1O=1

U

D6<8

-

A=10,=,A0

"

,+A

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AOF0=/,FLA9

U

06

--

8<,A7>

U

,+A0,=,A!

S(

?

.&*J

!

W,(",-*,/('

6

%,-N"00*N'()*:%&

?

%(,(,

?

N")*&%

?

*

(,'2*7W

)

@%

$

%,%,-W3R

)

CFFG CFFL

#

K

$

E86</A

!

D6<8

-

A=1X8OOF00F81

"

'%%*!

!& !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 78: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

(

!

A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F <3410 .,1

A:347.7:36 :D -3 JG:3:C7G A07676

J

K

=F10,,+A>=/V

K

<86178:,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF//<F0F0

"

ALA<

U

.+A<AF1

D6<8

-

A /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0 617A< A18<O860

-

<A006<A :<8O ,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<0l0F7A

"

.+F/+=FO0,8,=/V9AA/818OF/7F::F/69,FA0>

U

<A76/F1

K

9=>86</80,0! W8.ALA<

"

.+=, OF

K

+,>A<=,F81=9:<8O =1F17FLF76=9

AO

-

98

U

A<l0

-

8F1,8:LFA.+=01A

K

=,FLA/810A

h

6A1/A0:8<,+AA/818O

U

=0=

.+89A!J0

-

8F1,A786,>

U

e8+1@=

U

1=<7HA

U

1A0F1+F0GA1A<=9;+A8<

U

"

,+AA/818OF//<F0F0/8697ALA17A,A<F8<=,A=0=<A069,8:=

K

A1A<=9/6,F1

.=

K

A0

"

0F1/AF,.8697:6<,+A</81,<=/,/8106OA<7AO=17=17

-

<8O8,A

7A:9=,F81!;+A<A:8<A

"

F,F08:

K

<A=,FO

-

8<,=1/A,+=,

"

617A</817F,F8108:

A/818OF//<F0F0

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0=>9A,80,=>F9F0A8<ALA1F1/<A=0A

.=

K

A0!Z1D6<8

-

A

"

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=,1=,F81=98<0A/,8<=99ALA9+=LA

-

<8LA7,8>A=O8<AA::F/FA1,F10,F,6,F81=

K

=F10,.=

K

A/6,0,+=1/8O

-

=1

U

=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

.+F/+=<AO8<A/980A9

U

<A9=,A7,8,+AA/818OF/

-

A<:8<O=1/A

8:,+AF17FLF76=9:F<O!

S.&'2*&&*%-(,

?

\<86

K

+,81

"

J17<A=

$

'%%*

%"6

P=

K

A:8<O=,F81F1,+ADS

7"

5A

-

8<,:8<,+AD6<8

-

A=1

C8617=,F81:8<,+AZO

-

<8LAOA1,8:NFLF1

K

=17 P8<VF1

K

X817F,F810

"

I6>9F1!

JL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!A6<8:8617!A6<8

-

=!A6

#

78/0

#

AF<8

#

,1%$%$%"*0

#

,1%$%$

%"*0!

-

7:

D6<8

-

A=1X8OOF00F81

$

'%%*

%"

*6:-$/"0'&%#&'/0,6$068-",

;

#<==>

"

N6aAO>86<

K

!

]::F/A:8<]::F/F=9Y6>9F/=,F8108:,+AD6<8

-

A=1X8OO61F,FA0!

I6X=

b

=

"

Y+F9F

-

"

D<.=1G=6,FA<

"

I=

-

+1A@8O:A<=,86=17@A9=1FAP=<7P=<1OA7F1

K

A<

$

'%%$

%"6

Z10,F,6,F81=9CA=,6<A08:P=

K

A\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1'3D6<8

-

A=1X861,<FA0

"

,+A

SE=17e=

-

=1

7"

D6<8

-

A=1XA1,<=9\=1VP8<VF1

K

Y=

-

A<EA<FA0R8!*&)

"

IA/AO>A<!

JL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!A/>!F1,

#

-

6>

#

-

7:

#

0/

-

.

-

0

#

A/>.

-

*&)!

-

7:

E/+69,A1

"

;+8<0,A1

$

'%%)

%"

.,&0:'"0$17#),76

;

,&0/0C06 8-",

;

'! a-"!,&0/0$17#6

SC,6,50#:#"M#N#"C$17'

?

/#6

"

W=O>6<

K

!

"&

X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J1]LA<LFA.

!

Page 79: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

E/+69,A1

"

;+8<0,A1

$

'%%*

%"6

X+=1

K

A0F11=,F81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO00F1/A

"**%

7"

D6<8

-

A=1Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810]>0A<L=,8<

U

"

DZ5]19F1A

"

@=

U

!JL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!A6<8:8617!A6<8

-

=!A6

#

AF<8

#

'%%#

#

%3

#

0,67

U

#

,1%#%3"%'0!+,O

#& !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 80: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

92*P.%03

6

/'*#"81*

$

&*/*,'%'(",(,5*&#%,

6

!

3'&.N'.&*%,-!.&&*,'P*)*0"

$

#*,'/

5AF1+=<7\=+1Od99A<

;+AGA<O=10

U

0,AO8:.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81

"

.F,+A1,A<

-

<F0A

9ALA9<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81>

U

.8<V0/861/F90

"

81,+A81A+=17

"

=170A/,8<=9

F1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81 >

U

,<=7A 61F810

"

81 ,+A 8,+A<

"

+=0 >AA1

<A8<

K

=1F0F1

K

:8<08OA,FOA!EF

K

108:7ALA98

-

OA1,F1/967AAa,A<1=9A<80F81

76A,87A/<A=0F1

K

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A8:A1,A<

-

<F0A0=17.8<VA<0

=17/+=1

K

A0.F,+F1,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO.+F/+

K

A1A<=99

U

/8OA

617A<,+A+A=7F1

K

8:7A<A

K

69=,F81=177F::A<A1,F=,F81!Z1.+=,:8998.0

"

:F<0,

"

,+A/8<AA9AOA1,08:,+A76=90

U

0,AO8:F1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1

GA<O=1

U

.F99 >A

-

<A0A1,A7! EA/817

"

/6<<A1, 7ALA98

-

OA1,0 .F99 >A

Aa=OF1A7=17,+A/810A

h

6A1/A0:8<,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO=17

,+A<89A8:,+A,<=7A61F8100,=,A7! PA .F99/81/967A .F,+ = ><FA:

06OO=<

U

!

!

!

;,1 X5-8 LQ6.1C :D 23.1016. 91K01613.-.7:3 73

!

Y10C-3QI L.05G.501 -34 A50013. X1H18:KC13.6

!

!

! ;,1 X5-8 LQ6.1C :D 23.1016. 91K01613.-.7:3

X+=<=/,A<F0,F/8:,+AGA<O=10

U

0,AO8:.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F0

,+A76=9F,

U

8:A1,A<

-

<F0A<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81>

U

.8<V0/861/F90

"

81,+A81A

+=17

"

=17F1760,<

U

.F7A<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81>

U

,<=7A61F810

"

81,+A8,+A<

Page 81: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

+=17!J0=<A069,8:,+F076=9F,

U

"

,+A<AF0=,.8,FA<<A

-

<A0A1,=,F810

U

0,AO

=,A1,A<

-

<F0A=170A/,8<=9

#

F1760,<

U

9ALA9! ;+A<A=<A=908,.80A

-

=<=,A

=<A1=0:8<7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81!;+A9A

K

=9

#

F10,F,6,F81=90,<6/,6<A8:,+A,.8

=<A1=07F::A<0

"

=078,+A=/,8<0

"

,+A8>

b

A/,08:/81,A1,F81=17/81:9F/,

<A0896,F81

-

<8/A76<A0! RALA<,+A9A00

"

,+A,.89ALA908<=<A1=0=<A<A9=,A7,8

81A=18,+A<F1,A<O08::61/,F81=97F::A<A1,F=,F81

$

@d99A<eA1,0/+'%%&

!

)&

%

k

!

!

" B011 A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F -34 .,1 L:G7-8 T-0.3106

;+A9A

K

=9>=0F0=,,+AF1760,<

U

.F7A

"

0A/,8<=99ALA9F0:<AA/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! Z, +=0 =

-

<8OF1A1,

-

9=/AF1 ,+A X810,F,6,F81

"

<=1VF1

K

FOOA7F=,A9

U

>A1A=,+,+A61FLA<0=9:<=1/+F0A! ;+A\=0F/N=.

K

6=<=1,AA0

:<AA78O8:=008/F=,F81

6

:8<ALA<

U

81A=17=998//6

-

=,F810

7"

,+=,F0

"

:<AA78O,8

6

:8<O =008/F=,F810,80=:A

K

6=<7=17

-

<8O8,A .8<VF1

K

=17

A/818OF//817F,F810

7

=17,+A<A>

U

,+A<F

K

+,,8A0,=>9F0+F17A

-

A17A1,,<=7A

61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F810!Z1:<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

,+A

/899A/,FLA=/,8<0 ,<=7A61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F810 OAA,=17

1A

K

8,F=,A

"

F:18,Aa/960FLA9

U

"

=,9A=0,

-

<A78OF1=1,9

U

,+A

6

/817F,F8108:

0=9A

7

8:9=>86<

"

,+=,F0

"

.=

K

A <=,A0

"

.8<VF1

K

+86<0 =17 8,+A<

K

A1A<=9F0=>9A.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810!X81:9F/,0/=1>A<A089LA7F1,+F0=<A1=

>

U

0,<FVA=/,F81!;+A9A

K

=9:8617=,F8108:,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO

=<A9=F778.1F1,+AX899A/,FLAJ

K

<AAOA1,0J/,!Z,0,=,A0,+=,819

U

,+A

,<=7A61F810/=1/81/967A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0.F,+F17FLF76=9AO

-

98

U

A<0

$

,+=,F0

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A0

%

8<=008/F=,F8108:AO

-

98

U

A<0

$

,+=,F0

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F810

%

k;+A9A

K

=918<O08:,+A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,<A9=,A7,8,+A

/81,A1,0

"

/81/960F81=17,A<OF1=,F818:,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

=

--

9

U

7F<A/,9

U

,8,+A

-

=<,FA0,8,+A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,=17=<AO=17=,8<

U

!

;+A<A=<AOF1FO6O0,=17=<70.+F/+A1,A<

-

<F0A0O=

U

18,:=990+8<,8:!

N=>86<18<O0=

K

<AA7F1/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0+=LA

-

<F8<F,

U

8LA<8,+A<

"

:8<

Aa=O

-

9A

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A8<F17FLF76=9<A

K

69=,F810! P8<V0/861/F90

"

,+A<A:8<A

"

/=118, /81/967A =

K

<AAOA1,0 F1 ,+A A1,A<

-

<F0A .F,+ ,+A AO

-

98

U

A<

/81/A<1F1

K

<AO61A<=,F81 =17 8,+A< .8<VF1

K

/817F,F810

"

.+F/+ +=LA

%& !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 82: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=9<A=7

U

>AA1<A

K

69=,A7F1=/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,8<8,+A<.F0A

"

=17>

U

OA=108:.+F/+,+A OF1FO6O 18<O0:FaA7F1,+A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,

.8697>A617A</6,! W8.ALA<

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A=

K

<AAOA1,0 .+F/+=<A O8<A

:=L86<=>9A:8<,+AAO

-

98

U

AA0=<A9A

K

=99

U-

A<OF00F>9AF18,+A<.8<70

"

,+A08

/=99A7

6

:=L86<=>F9F,

U -

<F1/F

-

9A

7

=

--

9FA0! ;+A

-

<F8<F,

U

8:/899A/,FLA9

U

=

K

<AA7

-

<8LF0F810 =908 =

--

9FA0 ,8 08/=99A7 /899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0 =,

/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9! ;+A

U

=

--

9

U

819

U

,8,+AF17FLF76=9/8O

-

=1

U

"

>6,=<A

/81/967A7>

U

,<=7A61F810.F,+,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,=17.8<V0/861/F90/=118,

/81/967A=

K

<AAOA1,0.+F/+617A</6,18<O=,FLA

-

<8LF0F8108:/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0!

C<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17,+A<F

K

+,,8/899A/,FLA=008/F=,F81,+=,

K

8A0.F,+F,

-

A<:8<O7F::A<A1,:61/,F810:8<=/,8<08<

K

<86

-

08:=/,8<0!C8<

AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

,+A

;

",/#1/0,6

?

-61/0,6 F0,+A O80,FO

-

8<,=1,! ;+<86

K

+

/8=9F,F81:8<O=,F81

"

,+AO=<VA,

-

8.A<8:/=

-

F,=9/=1>A7FOF1F0+A7=17

7A/A1,.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810/=1>AA106<A78<

"

=0Gf,B\<FA:0

"

81A8:,+A

:8<A:=,+A<08:GA<O=19=>86<9=.

"

:8<O69=,A7F,

"

=0A=<9

U

=0"*'&

!6

=0=:A

+860A

-

0A,6

-

.

=

K

=F10,,+A/8OOA</F=9F0=,F818:+6O=19=>86<

7

kJ981

K

0F7A

,+A

-

<8,A/,FLA:61/,F81:8<,+A

-

6<

-

80A8:A106<F1

K

,+A<A

-

<876/,F818:

9=>86<

-

8.A<

"

:<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=908

-

A<:8<O0=:0$/"0+-/0,6'6:

;

'"/010

;

'/0,6

?

-61/0,6!\

U

F,0OA=10AO

-

98

U

AA0/=1>AA106<A7=0+=<AF1

,+A

K

<8.F1

K

A/818OF/

-

<80

-

A<F,

U

76A,8F1/<A=0F1

K

9=>86<

-

<876/,FLF,

U

!

C8<,+AAO

-

98

U

A<

"

:<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

A00A1,F=99

U-

A<:8<O0

,+<AA:61/,F810!CF<0,

"

F,01'"/#&

?

-61/0,60+8697>AOA1,F81A7!X899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0

-

<8LF7A/817F,F8108:A

h

6=9/8O

-

A,F,F81:8<A1,A<

-

<F0A0,+<86

K

+

,+A0,=17=<7F0=,F818:.=

K

A<=,A0

"

.8<VF1

K

+86<0=178,+A<

K

A1A<=9F0=>9A

.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810! EA/817

"

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0:69:F9=

3

,E#"6'61#

?

-61/0,6>

U

A106<F1

K

O=1=

K

A=>9A=170,=>9A.=

K

A0,<6/,6<A0=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810! ;+F<7

"

/899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0

-

A<:8<O =

;

#'1# '6:

;

'10

?

01'/0,6

?

-61/0,6:8<A1,A<

-

<F0A0! P+F9A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=<AF1

:8</A

"

,+A.8<VA<0O=

U

18,

K

8810,<FVA

"

08,+=,

-

A=/A:699=>86<<A9=,F810

=17,+A<A>

U

,+A

-

<A/817F,F810:8</88

-

A<=,F81F1 ,+A A1,A<

-

<F0A =<A

A106<A7!

&&

;+AI6=9E

U

0,AO8:5A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1GA<O=1

U!

Page 83: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

C8<,+A0,=,A

"

:<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

+=0=

6

<A9FA:

7

:61/,F81!Z,F0

<A9A=0A7:<8O,+A<A0

-

810F>F9F,

U

:8<<A

K

69=,F1

K

.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810 ,8,+A

Aa,A1,,+=,/A<,=F1 OF1FO6O 0,=17=<70 =<A 18, 617A</6,! ;+<86

K

+

=6,818O8600A9:<A

K

69=,F81

"

,+A0,=,A78A018,06::A<=98008:9A

K

F,FO=/

U

76A,8/81:9F/,=1778A018,F,0A9:>A/8OA,+A,=<

K

A,8:9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0!Z1

/81:9F/,0

"

F,

-

9=

U

0,+A<89A8:1A6,<=9,+F<7

-

=<,

U

"

:<8O .+F/+F,=/

h

6F<A0

9A

K

F,FO=/

U

!

!

!

# J3.10K0761 81H18 23.1016. 91K01613.-.7:3

NA,60,6<1,8,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA98:,+A 76=90

U

0,AO 8:F1,A<A0,

<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81! ;+A=/,8<0F1,+F0=<A1==<A18,,+A,<=7A61F810=17

AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F810

"

>6,/8O

-

=1

U

O=1=

K

AOA1,0=17,+A .8<V0

/861/F90! P8<V0/861/F90/=1 >A0A,6

-

F1 =99/8O

-

=1FA0 .F,+:FLA

AO

-

98

U

AA08<O8<A

"

=9,+86

K

+F1:=/,,+A

U

AaF0,F1819

U

""

-

A</A1,8:

/8O

-

=1FA0

"

:8<.+F/+)$

-

A</A1,8:=99AO

-

98

U

AA0.8<V! @=1

U

0O=99

/8O

-

=1FA0+=LA18 .8<V0/861/F9

,

F1/8O

-

=1FA0 .F,+ O8<A,+=1"%%

AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+A<=,AF08LA<$%

-

A</A1,! P+F9A,<=7A61F810=<A

=008/F=,F8108:OAO>A<0

"

.8<V0/861/F90=<A,+A

-

<876/,8:A9A/,F810!

P8<V0/861/F90=<A,+A<A:8<A18,,<=7A61F81/8OOF,,AA0

"

>6,A9A/,A7

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:=99,+AAO

-

98

U

AA08:=/8O

-

=1

U

! @80,.8<V0/861/F9

OAO>A<0=<A=908 OAO>A<08:=,<=7A61F81

$

=<8617&#

-

A</A1,

%"

+8.ALA<

"

=17/=<<

U

86,,+AF<=/,FLF,FA0=

K

=F10,,+A>=/V

K

<86178:,<=7A

61F818>

b

A/,FLA0! \6, .8<V0/861/F90 +=LA=/810F7A<=>9A 7A

K

<AA 8:

F17A

-

A17A1/A.+F/+F0>

U

18OA=10OA<A9

U

:8<O=9!

;+A9A

K

=9:8617=,F81:8<=/,8<0F1,+A/8O

-

=1

U

=<A1=F0,+A P8<V0

X810,F,6,F81 J/,! Z, <A

K

69=,A0 ,+A F1:8<O=,F81

"

/81069,=,F81 =17

/87A,A<OF1=,F81<F

K

+,08:,+A .8<V0/861/F9=17,+A<A0

-

810F>F9F,

U

,8

A1

K

=

K

AF1

6

/88

-

A<=,F81>=0A781,<60,

7

.F,+,+AAO

-

98

U

A<! P8<V0/861/F90

+=LA,8,=VAF1,8=//861,

"

18,819

U

,+AF1,A<A0,08:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA0

"

>6,

=908,+A.A99>AF1

K

8:,+A/8O

-

=1

U

=17,+A

U

O=

U

18,/=99:8<0,<FVA=/,F81

F106

--

8<,8:,+AF<7AO=170!Z1760,<F=9=/,F81>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<0=17

'& !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 84: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

.8<V0/861/F90F09A

K

=99

U

F1=7OF00F>9A!

;+A8>

b

A/,0 8: 1A

K

8,F=,F810 8< 7F0

-

6,A0 =,/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9=<A

"

K

A1A<=99

U

0

-

A=VF1

K

"

18,,+A

6

/817F,F8108:0=9A

7

8:9=>86<

-

8.A<

$

.+F/+

=<A>=0F/=99

U

7A,A<OF1A7=,0A/,8<=99ALA9

%"

>6,<=,+A<,+A

6

/817F,F8108:

60A

7"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A7F0,<F>6,F818: .8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

/81/<A,A .8<V

8<

K

=1F0=,F81

"

.8<V

-

9=/A7A0F

K

18<08/F=9<A

K

69=,F810!Z1=77F,F81

"

.8<V0

/861/F90=<A<A0

-

810F>9A:8<06

-

A<LF0F1

K

,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0=17,+AF<18<O=,FLA

-

<8LF0F810!

;+AF1,A<=/,F818::<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17.8<V0/810,F,6,F810

+=LA

"

:8<O=1

UU

A=<0

"

A106<A7,+A:9AaF>F9F,

U

=170,=>F9F,

U

8:,+A/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AOF1GA<O=1

U

!

!

S(

?

.&*E

!

92*-.%0/

6

/'*#"8T"&Y*&/U(,'*&*/'&*

$

&*/*,'%'(",

;FA<

NALA9

#

=<A1=

NA

K

=9

:<=OA.8<V

J/,8<0 ;8

-

F/

C8<O8:/81:9F/,

<A0896,F81

"0,,FA< EA/,8<=99ALA9

C<AA/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

$

\=0F/N=.

"

X899A/,FLA

J

K

<AAOA1,0J/,

%

;<=7A61F810

LA<060

AO

-

98

U

A<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F810

X817F,F8108:

0=9A8:9=>86<

$

.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0

"

76<=,F818:

.8<VF1

K

,FOA

=170881

%

\F9=,A<=9

.F,+

0,<FVA=/,F81

'17,FA<D1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

P8<V0

/810,F,6,F81

$

P8<V0

X810,F,6,F81J/,

%

P8<V0/861/F9

LA<060

O=1=

K

AOA1,

X817F,F8108:

60A8:9=>86<

$

0F,6=,F81=17

7F0,<F>6,F818:

.8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

><A=V0

"

.8<V

-

9=/A

7A0F

K

1=170881

%

\F9=,A<=9

.F,+86,

0,<FVA=/,F81

"

!

A50013. X1H18:KC13.6

C<8O,+A16O>A<8:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0/6<<A1,9

U

F1:8</A

"

81AOF

K

+,

K

A,,+AFO

-

<A00F81,+=,,+AGA<O=1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AOF0LA<

U

0,=>9A=17:6998:LF

K

86<! J,,+AA178:'%%$

"

,+A<A.A<A18:A.A<,+=1

&%

"

43'/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

=<8617#

"

%%%8:,+AO1A.9

U

/81/967A7F1

'%%*!J9F,,9AO8<A,+=1+=9:8:L=9F7/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=<A=

K

<AAOA1,0

/81/967A7>

U

,<=7A61F810.F,+F17FLF76=9A1,A<

-

<F0A0=177A0/<F>A7=0

(&

;+AI6=9E

U

0,AO8:5A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1GA<O=1

U!

Page 85: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/8O

-

=1

U

8<

6

+860A

7

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0! J17,+A16O>A<8:/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0F018,:=99F1

K

,

<=,+A<F,+=0>AA1<F0F1

K

:8<

U

A=<0!

W8.ALA<

"

,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AOF0=1

U

,+F1

K

>6,0,=>9A

"

=17+=0>AA1617A<O=00FLA

-

<A006<A:8</+=1

K

A:8<=<8617'%

U

A=<0!

;+<AA 7ALA98

-

OA1,0 F1

-

=<,F/69=< +=LA ><86

K

+, =>86, :=<<A=/+F1

K

/+=1

K

A0

!$

"

%

=7A/<A=0AF1,+A16O>A<8:A1,A<

-

<F0A0>8617>

U

/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0=1708,+A7FOF1F0+F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A8:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

,$

'

%

,+A,<A17,8.=<70,+A7A/A1,<=9F0=,F818:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

,+=,F0

"

=

0+F:,:<8O,+A0A/,8<=9,8,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

,

=17

$

3

%

,+A7F::A<A1,F=,F81

"

9F1VA7,87A/A1,<=9F0=,F81

"

8:18<O=,FLA

-

<8LF0F810

"

.+F/+18.:8998.

-

<876/,FLF,

U

=,,+AF17FLF76=9A1,A<

-

<F0A=1718981

K

A<

"

=0F0/60,8O=<

U

.F,+0A/,8<=9=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

,+A=LA<=

K

AF1,+A><=1/+!

CBEP*N0(,*(,'2*_.#:*&"87,'*&

$

&(/*/O".,-:

6

!"00*N'()*R

?

&**#*,'/

;+A7A/9F1AF1,+A16O>A<8:A1,A<

-

<F0A0>8617>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

=17

"

=981

K

0F7AF,

"

,+A16O>A<8:.8<VA<0.+80A.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810=<A

7A,A<OF1A7>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

F0/810F7A<=>9A! P+F9AF1"**#

"

=<8617$3

-

A</A1,8:/8O

-

=1FA0F1 .A0,A<1 GA<O=1

U

.A<A>8617>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

,87=

U

,+A:F

K

6<AF0>A98.)%

-

A</A1,!Z1A=0,A<1

GA<O=1

U

"

,+A9ALA98:8<

K

=1F0=,F818:A1,A<

-

<F0A0:<8O,+A>A

K

F11F1

K

8:

GA<O=1<A61F:F/=,F81F1"*$*81.=<70.=00F

K

1F:F/=1,9

U

98.A<,+=1F1

.A0,A<1GA<O=1

U

=1718.819

U

')

-

A</A1,8:A1,A<

-

<F0A0=<A>8617>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0!;+A7A/9F1AF1,+A16O>A<8:AO

-

98

U

AA0/8LA<A7>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0+=018,>AA1087<=O=,F/0F1/A9=<

K

A</8O

-

=1FA0=<A

0,F99:=F<9

U

/8OOF,,A7,8/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0!W8.ALA<

"

,+A,<A17=O81

K

AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

,88

"

F078.1.=<70! ;+A78.1.=<7,<A17 +=009=/VA1A7

08OA.+=,F1,+A

-

=0,:FLA

U

A=<0

"

>6,F,+=0>

U

18OA=10/8OA,8=+=9,!

X899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

/810A

h

6A1,9

U

"

7F<A/,9

U

=::A/,819

Ub

60,8LA<+=9:8:

AO

-

98

U

AA0=17,+A=<A=0.F,+86,/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=<A

K

A,,F1

K

>F

KK

A<

=17>F

KK

A<! ;+F07ALA98

-

OA1,+F

K

+9F

K

+,0,+AAa,A<1=9A<80F818:,+A

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO!

)' !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 86: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*E

!

P*)*0"

$

#*,'"8'2*,.#:*&"8*#

$

0"

6

**/%,-*,'*&

$

&(/*/

:".,-:

6

:&%,N2N"00*N'()*%

?

&**#*,'/

)

EMMJ CFFI

#

K

$

DO

-

98

U

AA0 D1,A<

-

<F0A0

PA0, D=0, PA0, D=0,

"**# &' #3

"**4 4* #4 '$

"**$ 4$ #" )$ '4

"*** 4# )4 )) '"

'%%% 43 )) )# '3

'%%" 43 )) )# ''

'%%' 43 )3 )) '%

'%%3 4' )3 )3 '"

'%%) 4" )" )" "*

'%%# #* )' 3$ "*

'%%4 #& )" 3& '%

'%%& #4 )" 34 '%

E86</A

!

ZJ\\A,<FA>0

-

=1A9!

CBC P*N*,'&%0(/%'(", "8'2* _*

?

"'(%'(", 3

6

/'*# %,- P(88*&*,'(%'(", "8

_"&#%'()*A&")(/(",/

D1,A<

-

<F0A0 .+F/+ <AO=F1 >8617 >

U

/899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0 +=LA

Aa

-

A<FA1/A7,.81A.=17<A9=,A77ALA98

-

OA1,0!Z1O8<A=17O8<A/=0A0

"

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0AF0>A/8OF1

K

,+A0/A1A8:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

=0=<A069,

8:.+F/+,+A>A1/+O=<V:8<,+A/81,A1,08:1A

K

8,F=,F810F0/+=1

K

F1

K

!

;+A1A

K

8,F=,F1

K-

=<,FA0,=VA,+AF<>A=<F1

K

09A00:<8O,+A=LA<=

K

A0F,6=,F81

8:/8O

-

=1FA0F1,+A><=1/+

"

,+=1:<8O ,+A0

-

A/F:F/0F,6=,F81=,=1

F17FLF76=9/8O

-

=1

U

"

=>8LA=99/8O

-

=1

U -

<876/,FLF,

U

! J0=<A069,

"

*'

;+AI6=9E

U

0,AO8:5A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1GA<O=1

U!

Page 87: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/8O

-

=1FA0=<A06>

b

A/,,8=VF178:786>9A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<A=9F,

U

!

;+A

U

<AO=F1>8617,8,+A><=1/+=

K

<AAOA1,

"

>6,08/=99A7

6

8

-

A1F1

K

/9=60A0

7

=<AF1,<876/A7

"

.+F/+O=VA

-

800F>9A=,AO

-

8<=<

U

8<

-

A<O=1A1,

617A</6,,F1

K

8:><=1/+18<O0!

;+A0+F:,8:

$

-

=<,8:

%

1A

K

8,F=,F810,8A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9=17,+A

8<FA1,=,F81 ,8.=<70 ,+A

-

<876/,FLF,

U

8: F17FLF76=9 /8O

-

=1FA0 =<A

/810A

h

6A1/A08:,+A7.F179F1

K

16O>A<8:,+80A>8617 >

U

/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0=17617A<9F1A,+A1AA7:8<,+A0,=>F9F0=,F818:,+A/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO! ;+A :=/, ,+=, A1,A<

-

<F0A0 +=LA O8<A <88O ,8

O=18A6L<A=17,+A

-

800F>F9F,

U

,8617A</6,OF1FO6O18<O0617A</A<,=F1

/F</6O0,=1/A0O=VAF,9A00=,,<=/,FLA,8AO

-

98

U

A<0,8 .F,+7<=. :<8O

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0/8O

-

9A,A9

U

! P+A,+A<,+F0<A=99

U

/81,<F>6,A0,8,+A

0,=>F9F0=,F81 8: ,+A /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO F0 7A>=,=>9A! J0

7F::A<A1,9

U

=0,+A/81,<F>6,F8108:7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81=177F::A<A1,F=,F81,8

0,=>F9F0=,F81=<AAL=96=,A7

"

F,F0F17F0

-

6,=>9A,+=,8

-

A1F1

K

/9=60A0 .+F/+

=998./8O

-

=1FA018,819

U

,80+=

-

A,+A

-

<8LF0F8108:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

>6,=908,8617A</6,,+AO +=LA>A/8OA.F7A0

-

<A=7!5A0A=</+7=,=81,+A

Aa,A1,8:8

-

A1F1

K

/9=60A07F::A<.F,+<A

K

=<7,806<LA

UU

A=<

"

><=1/+=17,+A

:8<O8:,+A

h

6A0,F810!GA1A<=9F0F1

K

"

.A/=10=

U

,+=,8

-

A1F1

K

/9=60A0O=

U

>A:8617

"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81,+A><=1/+

"

F1"%("#

-

A</A1,8:/8O

-

=1FA0

"

F1

.+F/+>A,.AA13%=17#%

-

A</A1,8:.8<VA<0=<AAO

-

98

U

A7!J17.+A<A,+A

U

AaF0,,+A

U

=<A606=99

U

=

--

9FA7

$

E/+1=>A9=17H8+=6,'%%4

,

\=+1Od99A<'%%*

%

k

"

!

# Z1U /0G,7.1G.501 :D .,1 23.1016. 91K01613.-.7:3 LQ6.1C

;+A

-

=<,F=9 <A98/=,F81 8: 1A

K

8,F=,F810 81 .8<VF1

K

/817F,F810 +=0

/810A

h

6A1/A0:8<,+A76=90

U

0,AO8:F1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81

"

=0+=0=9<A=7

U

>AA17A0/<F>A7! I6=9F,

U

=0F,+=0AaF0,A708:=<F0F1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

>AF1

K

06

-

A<0A7A7>

U

=O69,F=<A1=0

U

0,AOF1.+F/+,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

-

=<,FA07818,/81/967A=

K

<AAOA1,0819

U

=,0A/,8<=99ALA9

"

>6,=908

-

=<=99A9

A1,A<

-

<F0A=

K

<AAOA1,0!J,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9,+A

U

1A

K

8,F=,A8106>

b

A/,0,+=,

+=LA=9<A=7

U

>AA1,+A8>

b

A/,08:/81:9F/,=171A

K

8,F=,F81=,><=1/+9ALA9!

!' !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 88: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

;+A/+=1

K

AF1,+A9ALA98:1A

K

8,F=,F81018981

K

A<=6,8O=,F/=99

U

A1,=F90=

/+=1

K

AF1,+A=/,8<0=17/81:9F/,F006A0! ;+A

-

=<,FA0=908,=VA6

-

1A.

,8

-

F/0F1A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA91A

K

8,F=,F810

"

06/+=07A/F0F81081<A98/=,F81

"

-

<8OF0A08:F1LA0,OA1,8<08/F=9

-

9=10<A9=,A7,8

-

9=1,/9806<A0

"

.+F/+

-

<ALF8609

U

.A<A,+A9A

K

=9

-

<A0A<LA8:,+A,.8A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

-

=<,1A<0

"

O=1=

K

AOA1,=17 .8<V0/861/F90

"

8<.A<A7A/F7A7>

U

,+A O=1=

K

AOA1,

=981A!X81LA<0A9

U

"

.8<V0/861/F90,=VA6

-

06>

b

A/,0.+F/+

6

<A=99

U

7

>A981

K

,8,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA0

"

=171A

K

8,F=,A

-

=<,9

U

.F,+

"

-

=<,9

U

.F,+86,,+AF<=

--

<8L=981 .8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

.=

K

A/8O

-

81A1,08<0

-

A/F=9

-

=

U

OA1,0! Z1 ,+F0 .=

U

"

,+A

-

=<,FA0 =,,AO

-

,,8

K

=F1

K

<8617! ;+A

>8617=<FA0>A,.AA1.8<V0/810,F,6,F81=17:<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=<A

>AF1

K

<AAa=OF1A7=17/81,A0,A7!;806OO=<F0A

"

,+A

-

<ALF86076=90

U

0,AO

8:F1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F0 O6,=,F1

K

F1,+A7F<A/,F818:=,+<AA,FA<

0

U

0,AO

"

.F,+ = 0A/,8<=9 /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

=<A1=

"

.+80A 9A

K

=9

:<=OA.8<VF0

-

<8LF7A7>

U

:<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,

=1A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=<A1=

"

=9089A

K

=99

U

<A

K

69=,A7 >

U

:<AA /899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

,

=17=1A1,A<

-

<F0A=<A1=

"

.+F/+F006>

b

A/,,8,+A

-

<8LF0F8108:

,+AP8<V0X810,F,6,F81J/,!

C6<,+A<,<=7A 61F81 8

-

,F810=<A 18,=L=F9=>9A

"

+8.ALA<

"

0F1/A

"

=//8<7F1

K

,8,+A

-

<AL=F9F1

K

F1,A<

-

<A,=,F818:,+A9=.

"

,+A,<=7A61F810

<AO=F1>8617,8,+A08/=99A74"0#:#6$

;?

&017/

$

76,

U

,8=L8F7F1760,<F=9

=/,F8176<F1

K

.=

K

A1A

K

8,F=,F810

%"

F1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

=<A1=

"

F1.+F/+7ALF=,F810:<8O18<O0A0,=>9F0+A7=,0A/,8<=99ALA9

$

,+A

<69A

%

=<A=,F006A

"

=17080,<FVA=/,F81O=

U

18,>A,=VA1!

P+=,F0/+=1

K

F1

K

F1,+A,<=10F,F81,8,+AO69,F

-

9A=<A1=0

U

0,AOF0,+A

/+=<=/,A<8:18<O=,FLA

-

<8LF0F810F1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

! ;+A18<O08:

<A

K

F81=9/899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0 18 981

K

A<

K

6=<=1,AA A

h

6=9 OF1FO6O

0,=17=<70:8<=99AO

-

98

U

AA0F1=><=1/+8<,+A0=OAOF1FO6O9=>86</80,0

:8<=99A1,A<

-

<F0A0! ;+A

U

18981

K

A<A106<A.+=,,+A,Aa,>88V0=

U

0,+A

U

0+8697

"

1=OA9

U

,+AO=aFO6O<A76/,F818:/8O

-

A,F,F81=O81

K

AO

-

98

U

AA0!

;+F01A. VF178:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,F0 O8<A9FVA=:<=OA.8<V:8<

8<FA1,=,F81:<8O.+F/+F,F0

-

800F>9A,87ALF=,A,8=

K

<A=,A<8<9A00A<Aa,A1,

"'

;+AI6=9E

U

0,AO8:5A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1GA<O=1

U!

Page 89: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

$

CF,BA1>A<

K

A<=17C<=1B'%%%

%

k

!

S(

?

.&*C

!

<*'%#"&

$

2"/(/"8'2*-.%0/

6

/'*#"8(,'*&*/'

&*

$

&*/*,'%'(",

&

",'2*T%

6

'"%'2&**'(*&/

6

/'*#

9(*&E

!

3*N'"&%00*)*0

NA

K

=9:<=OA.8<V C<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

J/,8<0

!

;<=7A61F810LA<060AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F810

E6>

b

A/,8:<A

K

69=,F81

6

X817F,F8108:0=9A

7

8:9=>86<

$

.=

K

A0

"

.8<VF1

K

,FOA=170881

%

C8<O8:7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81 \F9=,A<=9.F,+,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVA

9(*&C 7,'*&

$

&(/*0*)*0

NA

K

=9:<=OA.8<V C<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

J/,8<0

!

;<=7A61F810LA<060AO

-

98

U

A<0

#

AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F810

E6>

b

A/,8:<A

K

69=,F81

X817F,F81=9 617A</6,,F1

K

8: 0A/,8<=9 18<O0 F1 Aa/+=1

K

A :8<

AO

-

98

U

OA1,8<98/=,F81

K

6=<=1,AA08<

-

<8OF0A08:F1LA0,OA1,

C8<O8:7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81 \F

#

,<F9=,A<=9.F,+86,,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVA

9(*&D

!

7,'*&

$

&(/*0*)*0

NA

K

=9:<=OA.8<V P8<V0/810,F,6,F81

J/,8<0

!

P8<V0/861/F9LA<060O=1=

K

AOA1,

E6>

b

A/,8:<A

K

69=,F81

6

X817F,F8108:60A

7

8:9=>86<

C8<O8:7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81 \F9=,A<=9.F,+86,,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVA

CBG!2%,

?

*-1"0*/%,-3*08!",N*

$

'(",",'2*A%&'"89&%-*W,(",/%,-

7#

$

0"

6

*&/UX&

?

%,(/%'(",/

;+A0A/+=1

K

A0F1,+A=</+F,A/,6<A8:,+AF1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F810

U

0,AO

+=LA<A

-

A</600F810.F,+<A

K

=<7,8,+A<89A0=170A9:/81/A

-

,F818:,+A

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA0! ;+A,<=7A61F810

"

.+F/++=LAO=F19

U

>AA1

0,<81

K

9

U

8

--

80A7 =9,+86

K

+ .F,+86, 06//A00,8 7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81 =17

7F::A<A1,F=,F81

"

:F17 ,+AO0A9LA0 /81:<81,A7 >

U -

<ALF8609

U

61V18.1

/88<7F1=,F81=17/81,<89

-

<8>9AO0

"

.+F/+,+A

U

=<A>=<A9

U

=>9A,8O=1=

K

A

.F,+,+A<A086</A0,+A

U

+=LA,8+=17!;+AF<A::8<,0=<A7F<A/,A7,8.=<70

VAA

-

F1

K

7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81=0O6/+=0

-

800F>9A.F,+F1O=1=

K

A=>9A>8617=<FA0

=17,8+=LA=7A/F0FLA0=

U

=,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

$

W=F

-

A,A<'%%*=

%

k;+F0+=0

K

FLA1<F0A,8 1A.

-

<8>9AO0

"

+8.ALA<

"

/81/A<1F1

K

0A9:7A:F1F,F81=17

9A

K

F,FO=,F81!;+A>=9=1/F1

K

=/,>A,.AA1

$

7FLA<

K

F1

K

%

F17FLF76=9A1,A<

-

<F0A

F1,A<A0,0=17F1760,<

U

.F7A8</899A/,FLAF1,A<A0,0

"

-

<ALF8609

U

O=1=

K

A7>

U

,+A.8<V0/861/F90

"

F018.,+A,=0V8:,+A,<=7A61F810

"

.+8O60,=908

K

A,

#' !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 90: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+AF<OAO>A<081>8=<7

$

5A+7A<'%%4

%

k

;+A AO

-

98

U

A<0l 8<

K

=1F0=,F810 +=LA :A.A<

-

<8>9AO0 .F,+

7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81=177F::A<A1,F=,F81

"

.+F/+,+A

U

+=LA

-

6<06A7LF

K

8<8609

U

!

;+A

U

7818,A1LF0=

K

A/81,<89=17/88<7F1=,F81

-

<8>9AO0/8O

-

=<=>9A.F,+

,+80A8:,+A,<=7A61F810!Z10,A=7

"

,+AAa,A17A7<=1

K

A8:8

-

,F810=,

A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

"

F1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

7ALF=,F81:<8O ,+A18<O08:<A

K

F81=9

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

+=LA<A9FALA7,+AO8:O6/+8:,+A>6<7A18::F17F1

K

=/8OO817A18OF1=,8<=O81

K

,+AF1,A<A0,08:,+AF<OAO>A<:F<O0! J1

U

:F<O .F0+F1

K

,87ALF=,A:<8O =1=

K

<AAOA1,/=1 O8<A8<9A007808!

RALA<,+A9A00

"

,+A

U

=908+=LA9A

K

F,FO=,F81

-

<8>9AO0

"

0F1/A,+A/81/960F81

8:<A

K

F81=9/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0F018981

K

A<=00F

K

1F:F/=1,=0F,81/A.=0!

P+F9A,+A0F

K

1F1

K

8:<A

K

F81=9/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0.=081/A,+ALA<

U

<=F0817

6

n,<A8:AO

-

98

U

A<0

7

8<

K

=1F0=,F810,+=,F018981

K

A<,+A/=0A!;+A

F7A1,F,

U

8:AO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F810F0/+=1

K

F1

K

=17:8<=16O>A<8:

U

A=<0

,+A

U

+=LA=9088::A<A7,+AF<OAO>A<0OAO>A<0+F

-

.F,+86,>AF1

K

>8617,8

/899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0

$

08/=99A7

6

];

-

,76# K'"0

?

+06:-6

3

.

8<

K

=1F0=,F810

7%

kC8<,+A0AA1,A<

-

<F0A0,+A

U

18. :61/,F81 =00A<LF/A

-

<8LF7A<0

"

8::A<F1

K

/81069,=,F81=1706

--

8<,:8<F17FLF76=9/8O

-

=1FA0!

J17,+A0,<=,A

KU

"

-

6<06A7F1

-

=<,F/69=<F1,+A OA,=9=17 A9A/,<F/=9

F1760,<

U

"

F0

-

=

U

F1

K

8::! ;+A98008:OAO>A<0

"

:<8O .+F/+AO

-

98

U

A<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F810.A<A=90806::A<F1

K

"

+=0>AA1+=9,A7!;+A9800A0<A

K

F0,A<A7

0F1/A'%%%>

U

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0l8<

K

=1F0=,F81:8<,+AOA,=9F1760,<

U

+=LAF1

,+AOA=1,FOAO8<A8<9A00>AA1O=7A

K

887

$

\=+1Od99A<'%%*

%

k

#

!

L5CC-0Q

;+A7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81,8,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA98:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17,+A

7F::A<A1,F=,F818:,+A18<O=,FLA

-

<8LF0F8108:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=<A,+A

,.878OF1=1,7ALA98

-

OA1,0F1,+AGA<O=1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO

0F1/A ,+A "**%0! IA/A1,<=9F0=,F81 F0 18, = O=<

K

F1=9 8< ,<=10FA1,

-

+A18OA181

"

+8.ALA<!X8O

-

=1

U

=

K

<AAOA1,0.+F/+7ALF=,A:<8O><=1/+

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0+=LA >A/8OA=

-

A<O=1A1,:A=,6<A 8:/899A/,FLA

$'

;+AI6=9E

U

0,AO8:5A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1GA<O=1

U!

Page 91: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17+=LA/+=1

K

A7,+A=</+F,A/,6<A8:,+AGA<O=10

U

0,AO8:

F1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81! ;+A08/F=9

-

=<,1A<018. 8

-

A<=,A=908=,,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9

"

18,819

U

=,,+A0A/,8<=99ALA9!EA/,8<=918<O0<AO=F1,+A

-

8F1,8:<A:A<A1/A:8<,+A7A,A<OF1=,F818:A1,A<

-

<F0A.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810

"

>6,,+A

U

=<A<A1A

K

8,F=>9AF1,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A!;+A,<=7A61F810+=LA,<FA7,8

=LA<, 7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81 =17 7F::A<A1,F=,F81

"

>6, ,+A

U

+=LA :=F9A7!

S9,FO=,A9

U

"

,+A ,<=7A 61F810 .A<A :8</A7 ,8

K

8 =981

K

.F,+

7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81!

;+A<A=<A7F::A<A1,LFA.081,+A/81,<F>6,F818:8

-

A1F1

K

/9=60A0=17

,+A<A8<

K

=1F0=,F818:,+A1A

K

8,F=,F1

K

0

U

0,AO,8,+A0,=>F9F0=,F818:,+A

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO! P+F9A

"

81,+A81A+=17

"

7A/A1,<=9F0=,F81

=177F::A<A1,F=,F81=<A<A

K

=<7A7=0= O87A<1F0=,F81 8:,+A/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO8<=0F,0=7=

-

,=,F81,8/+=1

K

A0F1Aa,A<1=9/817F,F810

$

K

98>=9F0=,F81

%

8<

-

<876/,F81 <A

K

FOA0

"

.+F/+ +=0 O87F:FA7 ,+A

F10,F,6,F81=90,<6/,6<A

"

>6,+=018,/+=1

K

A7F,0:617=OA1,=9

-

<F1/F

-

9A0

$

;+A9A1'%%*

,

E,<AA/V=17;+A9A1'%%#

,

W=F

-

A,A<'%%*=

"

'%%*>

,

e=/8>F

'%%3

%"

8,+A<0<A

K

=<77ALA98

-

OA1,0=0F9960,<=,F1

K

=/81,F16F1

K

F1,A<1=9

A<80F81.+F/+F0:617=OA1,=99

U

/+=1

K

F1

K

,+A/+=<=/,A<8:,+A/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO=17/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

$

=1708F,0>=0F/

-

<F1/F

-

9A0

%

$

\F0

-

F1/V=17E/+69,A1"**$

,

PFA7AO6,+'%%&

,

\=+1Od99A<'%%*

%

kZ,/=1

/A<,=F19

U

>A0,=,A7,+=,,+AA<80F818:,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO+=0

18,

U

A,>AA1 +=9,A7

!

,+A16O>A<8:A1,A<

-

<F0A0>8617 >

U

/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0/81,F16A0,87A/9F1A!;+A<=,A8:7A/9F1AO=

U

+=LAO87A<=,A7

"

>6,F,/81,F16A0!J9O80,&%

-

A</A1,8:A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"

AO

-

98

U

F1

K

=<8617+=9:

8:=99.8<VA<0

"

=<A18.86,0F7A,+A<A

K

F81=9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO!

C<AA/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17

"

.F,+F,

"

,+A

-

F99=<08:,+AGA<O=10

U

0,AO

8:F1,A<A0,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81+=0>AA108.A=VA1A7,+=,0,=>F9F0=,F81F018,

.F,+F1,+A

-

8.A<8:,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,1A<0=981A! 5A

K

F81=9/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0=<AA::A/,FLA819

U

.+A<A>8,+,<=7A61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F810=<A0,F99F1=

-

80F,F81,8/81/967A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0.+F/+

+=LA=<A=9F1:96A1/A81,+A .8<VF1

K

/817F,F8108:,+A O=

b

8<F,

U

8:

AO

-

98

U

AA0F1=

-

=<,F/69=<><=1/+! ;+F0F08:,A1 18981

K

A<,+A/=0A!

%' !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 92: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

E,=>F9F0=,F818:<A

K

F81=9/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0.F99>AFO

-

800F>9A.F,+86,

K

8LA<1OA1,F1,A<LA1,F81!Z,O60,+A9

-

,+A08/F=9

-

=<,1A<0,8FO

-

9AOA1,

,+A9=>86<0,=17=<70.+F/+,+A

U

+=LA1A

K

8,F=,A7/8O

-

<A+A10FLA9

U

,

,+=,F0

"

F,O60,A106<A,+=,,+A

U

=<A

K

A1A<=99

U

>F17F1

K

! ]19

U

F1,+F0.=

U

"

F1O

U

8

-

F1F81

"

/=1,+A:61/,F81=9F,

U

8:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

>A<A0,8<A7=17,+A

7A/9F1AF1,+A0F

K

1F:F/=1/A8:,+A08/F=9

-

=<,1A<0+=9,A7! ;+A0F,6=,F81F0

-

=<=78aF/=9

!

,+A0,=,AF0>AF1

K

/=99A76

-

81,806

--

8<,:<AA/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.+F/+ .=0=9.=

U

0/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

F,0:<AA78O:<8O 0,=,A

F1,A<:A<A1/A=17,+A=6,818O

U

8:,+A08/F=9

-

=<,1A<0 >

UK

A1A<=9F0F1

K

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0!;+F0F0>

U

18OA=10=7A0F<=>9A7ALA98

-

OA1,

"

>6,

"

F,0AAO0,8OA

"

=1A/A00=<

U

81A!

1*8*&*,N*/

\=+1Od99A<

"

5!

$

'%%*

%!

IABA1,<=9F0FA<61

K

7A< ;=<F:

-

89F,FV 5A E,=>F9F0FA<61

K

7A0

;=<F:0

U

0,AO0

1

Z1

!

\F0

-

F1/V

"

5!

$

A7!

%!

W=B'7"#K'"0

?

E#"/"'

3

$

3

#$#/J! %1C+&01C

-6:U-$+&01C

"

W=O>6<

K

$

:8<,+/8OF1

K

%

k

\F0

-

F1/V

"

5! =17 ;! E/+69,A1

$

"**$

%!

G98>=9F0FA<61

K

617 7=0 7A6,0/+A

;=<F:LA<,<=

K

00

U

0,AO!Z1PEZ@F,,AF961

K

A1

"

#)

$

)

%!

')"()$!

W=F

-

A,A<

"

;!

$

'%%*=

%!

K'"0

?

'+N#017-6

3

-6:4&O17#6/'"0

?

E#"/"O

3

#!806#U6'&

F

$#:#"

%#

3

-&0#"-6

3

$

;

"'P0$06:#"Q#/'&&-6:8&#C/",06:-$/"0#

"

PFA0>=7A1!

W=F

-

A,A<

"

;!

$

'%%*>

%!

;=<F:=>.AF/+61

K

!

5A

K

69FA<61

K

"

H88<7F1FA<61

K

617Y<=aF0F17A<

@A,=99F1760,<FA6177A</+AOF0/+A1Z1760,<FA!Z1

!

PEZ @F,,AF961

K

A14'

$

)

%!

"$#

(*'!

e=/8>F

"

]!

$

'%%3

%!

5A1A.=98:,+AX899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

E

U

0,AO

1

Z1

!

@d99A<eA1,0/+

"

P=9,+A<

"

=17 W=10

b

f<

K

PAF,><A/+,

$

A70

%!

K7#A7'6

3

06

3

A,6/,-"$,

?

M#"5'6

*6:-$/"0'&%#&'/0,6$

"

@d1/+A1

#

@A+<F1

K

"

--

!"#(3$!

@d99A<eA1,0/+

"

P!

$

'%%&

%!

E,<6V,6<.=17A97A<F1760,<FA99A1\ABFA+61

K

A1!

6

Z1760,<F=9

XF,FBA10+F

-

7

B.F0/+A1@=<V,6175A

K

69FA<61

K

! W=

K

A1A<E,67FA1,Aa,AB6<E8BF898

K

FA

"

PFA0>=7A1!

5A+7A<

"

\!

$

'%%4

%!

NA

K

F,FO=,F8107A:FBF,A7A0X8@=1=

K

AOA1,0!\A,<FA>9F/+A\d171F00A

:d< J<>AF, =90 H81:9FV,:A97 B.F0/+A1 J<>AF,1A+OA<1 617 >A,<FA>9F/+A<

Z1,A<A00A1LA<,<A,61

K

!Z1

!

a#0/$17"0

?

/

?

".,J0,&,

3

0#3#

$

3

%!

''&()'!

E/+1=>A9

"

X! =17 E! H8+=6,

$

'%%4

%!

;=<F:9F/+A c::161

K

0V9=60A91

!

_A<><AF,61

K

"

Z1=10

-

<6/+1=+OA 617 \A7A6,61

K

! C<FA7<F/+ J9Aa=17A< S1FLA<0F,M, Rd<1>A<

K

!

IF0/600F81Y=

-

A<R8!)"

"

Rd<1>A<

K

!

E,<AA/V

"

P!

$

"***

%!

E,==,617_A<>M17A

!

RA6AC<=

K

A1

"

1A6AJ1,.8<,A1

1

Z1

!

P!

E,<AA/V

$

A7!

%!

(,"

;

,"'/0$5-$06 I#-/$17&'6:! aN0$17#6 D'/0,6'&$/''/ -6:

8-",

;

O0$17#"960,6

"

C<=1V:6<,=O @=F1=17RA.[8<V!

&'

;+AI6=9E

U

0,AO8:5A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F1GA<O=1

U!

Page 93: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

E,<AA/V

"

P!=17H! ;+A9A1

$

'%%#

%!

Z1,<876/,F81

!

Z10,F,6,F81=9X+=1

K

AF1J7L=1/A7

Y89F,F/=9D/818OFA0

"

F1

!

P! E,<AA/V=17 H! ;+A9A1

$

A70

%!

@#

F

,6:A,6/06-0/

F

"

]a:8<7!

;+A9A1

"

H!

$

'%%*

%!

Z10,F,6,F81=9X+=1

K

AF1J7L=1/A7Y89F,F/=9D/818OFA0!Z1

!

@"0/0$7

B,-"6'&,

?

*6:-$/"0'&%#&'/0,6$)&

$

3

%!

)&"(*$!

PFA7AO6,+

"

e!

$

'%%&

%

D<+=9,7A0C9M/+A1,=<F:LA<,<=

K

087A< _A<>A,<FA>9F/+61

K

7A<

;=<F:

-

89F,FV

1

Z1

!

\F0

-

F1/V

"

5!

$

A7!

%!

2,706/"#0+/:'$K'"0

?

$

F

$/#5

1

W=O>6<

K

"

--

!

"3%()%!

'' !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 94: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

A%&'++

P(/

$

.'*1*/"0.'(",

Page 95: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

92*1"0*%,-S.,N'(","89&%-*W,(",/(,

1*/"0)(,

?

!"00*N'()*Z%:".&P(/

$

.'*/(,!2(,%

E+A1gF1

h

F1

K

=17Y=1;=F

-

F1

K

X899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0+=LAF1/<A=0A7<=

-

F79

U

F1X+F1=F1<A/A1,

U

A=<0!

X899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0F1L89LF1

K

=9=<

K

A16O>A<8:.8<VA<0=<A9FVA9

U

,8/=60A

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0

"

,+A<A>

U

=::A/,F1

K

08/F=90,=>F9F,

U

=17A/818OF/

7ALA98

-

OA1,!Z1,+F0/+=

-

,A<

"

.A,<

U

,8F7A1,F:

U

,+A<88,/=60A08:

/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=>

U

988VF1

K

=,08OA,

U-

F/=9/=0A0!;+F0

/+=

-

,A<.F99=908O=VA=16O>A<8:

-

<8

-

80=9081+8.,<=7A61F810/=1

-

9=

U

=<89AF106/+7F0

-

6,A0!

!

!

A50013. A:881G.7H1 =->:50 X76K5.16 73 A,73-

N=>86<7F0

-

6,A0=<A/=60A7>

U

7F0=

K

<AAOA1,0>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<0=17

AO

-

98

U

AA08LA<.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0=178>9F

K

=,F810!N=>86<7F0

-

6,A0F1/967A

F17FLF76=99=>86<7F0

-

6,A0=17/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0!;+AO=F1=/,8<0

F1F17FLF76=99=>86<7F0

-

6,A0=<A606=99

U

F17FLF76=9.8<VA<0=17,+AF<

AO

-

98

U

A<0! ;+A7F0

-

6,A0=<A/81/A<1A7819

U

.F,+F17FLF76=9<F

K

+,0=17

8>9F

K

=,F810=17/9=FO0=<AO=7A>

U

F17FLF76=9.8<VA<0!

;+A<A=<A

"

F1

K

A1A<=9

"

,.8,

U-

A08:/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A

!$

"

%

7F0

-

6,A0F1L89LF1

K

0ALA<=9.8<VA<0 .F,+,+A0=OA/8O

-

9=F1,

"

06/+=0

7F0

-

6,A0>A,.AA1=16O>A<8:.8<VA<0=17,+AF<AO

-

98

U

A<8LA<.=

K

A

Page 96: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F006A0

,$

'

%

7F0

-

6,A0=<F0F1

K

:<8O,+A/81/960F818<:69:F9OA1,8:/899A/,FLA

/81,<=/,0

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

=1A1,A<

-

<F0A<A:60A0,80F

K

1=/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,

=07AO=17A7>

U

,+A,<=7A61F81

"

8<,+A<AF0=:=F96<A,8<A=/+=

K

<AAOA1,

"

8<=1A1,A<

-

<F0A<A:60A0,8:69:F9=/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,!

J<,F/9A # 8: ,+A %#

3

-&'/0,6 ,6 .#//&06

3

)'+,-" I0$

;

-/#$ 06

86/#"

;

"0$#$

"

.+F/+/=OAF1,8:8</A81"J6

K

60,"**3

"

0,=,A0,+=,

6-

.

.

+A1=

K

<86

-

8:AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

F1L89LA7=081A

-

=<,

U

=17+897F1

K

,+A0=OA

/9=FOF1=9=>86<7F0

-

6,A

"

/8O

-

<F0AO8<A,+=1,+<AA

-

A<0810

"

,+A

U

0+8697

A9A/,=<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA,8=,,A17,+AOA7F=,F818<=<>F,<=,F81OAA,F1

K

0!

7

J<,F/9A&8:,+A)'+,-"I0$

;

-/#Q#:0'/0,6'6:U"+0/"'/0,6)'N

"

.+F/+

/=OAF1,8:8</A81"@=

U

'%%$

"

0,F

-

69=,A0,+=,

6-

.

.

+A<A,+A

-

=<,

U

F1=

9=>86<7F0

-

6,A/810F0,08:O8<A,+=1"%9=>86<A<0

"

=17,+A

U

+=LA=

b

8F1,

<A

h

6A0,

"

,+A

U

O=

U

<A/8OOA17=<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA,8

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1OA7F=,F81

"

=<>F,<=,F818<9F,F

K

=,F81=/,FLF,FA0!

7

J0 X+F1=l008/FA,=9,<=10:8<O=,F81 0

-

AA70 6

-

"

/899A/,FLA9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0=<A

-

A=VF1

K

! J//8<7F1

K

,80,=,F0,F/0

"

>A,.AA1'%%%=17'%%$

"

/=0A08:/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0=//A

-

,A7>

U

9=>86<7F0

-

6,A=<>F,<=,F81

,<F>61=90=,=999ALA90

"

K

<A.:<8O""

"

%%%,8''

"

%%%

"

.+F9A,+A16O>A<8:

.8<VA<0F1L89LA7

K

<A.:<8O'#*

"

%%%,8#%3

"

%%%!Z1'%%$

"

)"!)

-

A</A1,

!

8:.8<VA<0F1L89LA7F19=>86<7F0

-

6,A0.A<AF1L89LA7F1/899A/,FLA9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0! DLF7A1/A0+8.0,+=,/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0+=LA>A/8OA=

O=

b

8<:8<O8:9=>86<7F0

-

6,AF1

-

<A0A1,7=

U

X+F1=!;+A

U

F1/967A0A10F,FLA

F006A0

"

06/+=0098. .=

K

AF1/<A=0A0

"

.=

K

A=<<A=<0=1708/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F81 AL=0F81

"

,+<A=,A1F1

K

,+A 9FLA9F+887 8: .8<VA<0! EF1/A

/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0F1L89LA=9=<

K

A16O>A<8:

-

A8

-

9A

"

,+A

U

=<A

7F::F/69,,8+=179A=17=1

U

F17F0/<A,F81O=

UK

FLA<F0A,8

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0!

P8<VA<

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0<A:A<,8.8<VA<0l/8176/,F1/899A/,FLA9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0

"

06/+=00,<FVA0

"

-

A,F,F810

"

7AO810,<=,F810

"

0F,F10=17

-

<8,A0,0

"

.F,+86,

K

8F1

K

,+<86

K

+,+A/6<<A1,9=>86<7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81

-

<8/A76<A8:

!( !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! @F1F0,<

U

8:N=>86<=17E8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

$

'%%"

%,

@F1F0,<

U

8:W6O=15A086</A0=17E8/F=9

EA/6<F,

U

$

'%%*

%

k

Page 97: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

6

OA7F=,F81=<>F,<=,F819F,F

K

=,F81

7"

:8<,+A

-

6<

-

80A8:0A9:

-

<8,A/,F81!EF1/A

,+A9=,A,.A1,FA,+/A1,6<

U

"

.8<VA<

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0+=LA>AA181,+A<F0AF1

X+F1=! ;=VAE+A1B+A1=0=1Aa=O

-

9A

!

>A,.AA1 R8LAO>A<'%%&=17

e=16=<

U

'%%$

"

,+A<A.A<A,+<AA,8:FLA,FOA0O8<A.8<VA<

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0

,+=1F1,+A0=OA

-

A<F87,+A

-

<ALF860

U

A=<! WF,>

U

,+A/6<<A1,

K

98>=9

:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

08OA A1,A<

-

<F0A0 .A1, >=1V<6

-

, 8< /980A7

,

08OA

A1,A<

-

<F0A8.1A<0=17O=1=

K

A<0L=1F0+A7.F,+86,

-

=

U

F1

K

.=

K

A0! ;+A0A

1A.

-

<8>9AO0

K

=LA<F0A,8O8<A.8<VA<

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0!

"

!

/3-8Q676 :D L:C1 ;QK7G-8 A:881G.7H1 =->:50 X76K5.16

EF1/A/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A078OF1=,A9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=

"

F,F0

/<6/F=9,8617A<0,=17,+AF<617A<9

U

F1

K

<A=0810

"

=0.A99=0,8=1=9

U

0A,+A

<89A8:,<=7A61F810=,7F::A<A1,9ALA90>A:8<A=17=:,A<7F0

-

6,A0! P+=,

:8998.0=<A7A0/<F

-

,F810=177A,=F9A7=1=9

U

0F08:,+<AA,

U-

F/=9/=0A08:

/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0! W8

-

A:699

U

,+A

U

/=1+A9

-

,8F9960,<=,A,+A<88,

/=60A08:/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0F1X+F1==17Aa

-

98<A,+A<89A0Aa

-

A/,A7

8:,<=7A61F810!

!%+*;

!

&3-#1*%3<%$3#%$=$3*-$%3#'$%)!'$3%#$*->*-0#$%)+.#0#3*/

!

N8/=,A7F1E+A1B+A1

"

[=1,F=1X81,=F1A<;A<OF1=9F081A8:,+A9=<

K

A0,

/81,=F1A<,A<OF1=90F1,+A.8<97!Z,.=08::F/F=99

U

9=61/+A7F1"**)=0=

O=F19=17W81

K

H81

Kb

8F1,LA1,6<A!J,7=.181&J

-

<F9'%%&

"

'$%,8.A<

/<=1A=17

K

=1,<

U

/<=1A8

-

A<=,8<0.A1,810,<FVA

"

-

=<=9

U

0F1

K

,+AA1,F<A

,A<OF1=9 F,0FO

-

=/,.=0:A9,F1,A<1=,F81=99

U

!

P=

K

AF006A0.A<A,+A617A<9

U

F1

K

<A=081:8<,+A[ZX;0,<FVA!EF1/AF,0

9=61/+F1"**)

"

,+A/8O

-

=1

U

+=70AA17<=O=,F/

-

<8:F,

K

<8.,+8:/980A,8

#%%,FOA0.F,+86,

K

FLF1

K

F,0.8<VA<0=<=F0A! C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

=1F19=17

+=69=

K

A8

-

A<=,8<.=0

-

=F75@\"%[6=1

-

A<+86<F1"**)

"

=17,+A

U

=<A

"(

5A089LF1

K

X899A/,FLAN=>86<IF0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=

!

! 6 F=8

b

61=175A1 F=8

-

F1

K

$

'%%$

%"

-

!3#!

Page 98: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

0,F99

-

=F7,+A0=OA .=

K

A O8<A,+=1,A1

U

A=<09=,A<

"

=9,+86

K

+,+AF<

.8<V98=7+=0

K

<8.1:<8O=78BA1;DS0,88LA<'%8<3%!;+=,F0,80=

U

"

,+A<AF01818<O=9.=

K

AF1/<A=0AOA/+=1F0O=,[ZX;!

;+A7F<A/,,<F

KK

A<8:,+A[ZX;0,<FVA.=0,+A06//A008:0FOF9=<

0,<FVA0F1,+AF1760,<

U

!]1'3@=</+'%%&

"

8LA<3%%.8<VA<0.8<VF1

K

:8<

,.88:[ZX;l0+=179F1

K

06>/81,<=/,8<0.A1,810,<FVA!]13%@=</+

"

"$%

/<=1A8

-

A<=,8<0.A1,810,<FVA!\8,+0,<FVA0A17A76

-

.F,+/81/A00F810

:<8O,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

"

.+F/+0A1,=0F

K

1=9,8.8<VA<0=,[ZX;

!

/<

U

F1

K

>=>FA0

K

A,OF9V:<8O=769,0

"

0,<FVA<0

K

A,.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0!;+A<A:8<A

"

,+A

[ZX;0,<FVAF0=,

U-

F/=9/=0A8:=/+=F1<A=/,F81,8<A

K

F81=9=17F1760,<F=9

0,<FVA0!

;+A,<=7A61F81

-

9=

U

A7F,0Aa

-

A/,A7<89AF1,+F0/=0A!Z1:=/,

"

>A:8<A

,+A0,<FVA,+A<A.=018

K

<=00<88,0,<=7A61F81=,[ZX;!;+A:F<0,7AO=17

O=7A>

U

0,<FVF1

K

.8<VA<0.=0,8

6

A0,=>9F0+=,<=7A61F81

7

k;+A6

--

A<

9ALA9,<=7A61F81

-

9=

U

A7=

-

80F,FLA=17FO

-

8<,=1,<89AF1,+A0,<FVA! ;+A

E+A1B+A1 CA7A<=,F81 8: ;<=7A S1F810 =<<FLA7 =, ,+A 0,<FVA 0/A1A

FOOA7F=,A9

U

"

+A9

-

F1

K

,8

-

<ALA1, ,+A 0F,6=,F81 :<8O 7A,A<F8<=,F1

K

!

J:,A<.=<70

"

F,0A1,=,=0V:8</A8:=78BA1OAO>A<0

"

+A=7A7>

U

,+AIA

-

6,

U

IF<A/,8<8:F,0IA

-

=<,OA1,8:]<

K

=1F0=,F81

"

,8+A9

-

.8<VA<0=,[ZX;,8

A0,=>9F0+,+AF<61F81! J0=<A069,

"

=,<=7A61F81,<69

U

<A

-

<A0A1,F1

K

,+A

F1,A<A0,08:.8<VA<0.=0/<A=,A7LF=7F<A/,A9A/,F81!Z1,+A1Aa,

-

+=0A

"

,+A

CA7A<=,F810A1,F,0NA

K

=9J::=F<0

-

A8

-

9A,8+A9

-

,+A1A.9

U

A0,=>9F0+A7

,<=7A61F811A

K

8,F=,A.F,+,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A8LA<.=

K

AF006A0!;+=1V0,8F,0

K

6F7=1/A

"

08OA

-

<8

K

<A00 .=0 O=7AF1 ,+A =<A=0 8: .8<VF1

K

+86<

=998.=1/A0

"

.=

K

A <F0A0 =17 .A9:=<AF1 ,+A,.8,8,+<AAO81,+ 981

K

1A

K

8,F=,F810!

;+=1V0,8,+AA::8<,08:,+A 6

--

A<9ALA9,<=7A 61F81

"

.8<VA<0l

7AO=170.A<A>=0F/=99

U

OA,!]

-

A<=,8<0l+86<9

U

.=

K

A0<80A:<8O5@\"%

[6=1,85@\"'[6=1!Z1=77F,F81

"

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A0

-

A1,8LA<5@\"%%

OF99F81[6=181<A,<80

-

A/,FLA.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0

"

8LA<,FOA=178,+A<,

U-

A08:

=998.=1/A! X810A

h

6A1,9

U

"

O8<=9A =17

-

<876/,FLF,

U

.A<A FO

-

<8LA7

/810F7A<=>9

U

"

=.F1.F10F,6=,F81:8<AO

-

98

U

A<=17AO

-

98

U

AA0!

#( !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 99: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!%+*8

!

&3-#1*%3&0%-3?$#'$>'

5

@%(3'-

5

!

EO=<,S1F81 G<86

-

$

W897F1

K

0

%

NFOF,A7 .=0:8617A7F1"**4!Z1F,0

+A

U

7=

U

"

F,+=7:86<:=/,8<FA0F1 I81

KK

6=1=17 gF1

KU

6=1

"

AO

-

98

U

F1

K

=

--

<8aFO=,A9

U

"%

"

%%%

-

A8

-

9A!Z,0

-

A/F=9F0A7F1,+A

-

<876/,F818:

-

<AOF6O

A9A/,<81F/,8

U

0=170,6::A7=1FO=90!]1"3]/,8>A<'%%$

"

.8<VA<0=,,+A

I81

KK

6=1:=/,8<

U

.A1,810,<FVAF1

-

<8,A0,=

K

=F10,.=

K

A=<<A=<0! ;+A

98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,F1,A<LA1A781,+A0=OA7=

U

"

=0VF1

K

,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,,8

-

=

U

=O81,+l0.8<,+8:=<<A=<0FOOA7F=,A9

U

! W8.ALA<

"

>8,+,+A8.1A<

=170A1F8<O=1=

K

AOA1,L=1F0+A78LA<1F

K

+,!;+860=1708:.8<VA<0.=LA7

>=11A<07AO=17F1

K-

=

U

OA1,8:,+AF<.=

K

A0=,,+AQ+=1

K

O6,86Z1760,<F=9

Y=<V!

;+A7F<A/,,<F

KK

A<08:,+F00,<FVA.A<A.=

K

A=<<A=<0=17,+AL=1F0+F1

K

8:,+A8.1A<!;+A<88,/=60A.=0=7A/<A=0AF17AO=17:8<,8

U

08.F1

K

,8

,+AF1,A<1=,F81=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0! J0.A=<A0,F99F1,+A/<F0F0

"

/899A/,FLA

9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0:<8O .=

K

A=<<A=<0=17<61=.=

U

8.1A<0+=LA>A/8OA,+A

O=

b

8<:8<O8:/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A!

Z1,+F0/=0A

"

,+A

K

<=00<88,0,<=7A61F817F718,

-

9=

U

F,0Aa

-

A/,A7<89A

"

:8<,+A,<=7A61F81=,,+F0:=/,8<

U

AaF0,A7819

U

:8<O=99

U

! P+A1=0VA7

"

=

O=1=

K

A<=,F,0A1

K

F1AA<F1

K

7A

-

=<,OA1,0=F7

"6

;<=7A61F81

1

PA781l,+=LA

=,<=7A61F81! R8

"

.AlLA

K

8,=,<=7A61F81

"

>6,F,l0

b

60,=0F

K

1=,,+A

:=/,8<

U

A1,<=1/A!Z1:=/,

"

,+A

-

9=1,O=1=

K

A<F0,+A/+=F<

-

A<0818:,+A,<=7A

61F81! \6,,+A<AF0188,+A<0,=::8<8::F/A!

7

@< W6=1

K

"

,+A

-

9=1,

O=1=

K

A<

"

.=006

--

80A7,8>AF1/+=<

K

A8:,+A,<=7A61F81

"

>6,06/+=9F

-

0A<LF/AA1,F,

U

/8697+=<79

U-

<8,A/,.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0!

Z1,+AA17

"

,+AQ+=1

K

O6,86;8.10+F

-

G8LA<1OA1,=7L=1/A78LA<')

OF99F81[6=1F1.=

K

A0,8O8<A,+=14

"

#%%.8<VA<0!

$(

5A089LF1

K

X899A/,FLAN=>86<IF0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=

!

!

6

;.8EO=<,S1F81;8

U

C=/,8<FA0J11861/A7\=1V<6

-

,/

U

F1I81

KK

6=1

7

kJL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!0F1=!/8O!/1!")

!

#"

"

"%("&('%%$

"

U

/.>!/8O!

Page 100: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!%+*A

!

&3-#1*6

5

!"'$

7B

#$

7

>%C#D-#2*-+

!

]13 R8LAO>A<'%%$

"

,=aF7<FLA<0F178.1,8.1 X+81

Kh

F1

K

.A1,81

0,<FVA!\8,+ F1+6=RA,=17YA8

-

9ARA,<A

-

8<,A7,+F0F1/F7A1,

"

=/,6=99

U

60F1

K

,+A,A<O

6

0,<FVA

7"

,+A0=OA O8<1F1

K

! J:,A<.=<70

"

,+A98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,/8OO61F/=,A7 .F,+ /=>>FA<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0,8 +A=<,+AF<

/8O

-

9=F1,0

"

+8977F0/600F810.F,+,+AO=17<A=/+=1=

K

<AAOA1,! PF,+F1

,.87=

U

0

"

,=aF0A<LF/A0F1X+81

Kh

F1

K

<A,6<1A7,818<O=9!

]1A<88,/=60A8:,+F00,<FVA.=0,+A9=/V8:=OA/+=1F0O:8<=

--

A=90

=17:AA7>=/V! J//8<7F1

K

,8=<A

-

8<,>

U

,+A F1+6= RA.0 J

K

A1/

U

"

6

X=>>FA0F1 X+81

Kh

F1

K

+=LA <A

-

A=,A79

U

=

--

A=9A7 ,8 ,+A /8O

-

A,A1,

=6,+8<F,FA0,8+A9

-

<A089LA06/+F006A0=0,+A7F::F/69,

U

8:8>,=F1F1

K

NRG

<A:F990

"

98.:=<A0=1761<A=081=>9A:F1A0! W8.ALA<

"

,+AF<=

--

A=90.A<A

F

K

18<A7=17/81:9F/,0A0/=9=,A7!

7

J:,A<,+A98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,l0

-

9A7

K

A,8+=LA,=aF0A<LF/A0<A76/A,+A

/81,<=/,:AA

"

F1/<A=0A,+A16O>A<8:NRG<A:F990,=,F810=17/<=/V78.1

81619F/A10A7,=aF0

"

08OA,=aF0.A1,>=/VF1,80A<LF/A81)R8LAO>A<!

]1#R8LAO>A<

"

,=aF0A<LF/A0F1X+81

Kh

F1

K

.A<A:699

U

<A0,8<A7! J,,+A

0=OA,FOA

"

,+AX+81

Kh

F1

K

CA7A<=,F818:;<=7AS1F810F006A7=

b

8F1,

/F</69=<

"

,8

K

A,+A< .F,+ 8,+A< =6,+8<F,FA0

"

,8 "## ,=aF0A<LF/A0F1

X+81

Kh

F1

K

"

<A

h

6A0,F1

K

,+=,,+A

U

A0,=>9F0+,<=7A61F810>

U

,+AA178:

R8LAO>A<!

#

!

/3-8Q676 :D .,1 9::. A-5616 :D

A:881G.7H1 =->:50 X76K5.16

;+A0A,+<AA,

U-

F/=9/=0A00+=<A,+A:8998.F1

K

/+=<=/,A<F0,F/0

!

:F<0,

"

,+A

U

,88V

-

9=/A=:,A<.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0+=7>AA1LF89=,A7

,

0A/817

"

,+A

K

<=00<88,0

,<=7A61F817F718,

-

A<:8<OF,076,FA0.A99A186

K

+.+A1F,/=OA,8,+A

%( !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

!

6

IAO=1708:$

"

%%%X=>>FA0F1X+81

Kh

F1

K

R8,@A,:8<=N81

K

;FOA

7

kJL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!0F1=!/8O!/1

"

%'

!

)4

"

""()('%%$

"

K7#@#0

Z

06

3

D#N$!

Page 101: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0

,

=17,+F<7

"

.8<VA<07F718,<A08<,,89A

K

=9

-

<8/AA7F1

K

0,8<A089LA,+A 7F0

-

6,A! J1F1 7A

-

,+ =1=9

U

0F0 8:,+A0A

/8OO81=9F,FA0.F99<ALA=9,+A<88,/=60A08:/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0F1

X+F1=!

#

!

! T0:>81C6 73 .,1 =->:50 ?-0@1.

;+A<A+=0>AA1=1FO>=9=1/AF19=>86<06

--

9

U

=177AO=17F1X+F1=!

J//8<7F1

K

,8,+AA0,FO=,A08:X+A1 PAF

$

'%%4

%

8:,+AY8

-

69=,F81=17

IALA98

-

OA1,5A0A=</+XA1,<A

"

5A1OF1S1FLA<0F,

U

8:X+F1=

"

X+F1=l0,8,=9

-

8

-

69=,F81.F99<A=/+"!3#>F99F81F1'%"%

"

=17"!)'#>F99F81F1'%'%!Z,F0

Aa

-

A/,A7,8

-

A=V=,<86

K

+9

U

"!))'>F99F81F1'%'*!

!

;+A1

"

=098.7A/9F1A

.F990A,F1!Z1,+A1Aa,'%

U

A=<0

"

,+A

-

8

-

69=,F81F1X+F1=.F99/81,F16A,8

K

<8.<=

-

F79

U

!]1,+A06

--

9

U

0F7A

"

<=

-

F7

-

8

-

69=,F81

K

<8.,+.F99<A069,F1=

-

9A1,F:699=>86<06

--

9

U

F1,+A/8OF1

KU

A=<0!\A,.AA1'%%&=17'%"4

"

,+A

-

<8

-

8<,F818:,+A9=>86<:8</A=

K

A7>A,.AA1"#=174).F99

K

<8.0,A=7F9

U

"

:<8O*#4!&$OF99F81,8**&!)&OF99F81! N=>86<06

--

9

U

.F99

-

A=V=,**&

OF99F81F1'%"4!

;+A<A:8<A

"

.A.F99+=LA1F1AO8<A

U

A=<08:=>617=1,9=>86<06

--

9

U

"

:8998.A7>

U

=

K

<=76=90+<F1V=

K

A! ;+A7AO=17:8<9=>86<

"

81,+A8,+A<

+=17

"

7A

-

A17081GIY

K

<8.,+=17AO

-

98

U

OA1,A9=0,F/F,

U

!Z18<7A<,8

O=VA=:8<A/=0,8::6,6<A7AO=17:8<9=>86<

"

.A O=VA,+A:8998.F1

K

=006O

-

,F810

!

=GIY

K

<8.,+<=,A8:$

-

A</A1,

$

:988<

%"

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

A9=0,F/F,

U

=,%!%$

$

:988<

%

kX=9/69=,F810,A9960,+=,7AO=17:8<9=>86<.F99

<F0A:<8O&4$!$* OF99F81F1'%%&,8$")!33F1'%"4!

"

C<8O,+A=>8LA

:8<A/=0,

"

.A/=10AA,+=,06

--

9

U

.F99Aa/AA77AO=17>

U

"$3!"),8"$&!$*

OF99F81F1,+A1Aa,,A1

U

A=<0F1X+F1=

"

=0F9960,<=,A7F1;=>9A"!

&(

5A089LF1

K

X899A/,FLAN=>86<IF0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=

!

!

"

;+A=006O

-

,F81+A<AF0,+=,,+A8LA<=99>F<,+<=,A.F99<F0A:<8O"!&F1'%%%,8"!$F1'%"%!

J:,A<.=<70

"

,+A<=,A.F99>AO=F1,=F1A7!NF:AAa

-

A/,=1/

U

:8<O=9A0.F99<A=/+&4!43F1'%#%

"

.+F9A

,+=,8::AO=9A0.F990,=17=,$%!$'!

X+A1PAF

$

'%%4

%"

--

!')('$!

Page 102: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*E

!

3.

$$

0

6

%,--*#%,-'&*,-/(,!2(,%U/0%:".&#%&Y*'

#

(,#(00(",/

$

[A=< ;8,=9

-

8

-

69=,F81 N=>8<7AO=17 N=>8<06

--

9

U

G=

-

'%%& "3'3!)" &4$!$* *#4!&$ "$&!$*

'%%$ "33"!&* &&3!$" *4#!#" "*"!&%

'%%* "3)%!#* &&$!&4 *&'!)4 "*3!&%

'%"% "3)*!$# &$3!&# *&*!$% "*4!%#

'%"" "3#*!'4 &$$!&4 *$#!'4 "*4!#%

'%"' "34$!43 &*3!$" *$*!3" "*#!#%

'%"3 "3&&!&4 &*$!$* **'!*' "*)!%3

'%") "3$4!)4 $%)!%% **)!*& "*%!*&

'%"# "3*)!#4 $%*!"# **4!') "$&!%*

'%"4 ")%"!** $")!33 **&!)& "$3!")

;+A61>=9=1/A79=>86<O=<VA,F1X+F1=

K

FLA0O8<A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

8.A<,8

AO

-

98

U

A<0,+=1,8AO

-

98

U

AA0! X810A

h

6A1,9

U

"

O80,9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0=<A

/=60A7>

U

.8<VA<<F

K

+,0LF89=,F810!J//8<7F1

K

,80,=,F0,F/0

"

>A,.AA1"**#

=17'%%4,+A16O>A<8:9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0<80A:<8O33

"

%3%,83"&

"

"4'

"

/980A,8=,A1:897F1/<A=0AF1,A1

U

A=<0

"

$%

-

A</A1,8:.+F/+F1L89LA7

AO

-

98

U

A<0lLF89=,F8108:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0!

!

#

!

" T0:>81C6 U7., Y0-660::.6 ;0-41 <37:36

5A=9F,FA0F1,+A9=>86<O=<VA,6<

K

A,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0>

U

,<=7A61F810! W8.ALA<

"

=99,+A=>8LA/=0A0F17F/=,A,+=,

"

7A0

-

F,A,+A

-

80F,FLAF1L89LAOA1,8:6

--

A<9ALA9,<=7A61F810

"

K

<=00<88,061F8100,F99

-

9=

U

=LA<

U

9FOF,A7<89AF1/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0! ;+AF<8<

K

=1F0=,F81

1AA70,8>A0,<A1

K

,+A1A7=17,+AF<

-

8.A<O60,>A:A9,!

CF<0,8:=99

"

,+A<A=<A

-

<8>9AO0F1,+A:8<O=,F818:

K

<=00<88,0,<=7A

61F810

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

F1

-

<FL=,A/8O

-

=1FA0!J0

-

<FL=,A/8O

-

=1FA0AO

-

98

U

,+A

'( !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! [=1W6F

$

'%%&

-

!")$!

Page 103: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

O=

b

8<F,

U

8:.8<VA<0F1X+F1=

"

F,+=0>A/8OAF1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

FO

-

8<,=1,:8<

,<=7A61F810,8<A=/+86,,8,+AO!

EA/817

"

,+A<A=<A

-

<8>9AO0F1,+AA::A/,FLA1A008:<F

K

+,0

-

<8,A/,F81>

U

K

<=00<88,0,<=7A61F810! J:617=OA1,=9

-

<F1/F

-

9AF1X+F1=+=0>AA1,+=,

=99,+A/=7<A0<A

-

8<,,8,+AX8OO61F0,Y=<,

U

!;<=7A61F81/=7<A0<A

-

8<,

,8,+AY=<,

U

/8OOF,,AA=,,+A0=OA8<

K

=1F0=,F81=99ALA9

"

.F,+06

-

A<LF0F81

>

U

6

--

A<9ALA9,<=7A61F81081,+A0F7A!W8.ALA<

"

,+F0

-

<F1/F

-

9A+=0>AA1

+=<7,8FO

-

9AOA1,0F1/A,+AA/818OF/,<=10:8<O=,F81!

Z1

-

6>9F/A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"

,+AY=<,

U

+A=7F08:,A1=908,+A,8

-

AaA/6,FLA!

J0=<A069,

"

,<=7A61F81/=7<A0<A

-

8<,,8,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,<=,+A<,+=1,+A

-

=<,

U

/8OOF,,AA! @80,

-

<FL=,A/8O

-

=1FA07818,+=LA=Y=<,

U

/+=

-

,A<!

DLA1F:,+A<AF081A

"

F,

-

9=

U

0=9FOF,A7<89AF1+6O=1<A086</AO=1=

K

AOA1,

=1706

-

A<LF0F81! ;+A

-

<8O8,F81

"

<A.=<7=17/81,<=/,<A1A.=98:,<=7A

61F81/=7<A0=<A8:,A17A/F7A7>

U

,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,! J0=<A069,

"

,<=7A

61F810=,,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA97A

-

A1781,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,

"

.+F/+8>0,<6/,0

,+AF<

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0

"

<A76/F1

K

,+AF<A::A/,FLA1A00!

#

!

# T0:>81C6 U7., =->:50 018-.14 =1F768-.7:3

J,

-

<A0A1,

"

,+A<A=<A0,F9908OA9FOF,=,F810F1 X+F1=l09=>86<<A9=,A7

9A

K

F09=,F81

"

.+F/+FO

-

80A/810,<=F1,081,+A<A0896,F818:/899A/,FLA9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0!

bXbXG%-&#$'6:

;

",E0$0,6$,6/7#7'6:&06

3

,

?

1,&&#1/0E#&'+,-":0$

;

-/#$

06#P0$/06

3

&#

3

0$&'/0,6

40"$/

"

"#&#E'6/

;

",E0$0,6$ 06 /7# )'+,-" I0$

;

-/# Q#:0'/0,6 '6:

U"+0/"'/0,6)'N

!

J<,F/9A#8:,+A)'+,-"I0$

;

-/#Q#:0'/0,6'6:U"+0/"'/0,6)'N0,F

-

69=,A0

,+=,

6

P+A<A=9=>86<7F0

-

6,A=<F0A0

"

,+A

-

=<,FA0=<A18,.F99F1

K

,8+=LA=

/81069,=,F81

"

,+A/81069,=,F81:=F908<,+A0A,,9AOA1,=

K

<AAOA1,F0<A=/+A7

>6,18,

-

A<:8<OA7

"

=1=

--

9F/=,F81:8< OA7F=,F81 O=

U

>A O=7A,8=

OA7F=,F81F10,F,6,A! P+A<A,+A

-

=<,FA0=<A18,.F99F1

K

,8 OA7F=,A

"

,+A

((

5A089LF1

K

X899A/,FLAN=>86<IF0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=

!

Page 104: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

OA7F=,F81:=F908<,+AOA7F=,F81=

K

<AAOA1,F0<A=/+A7>6,18,

-

A<:8<OA7

"

=1=

--

9F/=,F81:8<=<>F,<=,F81O=

U

>AO=7A,8,+A9=>86<7F0

-

6,A=<>F,<=,F81

/8OOF00F81! P+A<A,+A<AF0=1 8>

b

A/,F81,8,+A=<>F,<=,F81 =.=<7

"

9F,F

K

=,F81O=

U

>AF1F,F=,A7,8=

-

A8

-

9Al0/86<,619A008,+A<.F0A0

-

A/F:FA7

+A<AF1!

7

J<,F/9A&8:,+A0=OA9=.0,=,A0,+=,

6

P+A<A,+A

-

=<,

U

F1=9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A/810F0,08:O8<A,+=1"%9=>86<A<0

"

=17,+A

U

+=LA=

b

8F1,<A

h

6A0,

"

,+A

U

O=

U

<A/8OOA17 = <A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA ,8

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1 OA7F=,F81

"

=<>F,<=,F818<9F,F

K

=,F81=/,FLF,FA0!

7

;+A0A,.8=<,F/9A0F17F/=,A,+=,.+A1

,+A<A=<A

b

8F1,9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0

"

,+A

U

=<A +=179A7 =0 18<O=99=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0!

.#1,6:

"

"#&#E'6/"-&#$

?

",5 U"+0/"'/0,6%-&#$

?

,"]'6:&06

3

!#"$,66#&

'6: )'+,-" I0$

;

-/# A'$#$

;

",5-&

3

'/#: +

F

/7#

?

,"5#" Q060$/"

F

,

?

)'+,-"

J//8<7F1

K

,8,+AU"+0/"'/0,6%-&#$

?

,"]'6:&06

3

!#"$,66#&'6:)'+,-"

I0$

;

-/#A'$#$

"

=7+8/

-

<8/AA7F1

K

0=

--

9

U

,8,+A=<>F,<=,F818:/899A/,FLA

9=>86< 7F0

-

6,A0F1L89LF1

K

3% 8< O8<A .8<VA<0

"

.+F/+ OA=10 ,+A

A0,=>9F0+OA1,8:=1=7+8/=<>F,<=,F81,<F>61=9

"

/=0A=//A

-

,=1/A.F,+F1

,+<AA7=

U

0

"

<69F1

K

.F,+F1"#7=

U

0=17,FOA9

U

/8OO61F/=,F81.F,+,+A98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,! ;+F0<69AF17F/=,A0,+=,=7+8/

-

<8/AA7F1

K

0=

--

9

U

,8

b

8F1,

9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0617A<=<>F,<=,F81!

K70":

"

"#&#E'6/

;

",E0$0,6$06/7#)'+,-")'N

!

J<,F/9A$)8:,+A)'+,-")'N0,=,A0,+=,

6

/=0A08:7F0

-

6,A0<A069,F1

K

:<8O

,+A/81/960F818:/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,00+=99>A+=179A7,+<86

K

+/81069,=,F81

>

U

=99,+A

-

=<,FA0/81/A<1A7><86

K

+,,8

K

A,+A<>

U

,+A9=>86<=7OF1F0,<=,FLA

7A

-

=<,OA1,8:=98/=9

-

A8

-

9Al0

K

8LA<1OA1,F:,+A0A/=0A0/=118,>A+=179A7

,+<86

K

+/81069,=,F81>A,.AA1,+A

-

=<,FA0F1L89LA7!

7

J<,F/9A$)

$

"

%

8:,+A

N=>86< N=. 0,=,A0 ,+=,

6

/=0A0 8: 7F0

-

6,A0 <A069,F1

K

:<8O ,+A

FO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:=/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0+=99>A+=179A7=0=18<O=99=>86<

7F0

-

6,Ak

7

))* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 105: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

4,-"/7

"

"#&#E'6/

;

",E0$0,6$06/7#)'+,-"A,6/"'1/)'N

!

J<,F/9A#48:,+A)'+,-"A,6/"'1/)'N 0,=,A0

!6

Z:=1AO

-

98

U

A<><A=/+A0

,+A/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,=17F1:<F1

K

A0,+A9=>86<<F

K

+,0=17F1,A<A0,08:,+A

.8<VA<0

"

,+A9=>86<61F81O=

U

7AO=17,+=,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<F1/6<9F=>F9F,

U

=//8<7F1

K

,8,+A9=.! P+A<A=1

U

7F0

-

6,A=<F0A0:<8O,+A

-

A<:8<O=1/A8:

,+A/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,=1718=

K

<AAOA1,F0<A=/+A7=:,A</81069,=,F81

"

,+A

9=>86<61F81O=

U

=

--

9

U

:8<=<>F,<=,F818<><F1

K

=9=.06F,=//8<7F1

K

,8,+A

9=.!

7

bXbX<X U6'&

F

$0$,

?

/7#%-&#$'6: !",E0$0,6$,6 ]'6:&06

3

A,&&#1/0E#

)'+,-"I0$

;

-/#$

;+A:8998.F1

K

/81/960F810/=1>A7<=.1:<8O,+A<69A0=17

-

<8LF0F81081

+=179F1

K

/899A/,FLA9=>86< 7F0

-

6,A09F0,A7 =>8LA

!

,+A

-

<8/A76<A0:8<

+=179F1

K

/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0=<A>=0F/=99

U

,+A0=OA=0,+80A:8<

+=179F1

K

8<7F1=<

U

9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0

"

,+=,F0

"

OA7F=,F81

"

=<>F,<=,F81=17

9F,F

K

=,F81!\6,,+A<A=<A,+<AA7F::A<A1/A0

!

:F<0,

"

=7+8/

-

<8/A76<A0=

--

9

U

,8,+A=<>F,<=,F818:/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0

,

0A/817

"

F1/=0A0<A069,F1

K

:<8O,+A/81/960F818:=/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,

"

.+A118=

K

<AAOA1,F0<A=/+A7

=:,A</81069,=,F81

"

,+A9=>86<=7OF1F0,<=,FLA7A

-

=<,OA1,8:=98/=9

-

A8

-

9Al0

K

8LA<1OA1,0+=99><F1

K

=99

-

=<,FA0,8

K

A,+A<:8<:6<,+A</81069,=,F81

,

,+F<7

"

.+A<A=1

U

7F0

-

6,A=<F0A0:<8O,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:,+A/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,

=1718=

K

<AAOA1,F0<A=/+A7=:,A</81069,=,F81

"

,+A9=>86<61F81 O=

U

=

--

9

U

:8<=<>F,<=,F818<><F1

K

=9=.06F,=//8<7F1

K

,8,+A9=.!

Z,/=1>A0AA1:<8O,+A=>8LA=1=9

U

0F0,+=,9=>86<9A

K

F09=,F81F1X+F1=

,<A=,0/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0>=0F/=99

U

F1,+A0=OA.=

U

=08,+A<9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0!R8,A186

K

+=,,A1,F81F0

-

=F7,8,+A+=179F1

K

8:/899A/,FLA9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A018<,80

-

A/F=99A

K

F09=,F8181/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0

"

-

80F1

K

7F::F/69,FA0:8<,+A<A0896,F818:/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0!

#

!

$

!

2CK-G. :D .,1 B73-3G7-8 A07676

].F1

K

,8,+A/6<<A1,:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

O=1

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A0+=LA/980A78<

K

81A

*)*

5A089LF1

K

X899A/,FLAN=>86<IF0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=

!

Page 106: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

>=1V<6

-

,! E8OA8.1A<0=17 O=1=

K

A<0+=LAL=1F0+A7 .F,+86,

-

=

U

F1

K

.8<VA<0,+AF<.=

K

A0!J//8<7F1

K

,80,=,F0,F/0

"

,+A<A.A<A)$06/+/=0A0F1

,+A:86<,+

h

6=<,A<8:'%%$F1E+A1B+A1

"

.F,+<61=.=

U

8.1A<08.F1

K

5@\

3%OF99F81

U

6=1,8.8<VA<0

"

=:F

K

6<AO6/++F

K

+A<,+=1F1,+A0=OA

-

A<F87

,+A

-

<ALF860

U

A=<!J06<LA

U

>

U

,+AE+A1B+A1Y6>9F/EA/6<F,

U

\6<A=6=,,+A

A178:'%%$=9080+8.A7,+=,,+A<A .A<A3&%A1,A<

-

<F0A0 .F,+ .=

K

A

=<<A=<0

"

F1L89LF1

K

3*

"

'%%.8<VA<0=17=06O8:5@\"%'OF99F81! @8<A

<61=.=

U

/=0A0+=LA>AA1<A

-

8<,A7F1,+AYA=<95FLA<IA9,=0F1/A,+A1!

S17A<,+AFO

-

=/, 8:,+A:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

/899A/,FLA9=>86< 7F0

-

6,A0

,<F

KK

A<A7>

U

<61=.=

U

8.1A<0+=LA>AA181,+A<F0A!

!

$

!

O:U .: =1H10-F1 ;0-41 <37:36 73

A:881G.7H1 =->:0 X76K5.16

J0,+A16O>A<8:/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0/9FO>0

"

,<=7A61F8100+8697

,=VA=1=/,FLA

-

=<,F1,+AF<

-

<ALA1,F81=17<A0896,F81!

GBES"&#5&%//&""'/9&%-*W,(",/%,-3'&*,

?

'2*,92*(&788*N'()*,*//

cXGXGX4,"5'/0,6,

?

M"'$$",,/$K"':#960,6$

;+A :8<O=,F81 8:

K

<=00<88,0 ,<=7A 61F810

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

F1

-

<FL=,A

A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"

0+8697>A0,<A1

K

,+A1A7!J/+=1

K

A8:OA1,=9F,

U

F01AA7A7!Z1

:=/,

"

,+A<A0+8697>A:86<,<=10F,F810

!

:F<0,

"

=,<=10F,F81:<8O,<=7F,F81=9

+8O8

K

A1860,<=7A61F810,87FLA<0F:FA7=17F118L=,FLA:8<O0

,

0A/817

"

=

,<=10F,F81:<8O:8/60F1

K

81A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9,<=7A61F810,8:8/60F1

K

81

/960,A<,<=7A61F810

,

,+F<7

"

=,<=10F,F81:<8O0,<A00F1

K

,+A16O>A<8:

,<=7A61F810A0,=>9F0+A7,80,<A00F1

K

,+A16O>A<8:.8<VA<0/8LA<A7

,

=17

:86<,+

"

=,<=10F,F81:<8O,<=7A61F810=/,F1

K

=981A,8

b

8F1,A::8<,0>

U-

=<,

U

/8OOF,,AA0

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,=17,<=7A61F810!

!)* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

!

6

@8<A\60F1A00].1A<0561J.=

U

:<8O,+AYA=<95FLA<IA9,=

"

.F,+;+<AA]6,0,=17F1

K

X+=<=/,A<F0,F/0

7

kJL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!/A!/1

#

a.Ba

#

K

10B

#

K

7a.

#

'%%*%'

#

'#

#

,'%%*%''#

3

"$3"$)4&!0+,O9

"

""

!

#3

"

%'('#('%%*

"

81,6,501*6

?

,"5'/0,6I'0&

F

!

Page 107: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

cXGX<X *5

;

",E#/7# 8

??

#1/0E#6#$$,

?

K"':# 960,6$R !",/#1/0,6 ,

?

2,"C#"%0

3

7/$

Z1,+F01A.=17+F0,8<F/A<=

"

.AO60,AO

-

+=0F0A,+AA::A/,FLA1A00=0.A99

=0,+A:8<O=,F818:

K

<=00<88,0,<=7A61F810!;8FO

-

<8LAA::A/,FLA1A00

"

,+A

:8998.F1

K

OA=06<A0/=1>A,=VA1!

CF<0,

"

F118L=,F81F1,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0! 5A

K

F81=98<

F1760,<

U

.F7AOA/+=1F0O0:8<<F

K

+,0

-

<8,A/,F81/8697>AA0,=>9F0+A7

"

06/+

=0F1760,<

U

.F7A.=

K

A>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0

"

08,+=,6

--

A<

9ALA9,<=7A61F810/8697=006OAO8<A<A0

-

810F>F9F,

U

!\A0F7A0

"

=>=<

K

=F1F1

K

OA/+=1F0O.F,+,<=7A61F810=17A1,A<

-

<F0A081=1A

h

6=9:88,F1

K

/8697>A

/<A=,A7=17<A

K

F81=98<F1760,<F=9/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0/8697>A

-

<8O8,A7

"

08,+=,/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0/8697+=LAO8<A.AF

K

+,=17.F7A</8LA<=

K

A!

EA/817

"

,<=7A 61F81 /+=F<

-

A<08100+8697 >A 0A9A/,A7 LF= 7F<A/,

A9A/,F81! PF,+06/+=0

U

0,AO

"

,+A/+=F<

-

A<081>A/8OA0,+A,<60,AA8:

,<=7A 61F81 OAO>A<0=17F0 +A97 =//861,=>9A,8,+A9=,,A<! Z:,+A

/+=F<

-

A<081:=F90,8OAA,,+AOAO>A<0lAa

-

A/,=,F810

"

+A8<0+A.F99>A

<AO8LA7>

U

=

K

A1A<=9OAA,F1

K

8<=OAA,F1

K

8:.8<VA<0l<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0!

;+F<7

"

,+A:61/,F81F1

K

8:,<=7A61F8100+8697>AFO

-

<8LA7! P8<VF1

K

<69A0:8<,<=7A61F81/8OOF,,AA00+8697>A:8<O69=,A7

"

7F0/9806<A8:O=

b

8<

F1:8<O=,F818<7A/F0F8100+8697>A<A

h

6F<A7

"

=17,+A.8<V8:,<=7A61F81

0,=::0+8697>A7AO8/<=,F/=99

U

06

-

A<LF0A7!

C86<,+

"

,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:,<=7A61F810,=::!S

--

A<9ALA9,<=7A61F810

0+8697

-

<8,A/,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9,<=7A61F810,=::F1/=<<

U

F1

K

86,,+AF<

,=0V0

"

8::A<F1

K

9A

K

=9=00F0,=1/A=17/8O

-

A10=,F81,8,+80A0,=::OAO>A<0

.+806::A<<A,<F>6,F81:8</=O

-

=F

K

1F1

K

:8<,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l

<F

K

+,0!

CF:,+

"

,+A/+=F<

-

A<0810+F

-

8:=,<=7A61F810+8697>A/8OA=:699,FOA

b

8>!Z18<7A<,8O=VA,<=7A61F810O8<AA::A/,FLAF1,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:

.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0

"

,+A/+=F<

-

A<081 0+8697 >A=,= 7F0,=1/A:<8O ,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0AF10,A=78:>AF1

K

=1AO

-

98

U

AA!Z1,+F0.=

U

"

/+=F<

-

A<0810=,

-

<FL=,A/8O

-

=1FA0 .8697 +=LA9A00F1+F>F,F810=17 O8<AF1F,F=,FLA

"

=

")*

5A089LF1

K

X899A/,FLAN=>86<IF0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=

!

Page 108: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

1A/A00=<

U

/817F,F81F:,<=7A61F810=<A,8

-

9=

U

,+AF<

-

<8

-

A<<89A!

$

!

"

!

?-@1 B588 <61 :D ;0-41 <37:36 73 A:881G.7H1 =->:50 X76K5.16

cX<XGX M"'$$",,/$ K"':# 960,6$.7,-&: .#/9

;

'6 8'"&

F

2'"606

3

.

F

$/#5

?

,"./"'06$06*6:-$/"0'&%#&'/0,6$

J0,+A16O>A<8:.8<VA<

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0<F0A0

"

K

<=00<88,0,<=7A61F810

0+8697>A81,+A988V86,! ;+AF<VA

U-

<F8<F,FA0=<A

!

:699=17

-

61/,6=9

-

=

U

OA1,8:.=

K

A0

"

=0.A99=0<A=081=>9A.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0

,

,+A+=179F1

K

8:

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810.+A1A1,A<

-

<F0A0/980A

"

0,8

--

<876/,F81

"

OA<

K

A

"

/+=1

K

A8.1A<0+F

-

8<<A8<

K

=1F0A

,

.8<VF1

K

+86<0

"

><A=V0=17L=/=,F810

,

08/F=9 0A/6<F,

U

=17 .A9:=<A

,

,+A A0,=>9F0+OA1, =17 ,A<OF1=,F81 8:

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

,

OAA,F1

K

08:.8<VA<0l<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0=17,<=10

-

=<A1/

U

8:

/8O

-

=1

U

7A/F0F810

,

8//6

-

=,F81=9+A=9,+=170=:A,

U

,

=17,+AF1:F9,<=,F818:

F99A

K

=9<F

K

+,0

-

<8,A/,F818<

K

=1FB=,F810=O81

K

.8<VA<0! ;+A

U

0+86970

-

8,

9FVA9

U

,<F

KK

A<08:

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,008,+=,

"

F10,A=78:A0/=9=,F1

K

"

/81:9F/,0

/=1>A<A089LA7.+A1,+A

U

:F<0,AOA<

K

A! D1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9,<=7A61F810

0+8697>A,+A:F<0,,8V18.=>86,=17<A

-

8<,

-

8,A1,F=9

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0!

cX<X<X 9

;;

#" &#E#& K"':# 960,6$.7,-&: !&'

F

'6 U1/0E# %,&#06

]'6:&06

3

A,&&#1/0E#)'+,-"I0$

;

-/#$

P+A1/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0=<F0A

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

.+A1,+A<A=<A

K

<86

-

/81:9F/,0

"

6

--

A<9ALA9,<=7A61F8100+8697

K

A,F1L89LA7

"

F1,+<AA0,=

K

A0!

;+A:F<0,F0,8=<<FLA81,+A0/A1A,8/81,=F1,+A0F,6=,F81! S

--

A<9ALA9

,<=7A61F8100+86970,A

-

F1=,81/A,8><F1

K

O=,,A<0617A</81,<89

"

-

A<06=7A.8<VA<0,8<A06OA

-

<876/,F81=170A,86,,8<A089LA,+A/81:9F/,!

;+A0A/8170,=

K

AF1L89LA0

K

6F7=1/A=17+A9

-

!Z:,+A<AF018,<=7A61F81=,

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

"

,+A98/=9:A7A<=,F818:,<=7A61F8100+86977F0

-

=,/+=

,=0V:8</A,8+A9

-

A0,=>9F0+81A! ;+F<7

"

/81069,=,F81=177F=98

K

6A.F,+=

LFA.,8<A=/+F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,!S

--

A<9ALA9,<=7A61F8100+8697/8OO61F/=,A

.F,+>8,+,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,=17AO

-

98

U

AA0F18<7A<,8:=/F9F,=,A/899A/,FLA

.=

K

A >=<

K

=F1F1

K

>A,.AA1 ,+A A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9,<=7A 61F81 =17 ,+A

#)* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 109: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/8O

-

=1

U

"

=17,8

-

<8O8,A,+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,8:=18<O=9.=

K

AF1/<A=0A

OA/+=1F0O!

S

--

A<9ALA9,<=7A61F8100+8697

-

9=

U

=1=/,FLA<89AF1+=179F1

K

/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0

"

+A9

-

F1

K

.8<VA<0,8<A=9F0A=998<

-

=<,8:,+AF<

7AO=170! ;+A

U

O60,=7+A<A,8,+<AA

-

<F1/F

-

9A0

!

:F<0,

"

<F

K

+,:69/9=FO0

O60,>AOA,

,

0A/817

"

<A=081=>9A/9=FO0O60,>AF10F0,A76

-

81

,

,+F<7

"

<A=081=>9A>6,619=.:69/9=FO0O60,>A

K

FLA16

-

!Z1=.8<7

"

,+A<A0+8697

>A

K

FLA=17,=VA!

$

!

#

!

B50.,10 2CK0:H1 9181H-3. =-U6 -34 236.7.5.7:36

cXbXGX4-"/7#"*5

;

",E#/7#]'6:&06

3

,

?

A,&&#1/0E#)'+,-"I0$

;

-/#$

J0

-

A/F=9OA/+=1F0O:8<+=179F1

K

/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A00+8697>A

A0,=>9F0+A7=00881=0

-

800F>9A! ;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,/86970A,6

-

=0

-

A/F=9

7A

-

=<,OA1,:8<,+F0O=,,A<

"

.F,+

-

<F8<F,

U

>AF1

KK

FLA1,8OA7F=,F81!

cXbX<X !-60$7 K7,$# %#$

;

,6$0+&#

?

," Q'&010,-$ 2'

3

# U""#'"$

'6:%-6'N'

F

$

PF,+,+A:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0F1:6990.F1

K

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A0=<A:=/F1

K

O8<A

7F::F/69,FA0=1708.=

K

A=<<A=<0=17<61=.=

U

0O=

U

F1/<A=0A! Y<8,A/,FLA

OA=06<A0O60,>A,=VA1=00881=0

-

800F>9A!J16O>A<8:Aa

-

A<,0

-

<8

-

80A

,+=,,+A/6<A9FA0F1,+A=77F,F818:=/<FOA617A<,+A+A=7F1

K

8:

6

P=

K

A

J<<A=<0=17561=.=

U

0

7

,8,+AX<FOF1=9N=.!\A:8<A,+=,=OA17OA1,F0

O=7A

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+AE6

-

<AOAY<8/6<=,8<=17E6

-

<AOAX86<,0+8697/8OA

6

-

.F,+=

b

8F1,

b

67F/F=9F1,A<

-

<A,=,F818:,+F0O=,,A<,8FO

-

80A

-

A1=9,FA081

O=9A:=/,8<0!J P=

K

AJ<<A=<0=17561=.=

U

D=<9

U

P=<1F1

K

E

U

0,AO0+8697

>AA0,=>9F0+A7,81F

-

7=1

K

A<F1,+A>67!IA0

-

F,A9A

K

=9>=<<FA<0=

K

=F10,,+A

-

61F0+OA1,8::8<AF

K

18.1A<08<O=1=

K

A<0.+8L=1F0+ .F,+86,

-

=

U

F1

K

.=

K

A0

"

ALA<

U

=9,A<1=,FLA0+8697>AAa

-

98<A7,8,<=/V,+AO78.1! N=.

A1:8</AOA1,=6,+8<F,FA00+86977F<A/,,+AF<=,,A1,F81,88LA<0A=0

-

=<A1,

/8O

-

=1FA0F:,+A<AF006::F/FA1,ALF7A1/A!Z:,+A<AF0F1=7A

h

6=,AALF7A1/A

"

F1

8<7A<18,,87F0<6

-

,08/F=90,=>F9F,

U

"

.8<VA<00+8697>A=998.A7=17

$)*

5A089LF1

K

X899A/,FLAN=>86<IF0

-

6,A0F1X+F1=

!

Page 110: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

A1/86<=

K

A7,8

-

<8,A/,,+AF<<F

K

+,0=17,<=7A61F8100+8697<A

-

<A0A1,,+AO

F11A

K

8,F=,F810.F,+8LA<0A=0

-

=<A1,/8O

-

=1FA0!

1*8*&*,N*/

"![=1W6F

$

'%%&

%"

%#$#'"17,6K7#,"0#$,

?

.,10'&0$/K"':#960,6$N0/7A706#$#

A7'"'1/#"0$/01$

"

_89!'!\AF

b

F1

K

!

X+F1=N=>8<E8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

Y6>9F0+F1

K

W860A!

'!E+A1gF1

h

F1

K

$

'%%$

%"

*6:-$/"0'&81,6,501$! \AF

b

F1

K

!

X+F1=N=>8<E8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

Y6>9F0+F1

K

W860A!

3!R=,F81=9\6<A=68:E,=,F0,F/08:X+F1=

$

'%%&

%"

A706')'+,"./'/0$/01'&V#'"+,,C

<==d!\AF

b

F1

K

!

X+F1=E,=,F0,F/0Y<A00!

)!X+A1PAF

$

'%%4

%"6

C6,6<A;<A1708:X+F1=l0Y8

-

69=,F81'%%#('%#%

7"

!,

;

-&'/0,6

%#$#'"17&!

#! 6 F=8

b

61=175A1 F=8

-

F1

K

$

'%%$

%"6

Z10,F,6,F81=95A9FA:>

U

;<=7AS1F810=0

Z9960,<=,A7>

U

,+A[ZX;E,<FVA

7"

A,6/#5

;

,"'"

F

2,"&:'6:.,10'&0$5)!

%)* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 111: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

+,-./'&(%0P(/

$

.'*/%,-P(/

$

.'*1*/"0.'(",

<*N2%,(/#/(,3".'24"&*%

[861

K

O8[881

!

!

A:881G.7H1 R-0F-7373F -34 23456.07-8 X76K5.16

;+AO87A<1H8<A=1F1760,<F=9<A9=,F8100

U

0,AO+=0

K

81A,+<86

K

+,+<AA

-

+=0A08LA<,+A

-

=0,:A.7A/=7A0!;+A:F<0,

-

+=0A

"

.+F/+/=OA,8=1A17

F1"*$&

"

.=0/+=<=/,A<F0A7>

U

8::F/F=9,<=7A61F81F0O617A<

K

8LA<1OA1,

/81,<89=170

-

8<=7F/>86,08:F17A

-

A17A1,.8<VA<=/,FLF0O! ;+A0A/817

-

+=0A

"

.+F/+ A17A7 .F,+ ,+A A/818OF/ /<F0F0 F1 "**&

"

0=. ,+A

A0,=>9F0+OA1,8:=0A/8171=,F81=9,<=7A61F818<

K

=1F0=,F81

"

,+AH8<A=1

X81:A7A<=,F81 8: ;<=7A S1F810

$

HXC;

%"

,8 <FL=9 ,+A AaF0,F1

K

8<

K

=1F0=,F81

"

,+ACA7A<=,F818:H8<A=1;<=7AS1F810

$

CH;S

%

k;+A,+F<7

-

+=0A+=0>AA1/+=<=/,A<F0A7 >

U

A::8<,0,8 >6F97 6

-

F1760,<

U

9ALA9

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

>6,=908>

U

=/<F0F08:<A

-

<A0A1,=,F8176A,8,+A<=

-

F7

Aa

-

=10F818:F<<A

K

69=<

"

18161F81F0A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,!I6<F1

K

,+A0A/817=17

,+F<7

-

+=0A0

"

O80,/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17,+60F1760,<F=97F0

-

6,A0 +=0

>AA198/=,A7=,,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9!

EF1/A,+A9=,A"**%0

"

=

-

<8/A008:8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9,<=10:8<O=,F81+=0

>AA1

K

8F1

K

81

"

=O=9

K

=O=,F1

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A761F810F1,8F1760,<F=98<

0A/,8<=961F810!;87=

U

"

O8<A,+=1&%

-

A</A1,8:.8<VA<0F1,+AH8<A=1

X81:A7A<=,F818:;<=7AS1F810

$

HX;S

%

=<A8<

K

=1F0A7F1,88//6

-

=,F81=9

"

Page 112: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

06>0A/,8<=98<F1760,<F=961F810

"

.+F9A,+ACA7A<=,F818:H8<A=1;<=7A

S1F810

$

CH;S

%

<AO=F10=18<

K

=1F0=,F818:O80,9

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F810!

IA0

-

F,A,+A0A/+=1

K

A0F18<

K

=1F0=,F81=90,<6/,6<A

"

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0

0,F99O80,9

U

/8176/,A7=,A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA9 F1/967F1

K

>

U

O80,8:,+A1A.9

U

A0,=>9F0+A7F1760,<F=961F810 ,87A,A<OF1A.=

K

A0

"

.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810

"

L=<F860.8<V

-

9=/AF006A0

"

AO

-

98

U

OA1,0A/6<F,

U

=1761F81:=/F9F,FA0! @=1

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0=<A0,F99+80,F9A,8,<=7A61F810=17LA<

U

<A96/,=1,,8A1

K

=

K

A

.F,+,+AO

"

+8.ALA<!J0=<A069,

"

,+A<A9=,F810+F

-

>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<0=17

,<=7A61F810 A0

-

A/F=99

U

:8<,+80A61F810=::F9F=,A7.F,+,+AHX;S F00,F99

81A8:7F0,<60,! P+A<A

6

A1,A<

-

<F0A61F81F0O

7

<AO=F1078OF1=1, .+F/+F0

=908

-

<A:A<<A7>

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0 9=>86</81:9F/,0,=VA

-

9=/AF1,+A.8<V

-

9=/A

"

F1 /81,<=0,,8 O=1

U

PA0,A<1 /861,<FA0

"

.+A<A 7F0

-

6,A0 =<A 8:,A1

,<=10:A<<A7,8,+A0A/,8<=99ALA9=1708,=VA

-

9=/A86,0F7A,+A.8<V

-

9=/A!

Z:.A,=VA,+AF1/F7A1/A8:0,<FVA0=081AF17F/=,8<8:

-

A=/A:69=17

0,=>9AF1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

"

.A/=1A=0F9

U

8>0A<LA,+A/

U

/9A08:/81:9F/,F1

H8<A=!Z1,A<O08:,+A16O>A<8:0,<FVA0=17.8<VF1

K

7=

U

0980,

"

H8<A=1

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810.A<A:=F<9

U-

A=/A:69F1,+A:F<0,+=9:8:,+A"*$%0

"

>A:8<A=16

-

06<

K

AF1,+A16O>A<8:0,<FVA0F1,+A0A/817+=9:8:,+A7A/=7A

0,<=F1A7<A9=,F810>A,.AA1.8<VA<0=17AO

-

98

U

A<0! @6/+0,=>F9F,

U

+=7

<A,6<1A7>

U

,+AOF7"**%0

"

>6,.+A1,+AJ0F=1:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

$

"**&

%

+F,

.=

K

A0=17AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

,<=7A61F810,<FA7,87A:A17 .+=,,+A

U

+=7

-

<ALF8609

UK

=F1A7=17<A08<,A7O8<A8:,A1,80,<FVA=/,F81!EF1/A,+A1

"

,+A

0F,6=,F81+=0<AO=F1A7:=F<9

U-

A=/A=>9A!

;+A<A=<A,.8O=F1<A=0810.+

U

,<=7A61F810<A08<,,80,<FVA0!]1AF0

,+A0,<6

KK

9A:8<<A/8

K

1F,F818:,+A<F

K

+,,8/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!;+A8,+A<

F0<A9=,A7,8FO

-

<8LAOA1,0F1.=

K

A0=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810!Y<ALF8609

U

"

F1760,<F=97F0

-

6,A0

"

,8 =9=<

K

AAa,A1,

"

/81/A1,<=,A7 81 ,<=7A 61F81

<A/8

K

1F,F81>

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

=0.A99=0.=

K

A0=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810!EF1/A

,+AJ0F=1:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

+8.ALA<

"

7F0

-

6,A0+=LA:8/60A7O8<A81F006A0

8:AO

-

98

U

OA1,0A/6<F,

U

!;+F0F1/967A07F0

-

6,A081,+A<F

K

+,8:

6

F<<A

K

69=<

7

.8<VA<0,861F81<A/8

K

1F,F81=17<A

-

<A0A1,=,F818:,+AF<AO

-

98

U

OA1,

/81/A<10!

')* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 113: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*E

!

+,N(-*,N*"8/'&(Y*/(,4"&*%

)

EMHF CFFL

[A=<

R6O>A<

8:0,<FVA0

P8<VF1

K

7=

U

0980,

$

F1"%%%

%

P8<VF1

K

7=

U

0

980,

-

A<"%%%

AO

-

98

U

AA0

"*$% '%4 4" *!#

"*$# '4# 4) &!*

"*$& 3&)* 4*)& &##!$

"*$* "4"4 43#" 4""!)

"**" 3'' ))$& )%*!$

"**3 ")) "3%$ "%*!#

"**# $$ 3*3 3%!$

"**& &$ ))# 33!4

"*** "*$ "344 "%*!"

'%%" '3# "%$3 &*!3

'%%3 3'% "'** *%!'

'%%) )4' ""** $%!#

'%%# '$& $)$ ##!$

'%%4 '')

E86</A

!

@F1F0,<

U

8:N=>86<!

"

!

=1F-8 B0-C1U:0@ D:0 X76K5.1 916:85.7:36

;+A9A

K

=9<A

K

FOA:8</81:9F/,<A0896,F81F1H8<A=7F0,F1

K

6F0+A0>A,.AA1

6

F17FLF76=97F0

-

6,A0

7

=17

6

/899A/,FLA7F0

-

6,A0

7"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81.+A,+A<,+A

-

=<,

U

F1L89LA7 F0 = 61F81 8< =1 F17FLF76=9 AO

-

98

U

AA! Z,:6<,+A<0

7F::A<A1,F=,A0 >A,.AA1

6

<F

K

+,0 7F0

-

6,A0

7

=17

6

F1,A<A0, 7F0

-

6,A0

7"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81.+A,+A<=1AaF0,F1

K

<F

K

+,8</81/967A7=

K

<AAOA1,F018,

>AF1

K-

<8

-

A<9

U

8>0A<LA78<FO

-

9AOA1,A78<.+A,+A<=

-

=<,

U

,8,+A7F0

-

6,A

()*

Z1760,<F=9IF0

-

6,A0=17IF0

-

6,A5A0896,F81@A/+=1F0O0F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 114: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F0/=99F1

K

:8<=/+=1

K

A,8=1AaF0,F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,!

!

9%:0*C

!

9

6$

*/"8-(/

$

.'*%,-&*/"0.'(",

Z1,A<A0,7F0

-

6,A0 5F

K

+,07F0

-

6,A0

Z17FLF76=9

7F0

-

6,A0

"

R81A

"

XFLF9,<F=9

,

<AOA7

U

086

K

+,,+<86

K

+,+A

b

67F/F=9

-

<8/A00

"

J7

b

67F/=,F81>

U

,+AR=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810

X8OOF00F81

$

:8<61:=F<9=>86<

-

<=/,F/A0

%

"

_F89=,F818:O=17=,8<

U-

<8LF0F8100+8697>A

=77<A00A7>

U

=9=>86<F10

-

A/,8<

X899A/,FLA

7F0

-

6,A0

"

Y6>9F/OA7F=,F81=,,+A

<A

h

6A0,8:AF,+A<9=>86<

8<O=1=

K

AOA1,

"

Y<FL=,AOA7F=,F81=,,+A

<A

h

6A0,8:>8,+9=>86<

=17 O=1=

K

AOA1, 8<

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,

"

XFLF9,<F=9

,

<AOA7

U

086

K

+,,+<86

K

+,+A

b

67F/F=9

-

<8/A00

"

IA/F0F81>

U

,+AR=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810

X8OOF00F81,=VA0

-

<A/A7A1/A

$

:8<61:=F<9=>86<

-

<=/,F/A0

%

"

IF0=

K

<AAOA1,8LA<F1,A<

-

<A,=,F818<FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81

8:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,8<OA7F=,F81=

K

<AAOA1,

,+A R=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81F0

=0VA7,8

K

FLAF,08

-

F1F81

"

.+F/++=0,+A0=OA

L=9F7F,

U

=0=1=<>F,<=,F81=.=<7

"

!

! 23456.07-8 /G.7:3

;+A<F

K

+,,8F1760,<F=9=/,F81F1H8<A=F0<A0,<F/,A7,8=/A<,=F1

K

<86

-

8:

F1760,<F=97F0

-

6,A0!Z1

K

A1A<=9

"

F1760,<F=9=/,F81F0

-

800F>9A819

U

F1,+A

/86<0A8:/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

.+F/+/81/A<10F006A006/+=0.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810=17.=

K

A0!C6<,+A<O8<A

"

7F0

-

6,A0O60,7A=9.F,+F006A0.+F/+

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<F0F1=

-

80F,F81,8=77<A00!;+A<A=<A:86<=<A=08:.8<VA<0l

/81/A<10.F,+<A

K

=<7,8.+F/+,+A60A8:0,<FVA=/,F81F0

-

<8+F>F,A7

!

&

"

'

;+A9A

K

=9<A

K

FOA:8<7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F8178A018,

K

<=1,,<=7A61F810

,+A<F

K

+,,8A1

K

=

K

AF1

-

89F,F/=90,<FVA0!;+F0F1/967A0F1760,<F=9=/,F81

F1<A0

-

810A,8

K

8LA<1OA1,08/F=9=17A/818OF/

-

89F/

U

!

&

'

'

EA/817=<

U

0,<FVA0 ,+=,F0

#

=/,F81F1089F7=<F,

U

.F,+8,+A<.8<VA<0 =<A

>=11A7!

&

3

'

;<=7A61F810/=118,,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81,87AO=17.=

K

A0=0981

K

=0

=L=9F7/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,F00,F99F1

-

9=/A!

)** !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 115: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

&

)

'

R81/8O

-

9F=1/A.F,+=/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,F018,=

1

7F0

-

6,A8:

F1,A<A0,

2

>6,=

1

7F0

-

6,A8:9=.

2

=17O60,>A0A,,9A7,+<86

K

+,+A

/86<,0

#

18,F1760,<F=9=/,F81!

;+A9A

K

=9:<=OA.8<V:8<F1760,<F=9=/,F81 +=0>AA1/<F,F/F0A7=0,88

9FOF,A7!Z1=16O>A<8:8,+A<J0F=1/861,<FA0

"

,+A9=.F0O8<A9F>A<=9!Z1

,+AY+F9F

--

F1A0

"

0,<FVA0=<A

-

800F>9A81F006A08:61:=F<9=>86<

-

<=/,F/A0

"

.+F9AF1_FA,1=O=17X=O>87F=

"

61F810/=10,<FVA81

6

<F

K

+,0

7

F006A0

"

F1/967F1

K

=1AO

-

98

U

A<l0181/8O

-

9F=1/A.F,+,+A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,!

;+A9A

K

F09=,FLA

-

<8LF0F81081F1760,<F=9=/,F81F1X=O>87F==998..8<VA<0

,8,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81,87A:A17A/818OF/=1708/F=9F1,A<A0,0

"

.+F9AF1

,+AY+F9F

--

F1A061F810/=10,<FVAF1<A0

-

810A,8=1AO

-

98

U

A<l0=/,F810

.+F/+,+<A=,A1,+AAaF0,A1/A8:,+A61F81!

N=>86<9=.

-

<8LF7A0=0A,8:

-

<8/A76<=9<69A0.+F/+O60,>A:8998.A7

>A:8<A=61F81/=1,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81

"

,.88:.+F/+=<A8:

-

=<,F/69=<

FO

-

8<,=1/A

!

&

"

'

J:,A<=7F0

-

6,A+=0>AA17A/9=<A7

#

F, O60,:F<0,>A<A:A<<A7,8

OA7F=,F81! @A7F=,F81F0/8O

-

6908<

U

!J//8<7F1

K

,8,+A;<=7AS1F810

=17N=>86<5A9=,F810J7

b

60,OA1,J/,

#

AF,+A<8:,+A

-

=<,FA0,8=1

F1760,<F=97F0

-

6,A F0 9A

K

=99

U

<A

h

6F<A7 ,8 =

--

9

U

:8< OA7F=,F81!

Z1760,<F=9=/,F81F0

-

<8+F>F,A776<F1

K

,+AOA7F=,F81

-

A<F87

&

"%7=

U

0F1

,+A

-

<FL=,A0A/,8<=17"#7=

U

0F1

-

6>9F/0A<LF/A0

'

kW8.ALA<

#

,+A

-

=<,FA0=<A:<AA,8 <A

b

A/,=1

U -

<8

-

80=9

-

<A0A1,A7 ,8 ,+AO :8<

<A0896,F818:,+A7F0

-

6,A=17/=17A/9=<A=7A=798/V!

&

'

'

J:,A<OA7F=,F81+=0A17A7F1=7A=798/V=17=61F81.=1,0,8A1

K

=

K

A

F1F1760,<F=9=/,F81

#

F,O60,

K

FLA

-

<F8<18,F/A,8,+AAO

-

98

U

A<! ;+A

18,F:F/=,F81

-

A<F87F0"%7=

U

0!

],+A<J0F=1/861,<FA0=

K

=F17F::A<F1,+F0<A0

-

A/,!;+A18,F/A

-

A<F87

-

<F8<,8=0,<FVAF03%7=

U

0F1,+AY+F9F

--

F1A0

"

>6,819

U

:FLA7=

U

0F1

_FA,1=O

"

=170ALA17=

U

0F1X=O>87F==17Z1781A0F=!Z108OA/861,<FA0

"

7F0

-

6,A0/=1>A<A:A<<A7,8=<>F,<=,F81

"

.+F/+

-

<876/A0=<A069,.+F/+F0

>F17F1

K

81>8,+

-

=<,FA0!Z1,+AY+F9F

--

F1A0

"

,+A9A

K

F09=,FLA

-

<8LF0F810

***

Z1760,<F=9IF0

-

6,A0=17IF0

-

6,A5A0896,F81@A/+=1F0O0F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 116: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=998.:8<,+AAO

-

98

U

A<,8

-

<A0A1,=

6

:F1=98::A<

7"

.+F/+,+A61F81F0

8>9F

K

A7,8

-

6,,8=L8,A8:,+AOAO>A<0>A:8<A/=99F1

K

=0,<FVA!

E'C;

!

F')*'

G

3"*.%6'4-F*)%3#'$+!'00#++#'$

$

.F!

%

#$!'$

G

)#(3F*+')43#'$

Z1H8<A=

"

>8,+F17FLF76=97F0

-

6,A0=17/899A/,FLA7F0

-

6,A0/8OA617A<

,+AO=17=,A8:,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

$

N5X

%

k;+AN5XF0

=,<F

-

=<,F,A

-

6>9F/=

K

A1/

U

=177F::A<0:<8O=9=>86</86<,!;+AN5XF0

/8O

-

80A7 8: <A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0 8: ,<=7A 61F810

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0 =17

K

8LA<1OA1,!;+A<AF0=R=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81=17=

16O>A<8:<A

K

F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F810! ;+A R=,F81=9

N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F810A<LA0=0=1=

--

A=9>87

U

:8<F17FLF76=9

7F0

-

6,A07A=9,.F,+:F<0,>

U

<A

K

F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F810!Z,

+=0

b

6<F07F/,F81F1/899A/,FLA7F0

-

6,A0.+F/+

K

8>A

U

817,+A,A<<F,8<

U

/8LA<A7>

U

=<A

K

F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81!

N=>86< 5A9=,F810 X8OOF00F810 +=LA

b

6<F07F/,F81 8LA<9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0.+F/+=<A/899A/,FLAF11=,6<A=1708OAF17FLF76=97F0

-

6,A0!

Z17A=9F1

K

.F,+F17FLF76=97F0

-

6,A0

"

F,/=1 O=VA=7

b

67F/=,F810=17

<A0896,F810

"

F006A=

--

<8L=90

"

K

<=1,<A/8

K

1F,F81=17=0VAO

-

98

U

A<0,8

,=VA=1,F7F0/<FOF1=,8<

U

OA=06<A0F1/=0A0<A9=,A7,8,+A N=>86<

E,=17=<70J/,

"

,+A;<=7AS1F810=17N=>86<5A9=,F810J7

b

60,OA1,

J/,

"

,+AY<8O8,F818:P8<VA<0lY=<,F/F

-

=,F81=17X88

-

A<=,F81J/,

"

;A=/+A<0l=17Y6>9F/EA<L=1,0lN=>86< J/,0

"

=17,+A ;AO

-

8<=<

U

P8<VA<0J/,!W8.ALA<

"

F17FLF76=97F0

-

6,A0/=1>A0FO69,=1A8609

U

-

6<06A7 ,+<86

K

+ ,+A 8<7F1=<

U

/86<, 0

U

0,AO =17 ,+A N=>86<

5A9=,F810X8OOF00F8178A018,+=LA=O818

-

89

U

8:

b

6<F07F/,F818LA<

F17FLF76=99=>86<7F0

-

6,A0!J,,+A0=OA,FOA

"

=7A/F0F818:,+AN=>86<

5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81/=1>A/+=99A1

K

A7F1,+A/86<,0!J1

U

/+=99A1

K

A

,8,+A:F1=97A/F0F818:,+AR=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81/=1

>A ><86

K

+, >A:8<A ,+A =

--

A99=,A /86<,

$

=

--

A=90 /86<,

%

=17

"

06>0A

h

6A1,9

U

"

,8,+AE6

-

<AOAX86<,!

;+A N5X F0 =908 <A0

-

810F>9A :8< /8176/,F1

K

OA7F=,F81 F1

/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0

"

.+F/+=<F0A:<8O/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

!** !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 117: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

"

!

" ?147-.7:3 T0:G145016

@A7F=,F81F0/=<<FA786,>

U

,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

$

0AA\8a"

81N5X:8<7A,=F908176,FA0

%

k;+AX+=F<

-

A<0818:,+AX8OOF00F81

18OF1=,A0=@A7F=,F81X8OOF,,AA:<8O=O81

K

,+A

-

8898:OA7F=,8<0F1

A=/+8:,+A<A

K

F81=9 N=>86< 5A9=,F810 X8OOF00F810! ;+A @A7F=,F81

X8OOF,,AAF0/8O

-

80A78:,+<AA

-

A<0810

$

81A<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA:<8O,+A

.8<VA<0

"

81A:<8O,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0=1781A:<8O,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

%

k;+A

@A7F=,F81X8OOF,,AA

"

=:,A<9F0,A1F1

K

,8,+A=<

K

6OA1,08:,+A

-

=<,FA0,8

,+A7F0

-

6,A

"

7<=.06

-

,+AOA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9=17<A/8OOA170,+=,,+A

-

=<,FA0=//A

-

,F,!Z:F,F0=//A

-

,A7>

U

>8,+

-

=<,FA0

"

,+AOA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9

>A/8OA0=1=

K

<AAOA1,=17F00F

K

1A7>

U

,+A/8OOF,,AAOAO>A<0=17>8,+

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:,+A

-

=<,FA0! ;+A7F0

-

6,A,+A1A170!Z:,+AOA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9F0<A

b

A/,A7>

U

=1

U

8:,+A

-

=<,FA0F1L89LA7

"

=7A/9=<=,F81F0O=7A

,+=,OA7F=,F81+=0:=F9A7!

E'C8

!

>"*H'-1'

G

%I*/#%3#'$!'00#33**

J:,A<=1=

--

9F/=,F81:8<OA7F=,F81+=0>AA1987

K

A7

"

,+A/+=F<

-

A<0818:

,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81=

--

8F1,0,+A@A7F=,F81X8OOF,,AA

"

18OF1=,A0=1F1LA0,F

K

=,8<:<8O,+A0A/<A,=<F=,,87A=9.F,+,+A/=0A=17

:FaA0,+A7=

U

8:,+AOA7F=,F81OAA,F1

K

!;+AF1LA0,F

K

=,8</81:F<O0,+A

-

8F1,0=,0,=VA=177<=.06

-

,+A<A

-

8<,:8<7F0/600F81>

U

,+A@A7F=,F81

X8OOF,,AA>

U

/899A/,F1

K

O=,A<F=90=17/8176/,F1

K

=1=9

U

0F0!

;+A @A7F=,F81 X8OOF,,AA O=

U

/8176/, OAA,F1

K

0 .F,+ >8,+

-

=<,FA0

"

0A

-

=<=,A9

U

8<,8

K

A,+A<

"

,8=0/A<,=F1,+A7F::A<A1/A0=17,+A

-

800F>F9F,

U

8:<A089LF1

K

,+A7F0

-

6,A!Z:,+A7F0

-

6,A<AO=F1061<A089LA7

"

,+A@A7F=,F81X8OOF,,AA7<=.06

-

,+AOA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9=17=7LF0A0

,+A

-

=<,FA0/81/A<1A7,8=//A

-

,F,!

$

@,P1,6/R:

%

"**

Z1760,<F=9IF0

-

6,A0=17IF0

-

6,A5A0896,F81@A/+=1F0O0F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 118: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

;+A@A7F=,F81X8OOF,,AAO=

U-

6>9F/F0A,+AOA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9

=17F,0<A=0810F18<7A<,8

-

<8O8,A=//A

-

,=1/A,+<86

K

+,+A

-

<A008<

><8=7/=0,OA7F=!

Z:,+AOA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9F0=//A

-

,A7

"

,+A@A7F=,F81X8OOF,,AA

7<=.06

-

,+AOA7F=,F817A/F0F81:8<,+A

-

=<,FA0,8,+A7F0

-

6,A! ;+A

=//A

-

,A7 OA7F=,F81 7A/F0F81 +=0,+A 0=OA A::A/,=0 = /899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,!

Z:=1

U

8:,+A

-

=<,FA0,8,+A7F0

-

6,A<A

b

A/,0,+AOA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9

"

OA7F=,F81F07A/9=<A7,8+=LA:=F9A7!Y=<,FA0,8,+A7F0

-

6,A=<A,+A1

:<AA,8A1

K

=

K

AF1F1760,<F=9=/,F81!

H8<A=19=. 8::A<0=0A/817

-

=,+:8< OA7F=,F81

"

08 /=99A7

6

-

<FL=,A

OA7F=,F81

7"

.+F/+,=VA0

-

9=/A86,0F7A,+AN5X!Z:

-

=<,FA0,8=7F0

-

6,A

=

K

<AA

"

8<F:=1=

K

<AAOA1,+=0>AA1/81/967A7

-

<ALF8609

U

=17F018.>AF1

K

/+=99A1

K

A7

"

61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0/=1/=9981=,+F<7

-

=<,

U

"

8,+A<,+=1,+A

N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

"

,8

-

<A0F7A8LA<,+A OA7F=,F81

-

<8/A00!

;+F0F07AAOA7,8+=LA,+A0=OAA::A/,=0,+A OA7F=,F81

-

<8/A76<A

F1L89LF1

K

,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81!

;=>9A3

K

FLA0=18LA<LFA.8:,+A86,/8OA8:OA7F=,F81>A,.AA1"***

=17'%%4!;+A;=>9A0+8.0=16O>A<8:,<A170

!

"

;+A 16O>A<8:/=0A0<A:A<<A7,8 @A7F=,F81 X8OOF,,AA0:A99

>A,.AA1'%%"

&

"

#

%$4

'

=17'%%4

&

&3*

'

k;+F07A/9F1AO=

U

>A,=VA1

=0=1F17F/=,8<,+=,AO

-

98

U

A<0=1761F810+=LA>A/8OA9A00VAA1

81<A:A<<F1

K

7F0

-

6,A0,8,+AN5X=17+=LA>A/8OAO8<A

1

O=,6<A

2

F1:F17F1

K

1

F1,A<1=9

2

/8O

-

<8OF0A0,+<86

K

+1A

K

8,F=,F810!

"

;+A16O>A<8:/=0A006//A00:699

U

1

OA7F=,A7

2

786>9A7.F,+F1=0+8<,

0

-

=1! P+F9AF1"***

#

819

U

'#

-

A</A1,8:

-

<8

-

80=90:<8O @A7F=,F81

X8OOF,,AA0.A<A=//A

-

,A7>

U

,+A

-

=<,FA0

#

>

U

'%%4,+A=//A

-

,=1/A<=,A

+=7

b

6O

-

A7,8#3

-

A</A1,! ;+F0O=

U

>A0AA1=0=1F17F/=,F81,+=,

OA7F=,F81=0=.+89A>A/=OAO8<A=//A

-

,=>9A,8,+A

-

=<,FA0=17,+=,,+A

#** !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 119: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F810=<A0AA1=0 O8<A>=9=1/A7F1,+AF<

/810F7A<=,F818:,+AF1,A<A0,08:>8,+

-

=<,FA0!

Z:.A/8O

-

=<A,+A:F

K

6<A0F1;=>9A3.F,+,+80AF1;=>9A"

"

.A=908

7F0/8LA<,+=,18,=99/=0A0.F,+:=F9A7OA7F=,F81=6,8O=,F/=99

U-

<8/AA7A7,8

0,<FVA=/,F81! ;8,=90,<FVAF1/F7A1/AF0O6/+98.A<,+=1,+A16O>A<8:

:=F9A7OA7F=,F810!]LA<=99

"

819

U

08OA'#(3#

-

A</A1,

$

"***,8'%%4

%

8:

/=0A08::=F9A7OA7F=,F81=/,6=99

U

<A069,A7F10,<FVA0>

U

,<=7A61F810!

"

!

# 23D:0C-8 ?147-.7:36)A:3G787-.7:3 >Q =->:50 236K1G.:06

N=>86<F10

-

A/,8<0

-

9=

U

=/<6/F=9<89AF1/81/F9F=,F81

#

OA7F=,F81,81=<<8.

,+A7F::A<A1/A0>A,.AA1,+A

-

=<,FA0>

U

60F1

K

,+AF<:F<0,+=17V18.9A7

K

A8:

,+A7F0

-

6,A=,+=17=17,+A/81,Aa,8:F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810=,,+A.8<V

-

9=/A

/81/A<1A7!N=>86<F10

-

A/,8<060A,+AF<=6,+8<F,

U

,8F1LA0,F

K

=,A9=>86<9=.

LF89=,F810 A0

-

A/F=99

U

,+80A9F1VA7,8,+A7F0

-

6,AF1

h

6A0,F81 ,8

-

<8O8,A

!

9%:0*D

!

P(/

$

.'*/*''0*#*,''2&".

?

2#*-(%'(",

)

EMMM CFFL

[A=<

R8!8:

X=0A0

E6//A00:69 S106//A00:69

E6>

,8,=9

J//A

-

,=1/A

8:OA7F=,F81

J

K

<AAOA1,

$

.F,+7<=.=9

8:/=0A:<8O

OA7F=,F81

%

E6>

,8,=9

5A:60=9,8

=//A

-

,

OA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9

R8OA7F=,F81

-

<8

-

80=9

:8<,+/8OF1

K

E6//A00

<=,A

$

T

%

'%%4 &3* 3)% "%4 '3) 3%3 *& '%4 #'!*

'%%# $&# )33 "") 3"* 3"& ""& '%% #&!&

'%%) $#' 3&* $* '*% )%& ")) '43 )$!'

'%%3 $$4 3*4 *) 3%' 3$* "'3 '44 #%!)

'%%' "%3% 3$' "'3 '#* )$# "*' '*3 ))!"

'%%" "%$4 3$# "%% '$# #%& ''% '$& )3!'

'%%% "%') '3# $' "#3 #"3 34' "#" 3"!)

"*** $)* "'* 4' 4& 3$) '$$ *4 '#!"

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81!

$**

Z1760,<F=9IF0

-

6,A0=17IF0

-

6,A5A0896,F81@A/+=1F0O0F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 120: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/8O

-

<8OF0A>A,.AA1,+A

-

=<,FA0!Z1,A<LA1,F81=17F1:8<O=9/81/F9F=,F81

#

OA7F=,F81>

U

9=>86<F10

-

A/,8<0=//861,0:8<=0F

K

1F:F/=1,

-

=<,8:,+AA::8<,0

8:,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,=17,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F810! W8.ALA<

"

OA7F=,F81,+<86

K

+,+AN5X

-

9=

U

0=1F1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

/A1,<=9<89AF1<A089LF1

K

F1760,<F=97F0

-

6,A0

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

=0F1760,<

U

.F7A7F0

-

6,A0+=LA>A/8OAO8<A

FO

-

8<,=1,.F,+,+AAOA<

K

A1/A8:F1760,<

U

9ALA9>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

"

!

$ /0>7.0-.7:3 -34

-

J6613.7-8 L10H7G16

.

;+A9A

K

F09=,FLA

-

<8LF0F810 81 F1760,<F=9 7F0

-

6,A0

-

<8LF7A <88O :8<

=<>F,<=,F81F1/899A/,FLA9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0

"

,88! W8.ALA<

"

,+F0F0

-

800F>9A

819

U

F:>8,+

-

=<,FA0=

--

9

U

:8<F,

"

8<F:=1AaF0,F1

K

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,/=990

:8<F,Aa

-

9F/F,9

U

!

J0F1 O=1

U

8,+A</861,<FA0

"

H8<A=19=>86<9=. =908+=00

-

A/F=9

-

<8LF0F810:8<08/=99A7

6

A00A1,F=90A<LF/A0!

7

J1

6

A00A1,F=90A<LF/A

7

F0=

0A<LF/A.+80AF1,A<<6

-

,F81,+<86

K

+=0,<FVAO=

U

/=60A06>0,=1,F=9+=<O,8

,+A

-

6>9F/F1=1FO

-

8<,=1,=<A=! E6/+0A<LF/A0=<A<A

K

69=,A7>

U

0

-

A/F=9

=<<=1

K

AOA1,0:8<7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81!Z1H8<A=

"

,+F0F0,+A/=0A:8<

-

6>9F/

0A<LF/A0

"

,A=/+A<0=17

-

6>9F/8::F/F=90! C8<0A/,8<0F1.+F/+0,<FVA0=<A

86,9=.A7

"

=<>F,<=,F81 F0

-

800F>9A ,+<86

K

+ ,+A N=>86< 5A9=,F810

X8OOF00F81!

"

!

% <3D-70 =->:50 T0-G.7G16

JO81

K

,+AF17FLF76=97F0

-

6,A0

-

<A0F7A78LA<>

U

,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810

X8OOF00F81

"

,+A<AF0 = 0

-

A/F=9/=,A

K

8<

U

/81/A<1F1

K

6

61:=F<9=>86<

-

<=/,F/A0

7

k;+A

U

606=99

U

=<F0A86,8:,<=7A61F81=/,FLF,FA0=17=::A/,,+A

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9<F

K

+,08:61F810!S1:=F<9=>86<

-

<=/,F/A0

"

=07A:F1A7F1,+A

;<=7AS1F810=17N=>86<5A9=,F810J7

b

60,OA1,J/,

$

J<,F/9A$"

%"

<A:A<,8

AO

-

98

U

A<l0=,,AO

-

,0,8+F17A<,<=7A61F81=/,FLF,FA0

"

F1/967F1

K

:8<O=,F81

=17 /=O

-

=F

K

1F1

K

:8< 1A. OAO>A<0! Z1 7A=9F1

K

.F,+ 61:=F<9=>86<

%** !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 121: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

-

<=/,F/A0

"

,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81+=0F7A1,F:FA7:FLA,

U-

A08:

LF89=,F81!

!

S()*'

6$

*/"8.,8%(&0%:".&

$

&%N'(N*/

;

U-

A"

IF0OF00=98:8<7F0/<FOF1=,F81=

K

=F10,=.8<VA<81,+A

K

<86170,+=,,+A.8<VA<+=0

b

8F1A7

"

8<F1,A17A7,8

b

8F1

"

=,<=7A61F818<,8A0,=>9F0+=,<=7A61F81

"

8<+=0

-

A<:8<OA7=

b

60,F:F=>9A=/,<A9=,A7,8,+A8

-

A<=,F818:=,<=7A61F81!

;

U-

A'

DO

-

98

U

OA1,8:=.8<VA<81,+A/817F,F81,+=,,+A.8<VA<0+869718,

b

8F18<0+8697

.F,+7<=.:<8O=,<=7A61F81

"

8<0+8697

b

8F1=

-

=<,F/69=<,<=7A61F81!

;

U-

A3

5A:60=9 8< 7A9=

U

8: /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

.F,+86,

K

887 <A=081

"

.F,+

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:=,<=7A61F818<=

-

A<081.+8+=0>AA1=6,+8<F0A7>

U

=,<=7A

61F81!

;

U-

A)

DO

-

98

U

A<l078OF1=,F818:8<F1,A<:A<A1/A.F,+,+A:8<O=,F818<8

-

A<=,F818:=,<=7A

61F81!

;

U-

A#

IF0OF00=98:8<7F0/<FOF1=,F81=

K

=F10,=.8<VA<81,+A

K

<86170,+=,,+A.8<VA<+=0

,=VA1

-

=<,F1/899A/,FLA=/,F818<+=0<A

-

8<,A7=LF89=,F818:,+A

-

<8LF0F8108:,+F0

J<,F/9A>

U

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<,8,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

"

8<+=0,A0,F:FA7

=>86,06/+LF89=,F8108<+=0

-

<A0A1,A7ALF7A1/A,8,+A=7OF1F0,<=,FLA=6,+8<F,FA0!

!

9%:0*G

!

!%/*/"8.,8%(&0%:".&

$

&%N'(N*/&*8*&&*-'"'2*Z1!

)

:

6

'

6$

*

[A=< ;8,=9X=0A0 ;

U-

A" ;

U-

A' ;

U-

A3 ;

U-

A) ;

U-

A#

"**$ &$& 4&* & 4' 34 3

"*** *#% $'" ) 4" )& "&

'%%% "%)% $3" ' &* "') )

'%%" "#%' "344 3 ## &# 3

'%%' "3## ""*# 4 #3 *' *

'%%3 *)& $"" 3 4& #) "'

'%%) *%$ &4" % *% #3 )

'%%# *4$ $3" # 4# 4% &

'%%4 ""3) *$& 3# &4 33 3

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

"

<==WD'/0,6'&)'+,"%#&'/0,6$A,550$$0,6

V#'"+,,CX

;+A8LA<.+A9OF1

K

16O>A<8:61:=F<9=>86<

-

<=/,F/A0/=0A0>A981

K

,8;

U-

A

"

$

0AA ;=>9A )

%

k;+A 1Aa, O80,:<A

h

6A1,/8O

-

9=F1,0F1L89LA,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<l0<A:60=9,8A1,A<F1,8/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8<,+AF<7A9=

U

8:,+A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

<8/A00! ;+A16O>A<8:=

--

9F/=,F810:8<=<AOA7

U

,861:=F<

&**

Z1760,<F=9IF0

-

6,A0=17IF0

-

6,A5A0896,F81@A/+=1F0O0F1E86,+H8<A=

!

Page 122: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

9=>86<

-

<=/,F/A0+=0F1/<A=0A7F1<A/A1,

U

A=<0

"

<A=/+F1

K

=

-

A=VF1'%%"(

'%%'! ;+F0F1/<A=0AF0<A9=,A7,8= O8<A7F::F/69,F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810

A1LF<81OA1,=,,+A.8<V

-

9=/A9ALA976A,8A/818OF/

-

<8>9AO0=17=.=LA

8:<A0,<6/,6<F1

K

!;+AF1/<A=0AF17F/=,A0,+=,AO

-

98

U

A<0+=LA>A/8OAO8<A

=

KK

<A00FLA,8.=<70,<=7A61F810,+=1

-

<ALF8609

U

!

'** !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 123: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!",80(N'1*/"0.'(",(,7.&"

$

*

;+8<0,A1E/+69,A1

!

!

=->:50 918-.7:36M 23456.07-8 A:3D87G.6

-34 .,1 97F,. .: L.07@1

Z1760,<F=9/81:9F/,0=<A=18<O=9=17ALA1F1ALF,=>9A:A=,6<A8:9=>86<<A9=,F810!

DO

-

98

U

A<0=17AO

-

98

U

AA0,A17,8+=LA7F::A<A1,LFA.081=<=1

K

A8:O=,,A<0

"

F1/967F1

K

,+A8<

K

=1F0=,F818:.8<V

"

.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810

"

,+A.8<V98=78<,+A

h

6=9F,

U

=17

-

<876/,FLF,

U

8:.8<VA<0l

-

A<:8<O=1/A! @8<A8LA<

"

F1/=

-

F,=9F0,

A/818OFA0

"

,+A<A =<A :617=OA1,=9 7F::A<A1/A0 8:F1,A<A0, <A

K

=<7F1

K

,+A

7F0,<F>6,F818:F1/8OA!J0=9<A=7

U

=1=9

U

0A7>

U

H=<9@=<aF1T'&-#

"

!"01#'6:

!",

?

0/

"

,+A<AF0=

6

/81,F168600,<6

KK

9A>A,.AA1/=

-

F,=9=179=>86<

7"

.+A<A>

U

6

,+A/=

-

F,=9F0,/810,=1,9

U

,A170,8<A76/A.=

K

A0,8,+AF<

-

+

U

0F/=9OF1FO6O

"

=17

,8Aa,A17,+A.8<VF1

K

7=

U

,8F,0

-

+

U

0F/=9O=aFO6O

"

.+F9A,+A.8<VF1

K

O=1

/810,=1,9

U-

<A00A0F1,+A8

--

80F,A7F<A/,F81!

7

;+A+F0,8<F/=99

U

7ALA98

-

A7F10,F,6,F8108:9=>86<<A9=,F810 06/+=0

,<=7A61F810

"

9=>86<9=.

"

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

.8<V

-

9=/A<69A0=1708

81 /<A=,A=/A<,=F1<A

K

69=,8<

U

:<=OA.8<VF1.+F/+.8<VA<0=17AO

-

98

U

A<0

/=1.8<V86,,+AF</81:9F/,0! X810F7A<F1

K

,+A0,<6/,6<=9FO>=9=1/A8:

-

8.A<>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<0=17F17FLF76=9AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

,+A0AF10,F,6,F810

0+8697=908A1=>9A.8<VA<0,8>=<

K

=F1.F,+,+AAO

-

98

U

A<081=1A

h

6=9

:88,F1

K

!

J

-

=<,:<8O9=>86</86<,0 .+F/+7A=9O=F19

U

.F,+/81:9F/,0>A,.AA1

F17FLF76=9AO

-

98

U

AA0=17,+AF<AO

-

98

U

A<0 ,+A<A=<A,.8/8<AF10,<6OA1,0

Page 124: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

.+F/+<A

K

69=,A/899A/,FLAF1760,<F=97F0

-

6,A0! ;+A:F<0,F0,+A"0

3

7//,

$/"0C#N7017

"

-6:#"1#"/'0610"1-5$/'61#$

"

'&&,N$N,"C#"$/,$/,

;

N,"C06

8<7A<,8A1:8</A,+AF</9=FO0=17,8

-

6,

-

<A006<A81,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0!

J9,+86

K

+0,<FVA0=<A8:,A10AA1=0=9=0,<A08<,

"

.F,+86,=<F

K

+,,80,<FVA

=0

-

8F1,A786,F1=:=O860<69F1

K

8:,+AGA<O=1CA7A<=9N=>86<X86<,F1"*$%

6

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F018,+F1

K

9A00,+=11,&&#1/0E#+#

33

06

3

7

kC8<AO

-

98

U

AA0

=17,+AF<,<=7A61F810

"

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0=:617=OA1,=9

-

<A/817F,F81F:

AO

-

98

U

A<0=<A,8LFA.,+AO=0=1A

h

6=9

-

=<,

U

=,,+A1A

K

8,F=,F1

K

,=>9A!

EA/817

"

,+A<A =<A L=<F860 A0,=>9F0+A7

-

<=/,F/A0 8: /81/F9F=,F81

"

OA7F=,F81=17=<>F,<=,F81

"

.+F/+0+=

-

A,+A/86<0A8:F1760,<F=9/81:9F/,0!

;+A=FO8:,+A0AF10,<6OA1,0F0,8+A9

-

AO

-

98

U

A<0=17AO

-

98

U

AA0,8:F17

=//A

-

,=>9A/8O

-

<8OF0A0>A:8<A,+A9=,,A</=99:8<=0,<FVA!;+AF<

-

<F1/F

-

=9

=FOF0,8=L8F7 .8<V0,8

--

=

K

A0=17,8/81,<F>6,A,8,+A>6F97F1

K

8:

/88

-

A<=,FLA=17

6

-

A=/A:69

7

9=>86<<A9=,F810!

"

!

=1F-8 B:534-.7:36 :D .,1 97F,. .: L.07@1

;+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0.F7A9

U

=//A

-

,A7=0=:617=OA1,=908/F=9<F

K

+,8:

.8<VA<0=17,+AF<8<

K

=1F0=,F810,8

-

<8O8,A,+AF<A/818OF/=1708/F=9

F1,A<A0,0!Z1F1,A<1=,F81=99=.

"

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0/8LA<A7F1,.89A

K

=9

F10,<6OA1,0!J9,+86

K

+,+A<AF018Aa

-

9F/F,X81LA1,F818:,+AZ1,A<1=,F81=9

N=>86<]<

K

=1F0=,F81

$

ZN]

%

7A=9F1

K

.F,+,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVA

"

F,+=0>AA1

=::F<OA7F1,+A/=0A9=.7ALA98

-

A7>

U

,+AZN]l0C<AA78O8:J008/F=,F81

X8OOF,,AA,+=,06/+=<F

K

+,/=1>A7A76/A7:<8OZN]X81LA1,F81R8!$&

81C<AA78O 8:J008/F=,F81=17 Y<8,A/,F818:,+A 5F

K

+,,8 ]<

K

=1F0A!

C6<,+A<O8<A

"

=<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0OA1,F81A7Aa

-

9F/F,9

U

F1J<,F/9A$8:,+A

Z1,A<1=,F81=9 X8LA1=1, 81 D/818OF/

"

E8/F=9 =17 X69,6<=9 5F

K

+,0

$

ZXDEX5

%"

.+F/+F0=O69,F9=,A<=9,<A=,

U

=78

-

,A7>

U

,+AS1F,A7R=,F810

GA1A<=9J00AO>9

U

F1IA/AO>A<"*44!

Z1D6<8

-

A

"

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0

K

6=<=1,AA7>

U

,+A"*4"D6<8

-

A=1

E8/F=9X+=<,A<8:,+AX861/F98:D6<8

-

A!Z1 J<,F/9A4

"

-

=<=)8:,+A

X+=<,A<

"

F,F00,=,A7,+=,

6

.F,+=LFA.,8A106<F1

K

,+AA::A/,FLAAaA</F0A8:

)!* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 125: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+A<F

K

+,,8 >=<

K

=F1 /899A/,FLA9

U

"

,+A Y=<,FA0 617A<,=VA

!

!!!

-

,8

.

<A/8

K

1F0A!!!,+A<F

K

+,8:.8<VA<0=17AO

-

98

U

A<0,8/899A/,FLA=/,F81F1

/=0A08:/81:9F/,08:F1,A<A0,

"

F1/967F1

K

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVA

7

!N=,A<81

"

,+A

"*$*DSX+=<,A<8:,+AC617=OA1,=9E8/F=95F

K

+,08:P8<VA<0

-

<8/9=FO0

,+=,,+A

6

<F

K

+,,8<A08<,,8/899A/,FLA=/,F81!!!0+=99F1/967A,+A<F

K

+,,8

0,<FVA

7$

Y8F1,"3

%

kCF1=99

U

"

,+A'%%%X+=<,A<8:C617=OA1,=95F

K

+,08:

,+AD6<8

-

A=1S1F81

-

8F1,086,,+=,

6

.8<VA<0=17AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

8<,+AF<

<A0

-

A/,FLA8<

K

=1F0=,F810

"

+=LA

"

F1=//8<7=1/A.F,+X8OO61F,

U

9=.=17

1=,F81=99=.0=17

-

<=/,F/A0

"

,+A<F

K

+,,81A

K

8,F=,A=17/81/967A/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0=,,+A=

--

<8

-

<F=,A9ALA90=17

"

F1/=0A08:/81:9F/,08:F1,A<A0,0

"

,8,=VA/899A/,FLA=/,F81,87A:A17,+AF<F1,A<A0,0

"

F1/967F1

K

0,<FVA=/,F81

7

-

=6,+8<l0AO

-

+=0F0

.$

J<,F/9A'$

%

k

C6<,+A<O8<A

"

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0=//A

-

,A7>

U

1=,F81=99A

K

F09=,F81F1

=99'&OAO>A<0,=,A08:,+AD6<8

-

A=1S1F81

$

;=>9A"

%

kZ1"4OAO>A<

0,=,A0

"

,+A<F

K

+,,8 0,<FVAF0 Aa

-

9F/F,9

U K

6=<=1,AA7 >

U

,+A 1=,F81=9

/810,F,6,F81!Z1=:6<,+A<,+<AAOAO>A<0,=,A0

"

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF018,

Aa

-

9F/F,9

U

OA1,F81A7F1,+A/810,F,6,F81>6,F07A76/A7>

U

/=0A9=.:<8O

,+A/810,F,6,F81=9<F

K

+,8::<AA78O8:=008/F=,F81! CF1=99

U

"

F1AF

K

+,DS

/861,<FA0

"

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF018,=/810,F,6,F81=9<F

K

+,

"

>6,F0=//A

-

,A7

7A:=/,8,+<86

K

+=><8=79A

K

=9FOO61F,

U

:8</=0A08:F1760,<F=9=/,F81!;8

06O6

-

"

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0=/8<AA9AOA1,8:D6<8

-

A=1F1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810!

!

9%:0*E

!

92*&(

?

2''"/'&(Y*(,7W#*#:*&/'%'*/

Da

-

9F/F,9

UK

6=<=1,AA7

>

U

,+A1=,F81=9/810,F,6,F81

ZO

-

9F/F,9

UK

6=<=1,AA7

>

U

,+A1=,F81=9/810,F,6,F81

R8/810,F,6,F81=9<F

K

+,

"

>6,

=//A

-

,A77A:=/,8,+<86

K

+9A

K

=9

FOO61F,

U

:8<F1760,<F=9=/,F81

\69

K

=<F=

"

X

U-

<60

"

D0,81F=

"

C<=1/A

"

G<AA/A

"

W61

K

=<

U

"

Z,=9

U

"

N=,LF=

"

NF,+6=1F=

"

Y89=17

"

Y8<,6

K

=9

"

58O=1F=

"

E98L=VF=

"

E98LA1F=

"

E

-

=F1

"

E.A7A1

IA1O=<V

"

CF19=17

"

GA<O=1

U

J60,<F=

"

\A9

K

F6O

"

XBA/+

"

5A

-

6>9F/

"

Z<A9=17

"

N6aAO>86<

K

"

@=9,=

"

RA,+A<9=170

"

SH

"4/861,<FA0 3/861,<FA0 $/861,<FA0

E86</A

!

\=0A781eA0/+VA

"

'%%#

"

=17P=<1A/V

"

'%%&!

*!*

X81:9F/,5A0896,F81F1D6<8

-

A

!

Page 126: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

#

!

=1F-8 91F58-.7:36 -34 916.07G.7:36

:3 .,1 97F,. .: L.07@1

\A

U

817,+A=//A

-

,=1/A

"

F1

-

<F1/F

-

9A

"

8:,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVA

"

=99D6<8

-

A=1

0,=,A0+=LAO8<A8<9A00/8O

-

<A+A10FLA9A

K

F09=,F81.+F/+7A,A<OF1A0,+A

-

800F>F9F,FA0=17<A0,<F/,F810.F,+<A

K

=<7,8,=VF1

K

F1760,<F=9=/,F81!Z1

O80,/861,<FA0

"

,+A/81/<A,A<69A0=17

-

<8/A76<A0:8<0,<FVA0+=LA>AA1

7ALA98

-

A7>

U

/=0A9=.

"

=17819

U

=:A. /861,<FA0+=LA7A,=F9A79A

K

=9

-

<8LF0F810! Z1 08OA /861,<FA0

"

06/+ =0 IA1O=<V 8< E.A7A1

"

,+A

-

<8/A76<=9<69A0:8<F1760,<F=9=/,F81=<A7A,A<OF1A7>

U

08/=99A7>=0F/

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0 >A,.AA1,+A

-

A=V ,<=7A 61F81 =17 AO

-

98

U

A<0l

8<

K

=1F0=,F810!

PF,+<A

K

=<7,8/81/<A,A7A:F1F,F8108:.+A,+A<=0,<FVAF09=.:698<

18,

"

,+A<A=<A0F

K

1F:F/=1,7F::A<A1/A0>A,.AA1,+AD6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0!Z1

GA<O=1

U

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

0,<FVA0=<A=998.A7 819

U

F1,+A/81,Aa,8:

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!],+A</861,<FA0=908=998.$,&0:'"0/

F

$/"0C#$

"

.+A<A

=/A<,=F1

K

<86

-

8:.8<VA<0

"

18,7F<A/,9

U

F1L89LA7F1,+A/81:9F/,

"

,=VA0

F1760,<F=9=/,F81F18<7A<,806

--

8<,/899A=

K

6A0.+8=<A810,<FVA!CF1=99

U

"

=:A./861,<FA0 :8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

Z,=9

U

+=LA=981

K

,<=7F,F818:

;

,&0/01'&

$/"0C#$

"

.+A<A61F810=<A=998.A7,8,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81=

K

=F10,,+A

A/818OF/=17 08/F=9

-

89F/

U

8:,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,! W8.ALA<

"

F1 8,+A<

/861,<FA0

"

06/+=0GA<O=1

U

8<,+ASH

"

06/+

-

89F,F/=90,<FVA0=<A>=11A7!

;+AO80,FO

-

8<,=1,<A0,<F/,F81810,<FVA0F0,+A08 /=99A7

;

#'1#

,+&0

3

'/0,6

"

.+F/+AaF0,0F1=9O80,=99D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0=17:8<>F70

.8<VA<0,8

K

8810,<FVA:8<,+A76<=,F818:=L=9F7/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,!

;+A<A=<A=908L=<F8601=,F81=9<A

K

69=,F81081,+A

h

6A0,F818:.+8F0

=998.A7,8/=99=0,<FVA!Z1O80,D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0

"

819

U

,+A,<=7A61F810

+=LA,+A<F

K

+,,8

K

8810,<FVA!Z:.8<VA<0=,

-

9=1,9ALA98<

K

=1F0AF1760,<F=9

=/,F81.F,+86,,+A>=/V6

-

8:,+A,<=7A61F810

"

,+A0A0,<FVA0=<A0AA1=0

N0&:1'/$/"0C#$=17=<AF99A

K

=9!Z1/81,<=0,

"

F1=:A./861,<FA0

"

06/+=0

C<=1/A

"

,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVAF0=1F17FLF76=9<F

K

+,8:A=/+AO

-

98

U

AA

"

!!* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 127: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=9,+86

K

+81A .+F/++=0,8>A<A=9F0A7/899A/,FLA9

U

! CF1=99

U

"

F108OA

/861,<FA0

"

/A<,=F1

K

<86

-

08:AO

-

98

U

AA0 06/+=0/FLF90A<L=1,08<,+80AF1

,+AOF9F,=<

U

=<AAa/967A7:<8O,+A<F

K

+,,80,<FVA=17+=LA18

-

800F>F9F,FA0,8

,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81!

Z:=,<=7A61F81.=1,0,8/=99=0,<FVA

"

F,606=99

U

+=0,8OAA,=16O>A<

8:

-

<8/A76<=9<A

h

6F<AOA1,0! CF<0,

"

F,O60,

K

FLA=7L=1/A18,F/A,8,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<!EA/817

"

>A:8<A=0,<FVAO=

U

0,=<,

"

F1O=1

U

D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0

,<=7A61F810+=LA,88<

K

=1F0A=0,<FVA>=998,F18<7A<,8=0V,+AF<OAO>A<0

:8<06

--

8<,!CF1=99

U

"

F108OA/=0A0,<=7A61F810:F<0,+=LA,8=//A

-

,=

b

8F1,

7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81

-

<8/A76<A=17=<A=998.A7,8/=99=0,<FVA819

U

.+A1,+A

9=,,A<+=0:=F9A7!

$

!

P:73. X76K5.1 916:85.7:3

E,<FVA<A

K

69=,F810+=LA,.8>=0F/:61/,F810

!

81,+A81A+=17

"

,+A

U

A1=>9A

.8<VA<0,8,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81=17,+A<A>

UK

FLA,+AO=1=6,818O860

-

8.A<>=0A,8

-

<8O8,A,+AF<F1,A<A0,0

,

81 ,+A 8,+A< +=17

"

0,<FVA

<A

K

69=,F810<A0,<F/,,+A

-

800F>F9F,FA0:8<9A

K

=9.8<V0,8

--

=

K

A0F1/A<,=F1

/F</6O0,=1/A0=1708+A9

-

,8/<A=,A

6

-

A=/A:69

7

9=>86<<A9=,F810

"

,8=

/810F7A<=>9AAa,A1,! @8<A8LA<

"

F18<7A<,8=L8F70,<FVA0

"

=9O80,=99

D6<8

-

A=1 /861,<FA0 +=LA A0,=>9F0+A7 :=<<A=/+F1

K -

<8/A76<A0 8:

/81/F9F=,F81

"

OA7F=,F81=17=<>F,<=,F81!A,610&0'/0,67A0/<F>A0=

-

<8/A00F1

.+F/+,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA07<=.81,+AAa

-

A<,F0A8:=

6

1A6,<=9

7

,+F<7

-

=<,

U

,8=00F0,1A

K

8,F=,F810=17:80,A</899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0! Q#:0'/0,6

"

.+F/+F08:,A160A70

U

181

U

O8609

U

.F,+/81/F9F=,F81

"

,=VA0=1=77F,F81=9

0,A

-

>

U-

A<OF,,F1

K

,+A,+F<7

-

=<,

U

,8O=VA<A/8OOA17=,F810F18<7A<,8

<A089LA,+A/81:9F/,!CF1=99

U

"

=<>F,<=,F81F0=O8<AF10,F,6,F81=9F0A7

-

<8/A00

8:OA7F=,F81F1.+F/+,+A,+F<7

-

=<,

U

O=VA0=

-

<8

-

80=9,8089LA,+A/81:9F/,

.+F/+F1L89LA0=06>0,=1,F=9 O8<=9=17

-

89F,F/=9/8OOF,OA1,=17F0

08OA,FOA09A

K

=99

U

>F17F1

K

!

;+A/81/<A,A<A

K

69=,F818:

b

8F1,7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81Aa+F>F,0

K

<A=,

L=<FA,

U

=O81

K

D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0!Z1O80,/861,<FA0

"

,+A

-

<8/A76<A0:8<

"!*

X81:9F/,5A0896,F81F1D6<8

-

A

!

Page 128: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/81/F9F=,F81

"

OA7F=,F81=17=<>F,<=,F81=<A<A

K

69=,A7>

U

9=.

"

.+F9AF108OA

/861,<FA0 ,+A

U

=<A 7A,A<OF1A7 =6,818O8609

U

>

U

,<=7A 61F810 =17

AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810,+<86

K

+/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0!

!

9%:0*C

!

+,/'('.'(",/&*/

$

",/(:0*8"&

`

"(,'-(/

$

.'*&*/"0.'(",(,'2*7.&"

$

*%,W,(",

X861,<

U

@F1F0,<

U

8:

N=>86<A,/!

R=,F81=9

=<>F,<=,F81

8::F/A0

R=,F81=9,<F

-

=<,F,A

>87FA0

J6,818O860>87FA0

/<A=,A7>

U

61F810

=17AO

-

98

U

A<0

J60,<F= ` `

\A9

K

F6O `

\69

K

=<F= `

X

U-

<60 `

XBA/+5A

-

6>9F/ `

IA1O=<V ` `

D0,81F= ` `

CF19=17 ` `

C<=1/A ` `

GA<O=1

U

`

G<AA/A ` `

W61

K

=<

U

`

Z<A9=17 `

Z,=9

U

`

NF,+6=1F= `

N=,LF= ` `

@=9,= ` ` `

RA,+A<9=170 ` `

Y89=17 ` `

58O=1F= `

E98LA1F= ` `

E98L=VF= `

E

-

=F1 ` `

E.A7A1 ` `

SH `

E86</A

!

\=0A781DF01A<=17PA9B'%%4

"

-

!")!

#!* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 129: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

J99 D6<8

-

A=1 /861,<FA0 +=LA /<A=,A7 F10,F,6,F810 .+F/+ =<A

<A0

-

810F>9A:8<

b

8F1,7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81

$

;=>9A'

%

kZ108OA/861,<FA0

"

F,F0

,+A0,=,A.+F/+

"

,+<86

K

+,+A@F1F0,<

U

8:N=>86<8<8,+A<OF1F0,<FA0

"

,=VA0

81,+A<89A8:O=F1OA7F=,8<8<=<>F,<=,8<!Z1"&86,8:'&DS OAO>A<

0,=,A0

"

,+A<A =<A F17A

-

A17A1, 1=,F81=9 OA7F=,F81 8< =<>F,<=,F81

F10,F,6,F810! C6<,+A<O8<A

"

F1 08OA /861,<FA0

"

7F0

-

6,A <A0896,F81 F0

8<

K

=1F0A7>

U

AaF0,F1

K

1=,F81=9,<F

-

=<,F,A >87FA0

"

06/+ =008/F=9=17

A/818OF//861/F90!CF1=99

U

"

,+A<A=<A/861,<FA0F1.+F/+,<=7A61F810=17

AO

-

98

U

A<0l =008/F=,F810 A0,=>9F0+ ,+AF< 8.1 =6,818O860 =<>F,<=,F81

>87FA0

"

.+F/+=<A8:,A10A,6

-

819

U

81=1=7+8/>=0F0!

Z1O80,D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0

"

,+A<A=<A9A

K

=9

-

<8LF0F810.+F/+0,F

-

69=,A

08OA:8<O8:OA7F=,F818<=<>F,<=,F81>A:8<A,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA0=<A

=998.A7,8,=VAF1760,<F=9=/,F81! ;+A<A069,08:,+A=<>F,<=,F81

-

<8/A00

606=99

U

A1,=F9=+F

K

+7A

K

<AA8:O8<=9=17

-

89F,F/=9/8OOF,OA1,

,

=<>F,<=,F81

F0/8O

-

6908<

U

F1819

U

=:A. /=0A0! S06=99

U

"

>8,+,<=7A61F810=17

AO

-

98

U

A<0l=008/F=,F810+=LA,87A/F7A=6,818O8609

U

.+A,+A<8<18,,+A

U

=//A

-

,,+A<A069,08:=<>F,<=,F81!

O"]E

!

R&:('&%'(",92**]%#

$

0*/"85*&#%,

6

%,-3T*-*,

M#"5'6

F

!

Z1 GA<O=1

U

"

b

8F1, 7F0

-

6,A <A0896,F81F0 <A

K

69=,A7 =6,818O8609

U

,+<86

K

+/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0>A,.AA1,<=7A61F810=17AO

-

98

U

A<0l

=008/F=,F810! ;+A<A=<A,+<AA7F::A<A1,:8<O08:=<>F,<=,F8176<F1

K

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!

$

"

%

\8,+

-

=<,FA0+=LA,8=

K

<AA81=<>F,<=,F81

$

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1

OA,=9.8<VF1

K

%

$

'

%

Z:81A

-

=<,

U

=0V:8<=<>F,<=,F81

"

,+A8,+A<+=0,8=//A

-

,F,

$

:8<

Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1

-

6>9F/0A<LF/A0

%

$

@,P1,6/R:

%

$!*

X81:9F/,5A0896,F81F1D6<8

-

A

!

Page 130: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

$

3

%

;+A<AF0=6,8O=,F//81/F9F=,F81>A:8<A0,<FVA0

$

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1

/810,<6/,F81

%

e8F1,7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81

-

<8/A76<A0606=99

U -

<8981

K

,+A

-

A=/A

8>9F

K

=,F81

-

A<F87!Z1,+AA17

"

>8,+

-

=<,FA0+=LA,87A/F7A.+A,+A<8<

18,,+A

U

=//A

-

,,+A<A069,08:=<>F,<=,F81!

.N#:#6

!

E.A7A1+=0,.80

U

0,AO08:=<>F,<=,F81

"

.+F/+=<A<A

K

69=,A7AF,+A<>

U

9=.8<>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,! J0:=<=0,+A=<>F,<=,F810

U

0,AO

<A

K

69=,A7 >

U

9=. F0/81/A<1A7

"

= >=<

K

=F1F1

K -

=<,

U

.+F/+

-

9=10

F1760,<F=9=/,F81O60,

K

FLA18,F/A8:06/+=/,F81=,9A=0,0ALA1.8<VF1

K

7=

U

0F1=7L=1/A,8,+AR=,F81=9@A7F=,F81]::F/A

$

R@]

%

k;+AR@]

O=

U

=

--

8F1,OA7F=,8<0ALA1.F,+86,,+A/810A1,8:,+A

-

=<,FA0=17/=1

=0V,+AO,8

-

80,

-

81AF1760,<F=9=/,F81:8<6

-

,8")7=

U

0!

Z1O=1

U

0A/,8<0

"

,+A<A=<A0

-

A/F=9/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,081

b

8F1,

7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81 .+F/+9A=LA86,,+A0

U

0,AO 8:0,=,A OA7F=,F81!

J//8<7F1

K

,8,+A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,F1,+AO=16:=/,6<F1

K

0A/,8<:8<

"**&

"

=991A

K

8,F=,F81081=1A./899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,O60,0,=<,=,,+A

9=,A0,,+<AA O81,+0>A:8<A,+A/6<<A1,=

K

<AAOA1,<61086,!Z:,+A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA0+=LA18,=/+FALA7=1

U

<A069,0=:,A<,.8O81,+0

"

=1

FO

-

=<,F=9/+=F<0+=99F1,A<LA1AF1,+A1A

K

8,F=,F810! ;+A9=,,A</=1=0V

,+A>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

=<,FA0,8

-

80,

-

81AF1760,<F=9=/,F81:8<6

-

,8")7=

U

0!

%

!

L7F37D7G-3G1 :D L.07@16 73 T0-G.7G1

Z1

-

<=/,F/A

"

,+A60A8:0,<FVA0F1 7F::A<A1, D6<8

-

A=10,=,A0Aa+F>F,0

/810F7A<=>9A7F::A<A1/A0!Z1,A<1=,F81=90,=,F0,F/0

-

<8LF7A7>

U

DS5]E;J;

=17,+AZ1,A<1=,F81=9N=>86<]<

K

=1F0=,F81

$

ZN]

%

OA=06<A,+A:<A

h

6A1/

U

8:

0,<FVA0F1,A<O08:,+A=116=916O>A<8:7=

U

018,.8<VA776A,8F1760,<F=9

=/,F81

-

A<"

"

%%%AO

-

98

U

AA0! Z1,+A

-

A<F87"**$('%%&

"

,+A=LA<=

K

A

16O>A<8:7=

U

0980,

-

A<

U

A=<<=1

K

A0:<8O"#&!3F1IA1O=<V,8%!$7=

U

0F1

%!* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 131: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

J60,<F=

$

CF

K

6<A"

%

k;+A/861,<FA0.F,+,+A+F

K

+A0,0,<FVA:<A

h

6A1/FA0/=1

>A:8617F1>8,+18<,+A<1=17086,+A<1D6<8

-

A

"

.+F9AF1XA1,<=9=17

D=0,A<1D6<8

-

A,+A16O>A<8:0,<FVA0F0/8O

-

=<=,FLA9

U

98.!

Z1760,<F=9=/,F81F1L89LA0+=9,F1

K

,+A.8<V

-

<8/A00

"

,+A<A>

U

980F1

K

,FOA:8< O=VF1

K -

<876/,08<

-

<8LF7F1

K

0A<LF/A0! W8.ALA<

"

ALA1F1

/861,<FA0.F,++F

K

+0,<FVA:<A

h

6A1/FA0,+A=/,6=9.8<VF1

K

,FOA980,,+<86

K

+

0,<FVA0F0<A9=,FLA9

U

98.!DLA1F1IA1O=<V

"

,+A/861,<

U

.F,+,+A+F

K

+A0,

0,<FVA:<A

h

6A1/

U

"

=1=LA<=

K

A.8<VA<

K

8A0810,<FVA819

U

:8<%!"47=

U

0

-

A<

U

A=<!J006OF1

K

'3%.8<VF1

K

7=

U

0F1=

U

A=<=17=1AF

K

+, +86<.8<VF1

K

7=

U

"

=I=1F0+AO

-

98

U

AA.8<V0"

"

$)%+86<0=

U

A=<

"

980F1

K

819

U

"+86<"#

OF16,A0:8<0,<FVA=/,F81!Z1GA<O=1

U

"

=116=9=LA<=

K

A.8<VF1

K

,FOA980,

76A,8F1760,<F=9=/,F81F0ALA19A00

"

=,819

U

"*OF16,A0!

S(

?

.&*E

!

+,-./'&(%0%N'(",(,7.&"

$

*

)

EMMH CFFI

$

7=

U

018,.8<VA776A,8F1760,<F=9=/,F81

-

A<"

"

%%%AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

=116=9=LA<=

K

A0

%

R8,A

!

J;^J60,<F=

"

\D^\A9

K

F6O

"

ID^GA<O=1

U

"

IH^IA1O=<V

"

DE^E

-

=F1

"

CZ ^

CF19=17

"

C5^C<=1/A

"

WS^W61

K

=<

U

"

Z5 Z<A9=17

"

Z; Z,=9

U

"

RN^RA,+A<9=170

"

YN

^Y89=17

"

Y;^Y8<,6

K

=9

"

5]^58O=1F=

"

ED^E.A7A1

"

SH^S1F,A7HF1

K

78O!

E86</A

!

D6<80,=,

"

ZN]

"

1=,F81=90,=,F0,F/0!

&!*

X81:9F/,5A0896,F81F1D6<8

-

A

!

Page 132: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

J1F1,A<1=,F81=9/8O

-

=<F0818:0,<FVA:<A

h

6A1/

U

F1D6<8

-

A.F,+,+=,

F1/861,<FA0F18,+A<<A

K

F8108:,+A.8<970+8.0,+=,,+A:<A

h

6A1/

U

8:

0,<FVA0F1D6<8

-

AF0/8O

-

=<=,FLA9

U

+F

K

+

$

CF

K

6<A'

%

kZ1,+A

-

A<F87"**$(

'%%&

"

,+A=LA<=

K

A=116=916O>A<8:.8<VF1

K

7=

U

0980,76A,8F1760,<F=9

=/,F81

-

A<"

"

%%%AO

-

98

U

AA0.=0)#!$F1,+AD6<8

-

A=1S1F81F1/8O

-

=<F081

,83%!3F1,+ASEJ=17819

U

%!4F1e=

-

=1! W8.ALA<

"

F1E86,+H8<A=

"

$*!*.8<VF1

K

7=

U

0.A<A980,F1,+A0=OA

-

A<F87

"

1A=<9

U

,.F/A=0O=1

U

=0

F1,+AD6<8

-

A=1S1F81!

S(

?

.&*C

!

+,-./'&(%0%N'(",(,3".'24"&*%

)

@%

$

%,

)

W3R%,-'2*7.&"

$

*%,W,(",

)

EMMH CFFI

$

7=

U

018,.8<VA776A,8F1760,<F=9=/,F81

-

A<"

"

%%%AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

=116=9=LA<=

K

A0

%

E86</A

!

D6<80,=,=17ZN]!

&

!

+,-. JVK8-736 .,1 X7DD1013. L.07@1

B01[513G716 >1.U113 A:53.0716

,

;+A<A=<A=,9A=0,:86<:=/,8<0 .+F/+ /81,<F>6,A,8,+A<AO=<V=>9A

7F::A<A1/A0F10,<FVA:<A

h

6A1/

U

>A,.AA1/861,<FA0! CF<0,

"

,+A<AF0,+A

7A

K

<AA8:9A

K

=9<A0,<F/,F810810,<FVA0

!

,+A<A9=,FLA9

U

98.0,<FVA:<A

h

6A1/

U

F1GA<O=1

U

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

/=1

-

=<,9

U

>AAa

-

9=F1A7>

U

,+ALA<

U

<A0,<F/,FLA

<A

K

69=,F81081F1760,<F=9=/,F81

"

.+F/+=998.0,<FVA0819

U

76<F1

K

=0

-

A/F:F/

-

A<F87

"

.+A11A./899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=<A>AF1

K

1A

K

8,F=,A7! J0A/817

'!* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 133: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:=/,8<F0,+A1=,6<A8:,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO! S06=99

U

"

O8<A

/A1,<=9F0A7>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO0

"

.F,+/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0=,1=,F81=98<

0A/,8<=99ALA9

"

,A17,8OF1FOF0A,+A

-

8,A1,F=9:8</81:9F/,0F1/8O

-

=<F081,8

0

U

0,AO0>=0A781/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9=

K

<AAOA1,0!

!

J1Aa/A

-

,F81,8,+F0<69AF0

e=

-

=1

"

.+F/+/8O>F1A0/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=,/8O

-

=1

U

9ALA9.F,+=LA<

U

98.0,<FVA:<A

h

6A1/

U

!J,+F<7:=/,8<+=0,878.F,+,<=7A61F810,<6/,6<A!

@=1

U

/861,<FA0+=LA/8O

-

A,F1

K

,<=7A61F818<

K

=1F0=,F810

"

.+F/+AOA<

K

A7

+F0,8<F/=99

U

"

=981

K-

89F,F/=9

"

<A9F

K

F8608<

-

<8:A00F81=99F1A0! GA1A<=99

U

0

-

A=VF1

K

"

=0

U

0,AO8:0,<81

K

"

/8O

-

A,F1

K

61F810,A170,8

-

<876/AO8<A

0,<FVA0,+=1=0

U

0,AOF1.+F/+,+A<AF0819

U

81AO=

b

8<61F818<

K

=1F0=,F81!

;+A<AF0

"

+8.ALA<

"

18/9A=<<A9=,F81>A,.AA1,+A9ALA98:0,<FVA=/,FLF,

U

=17,+A0,<A1

K

,+8<.A=V1A008:,<=7A61F810!J+F

K

+0,<FVA:<A

h

6A1/

U

/=1

>A=1Aa

-

<A00F818:,+A0,<A1

K

,+8:,<=7A61F810l8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9

-

8.A<

,

F,

/=1=908>A=1Aa

-

<A00F818:F,0.A=V1A00

"

F:,+A61F810+=LA188,+A<

8

-

,F810:8<

-

<8O8,F1

K

,+AF<F1,A<A0,0,+=10,<FVA=/,F81!;+AE/=17F1=LF=1

/861,<FA0AaAO

-

9F:

U

,+A:8<OA<=17,+AE86,+ D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0,+A

9=,,A<!

CF1=99

U

"

,+A16O>A<8:0,<FVA0F0=908F1:96A1/A7>

U

,+A

K

A1A<=9

A/818OF/0F,6=,F81! E,<6/,6<=9/+=1

K

A0F1,+AA/818O

U

=008/F=,A7 .F,+

K

98>=9F0=,F81=17+F

K

+61AO

-

98

U

OA1,+=LA0

U

0,AO=,F/=99

U

.A=VA1A7,+A

>=<

K

=F1F1

K-

80F,F818:AO

-

98

U

AA0!;+F0OF

K

+,Aa

-

9=F1,+A:=/,,+=,

"

8LA<

,+A9=0,7A/=7A

"

F1O80,/861,<FA0

"

,+A16O>A<8:0,<FVA0.=00F

K

1F:F/=1,9

U

98.A<,+=1F1

-

<ALF8607A/=7A0!

S.&'2*&1*%-(,

?

IdLA9

"

PFA>VA

"

Z0=>A99AE/+fO=11

"

G<F

K

8<G<=7AL=17E,A:=1 X9=6.=A<,

$

'%%)

%"

)'+,-":0$

;

-/#$#//&#5#6/!U1,5

;

'"'/0E#,E#"E0#N,

?

#P/"'

Z

-:010'&'6:

Z

-:010'&

;

",1#:-"#$06/7# 8-",

;

#'6 960,6

"

.N0/J#"&'6:'6:/7#1,-6/"0#$,

?

.,-/7

8'$/#"68-",

;

#

"

\<600A90

!

D6<8

-

A=1;<=7AS1F81Z10,F,6,A!

(!*

X81:9F/,5A0896,F81F1D6<8

-

A

!

! C8<=7A0/<F

-

,F818:D6<8

-

A=1/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

0

U

0,AO0

"

0AAO

U

/+=

-

,A<81

6

X899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1D6<8

-

A J18LA<LFA.

7

F1,+F0L896OA!

Page 134: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

DF01A<

"

@FVA

"

=17X+<F0,F=1 PA9B

$

'%%4

%"6

X899A/,FLA7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81F1=1

A19=<

K

A7 D6<8

-

A=1 S1F81

7"

D6<8

-

A=1 Z1760,<F=9 5A9=,F810 ]>0A<L=,8<

U

"

DZ5]19F1A

"

@=

U

! JL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!A6<8:8617!A6<8

-

=!A6

#

-

6>78/0

#

'%%4

#

)'

#

A1

#

3

#

A:%4)'A1!

-

7:

ZN]

$

'%%&

%"6

X899A/,FLA7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81,+<86

K

+/81/F9F=,F81

"

OA7F=,F81=17=<>F,<=,F81

!

D6<8

-

A=1=17ZN]

-

A<0

-

A/,FLA0

7"

JL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!F98!8<

K

#

-

6>9F/

#

A1

K

9F0+

#

<A

K

F81

#

A6<

-

<8

#

K

A1AL=

#

78.198=7

#

ALA1,0

#

/

U-

<60'%%&

#

/

U-

<60

3

7F=98

K

6A!

-

7:!

eA0/+VA

"

J1

b

=

$

'%%#

%"

I#" #-",

;

O0$17# ./"#0C! (,6/-"#6 -6:

86/N01C&-6

3

$

;

#"$

;

#C/0E#6#06#$

3

#5#06#-",

;

O0$17#6./"#0C"#17/$

"

\=7A1\=7A1

!

R8O80_A<9=

K

!

_A97A1

"

L=17A<E

b

==V

"

WAF1A<I<F>>60/+=17H6<,_=17=A9A

$

A70

%$

'%%&

%"

./"0C#$

'",-6:/7#N,"&:GHW>[<==\

"

JO0,A<7=O

!

J0V=1,!

P=<1A/V

"

PFA>VA

$

'%%&

%"

./"0C#"-&#$06/7#89 '&'6:+#

F

,6:! U1,5

;

'"'/0E#

,E#"E0#N

"

\<600A90

!

D6<8

-

A=1 ;<=7A S1F81Z10,F,6,A! JL=F9=>9A=,

!

+,,

-

!##

...!A,6/!8<

K

#

Z@G

#

-

7:

3

E,<FVA

3

<69A0

3

F1

3

,+A

3

DS'&!

-

7:!

)"* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 135: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

A%&'+++

+,-./'&(%01*0%'(",/-.&(,

?

7N","#(N!&(/(/

Page 136: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!2(,*/*Z%:".&Z%T(,'2*

50":%0S(,%,N(%0!&(/(/

HF1

K

961R

K

8V

23.0:45G.7:3

EF1/A9=,A'%%$

"

X+F1A0A9=>86<+=0>AA106::A<F1

K

:<8O,+AA::A/,08:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

.+F/++=0F,0<88,0F1,+A06>

-

<FOA/<F0F0F1,+A

SEJ!Z1,+A .=LA8::=/,8<

U

/9806<A0=17<A98/=,F810/=60A7>

U

,+A

:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

O=1

U

.8<VA<0+=LA>AA19=F78::

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

OF

K

<=1,

.8<VA<0:<8OF19=17LF99=

K

A0 .+8+=LA>AA1 .8<VF1

K

F1,+A9=>86<

F1,A10FLA

"

Aa

-

8<,8<FA1,A7F1760,<FA0F1,+A/8=0,=9<A

K

F810!Z18<7A<,8

VAA

-

AaF0,F1

Kb

8>0=17O=F1,=F108/F=90,=>F9F,

U

"

,+AX+F1A0A

K

8LA<1OA1,

+=09=61/+A7 06

--

8<,

-

<8

K

<=OOA0 ,8 +A9

-

A1,A<

-

<F0A0 .A=,+A< ,+A

A/818OF/78.1,6<1!]1A8:,+A/81/A<10F0.+A,+A<,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:

9=>86<9=.0 A0

-

A/F=99

U

,+A1A.9

U

A1=/,A7N=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0 .F99

>A<A9=aA7=17.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0=17F1,A<A0,0>A/8O

-

<8OF0A7! J9,+86

K

+

187F<A/,=/,F81+=0

U

A,>AA1,=VA1,8/+=1

K

A9=>86<9=.

-

<8LF0F810

"

,+A<A

=<A1ALA<,+A9A00O=1

U

0F

K

10,+=,,+A=6,+8<F,FA0=<A18..F99F1

K

,8,6<1=

>9F17A

U

A,8<86,F1ALF89=,F8108:9=>86<9=.0=17 8,+A<<A

K

69=,F810

7A0F

K

1A7,8

-

<8,A/,.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,0!

;+F0/+=

-

,A<Aa=OF1A0,+AFO

-

=/,8:,+A/6<<A1,

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

81X+F1A0A9=>86<=17,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:9=>86<9=.0!Z,/810F0,08:

Page 137: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:86<0A/,F810!Z1EA/,F81"

"

,+AO=F1A::A/,08:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

81X+F1A0A.8<VA<0.F99>AF7A1,F:FA7!Z1EA/,F81'

"

=><FA:F1,<876/,F81,8

,+AA00A1,F=908:X+F1A0A9=>86<9=.F0

-

<8LF7A7!EA/,F813+F

K

+9F

K

+,0,+A

:=,A8:,+A1A.9

U

FO

-

9AOA1,A7N=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0F1,+A:=/A8:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0!EA/,F81)/810,F,6,A0,+A/8<A8:,+A/+=

-

,A<=17

Aa=OF1A0,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,l0=,,F,67A,89=>86<9=.FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81! ;+A

/+=

-

,A</980A0.F,+=><FA:/81/960F81! ;+AO=F1=<

K

6OA1,F0,+=,

"

F1

<A0

-

810A,8,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

,+A,A17A1/

U

8:,+A X+F1A0A

K

8LA<1OA1,F0,8,=VA=:9AaF>9A=,,F,67A,89=>86<9=.0! ;+A.8<<

U

F0

,+=,

"

=9,+86

K

+<A,=F1F1

Kb

8>0F0=L=9F7/81/A<1 76<F1

K

=1A/818OF/

78.1,6<1

"

-

6,,F1

K

A/818OF/

K

<8.,+=+A=78:,+A<69A8:9=.O=

U

18,819

U

A<87A9=>86<<F

K

+,0=17F1,A<A0,0

"

>6,=908<F0V/<A=,F1

K

ALA1

K

<A=,A<08/F=9

61<A0,!

!

!

2CK-G. :D .,1 Y8:>-8 B73-3G7-8 A07676

:3 A,73161 =->:50

;+AA::A/,08:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0+=LA>AA10

-

<A=7F1

K

=998LA<,+A

.8<97!X8O

-

=<A7.F,+,+ASEJ=178,+A<7ALA98

-

A7/=

-

F,=9F0,A/818OFA0

"

+8.ALA<

"

X+F1=0AAO018,,8+=LA>AA1+F,08+A=LF9

U

>

U

,+A:F1=1/F=9

,061=OF76A,8F,0

-

F9A08:/=0+

"

+6

K

A78OA0,F/O=<VA,=17<A9=,FLA9

U

/980A7:F1=1/F=90

U

0,AO!

RALA<,+A9A00

"

>A/=60A8:F,0+F

K

+7A

-

A17A1/A81Aa

-

8<,O=<VA,0=17

:8<AF

K

1,<=7A

"

X+F1=F018,FOO61A,8,+A

K

98>=9A/818OF/LF<609A,9880A

>

U

,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0! D/818OF/098.78.1F0ALF7A1,F1X+F1=

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

F1,+A/8=0,=9<A

K

F810

"

06/+ =0,+A YA=<9 5FLA< IA9,=F1

G6=1

K

781

K

"

X+F1=l0O=16:=/,6<F1

K

=17Aa

-

8<,/A1,<A! J//8<7F1

K

,8=

<A

-

8<,F006A7>

U

,+AGA1A<=9J7OF1F0,<=,F818:X60,8O0F1]/,8>A<'%%$

"

3

"

43",8

U

Aa

-

8<,A<0 =>86,+=9:8:,+AF1760,<

U

l0>60F1A00A0 0+6,78.1F1

'%%$

!

k]::F/F=90,=,F0,F/0<A9A=0A7>

U

G6=1

K

781

K-

<8LF1/A0+8.A7,+=,"#

"

#"* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! +,,

-

!##

...!/+F1=7=F9

U

!/8O!/1

#

>FB/+F1=

#

'%%$("%

#

''

#

/81,A1,

3

&"3%&**!+,O!

Page 138: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

44"A1,A<

-

<F0A0.A<A/980A7F1,+A:F<0,"%O81,+08:'%%$

"

=17F1]/,8>A<

=981A

"

$

"

#%%:F<O00+6,6

-

0+8

-

! Y<8LF1/F=98::F/F=90F1 G6=1

K

781

K

=7OF,,A7,+=,,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0+=0><86

K

+,G6=1

K

781

K

F,0O80,

7F::F/69,

U

A=<

$

'%%$

%

0F1/A,+A"**$J0F=1:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0! @=

b

8<A/818OF/

F17F/=,8<0F1G6=1

K

781

K

F1/967F1

K

GIY

"

FO

-

8<,0=17Aa

-

8<,0 :A99>=/V

F1'%%$!N8/=9:F0/=9<ALA16A7A/9F1A7>

U

*

-

A</A1,=

K

A

-

8F1,0:<8O'%%&!

I6A,8,+A096O

-

F1Aa

-

8<,O=<VA,0=17:=/,8<

U

/9806<A0

"

OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0

AO

-

98

U

A7O=F19

U

F1O=16:=/,6<F1

K

=<A=O81

K

,+A:F<0,,8>A=<,+A><61,

8:,+A :F1=1/F=9 /<F0F0! @8<A ,+=1 ")3

"

%%% OF

K

<=1, .8<VA<0 9A:,

G6=1

K

781

K

F1,+A:F<0,+=9:8:'%%$ >

U

,+AA178:]/,8>A<'%%$

"

,+A

16O>A< +=7 <A=/+A7 #%%

"

%%%! ;+A

-

<8LF1/F=90,=,F0,F/0 >6<A=6 +=0

A0,FO=,A7,+=,=,8,=98:4%%

"

%%%OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0O=

U

+=LA9A:,G6=1

K

781

K

F1'%%$

!

k

Z108OA/F,FA0

"

06/+=0I81

KK

6=1F1,+AYA=<95FLA<IA9,=

"

O=1

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0 .+80A >60F1A00A0 +=LA:=F9A7 +=LA:9A7 ,8 =L8F7

-

=

U

F1

K

/8O

-

A10=,F81,8,+AF<AO

-

98

U

AA0! P8<VA<0=::A/,A7>

U

.=

K

A=<<A=<0.A1,

81,8,+A0,<AA,0=17 ALA1 >98/V=7A7

K

8LA<1OA1,8::F/A0! Z,F0 18,

61/8OO81:8<9=>86<7F0

-

6,A0,87ALA98

-

F1,8O=00F1/F7A1,0!Z1]/,8>A<

'%%$

"

,+860=1708:.8<VA<0=,=,8

U

:=/,8<

U

F1I81

KK

6=18//6

-

FA7,+A

:=/,8<

U

=1706<<8617F1

K

0,<AA,0F1

-

<8,A0,=

K

=F10,181

-

=

U

OA1,8:.=

K

A0

"

.+F/+:8</A7,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,,8=

K

<AA,8O=VA

K

887,+A=<<A=<0!N=,A<

"

#%% .8<VA<0=,=18,+A<,8

U

:=/,8<

U

<F8,A7 =

K

=F10, 7F0O=90ALA<=1/A

-

=

U

OA1,0O=7A,8.8<VA<0>AF1

K

O=7A<A7617=1,!

J0=<A069,8:,+A:=/,8<

U

/9806<A0

"

O8<A=17O8<A.8<VA<0 A0

-

A/F=99

U

OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0 +=LA>A/8OA

b

8>9A00! ;+A8::F/F=96<>=1<A

K

F0,A<A7

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,<=,AO=

U

<A=/+)!4

-

A</A1,>

U

,+AA178:'%%*

"

,+A+F

K

+A0,

0F1/A,+AA=<9

U

"*$%0

$

[A

-

"

'%%*

%

kJ//8<7F1

K

,8=1A0,FO=,AF1=<A0A=</+

<A

-

8<,F006A7>

U

,+AX+F1A0AJ/=7AO

U

8:E8/F=9E/FA1/A0 =,8

-

,+F1V,=1V

F1X+F1=F1IA/AO>A<'%%$

"

,+A6<>=161AO

-

98

U

OA1,<=,A.=0=9<A=7

U

*!)

-

A</A1,

$

786>9A,+A8::F/F=9:F

K

6<A

%

F19=,A'%%$=17/8697<F0A,8""

-

A<

$"*

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0

!

! +,,

-

!##

...!/+F1=7=F9

U

!/8O!/1

#

/+F1=

#

'%%*(%"

#

%$

#

/81,A1,

3

&3&*$34!+,O!

Page 139: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/A1,F1'%%*

!

k@8<A8LA<

"

,+A61AO

-

98

U

OA1,:F

K

6<A07818,,=VAF1,8

=//861,,+80A OF

K

<=1,0 .+8+=LA<A,6<1A7,8,+AF<+8OA,8.10=17

LF99=

K

A0=17=<A18,<A

K

F0,A<A7=061AO

-

98

U

A7!J//8<7F1

K

,8=:F

K

6<A>=0A7

81=9=<

K

A0/=9A06<LA

U

>

U

,+A@F1F0,<

U

8:J

K

<F/69,6<AF1A=<9

U

'%%*=O81

K

,+A"3%OF99F81OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0

"

=>86,"#!3

-

A</A1,+=7980,,+AF<

b

8>0F1

/F,FA0=17<A,6<1A7,8,+AF<+8OA,8.1 ,+=,F0,80=

U

"

=>86,'%OF99F81

OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0.A<A9=F78::F1X+F1=

"

kE6/+=9=<

K

A16O>A<8:

b

8>9A00

OF

K

<=1,0/9A=<9

U

<A

-

<A0A1,=,+<A=,,808/F=90,=>F9F,

U

!J0

6

I8/6OA1,R8!

"

7"

81

6

\880,F1

K

,+AE,=>9AIALA98

-

OA1,8:J

K

<F/69,6<A=17@=VF1

K

E6<A

YA=0=1,0lZ1/8OA0Z1/<A=0A

7"

F006A7>

U

,+AXYXXA1,<=9X8OOF,,AA=17

,+AE,=,AX861/F9F1'%%*

"

F17F/=,A0

"

F,.F99>A=LA<

U

,86

K

+

U

A=<:8<

OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0,8O=F1,=F1,+AF<F1/8OA

#

k

J0,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0/81,F16A0

"

'%%* .F99.F,1A00 O8<A

/81:9F/,0=17/9=0+A0

"

.+F/+.F99:6<,+A<,A0,,+A/=

-

=/F,FA08:

K

8LA<1OA1,0

=,=999ALA90!;+AX+F1A0A

K

8LA<1OA1,:=/A0=,<=7A8::>A,.AA1A/818OF/

K

<8.,+=17

-

<8,A/,F818:9=>86<<F

K

+,0!Z,F0ALF7A1,,+=,,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

<A

K

=<70A/818OF/0,=>F9F0=,F81=0=O8<A<A9F=>9A8

-

,F81:8<08/F=90,=>F9F,

U

!

J/+FALF1

K

$

-

A</A1,GIY

K

<8.,++=0>AA1=11861/A7=0,+A,8

--

<F8<F,

U

81,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,=

K

A17=:8<'%%*!J),<F99F81

U

6=1

$

o#$4>F99F81

%

-

9=1

+=0>AA19=61/+A7,8>880,,+A1=,F81=9A/818O

U

!@8<A

-

6>9F/Aa

-

A17F,6<A

+=0>AA1F1LA0,A7F10A/,8<07F<A/,9

U

<A9=,A7,8

-

A8

-

9Al09FLA9F+8870!C8<

Aa=O

-

9A

"

0

-

A17F1

K

8108/F=90A/6<F,

U

.F99>AF1/<A=0A7>

U

"$

-

A</A1,F1

'%%*=17=18,+A<$#%>F99F81

U

6=1.F99>A=998/=,A7:8<OA7F/=9=17+A=9,+

/=<A<A:8<O08LA<,+A1Aa,,+<AA

U

A=<0

$

'%%*('%""

%$

PA1

"

'%%*

%

k

"

!

J6613.7-86 :D A,73161 =->:50 =-U

EF1/A,+A9=61/+8:O=<VA,8<FA1,A7A/818OF/<A:8<O0=17,+A,<=10F,F81

%"* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

!

"

#

1A.0aF1+6=1A,!/8O

#

-

89F,F/0

#

'%%$("'

#

"4

#

/81,A1,

3

"%#%**4*!+,O!

+,,

-

!##

/1!<A6,A<0!/8O

#

=<,F/9A

#

F7XRX+F1=3$&*#'%%*%3%4!

+,,

-

!##

...!/+F1=!/8O!/1

#

A/818OF/

#

187A

3

&%4%4&'!+,O!

Page 140: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:<8O,+A

-

9=11A7A/818O

U

F1,+A9=,A"*&%0

"

X+F1=l09=>86<<A

K

FOA+=0

>AA1 617A<

K

8F1

K

7<=O=,F/ /+=1

K

A0! ;+A <A

-

9=/AOA1, 8: 9F:A981

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1, >

U

/81,<=/,>=0A7 AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

F1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

O=<V0 =

-

=<=7F

K

O0+F:,F1X+F1=l09=>86<

-

89F/

U

$

R

K

8V

"

'%%&

%

kX8<<A0

-

817F1

K

9

U

"

X+F1=l0 9=>86< <A9=,F810 =17 ,+A 9=>86< 9=. <A

K

FOA +=LA >AA1

<A/81:F

K

6<A7! J9,+86

K

+,+A0,=,A0,F9978OF1=,A0,+A O=VF1

K

8:9=>86<

-

89F/

U

"

F,+=0<A76/A7F,0=7OF1F0,<=,FLAF1,A<LA1,F81F19=>86<<A9=,F810

=17+=0/8OA,8<A9

U

81,+A9=.,8<A

K

69=,A9=>86<<A9=,F810!J0=<A069,

"

O8<A=17 O8<A9=>86<

-

89F/FA0+=LA>AA1/87F:FA7F1,89=.! PF,+,+A

A1=/,OA1,8:,+AN=>86<X87A8:,+AYA8

-

9Al05A

-

6>9F/8:X+F1=

$

Y5X

%

F1

"**)

"

X+F1=l09A

K

=99=>86<:<=OA.8<V+=0>A

K

61,87ALA98

-

! ;+A

U

A=<

'%%&.=08:

-

=<,F/69=<FO

-

8<,=1/A

"

.+A1,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

$

'%%&

%"

,+AN=.81DO

-

98

U

OA1,Y<8O8,F81

$

'%%&

%

=17,+AN=.81,+A

@A7F=,F81=17J<>F,<=,F818:N=>86<IF0

-

6,A0

$

'%%&

%

.A<A

-

<8O69

K

=,A7!

J<A9=,FLA9

U

<8>60,9=>86<9=.<A

K

FOA+=018.>AA1A0,=>9F0+A7F1X+F1=!

;+A>=0F/:<=OA.8<V8:X+F1A0A9=>86<9=.

$

F17A0/A17F1

K

8<7A<8:

=6,+8<F,

U

%

/810F0,08:

!$

"

%

,+AX810,F,6,F818:,+AY5X

$

9=>86<<A9=,A7

=<,F/9A0

%,$

'

%

1=,F81=99=>86<9=.0A1=/,A7>

U

,+A R=,F81=9YA8

-

9Al0

X81

K

<A00

$

RYX

%

=17

#

8<F,0E,=17F1

K

X8OOF,,AA

,$

3

%

=7OF1F0,<=,FLA

9=>86<<A

K

69=,F810A1=/,A7>

U

,+AE,=,AX861/F9

,$

)

%

98/=99=>86<7A/<AA0

-

<8O69

K

=,A7>

U

N8/=9YA8

-

9Al0X81

K

<A00A0

,

=17

$

#

%

=7OF1F0,<=,FLA=17

98/=99=>86<<69A0F006A7>

U

=1=7OF1F0,<=,FLA=

K

A1/

U

617A<,+AE,=,A

X861/F98<>

U

98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,!

X+F1=l0N=>86<X87A/8LA<006/+O=,,A<0=0.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0

"

9=>86<

/81,<=/,0

"

/899A/,FLA/81,<=/,0

"

+F<F1

K

=17:F<F1

K

"

.=

K

A0=170=9=<FA0

"

.8<VF1

K

+86<0=178LA<,FOA

"

<A0,=17L=/=,F810

"

,+A0A,,9AOA1,8:9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0

"

,+A<89A8:,<=7A61F810

"

9=>86<=7OF1F0,<=,F81

"

=1708/F=9

F106<=1/A

-

<8

K

<=OOA0:8<AO

-

98

U

AA0! ;+AX87A=9089=

U

078.19=>86<

0,=17=<70F1X+F1=

"

F1/967F1

K

,+AAF

K

+,+86<.8<VF1

K

7=

U

=17))+86<

.8<VF1

K

.AAV

$

0+8<,A1A7,8)% +86<0F1 @=</+"**# >

U

,+A E,=,A

X861/F9

%"

9FOF,0818LA<,FOA

"

8//6

-

=,F81=90=:A,

U

=17.8<V

-

9=/A+

UK

FA1A!

J9,+86

K

+,+A N=>86< X87A 8:"**) A0,=>9F0+A7,+A >=0F/9A

K

=9

&"*

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0

!

Page 141: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:<=OA.8<V:8<X+F1=l09=>86<<A

K

FOAF1,+AA<=8:O=<VA,,<=10F,F81

"

,+A

,+<AAVA

U-

F99=<08:,+A

-

80,@=89=>86<<A

K

FOA ,+=,F0

"

,+A9=>86</81,<=/,

0

U

0,AO

"

,+A/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

U

0,AO=17,+A9=>86<7F0

-

6,A<A0896,F81

0

U

0,AO =<A1AF,+A<<A=7F9

U

A1:8</A=>9A18<:699

U

FO

-

9AOA1,A7! @8<A

FO

-

8<,=1,9

U

"

OF

K

<=1, .8<VA<0 ,+A1A. .8<VF1

K

/9=00AOA<

K

F1

K

:<8O

X+F1=l0,<=10F,F81:<8O=

-

9=11A7A/818O

U

,8O=<VA,A/818O

U

+=LA18,

<A/AFLA7A186

K

+

-

<8,A/,F81617A<,+A/6<<A1,9=>86<<A

K

FOA!Z1LFA.8:

,+A0A

-

<8>9AO0

"

:6<,+A<A::8<,0+=LA>AA1 O=7A0F1/A'%%3,80,=>F9F0A

9=>86<<A9=,F810=17FO

-

<8LA.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810!Z19F1A.F,+,+F0

"

,+A

N=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0.=07<=:,A7F1'%%&

$

R

K

8V

"

'%%$

%

k

;+AN=. 81 N=>86< X81,<=/,0F0Aa

-

A/,A7,8

-

<8,A/, .8<VA<0l

F1,A<A0,0=17<F

K

+,0 O8<AA::A/,FLA9

U

=17,8<A

K

69=,A9=>86<<A9=,F810!

X8O

-

=<A7.F,+,+AN=>86<X87A

"

,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0F0O8<A

0

-

A/F:F/=178

-

A<=,F81=9F1,A<O08:F,0

-

<8LF0F810!DO

-

98

U

A<0.+8LF89=,A

,+AN=.=<A06>

b

A/,,80,<F1

K

A1,

-

A1=9,FA0! ]::F/F=90F1/+=<

K

A8:9=>86<

-

89F/FA0=179=.0=17,+AF<A1:8</AOA1,=<A617A<

K

<A=,A<

-

<A006<A,8

-

A<:8<O,+AF<76,FA0617A<,+AN=.! @A=1.+F9A

"

,<=7A61F810=<A=998.A7

,8

-

9=

U

=9=<

K

A<<89AF1

-

<8,A/,F1

K

.8<VA<0! E

-

A/F:F/=99

U

"

,+AN=. 81

N=>86<X81,<=/,0F0F1,A17A7,8A0,=>9F0+086170,=17=<70:8<9=>86<

/81,<=/,0

"

,+A60A8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0=170ALA<=1/A

-

=

U

!Z,O=VA0

O=17=,8<

U

,+A60A8:.<F,,A1/81,<=/,0=170,<81

K

9

U

7F0/86<=

K

A00+8<,

:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0>

U

<A

h

6F<F1

K

AO

-

98

U

A<0,8F006A181:FaA7/81,<=/,0,8

.8<VA<0.+8+=LA=9<A=7

U

/8O

-

9A,A7,.8:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0:8<,+AO!

EALA<=1/A

-

=

U

0+8697>A

K

FLA1,8=.8<VA<.+A1=:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,

Aa

-

F<A0=17,+A.8<VA<F0.F99F1

K

,8<A1A.,+A/81,<=/,!

Z18<7A<,8=00A00.+A,+A</+=1

K

A0+=LA>AA1O=7A,89=>86<9=.0F1

X+F1=F1<A0

-

810A,8,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF/=17:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

,+A9A

K

=9

-

<8LF0F810819=>86</81,<=/,0=177F0OF00=9.F99>AAa=OF1A7F108OA

7A,=F9+A<A! J//8<7F1

K

,8,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

"

=.8<VA<O60,

0F

K

1=1F17FLF76=9.<F,,A19=>86</81,<=/,.F,++F08<+A<AO

-

98

U

A<

"

=17

06/+/81,<=/,0O60,/81,=F1,+A:8998.F1

K

/9=60A0

!$

F

%

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<l0

1=OA

"

<A0F7A1/A

"

9A

K

=9<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA8<O=

b

8<

-

<F1/F

-

=9

,$

FF

%

,+A.8<VA<l0

'"* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 142: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

1=OA

"

<A0F7A1/A

"

F7A1,F,

U

/=<716O>A<8<16O>A<8:=1

U

8,+A<L=9F7

F7A1,F,

U

/A<,F:F/=,A

,$

FFF

%

,+A76<=,F818:,+A9=>86</81,<=/,

,$

FL

%

-

9=/A

=171=,6<A 8: .8<V

, $

L

%

.8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

<A0,=17 L=/=,F81

, $

LF

%

<AO61A<=,F81

,$

LFF

%

08/F=90A/6<F,

U

,$

LFFF

%

9=>86<

-

<8,A/,F81

"

.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810=17

-

<8,A/,F81=

K

=F10,=17

-

<ALA1,F818:8//6

-

=,F81=9F1

b

6<

U

,

=17

$

Fa

%

8,+A<O=,,A<0,+=,0+=99>AF1/8<

-

8<=,A7F1,+A9=>86</81,<=/,

=//8<7F1

K

,8<A9AL=1,9=.08<<A

K

69=,F810!

J//8<7F1

K

,8J<,F/9A3*8:,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

"

=.8<VA<

O=

U

>A7F0OF00A7F:+A8<0+A

$

F

%

78A018,0=,F0:

U

,+A<A/<6F,OA1,

<A

h

6F<AOA1,076<F1

K

,+A

-

<8>=,F81

-

A<F87

,$

FF

%

F0F10A<F860LF89=,F818:,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<l0<69A0

,$

FFF

%

/=60A00ALA<A7=O=

K

A,8,+AAO

-

98

U

A<76A,8

0A<F8607A<A9F/,F818:76,

U

8<F1

-

6<06F,8:

-

<FL=,A

K

=F1

,$

FL

%

A0,=>9F0+A0=

9=>86<<A9=,F810+F

-

.F,+8,+A<AO

-

98

U

A<0=,,+A0=OA,FOA.+F/+ O=

U

0F

K

1F:F/=1,9

U

F1:96A1/A+F08<+A<.8<V=,,+F0A0,=>9F0+OA1,8<<A:60A0,8

,A<OF1=,A+F08<+A<9=>86<<A9=,F81.F,+8,+A<AO

-

98

U

A<0ALA1,+86

K

+,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<+=0

-

8F1,A7F,86,

,

8<

$

L

%

F006>

b

A/,,8/<FOF1=9

-

<80A/6,F81!

5A

K

=<7F1

K

/899A/,FLA<A7617=1/FA0

"

J<,F/9A)"8:,+A N=. 81 N=>86<

X81,<=/,00,F

-

69=,A0,+=,

"

F1/=0A8:7F::F/69,FA0F1

-

<876/,F81=17>60F1A00

8

-

A<=,F810

"

F:,+AAO

-

98

U

A<1AA70,89=

U

8::O8<A,+=1'%.8<VA<08<

"

F:

,+A<A

h

6F<A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A76/,F81F1L89LA0:A.A<,+=1'% .8<VA<0

"

F,

=//861,0:8<"%

-

A</A1,8<O8<A8:,+A,8,=9.8<V:8</A

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0+=99

F1:8<O,+A,<=7A61F818<,+A.8<V:8</A=0=.+89A3%7=

U

0>A:8<A+=17!

J:,A<F,+=0089F/F,A7,+A8

-

F1F8108:,+A9=>86<61F818<,+A.8<VA<0

"

F,

O=

U

F10,F,6,A,+A<A7617=1/FA0=:,A<F1:8<OF1

K

,+A9=>86<=7OF1F0,<=,F81!

;806OO=<F0A

"

/6<<A1,X+F1A0A9=>86<9A

K

F09=,F81/8O

-

<F0A0

!$

F

%

,+A

9=>86</81,<=/,0

U

0,AO

$

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810O60,>A>=0A781=.<F,,A1

9=>86</81,<=/,

%,$

FF

%

,+A/899A/,FLA1A

K

8,F=,F81=17/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,

0

U

0,AO

$

+F

K

+9F

K

+,F1

K

,+A<89A8:,+A,<=7A61F810

%,$

FFF

%

,+AOF1FO6O

.=

K

A0

U

0,AO

$

7A,A<OF1A7>

U-

<8LF1/F=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0

%,$

FL

%

,+A9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A <A0896,F81 0

U

0,AO

$

F1/967F1

K

OA7F=,F81

"

=<>F,<=,F81 =17

9F,F

K

=,F81

%,$

L

%

,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,>=0A708/F=9F106<=1/A0

U

0,AO

$

F1/967F1

K

-

A10F81

"

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

+A=9,+/=<A

"

O=,A<1F,

U

=17=//F7A1,F106<=1/A

%,

("*

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0

!

Page 143: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

$

LF

%

9FOF,081.8<VF1

K

+86<0

$

$+86<0

-

A<7=

U

"

)%+86<0

-

A<.AAV

%,

=17

$

LFF

%

=,<F

-

=<,F,A0,<6/,6<A8:9=>86<<A9=,F810

$

F1/967F1

K

AO

-

98

U

A<0l

=008/F=,F810

"

,<=7A61F810=17

K

8LA<1OA1,

%

k

#

!

=-U :3 =->:50 A:3.0-G.6 53410 O1-HQ L71F1

;+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

"

,+A/81,<8LA<0F=99=>86<9=.F1X+F1=l0

O=<VA,,<=10F,F81

"

.=0A1=/,A7F1'%%&=17A1,A<A7F1,8:8</A81"e=16=<

U

'%%$!;+A<A.A<A+A=,A77A>=,A076<F1

K

,+A7<=:,F1

K-

<8/A00!EF1/AO=1

U

.8<VA<09=/V.<F,,A1/81,<=/,0

"

7818,<A/AFLA,+AF<.=

K

A081,FOA=17=<A

61:=F<9

U

,<=

--

A7F10+8<,,A<O/81,<=/,0

"

,+AX+F1A0A

K

8LA<1OA1,.=1,A7

,+A N=. 81 N=>86< X81,<=/,0,8

-

<8LF7A O8<A

-

<8,A/,F81

"

,+A<A>

U

><F1

K

F1

K

O8<A

-

A=/A=178<7A<,8,+A .8<V

-

9=/A! W8.ALA<

"

>60F1A00

F1,A<A0,0.A<A.8<<FA7,+=,,+AN=. .8697

6

8LA<

-

<8,A/,

7

.8<VA<0=17

O=VA9=

U

8::0O8<A/8O

-

9Aa=17Aa

-

A10FLA!EF1/A,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:

,+AN=.:<8O,+A>A

K

F11F1

K

8:'%%$

"

>60F1A00

K

<86

-

0+=LA,<FA7,8.=,A<

78.1 ,+F0 O6/+1AA7A7 AO

-

98

U

OA1,

-

<8,A/,F81

"

7A/9=<F1

K

,+=, ,+A

FO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:,+AN=. 81N=>86<X81,<=/,0+=0+=<OA7 .8<VA<0l

F1,A<A0,0!;+AF<L8F/A0+=LA>AA1A/+8A7>

U

08OAA/818OF0,0=17

b

6<F0,0!

S17A<,+AFO

-

=/,8:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

08OA9A=7F1

K

X+F1A0A

A/818OF0,0+=LA

-

<8

-

80A7060

-

A17F1

K

FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81 8:,+A N=. 81

N=>86<X81,<=/,081,+A

K

<86170,+=,F,.F99Aa=/A<>=,A61AO

-

98

U

OA1,

=177=O=

K

A,+AF1,A<A0,08:,+A.8<VA<0! ]1A7FA+=<78

--

81A1,8:,+A

N=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0F0Y<8:A008<E,A

-

+A1X+A61

K

"

=W81

K

H81

K

>=0A7A/818OF0,! WA+=0.<F,,A1O=1

U

=<,F/9A0=

K

=F10,,+AN=.=17+=0

=00A<,A7,+=,F,0

-

<8O69

K

=,F81.=0,+A>F

KK

A0,OF0,=VAO=7A>

U-

80,@=8

X+F1A0A9A=7A<0,87=,A

!

kJ18,+A<86,0

-

8VA18

--

81A1,F0Y<8:A008<Q+=1

K

PAF

U

F1

K

8:YAVF1

K

S1FLA<0F,

U

!Z1=0

-

AA/+=,,+AC8<6O 8:X+F1A0A

D1,<A

-

<A1A6<081$CA><6=<

U

'%%*

"

Q+=1

K-

<8/9=FOA7,+=,,+AN=.81

N=>86< X81,<=/,0 .=0 7A,<FOA1,=9,8 .8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,0 >A/=60AF,

)#* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! +,,

-

!##

>98

K

!0F1=!/8O!/1

#

B+=1

K

.6/+=1

K

!

Page 144: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F1/<A=0A7A1,A<

-

<F0A/80,0

"

9A=7F1

K

,861AO

-

98

U

OA1,! WA=7L8/=,A7,+A

FOOA7F=,A=177A/F0FLA060

-

A10F818:,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

!

k;+A

.A99V18.19=>86<A/818OF0,P=1

K

[F

b

F=1

K

8:X+=1

Kb

F=1

K

\60F1A00E/+889

=908/=99A7:8<A1,A<

-

<F0A0 A0

-

A/F=99

U

0O=99=17OA7F6O0FBA7A1,A<

-

<F0A0

$

E@D0

%

,8>A<A9A=0A7:<8O,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

"

0F1/AF,F0

9FVA9

U

,8FO

-

80AAa/A00FLA<A0,<F/,F81081,+AF<8

-

A<=,F810

$

P=1

K

"

'%%$

%

k

Z1 E+=1

K

+=F

"

NF6 eF

"

+818<=<

U -

<A0F7A1, 8: E+=1

K

+=F Q+81

K

86

Z1,A<1=,F81=9\60F1A00E/+889

"

.A1,81A0,A

-

:6<,+A<=17=<

K

6A7,+=,,+A

O=F1<A=081:8<,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF/78.1,6<1F1X+F1=.=018,,+A

:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

>6,,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0!WA/=99A7:8<,+A<=

-

F7

<ALF0F818:,+A N=. 8,+A<.F0A

"

X+F1=l0A/818OF/

K

<8.,+ .8697 >A

+F17A<A7

"

k

X<F,F/F0O08:,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0+=LA=908>AA1O=7A>

U

98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0!Z1G6=1

K

781

K

"

=7A

-

6,

U

O=

U

8<F1I81

KK

6=1/F,

U

"

,+A

O=16:=/,6<F1

K

+6>F1,+A YA=<95FLA< IA9,=

"

-

6>9F/9

U

/=99A7:8<,+A

060

-

A10F818:,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0!Z1CA><6=<

U

'%%*

"

=,,+A

=116=90A00F818:,+AY<8LF1/F=9YA8

-

9Al0X81

K

<A00

"

=16O>A<8:7A

-

6,FA0

=908/=99A7:8<060

-

A10F81!DLA108OA8::F/F=90F1W81

K

H81

K

+=LA

b

8F1A7

,+A/+8<608:L8F/A0!;+AX+FA:DaA/6,FLA8:W81

K

H81

K

"

I81=97;0=1

K

"

0=F7

-

6>9F/9

U

,+=,

6

W81

K

H81

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A0.8<<

U

,+=,

"

F1/8O

-

9

U

F1

K

.F,+

,+AN=. 81 N=>86<X81,<=/,0

"

9=>86</80,0 .F9906<

K

A

"

:9AaF>F9F,

U

F1

O=1=

K

F1

K

+6O=1<A086</A0.F99>A617A<OF1A7=179=>86<7F0

-

6,A0.F99

=<F0A

7

kWA+8

-

A7,+=,,+A O=F19=17=6,+8<F,FA0/8697F1,<876/A<A9FA:

OA=06<A0,8=77<A00,+AF006A

#

k

X8O

-

=<A7.F,+,+A0,<81

K

8

--

80F,F81:<8O,+A>60F1A000A/,8<=17

=/=7AOF/A/818OF0,0

"

,+A

-

<8

-

81A1,08:,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

0AAO .A=VA<! J9,+86

K

+ ,+A /81,<8LA<0

U

>A,.AA1 8

--

81A1,0 =17

-

<8

-

81A1,0+=0<=

K

A70F1/A

-

<8O69

K

=,F818:,+AN=.

"

F,08

--

81A1,0=<A

*#*

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0

!

!

"

#

+,,

-

!##

>60F1A00!08+6!/8O

#

'%%*%'%$

#

1'4'"")**#!0+,O9!

+,,

-

!##

:F1=1/A!0F1=!/8O!/1

#

+

U

#

'%%*%"""

#

"#'&#&)##4"!0+,O9!

0AA+,,

-

!##

...!F+98!8<

K

#

WH@

#

'&""%$!+,O9!

Page 145: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

O8<A

-

<8OF1A1,F1,+AO=00OA7F=!Z,0AAO0,+=,:A.

-

6>9F/:F

K

6<A0

"

9A

K

=9

Aa

-

A<,0

"

9A

K

F09=,8<0=17

K

8LA<1OA1,8::F/F=90=<A.F99F1

K

,80,=176

-

=17

0

-

A=VF1:=L86<8:,+AN=.!;+AX+F1A0A9A

K

F09=,6<AF0617A</810F7A<=>9A

-

<A006<A,8=OA17,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0!

C8<,61=,A9

U

"

,+AR=,F81=9YA8

-

9Al0X81

K

<A00

"

X+F1=l09A

K

F09=,6<A

"

+=0

Aa

-

<A00A7F,0=,,F,67A:F<O9

U

=17

-

6>9F/9

U

! J,,+A=116=90A00F818:,+A

RYXF1 @=</+'%%*

"

F1X+61

U

F1

K

"

7A

-

6,

U

7F<A/,8<8:,+ANA

K

F09=,FLA

J::=F<0X8OOF00F818:,+ARYXE,=17F1

K

X8OOF,,AA

"

0,=,A7,+=,,+AN=.

81N=>86<X81,<=/,0.F9918,>A=OA17A7>A/=60A8:,+A/6<<A1,

K

98>=9

A/818OF/78.1,6<1! E+A ALA1 /9=FOA7,+=, X+F1= .F99

6

0,<A1

K

,+A1

A1:8</AOA1,8:9=>86<9=.0

7

,8

-

<8,A/,.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0! E

-

A=VF1

K

=,=

-

<A00/81:A<A1/A=,,+ARYX0A00F81

"

F1/81/967A7,+=,

6

,+A/<F0F0+=0

18,+F1

K

,8 78 .F,+,+A N=.

7"

7A/9=<F1

K

,+=,,+A<A=081:8<<F0F1

K

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,F1X+F1=.=0,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

18,,+AN=.81

N=>86<X81,<=/,0!;8<A:6,AA/818OF0,0.+8=<

K

6A7=

K

=F10,,+AN=.81

N=>86<X81,<=/,0

"

F1O=F1,=F1A7,+=,,+AN=.+=0

6

-

9=

U

A7=

-

80F,FLA<89A

F1O=F1,=F1F1

K

0,=>9A9=>86<<A9=,F810

7

=OF7,+AA/818OF/78.1,6<1=17

+=0+A9

-

A7,8FO

-

<8LA.8<VA<0l08/F=9.A9:=<A

$

A706'I'0&

F

"

"% @=</+

'%%*

%

k

$

!

R1.U113 JG:3:C7G Y0:U., -34 =->:50 97F,.6I

;,1 Y:H103C13.

l

6 /..7.541 .: =->:50 =-U6

J0=9<A=7

U

OA1,F81A7

"

/81:<81,A7>

U

,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

,+A

X+F1A0A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0

K

FLA1,8

--

<F8<F,

U

,8VAA

-

F1

K

AaF0,F1

Kb

8>0=17

O=F1,=F1F1

K

08/F=90,=>F9F,

U

"

=17 O=1

U

:=L86<=>9A

-

89F/FA0+=LA >AA1

F1,<876/A7,8=F7A1,A<

-

<F0A0F1,<86>9A!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0

=998.A7A1,A<

-

<F0A0,8<A76/A8<

-

80,

-

81A08/F=9F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F81008

=0,8<A76/A,+AF<08/F=9F106<=1/A>6<7A1!X6<<A1,9

U

"

:FLA,

U-

A08:08/F=9

F106<=1/A 0/+AOA =<A 0,=,6,8<

U

F1 X+F1=

!

897 =

K

A F106<=1/A

"

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,F106<=1/A

"

+A=9,+ /=<AF106<=1/A

"

.8<V<A9=,A7F1

b

6<

U

F106<=1/A=17O=,A<1F,

U

F106<=1/A! @A=06<A0=<A>AF1

K

,=VA1,8

-

<ALA1,

!#* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 146: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

9=<

K

A16O>A<08:

-

A8

-

9A:<8O>A/8OF1

K

61AO

-

98

U

A7=17=LA<,F1

K

9=>86<

61<A0,!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

O=009=

U

8::0F1>8,+0,=,A=17

-

<FL=,A/8O

-

=1FA0=<A

18,

-

A<OF,,A7

"

:8<,+A0=VA8: O=F1,=F1F1

K

08/F=90,=>F9F,

U

"

=1798/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0=<A>AF1

K

6<

K

A7,8A0,=>9F0+ .=

K

A/8O

-

A10=,F81:6170,8

-

<8LF7A>=/V

-

=

U

:8< .8<VA<0 .+80AAO

-

98

U

A<0+=LA:9A78<7A/9=<A7

,+AO0A9LA0>=1V<6

-

,! ;8+A9

-

61AO

-

98

U

A7OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0

"

L8/=,F81=9

,<=F1F1

K-

<8

K

<=OOA0+=LA>AA19=61/+A71=,F81.F7A!

J9,+86

K

+,+A X+F1A0A 1=,F81=9=6,+8<F,FA0 +=LA 18F1,A1,F81 8:

=OA17F1

K

8<060

-

A17F1

K

,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

"

.+F/+.=0A1=/,A7

819

U

<A/A1,9

U

=:,A<0ALA<=9

U

A=<08:7A>=,A=17.A9/8OA7>

U

.8<VA<0

"

,+A<A

=<AO=1

U

0F

K

10F17F/=,F1

K

,+=,98/=9=6,+8<F,FA0=<AAa+F>F,F1

K

6

:9AaF>F9F,

U

7

=17F1/810F0,A1/

U

.F,+<A

K

=<7,8A1:8</AOA1,!Z,F0=18

-

A10A/<A,,+=,

08OA98/=9F,FA0+=LA18,/8O

-

9A,A9

U

FO

-

9AOA1,A7,+A N=. 81 N=>86<

X81,<=/,0! ]1"% @=</+'%%*

"

=,=

-

<A00/81:A<A1/A+A97=,,+A'17

0A00F818:,+A""

,+

R=,F81=9YA8

-

9Al0X81

K

<A00

"

[F1PAFOF1

"

@F1F0,A<8:

W6O=15A086</A0=17E8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

"

.=0=0VA7,8Aa

-

9=F1,+A0F,6=,F81

>

U

=<A

-

8<,A<:<8ORA.0.AAV!Z1+F0<A

-

9

U

"

[F1=7OF,,A7,+=,

/

F

0

1

K

A1A<=9

#

FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81F0

K

887

#

>6,F1,+A

-

<8/A008:

FO

-

9AOA1,F1

K

=1A. 9=.

#

08OA/81,<=7F/,F810=17

-

<8>9AO0=<A

=9.=

U

0 A1/861,A<A7! ;+A F1,A<1=,F81=9:F1=1/F=9 /<F0F0 =17 ,+A

-

=<,F/69=</F</6O0,=1/A08:,+AX+F1A0A<A=9A/818O

U

=17X+F1A0A

A1,A<

-

<F0A0=<A

-

80F1

K

1A.

-

<8>9AO0:8<,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:,+A

N=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0!

!

C8<X+F1A0A.8<VA<0

"

F,F0

K

8871A.0,+=,,+ARYXF018,<A=7

U

,8=OA17

,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0=17,8/8O

-

<8OF0A.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,0=17

<F

K

+,0! W8.ALA<

"

,+F078A018, OA=1,+A N=. .F99>AFO

-

9AOA1,A7

/8O

-

9A,A9

U

!I6A,8.A=V9=.A1:8</AOA1,=17,+A.A=V,<=7F,F818:,+A

<69A8:9=.F1X+F1=

"

F,F0LA<

U

A=0

U

:8<98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0=17A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"#*

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0

!

! +,,

-

!##

:7F!

K

8L!/1

!

$%$%

#

-

6>

#

CIZ

3

DR

#

RA.0

#

Z1LA0,OA1,6

-

7=,A0

#

,'%%*%3""

3

"%3%$)!

+,O'%%*(%3(""!

Page 147: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,8/F</6OLA1,9=>86<9=. <A

K

69=,F810>

U

=7OF1F0,<=,FLA OA=10! N8/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0 O=

U

FO

-

9AOA1, =9=. 0A9A/,FLA9

U

8< ALA1 A1=/,98/=9

=7OF1F0,<=,FLA<A

K

69=,F810.+F/+=<A18,/810F0,A1,.F,+1=,F81=99=.0!

E8OA

-

<8LF1/F=9=6,+8<F,FA0+=LAALA1F1,<876/A7OA=06<A0,+=,617A<OF1A

,+A

-

<80A/6,F81 8: .<81

K

78F1

K

>

U

F1:96A1,F=9 >60F1A00OA1! Z1 ,+A

:8998.F1

K

06>0A/,F810

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,l0=,,F,67A,8,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:

L=<F860=0

-

A/,08:9=>86<9=.F1,+A:=/A8:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0F09=F7

86,!

$

!

! 917.10-.73F .,1 T0:.1G.7:3 :D +:0@106

l

97F,.6

EF1/A,+A 810A,8:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

,+A X+F1A0A 1=,F81=9

=6,+8<F,FA0+=LA

-

<8O69

K

=,A70ALA<=978/6OA1,0,8<AF,A<=,A,+A

-

<8,A/,F81

8:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

,+A<F

K

+,,8<A/AFLA.=

K

A0!]1'%IA/AO>A<

'%%$

"

,+AGA1A<=9]::F/A8:,+AE,=,AX861/F9F006A7=R8,F/A86,9F1F1

K

-

<=/,F/=9OA=06<A0,8>A,=VA1,8=F7OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<076<F1

K

,+AA/818OF/

/<F0F0

$

,+A

6

IA/AO>A<R8,F/A

7%

k;+AR8,F/A:8/60A081,+A1AA7:8<98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0F1OF

K

<=1,0l+8OA

-

<8LF1/A0,8

-

<8LF7A=00F0,=1/A

"

0,<A00F1

K

,+A<A,<=F1F1

K

=17L8/=,F81=9A76/=,F818:OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0

"

+A9

-

F1

K

,+AO

,80A,6

-

,+AF<8.1>60F1A00A0=17A1/86<=

K

F1

K

F1LA0,OA1,F11A.<6<=9

/810,<6/,F81

-

<8

b

A/,0!Z,AO

-

+=0F0A0,+=,<A,6<1F1

K

OF

K

<=1,00+8697>A

A1,F,9A7,808/F=90A/6<F,

U

"

,+=,,+AF</+F97<A10+8697 +=LA:<AA=17

61:A,,A<A7=//A00,898/=9A76/=,F81=17,+=,,+AF<AaF0,F1

K

<6<=99=17<F

K

+,0

0+8697>A

-

<8,A/,A7!

]1 "% CA><6=<

U

'%%*

"

,+A E,=,A X861/F9F006A7 = 18,F/A 81

6

ZO

-

<8LF1

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1,0F,6=,F81F1,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF//81,Aa,

7$

,+A

6

CA><6=<

U

R8,F/A

7%"

.+F/+0,=,A7,+=,

$

=

%

-

<F8<F,

U

0+8697>A

K

FLA1,8

A106<F1

K

AO

-

98

U

AA0l9A

K

=9<F

K

+,0

"$

>

%

AO

-

98

U

A<00+869718,<A:60A,8

-

=

U

08/F=9F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810=0981

K

=0=1AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

0,F99

AaF0,0=17

$

/

%

98/=99=>86<8::F/F=900+8697 O81F,8<06/+/8O

-

=1FA0,8

A106<A,+=,AO

-

98

U

A<07818,:9AA8<7A9=

U-

=

U

F1

K

.=

K

A0=1708/F=9

F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810!

##* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 148: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

$

!

" Y5-0-3.1173F +-F1 T-QC13.6 .: +:0@106

;8A106<A,+=,9=F78::.8<VA<0<A/AFLA/8O

-

A10=,F81

"

,+A<A>

U-

<ALA1,F1

K

9=>86<61<A0,

"

F0>A/8OF1

K

= O=

b

8</81/A<18:,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,! ;+A

IA/AO>A<R8,F/A6<

K

A798/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0,8A0,=>9F0+OA/+=1F0O0 06/+=0

.=

K

A=<<A=<0/81,F1

K

A1/

U

:6170 ,8

K

6=<=1,AA,+A

-

<8O

-

,

-

=

U

OA1,8:

.=

K

A0! @=1

U

/F,FA0

"

06/+=0 I81

KK

6=1=17E+A1B+A1F1 G6=1

K

781

K

-

<8LF1/A

"

+=LA=9<A=7

U

A0,=>9F0+A706/+:6170! C<8Oe61A,8 ]/,8>A<

'%%$

"

,+AE+A1B+A1

K

8LA<1OA1,

-

=F7"%OF99F81

U

6=1F1.=

K

A=<<A=<0,8

b

8>9A00.8<VA<0

!

k

W8.ALA<

"

76A,8,+A9=<

K

A16O>A<8::=/,8<

U

/9806<A0

"

F,F018,A=0

U

:8<98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0,8

-

=

U

>=/V.=

K

A0,8.8<VA<081>A+=9:8:,+AF<

AO

-

98

U

A<0! Z1:=/,

"

,+A

U

+=LA819

U

>AA1=>9A

"

=,>A0,

"

,8

-

<8LF7A

,AO

-

8<=<

U

<A9FA:,89=F78::.8<VA<0!

$

!

# A50>73F A:881G.7H1 X76C766-86

J0X+F1=9=/V0=<8>60,08/F=90=:A,

U

1A,,87A=9.F,+,+A9=<

K

A16O>A<8:

b

8>9A00.8<VA<0

"

,+AX+F1A0A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0,=VA1OA=06<A0,8

-

<ALA1,

/899A/,FLA7F0OF00=90! EALA<=998/=9=17

-

<8LF1/F=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0 +=LA

=9<A=7

U

F10,<6/,A7A1,A<

-

<F0A0,+=,,+A=6,+8<F,FA0O60,>AF1:8<OA7>A:8<A

=1

U

O=009=

U

8::0

"

08,+=,=

--

<8

-

<F=,A OA=06<A0/=1>A,=VA1,8A=0A

-

8,A1,F=961<A0,!J//8<7F1

K

,8,+ACA><6=<

U

R8,F/A

"

F:=/8O

-

=1

U-

9=10,8

9=

U

8::O8<A,+=1'%AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

8<8LA<"%

-

A</A1,8:,+A.8<V:8</A

"

F1

81A

K

8

"

F,O60,06>OF,=.<F,,A1<A

-

8<,,8,+A98/=99=>86<=1708/F=9

0A/6<F,

U

7A

-

=<,OA1,3%7=

U

0F1=7L=1/A!;+F0<A

h

6F<AOA1,FO

-

9FA0,+=,,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0<A.<F,,A1,+A

-

<8LF0F8181O=009=

U

8::09=F778.1>

U

,+A

N=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

$

J<,F/9A)"

%"

=0AO

-

98

U

A<0988VF1

K

,87F0OF00'%

-

A8

-

9A8<"%

-

A</A1,8:,+AF<.8<V:8</AO60,

K

A,=

--

<8L=9:<8O,+A98/=9

$#*

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0

!

! +,,

-

!##

...!/+F1=7=F9

U

!/8O!/1

#

>FB/+F1=

#

'%%$("%

#

''

#

/81,A1,

3

&"3%&**!+,O!

Page 149: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=6,+8<F,FA0!DO

-

98

U

A<0=<AA1/86<=

K

A7,878.+=,ALA<,+A

U

/=1,8=L8F7

/899A/,FLA7F0OF00=90

"

06/+=0<A76/F1

K-

=

U

<899

"

/+=1

K

F1

K

.8<VF1

K

+86<0

=17

K

FLF1

K

.8<VA<061

-

=F79A=LA!

$

!

$ B011\73F .,1 ?737C5C +-F1

X+F1=:F<0,F1,<876/A7,+AOF1FO6O.=

K

A0

U

0,AOF1,+AOF7"**%0=17,+A

OF1FO6O .=

K

A9ALA9F0<A

K

=<7A7=0= O=

b

8<F17F/=,8<:8<0=:A

K

6=<7F1

K

.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0! EF1/AA/818OF/<A:8<O0>A

K

=1

"

X+F1A0A.8<VA<0+=LA

06::A<A7:<8O98..=

K

A0=0/+A=

-

9=>86<+=0>AA160A7=0,+A/861,<

U

l0

VA

U

/8O

-

A,F,FLA=7L=1,=

K

A!;+AOF1FO6O.=

K

A9ALA9+=0>AA1F1/<A=0F1

K

<=

-

F79

U

0F1/A '%%3

"

.+A1 ,+A

6

-

A8

-

9A/A1,A<A71A00

7

-

89F/

U

=17

6

+=<O81F86008/FA,

U

7

/81/A

-

,.A<AF1F,F=,A7!Z1G6=1

K

781

K

"

,+AOF1FO6O

.=

K

A9ALA9+=0ALA1>AA160A7=0=1FO

-

8<,=1,

-

89F/

U

F10,<6OA1,F1

6

-K

<=7F1

K

F,0A/818OF/0,<6/,6<A! PF,+,+A<F0F1

K

OF1FO6O .=

K

A=17

F1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

0,<F/,A1LF<81OA1,=9

-

<8,A/,F81OA=06<A0

"

O=1

U

0O=99:F<O0

8

-

A<=,F1

K

=,,+A98.A<A178:,+AO=<VA,

"

.F,+0O=99

-

<8:F,O=<

K

F10=17

8

-

A<=,F1

K

=,98./80,

"

>=0A781=9=>86<F1,A10FLA=1798.

-

<8:F,>60F1A00

O87A9

"

.A<A:8</A7,8/980A8<<A98/=,AALA1>A:8<A,+A=7LA1,8:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0!

PF,+,+A:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

,+A<AF018.F1/<A=0F1

K-

<A006<A:<8O,+A

>60F1A000A/,8<,8=>89F0+,+AOF1FO6O.=

K

A0

U

0,AO!J9,+86

K

+=>89F,F81

F018,81,+A=

K

A17=

"

,+AX+F1A0A=6,+8<F,FA0+=LA:<8BA1,+AOF1FO6O

.=

K

A9ALA9!]1"&R8LAO>A<'%%$

"

,+A@F1F0,<

U

8:W6O=15A086</A0=17

E8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

F006A7=18,F/A7A/9=<F1

K

=,AO

-

8<=<

U

O8<=,8<F6O81=981

K

8LA<76AOF1FO6O.=

K

A<F0A!

$

!

% 9145G73F L:G7-8 23650-3G1 A:3.07>5.7:3 9-.16

EF1/A,+AOF7"**%0

"

X+F1=+=0>AA17ALA98

-

F1

K

=1AO

-

98

U

OA1,>=0A7

08/F=9F106<=1/A0

U

0,AO! \8,+AO

-

98

U

A<0=17AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A<A

h

6F<A7,8

/81,<F>6,A,8 = 08/F=9F106<=1/A 0/+AOA! J0 06/+ 08/F=9F106<=1/A

%#* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 150: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/81,<F>6,F810=//861,:8<=O=

b

8<

-

<8

-

8<,F818:,+AF<9=>86</80,0

"

O=1

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A0=<A<A96/,=1,,8

b

8F1,+A0/+AOA08<,<

U

,8OF1FOF0A,+AF<08/F=9

F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810! C=/A7>

U

,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

<A76/F1

K

08/F=9F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810+=0>A/8OA81A8:,+AO=F1/81/A<108:,+A

>60F1A000A/,8<!Z18<7A<,8+A9

-

98/=9:F<O0=17F17FLF76=90/8

-

A.F,+,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

F1IA/AO>A<'%%$

"

,+A=6,+8<F,FA0F1\AF

b

F1

K

/F,

U

=11861/A7=

-

9=1,809=0+08/F=9F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F81<=,A0:<8Oe=16=<

U

'%%*! J//8<7F1

K

,8,+A

-

9=1

"

,+A61AO

-

98

U

OA1,F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F81

<=,A:8<AO

-

98

U

A<0.F99>A<A76/A7:<8O"!#,8%!#

-

A</A1,=17:<8O",8

%!'

-

A</A1,:8<AO

-

98

U

AA0!;+A.8<VF1

b

6<

U

F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F81<=,A

.F99>A/6,:<8O%!#*,8%!)$

-

A</A1,

!

k

Z1CA><6=<

U

'%%*

"

F18<7A<,8+A9

-

A1,A<

-

<F0A0A=0A,+AF<:F1=1/F=9

>6<7A10

"

G6=1

K

781

K-

<8LF1/F=9

K

8LA<1OA1,7A/F7A7,898.A<,+AF106<=1/A

/81,<F>6,F81<=,A8::86<08/F=9F106<=1/AF,AO0

$

18,F1/967F1

K

897=

K

A

F106<=1/A

%"

=998./8O

-

=1FA0F17F::F/69,FA0,8

-

80,

-

81A,+A

-

=

U

OA1,8:

08/F=9F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810=17

-

<8LF7A08/F=9F106<=1/A06>0F7FA0:8<

/8O

-

=1FA0F17F::F/69,FA0

"

=0.A99=006>0F7FA0:8<AO

-

98

U

AA,<=F1F1

K

!Z1

CA><6=<

U

'%%*

"

E+A1B+A1O61F/F

-

=9

K

8LA<1OA1,7A/F7A7,806>0,=1,F=99

U

<A76/A,+A.8<V<A9=,A7F1

b

6<

U

F106<=1/A

"

/8O

-

<A+A10FLAOA7F/=9F106<=1/A

=17F1

-

=,FA1,OA7F/=9F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810

-

=F7>

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A0! ;+F0

.F999=0,:8<81A

U

A=<! E6>0A

h

6A1,9

U

"

.8<V<A9=,A7F1

b

6<

U

F106<=1/A

/81,<F>6,F810.F99>A<A76/A7>

U

#%

-

A</A1,

"

/8O

-

<A+A10FLA OA7F/=9

F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810.F99>A<A76/A7>

U

'

-

A</A1,

"

F1

-

=,FA1,OA7F/=9

F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810.F99>A<A76/A7>

U

%!3

-

A</A1,=17,+AOA7F/=9

F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F810

-

=F7>

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A0:8<<6<=9.8<VA<0 .F99>A

7A/<A=0A7>

U

'

-

A</A1,

"

k

P+A1=11861/F1

K

,+A

-

89F/

U

8:98.A<F1

K

08/F=9F106<=1/A/81,<F>6,F81

<=,A0

"

-

<8LF1/F=9=1798/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0/9=FOA7,+=,>8,+A1,A<

-

<F0A0=17

,+AF<AO

-

98

U

AA0.8697>A1A:F,=0,+A

U

.8697+=LA,8

-

=

U

9A00:8<08/F=9

&#*

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0

!

!

"

+,,

-

!##

...!/+F1=7=F9

U

!/8O!/1

#

>FB/+F1=

#

'%%$("'

#

'#

#

/81,A1,

3

&33*%)'!+,O!

+,,

-

!##

/,F/+F1=!8<

K

#

L'

#

A1

#

187A

#

&'4!

Page 151: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F106<=1/A

-

<8

K

<=OOA0

"

,+A<A>

U

/6,,F1

K -

<876/,F81/80,0=17 VAA

-

F1

K

.8<VA<0F1AO

-

98

U

OA1,! W8.ALA<

"

=:,A<,+A/6,8:,+A08/F=9F106<=1/A

/81,<F>6,F81>

U

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,0:=F9A7,8O=VA06<A,+=,

.8<VA<0 .F99<A/AFLA :F0/=906>0F7FA0 ,8 O=VA 6

-

:8< ,+A <A76/A7

/81,<F>6,F81!

$

!

& 918-V73F .,1 2CK81C13.-.7:3 :D .,1 =-U :3 =->:50 A:3.0-G.6

]1&e=16=<

U

'%%*

"

,+AG6=1

K

781

K

Y<8LF1/F=9YA8

-

9Al0Y<8/6<=,8<F006A7

=1]

-

F1F810,<A00F1

K

,+=,

"

76<F1

K

,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF/7F::F/69,FA0

"

F,0

8::F/F=900+8697AaA</F0A/=6,F81F1

-

<80A/6,F1

K

.+F,A/899=</<FOF1=90=17

A17A=L86<,8A106<A,+=,/8O

-

=1FA00,=

U

F1>60F1A00=17,+=,18<O=9

A1,A<

-

<F0A

-

<876/,F81=177ALA98

-

OA1,F0

K

6=<=1,AA7

$

M-'6

3

J7,-I'0&

F

"

&e=16=<

U

'%%*

%

k;+A]

-

F1F810,=,A0,+=,

-

<80A/6,8<0O=

U

/+880A18,,8

=<<A0,:=/,8<

U

8.1A<0

"

O=1=

K

A<0=17VA

U

,A/+1F/=90,=::=//60A78:/<FOA0

06/+=0AO>ABB9AOA1,=17/8<<6

-

,F81! @8<A8LA<

"

,+A

U

0+8697/9A=<9

U

A0,=>9F0+,+A:=/,0>A:8<A,=VF1

K

=/,F81,8:<AABA8</980A>=1V=//861,0

"

7F0<6

-

,A1,A<

-

<F0A98

K

F0,F/08<F006A0,=,AOA1,0,+=,OF

K

+,7=O=

K

A,+A

<A

-

6,=,F818:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A! RAF,+A<0+8697

-

<80A/6,8<0,=VA=/,F81,+=,

OF

K

+,

b

A8

-

=<7F0A =1 A1,A<

-

<F0Al0 1A

K

8,F=,F810 81 O=

b

8<

-

<8

b

A/,0 8<

/81,<=/,0! @A=1.+F9A

"

,+A]

-

F1F810,<A00A0,+=,

-

<80A/6,8<00+8697/<=/V

78.181=1

U

/<FOA0,+=,+=<O,+A9A

K

F,FO=,AF1,A<A0,08:A1,A<

-

<F0A08<

b

A8

-

=<7F0A

-

<876/,F81!;+A

U

0+8697

6

+=179A=

--

<8

-

<F=,A9

U

=17=//8<7F1

K

,8

,+A9=.

$

F1F,F=99

U

/FLF9

"

18./<FOF1=9

%

/=0A0F1.+F/+A/818OF/7F0

-

6,A0

,<F

KK

A<LF89A1,F1/F7A1,0

"

06/+ =0:8</A7 7A>,<A/8LA<

U

"

VF71=

--

F1

K

"

988,F1

K

=170881

"

=17A::A/,FLA9

U

0=:A

K

6=<708/F=98<7A<=170=:A,

U

7

k;+A

G6=1

K

781

KK

6F7A9F1A0.A<AFOF,=,A7>

U

8,+A<98/=9

K

8LA<1OA1,0F1=<A=0

+F,>

U

,+AA/818OF/78.1,6<1!Z1E+=1781

K

"

K

8LA<1OA1,8::F/F=90+=LA

<A

-

8<,A79

U

,897:=/,8<

U

8.1A<0,+=,

"

=0981

K

=0,+A

U

7818,9=

U

8::9=<

K

A

16O>A<08:AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,.8697F

K

18<A8,+A<9=>86<<F

K

+,0

'#* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 152: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

LF89=,F810

!

k]1 ) R8LAO>A<'%%$

"

E+A1B+A1 O61F/F

-

=9

K

8LA<1OA1,

-

6>9F0+A7=16<

K

A1,18,F/A81

6

0,=>F9F0F1

Kb

8>0:8<OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0

7"

<A

h

6A0,F1

K

,+=, <A9=,A7 =6,+8<F,FA0

-

<8LF7A 06

--

8<, =17

6

A=<9

U

F1,A<LA1,F81

7

:8<A1,A<

-

<F0A0.+F/+A1/861,A<,<86>9A!

%

!

A:3G8567:36

Z1<A0

-

810A,8,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

,+AX+F1A0A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0

K

FLA1,8

--

<F8<F,

U

,8A/818OF/

K

<8.,+=17,8VAA

-

F1

K

=17/<A=,F1

Kb

8>0!

J9,+86

K

+,+A 1=,F81=9=6,+8<F,FA0 +=LA<AF,A<=,A7,+AFO

-

8<,=1/A 8:

-

<8,A/,F1

K

.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0=17F1,A<A0,0

"

=:9AaF>9A=,,F,67A+=07ALA98

-

A7

,8,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:9=>86<9=.0! J9,+86

K

+,+A<A+=0>AA1188

-

A1

7A/9=<=,F81060

-

A17F1

K

,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

"

F,0FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81

+=0>AA1<A9=aA7 81,+A>=0F08:=7OF1F0,<=,FLAF1,A<LA1,F81 >

U

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,!;+A<A=<A0F

K

10,+=,

"

F18<7A<,8O=F1,=F1A/818OF/

K

<8.,+

=1708/F=90,=>F9F,

U

"

,+A=6,+8<F,FA0=<A18..F99F1

K

,8,6<1=>9F17A

U

A,8

<86,F1ALF89=,F8108:9=>86<9=.0=178,+A<<A

K

69=,F8107A0F

K

1A7,8

-

<8,A/,

.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,0! P+F9AVAA

-

F1

Kb

8>0=17

"

,+A<A:8<A

"

O=F1,=F1F1

K

08/F=9

0,=>F9F,

U

F0=L=9F7/81/A<176<F1

K

=1A/818OF/78.1,6<1

"

F0A

h

6=9F,

U

>A:8<A,+A9=.=:=F<

-

<F/A,8

-

=

U

1

Y6,,F1

K

A/818OF/

K

<8.,+=+A=78:,+A

<69A8:9=.

"

,+A=6,+8<F,FA0O=

U

18,819

U

A<87A.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0

"

>6,=908

<F0V/<A=,F1

K

ALA1

K

<A=,A<08/F=961<A0,!J,=,FOA.+A1

K

8LA<1OA1,0=,=99

9ALA90=<A/81/A1,<=,F1

K

,+AF<A::8<,081A/818OF/

K

<8.,+=17+A9

-

F1

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"

,<=7A61F8100+86970,A

-

6

-

,+AF<=/,FLF,FA0F17A:A17F1

K

.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0=17F1,A<A0,0! X+F1A0A,<=7A61F810

"

<A

-

<A0A1,A7>

U

,+A

J99X+F1=CA7A<=,F818:;<=7A S1F810

"

-

9=

U

A7=9A=7F1

K

<89AF1,+A

-

<A

-

=<=,F818:,+AN=>86<X87A=17,+AN=.81N=>86<X81,<=/,0

,

,+A

U

0+8697

-

9=

U

,+A0=OAVF178:<89AF1O81F,8<F1

K

,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:

9=>86<9=.0! ],+A<.F0A

"

,+A=9<A=7

U

61>=9=1/A7<A9=,F810+F

-

>A,.AA1

9=>86<=17/=

-

F,=9.F997A,A<F8<=,A:6<,+A<

"

,+A<A>

U-

80F1

K

=,+<A=,,8

(#*

X+F1A0AN=>86<N=.F1,+AG98>=9CF1=1/F=9X<F0F0

!

! +,,

-

!##

...!/+F1=9=.>98

K

!/8O

#

'%%*

#

%"

#

/+F1=0

3

9=>8<

3

9=.0

3

.8<<

U

3

OA

3

8<!+,O9!

Page 153: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

08/F=90,=>F9F,

U

F1X+F1=F:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0/81,F16A0!

1*8*&*,N*/

A706'I'0&

F

M-'6

3

J7,-I'0&

F

R

K

8V

"

HF1

K

961

$

'%%&

%"

)'+,-"!,&01

F

06A706'

!

Q'"C#/0J'/0,6'6: M&,+'&0J'/0,6

!#"$

;

#1/0E#$

"

\AF

b

F1

K

!

E8/F=9E/FA1/AJ/=7AOF/NF,A<=,6<AY<A00!

R

K

8V

"

HF1

K

961

$

'%%$

%"6

X+=1

K

A0F1X+F1A0AN=>86<Y89F/

U

=17N=>86<NA

K

F09=,F81F1

,+AX81,Aa,8: @=<VA,;<=10F,F81

7"

*6/#"6'/0,6'&)'+,-"'6: 2,"C06

3

A&'$$

]0$/,"

F

"

E

-

<F1

K

"

R8!&3!

P=1

K

"

[F

b

F=1

K

$

'%%$

%"6

JY9A=,8EA,,+AEO=99=17 @A7F6O0FBA7D1,A<

-

<F0A0C<AA

:<8O,+AN=>86<X81,<=/,N=.

7"

K7#81,6,501Y+$#"E#"

"

"&CA><6=<

U

!

PA1

"

eF=>=8

$

'%%*

%"

K7#M,E#"65#6/2,"C%#

;

,"/!

[A

-

"

5!

$

'%%*

%"

81,6,501I,N6/-"6'6:*6$/'+0&0/

F

06A706'

!

K05#

?

,"!,&0/01'&

%#

?

,"5

1

\<88VF1

K

0Z10,F,6,F81

"

J

-

<F9!

)$* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 154: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

Z*//",/8"&!2(,%8&"#Z%:"&A"0(N(*/-.&(,

?

'2*

5&*%'P*

$

&*//(",(,'2*W3R

gF=8eF=1

J0,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF//<F0F0988O09=<

K

A8LA<X+F1=

"

=0,+AY=<,

U

=17

,+AG8LA<1OA1,0

-

=<A18A::8<,0F10A/6<F1

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

-

A8

-

9A=<A

0+8/VA7>

U

<A

-

8<,0,+=,,<=7A61F8100+8697

6

>A81LF

K

F9=1/A=

K

=F10,

+80,F9A:8</A0F1:F9,<=,F1

K

OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0

7

NF

$

'%%*

%

k]1A/=1l,+A9

-

>6,

/810F7A<,+A<89A8:,<=7A61F810F1A/818OF//<F0A0! @=

U

>ASE9=>8<

-

89F/FA0=17 OA=06<A0,=VA1 >

U

SE ,<=7A 61F810 76<F1

K

,+A G<A=,

IA

-

<A00F818:,+A"*3%0/86978::A<6008OAF10F

K

+,!

!

;+A.8<0,A/818OF//<F0F0F1,+ASE,88V

-

9=/AF1"*'*

"

.+A1,+A

0,8/VF17Aa 7<8

--

A73#T 81 \9=/V @817=

U

=17,+A:8998.F1

K

7=

U

"

,<F

KK

A<F1

K

,+A,A1

U

A=<981

K

G<A=,IA

-

<A00F81! I6<F1

K

,+F0

-

A<F87

"

#%

OF99F81

-

A8

-

9A980,,+AF<

b

8>0

K

98>=99

U

"

/861,9A00

-

A8

-

9A>A/=OA+8OA9A00

"

8LA<"%

"

%%% >60F1A00A0 .A1,>=1V<6

-

,

"

,+A

K

98>=9F1760,<F=986,

-

6,

7<8

--

A7>

U

3&T,8,+A9ALA9,A1

U

A=<0>A:8<A! P+A1C<=1V9F15880ALA9,

.=00.8<1F1=0SEY<A0F7A1,F1@=</+"*33

"

,+AA

-

F/RA.IA=9>A

K

=1!

J

-

=<,:<8OO=00FLAF1,A<LA1,F81F1

-

6>9F/9F:A

"

,+AO80,/81,<8LA<0F=9

=0

-

A/,8:,+A RA. IA=9F0F,09=>8<

-

89F/

U

F1:=L8<8:,<=7A61F810!

W8.ALA<

"

06/+=

-

89F/

U

.8106::F/FA1,06

--

8<,:<8O,+A.8<VF1

K

/9=00!Z,

! J99F1:8<O=,F8181+F0,8<F/=9ALA1,076<F1

K

,+A G<A=,IA

-

<A00F81F1,+A SE

"

F:18,

8,+A<.F0A18,A7

"

F0

h

68,A7:<8OIFa81PA/,8<

$

'%%$

%

k

Page 155: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

/8697>A0=F7,+A9A

K

=9=17

-

89F/

U

:8617=,F810:8<A0,=>9F0+F1

K

SE

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810+F

-

=179=>8<0,=17=<70.A<A9=F7F1,+F0

-

A<F87

$

\677

"

'%%&

!

-

!")#

%

k;+=1V0,8,+A/<F0F0=17,+A5880ALA9,J7OF1F0,<=,F81

"

,<=7A61F8107ALA98

-

A781=161

-

<A/A7A1,A70/=9A

"

7F0/8LA<A7.+A<A,+A

U

/8697AaA<,

-

89F,F/=9F1:96A1/A

"

=.=VA1A7981

K

78<O=1,/9=00/810/F8601A00

=17/9=000,<6

KK

9A! DLA1,6=99

U

"

,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:

K

<=00<88, .8<VA<0l

<F

K

+,0=17F1/8OA

K

<8.,+0,FO69=,A7,+AA/818O

U

! ;+A

-

89F,F/=9=17

F7A898

K

F/=99A

K

=/

U

8:,+A RA. IA=9F0 .A99 .8<,+

U

8: 86<:6<,+A<

7F0/600F81!

!

!

;,1 JVK-367:3 :D ;0-41 <37:36

Z1,+A

-

80, PPZ7A/=7A,+ASEA/818O

UK

<A.=,=161

-

<A/A7A1,A7

-

=/A!

I6<F1

K

,+F0

-

A<F87,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,+=7,F

K

+,/81,<898:>60F1A00

"

,<=7A61F81

OAO>A<0+F

-

0+<=1V

"

.+F9A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

.=0:6<,+A<.A=VA1A7!;+A<A

.=018,<=7A61F81F106/+FO

-

8<,=1,F1760,<FA0=00,AA9=17=6,8O8,FLA

F1760,<FA0!DLA108

"

,+A.8<VF1

K

/9=00.81,.8VA

U

9A

K

F09=,FLA>=,,9A0617A<,+A

W88LA<J7OF1F0,<=,F81!;+A"*3%61=1FO860<69F1

K

>

U

,+ASEE6

-

<AOAX86<,

8LA<;Aa=0L0! RA. ]<9A=105=F9.=

U

X8O

-

=1

U

:8617,+=,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<l0

=,,AO

-

,=,FO

-

80F1

K

=/8O

-

=1

U

61F8181.8<VA<0/810,F,6,A7F1,A<:A<A1/A.F,+

.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0! ;+AR8<<F0N=G6=<7F=J/,0F

K

1A7>

U

Y<A0F7A1,W88LA<F1

@=</+"*3'7A/9=<A7=1

U

6

U

A998.78

K

7

/81,<=/,

"

617A<.+F/+=1AO

-

98

U

AA

-

<8OF0A7 18,,8 >A/8OA = OAO>A< 8: =1

U

9=>8< 8<

K

=1FB=,F81

"

,8 >A

61A1:8</A=>9A

"

=177A

-

<FLA7:A7A<=9/86<,08:

b

6<F07F/,F81,8F006A.A=

-

810

F1

b

61/,F810=

K

=F10,8<

K

=1FBA79=>8<! ;+A=/, .=0>=0A781,+A:8998.F1

K

,+A8<A,F/=006O

-

,F81

!

=1

U

F17FLF76=99=>8<A<F0+A9

-

9A00619A00+AF0A1,F,9A7,8

8<

K

=1FBA=,<=7A61F81=17=

--

8F1,<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0,8>=<

K

=F181+F0>A+=9:8LA<

AO

-

98

U

OA1,=179=>8</817F,F810! ;+A0AF7A=0=17

-

<=/,F/A09A7,8,+ARA.

IA=9!

;+A:F<0,9=. A1=/,A7 76<F1

K

5880ALA9,l0<69A .=0,+A R=,F81=9

Z1760,<F=95A/8LA<

U

J/,

"

.+F/+<AF,A<=,A708OA9=>8<

-

<8,A/,F81OA=06<A0

F1/967A7F1,+AR8<<F0N=G6=<7F=J/,

"

-

<8OF0F1

K

,+=,

6

AO

-

98

U

AA00+=99

!$* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 156: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

+=LA,+A<F

K

+,,88<

K

=1FBA=17>=<

K

=F1/899A/,FLA9

U

,+<86

K

+<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

8:,+AF<8.1/+880F1

K

7

=170+=99>A:<AA:<8O=1

U

<A0,<=F1,!\8,+9=>8<

=17/=

-

F,=9<A0

-

817A7FOOA7F=,A9

U

"

,87F::A<A1,A170

"

,+86

K

+

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0

,<

U

F1

K

,8A0,=>9F0+

6

/8O

-

=1

U

61F810

7"

.+F9A,<=7A61F810,<

U

F1

K

,8

A9FOF1=,A

6

/8O

-

=1

U

61F810

7

08=0,878OF1=,A1A

K

8,F=,F810! S1F,A7@F1A

P8<VA<08:JOA<F/=

$

S@PJ

%"

617A<,+A9A=7A<0+F

-

8:F,0

-

<A0F7A1,e8+1

N!NA.F0

"

.=0,+AO80,=/,FLA!Z,0OAO>A<0+F

-

06<

K

A7:<8O"#%

"

%%%F1

"*3',8)%%

"

%%%F1"*3#! J9,+86

K

+,+AJOA<F/=1CA7A<=,F818:N=>8<

$

JCN

%

7F71l,

K

<8.=0<=

-

F79

U

"

F,0OAO>A<0+F

-

=908F1/<A=0A7>

U

/980A,8

&#T>A,.AA1"*33=17"*34!

"

!

R-67G =1F-8 B0-C1U:0@ A::0473-.73F 23456.07-8 918-.7:36

Z1 J6

K

60, "*33

"

Y<A0F7A1, 5880ALA9, A0,=>9F0+A7 ,+A:F<0, 1=,F81=9

,<F

-

=<,F,AOA/+=1F0OF1+F0,8<

U

"

,+AR=,F81=9N=>8<X8OOF,,AA

"

/810F0,F1

K

8:AO

-

98

U

A<=17,<=7A61F81<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

"

/+=F<A7>

U

EA1=,8<58>A<,C!

P=

K

1A<

"

,8 OA7F=,A/899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

! W8.ALA<

"

,+A X8OOF,,AA

9=/VA7=7OF1F0,<=,FLA

-

8.A<!Z1e61A"*3)

"

,+AX81

K

<A00,88V>=/V,+A

-

8.A<:<8O,+AAaA/6,FLA><=1/+

"

<A

-

9=/A7,+AX8OOF,,AA.F,+,+A

h

6=0F

b

67F/F=9 R=,F81=9Z1760,<F=9 5A9=,F810 \8=<7

$

RN5\

%

k ;+A \8=<7

"

/8O

-

80A78:,+<AAF1760,<F=9<A9=,F810Aa

-

A<,

"

.=006

--

80A7,8>A1A6,<=9

"

>6,F1:=/,0F7A7.F,+,+A9=>8<F1O80,/=0A0!

;+<86

K

+86,,+A"*3%0

"

,<=7A61F810.81<A0

-

A/,:<8O .8<VA<0=17

-

A8

-

9AF1

K

A1A<=9>

U-

<8O8,F1

K

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

,+A<A>

U

AaA<,F1

K

FO

-

8<,=1,

-

0

U

/+898

K

F/=9=179A

K

=9F1:96A1/A81.8<VA<0!IA0

-

F,A,+A9=,A<

81/899=

-

0A8:R=,F81=95A/8LA<

U

J7OF1F0,<=,F81

"

,<=7A61F810

"

.F,+

06

--

8<,:<8O,+ARN5\

"

.A<A0,<81

K

A186

K

+,86<

K

A,+AX81

K

<A00,8

O=VAO8<A9=.0

-

<8,A/,F1

K

9=>8<<F

K

+,0! ]1e69

U

#

"

"*3#

"

,+AR=,F81=9

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810J/,

$

P=

K

1A<J/,

%

.=0

-

=00A7>

U

,+AX81

K

<A00!Z,0

=6,+8<

"

EA1=,8<P=

K

1A<

"

>A/=OAV18.1=0,+AC=,+A<8:SEN=>8<N=.0!

;+AJ/,/810,F,6,A0,+A>=0F/9A

K

=9:<=OA.8<V/88<7F1=,F1

K

SEF1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810=17+=0>AA1F160AALA<0F1/A!Z,0/8<A=<

K

6OA1,F0,+=,9=>8<

"$*

NA00810:<8ON=>8<Y89F/FA076<F1

K

,+AG<A=,IA

-

<A00F81F1,+ASEJ

!

Page 157: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

7F0

-

6,A0=<F0A:<8O

-

8.A<FO>=9=1/A>A,.AA1,+AAO

-

98

U

A<=17F17FLF76=9

.8<VA<0F11A

K

8,F=,F81

"

=17,+=,,+A.=

U

86,F0,88<

K

=1FBA61F810=17

/69,FL=,A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

$

\677

"

'%%&

!

-

!")#

%

kZ,>=<0F1,A<:A<A1/A

.F,+,+A:8<O=,F818:9=>8<8<

K

=1FB=,F8108<.F,+/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

"

O=VA0F,F99A

K

=9:8<AO

-

98

U

A<0,8 <A:60A 1A

K

8,F=,F81 .F,+ AO

-

98

U

AA

<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

"

,806

--

8<,

'

/8O

-

=1

U

61F810

)"

8<,87F0/<FOF1=,A=

K

=F10,

61F81OAO>A<0F1AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

=177AO=170,+=,,+ACA7A<=9

K

8LA<1OA1,

-

<8,A/,.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,,80,<FVA!

J 1A. ,+<AA

-

A<081 R=,F81=9 Z1760,<F=9 5A9=,F810 \8=<7 .=0

A0,=>9F0+A7,8=7OF1F0,<=,A,+AJ/,! @8<A8LA<

"

=0A<FA08:CA7A<=9X86<,

<69F1

K

0

-

<8LF7A7

K

<A=,06

--

8<,,8,+ARN5\!\

U

,+AA178:e=16=<

U

"*)"

"

,+ARN5\+=7+=179A733

"

%%%9=>8<7F0

-

6,A0F1L89LF1

K

1A=<9

U

&

"

%%%

"

%%%

.8<VA<0=173

"

"440,<FVA0F1L89LF1

K

)%%

"

%%%.8<VA<0

"

F1=77F,F81,8,+A

-

<ALA1,F818:=

--

<8aFO=,A9

U

"

"

%%%0,<FVA0F1L89LF1

K

'%%

"

%%%.8<VA<0!

#

!

L.07@1 ?:H1C13. -34 .,1 X1H18:KC13.

:D 9-47G-8 ;0-41 <37:36

;+AO=00FLA0,<FVAO8LAOA1,F1,+ASEF1OF7"*3%0=/,6=99

U

<A069,A7

:<8O .8<VA<0l

K

<FAL=1/A76<F1

K

,+A G<A=,IA

-

<A00F81=0 .A99=0,+A

A1/86<=

K

AOA1,8:,+A5880ALA9,J7OF1F0,<=,F81!Z19=,A@=

U

"*3)

"

,+A

I611><8,+A<0

"

>A9FALA<0F1/8OO61F0O

"

8<

K

=1FBA7=,A=O0,A<0,<FVAF1

@F11A=

-

89F0

"

.+F/+9A7,8>98870+A7!Z1E=1C<=1/F0/8

"

=O=<F,FOA0,<FVA

,+=,0,=<,A7F1@=

U

AL89LA7ALA1,6=99

U

F1,8=

K

A1A<=90,<FVA

"

,+A9=<

K

A0,8:

F,0VF170F1/A"*"*!Z1EA

-

,AO>A<"*3)

"

3#%

"

%%%/8,,81OF99.8<VA<0,88V

,+A0,<AA,,8

-

<8,A0,=

K

=F10,.=

K

A<A76/,F81/=60A7>

U

:=99F1

-

<876/,F81!

E6>0A

h

6A1,9

U

= OA7F=,F81 >8=<7 /+=F<A7 >

U

:8<OA< RA. W=O

-

0+F<A

G8LA<18<e8+1G! PF1=1,.=0A0,=>9F0+A7

"

.+F/+

-

6>9F0+A7=<A

-

8<,F1

:=L8<8:0,<FVA<0=17<A/8OOA17A7,+A:8<O=,F818:=,Aa,F9AF1760,<

U

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810/8OOF,,AA!

C=/A7.F,+,+AF1/<A=0F1

K-

8.A<8:,+A.8<VA<0=17,A<<F:FA7>

U

0F

K

10

8:<=7F/=9F1:F9,<=,F81

"

/=

-

F,=9F0,0 >A

K

=1,80

-

A17 +A=LF9

U

81

-

<FL=,A

#$* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 158: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

7A,A/,FLA0=170,<FVA><A=VA<0

"

8<

"

F1,+AA6

-

+AOF0O8:WA1<

U

C8<7

"

,+A

EA<LF/A IA

-

=<,OA1,! \A,.AA1 e=16=<

U

"*3) =17 e69

U

"*34

"

GA1A<=9

@8,8<00

-

A1,/980A,881AOF99F81SE7899=<081

-

<FL=,A7A,A/,FLA0,8/8

-

A

.F,+61F81FB=,F81F1,+A=6,8O8,FLAF1760,<

U

!

J6,8O8,FLA /=

-

F,=9F0,0 .A<A /+=99A1

K

A7 >

U

,+A X8OOF,,AA :8<

Z1760,<F=9]<

K

=1FB=,F81

$

XZ]

%"

=1A. >A99F

K

A<A1,:8</AF1 SE,<=7A

61F810! 5=7F/=90+A=7A7>

U

e8+1N! NA.F0

"

Y<A0F7A1,8:S1F,A7 @F1A

P8<VA<08:JOA<F/=

$

S@PJ

%"

F10F0,A7,+=,,+A,<=7F,F81=9

6

+8<FB81,=9

7

0,<6/,6<A

$

8<

K

6F970,<6/,6<A

%

8:,+AJOA<F/=1CA7A<=,F818:N=>8<

$

JCN

%

>98/V61F81O8LAOA1,

"

/=60A

6

9=>8<=<F0,8/<=/

U

7

,8988V78.16

-

8198.9

U

-

=F7.8<VA<0A1

K

=

K

A7F1 O=00

-

<876/,F81

"

=17,+=,F1760,<F=961F810

0+8697<A

-

9=/A,+A:8<OA<!I6<F1

K

,+F0

-

A<F87

"

F1760,<F=9.8<VA<0:8<OA7

,+AF<8.161F810

"

F1/967F1

K

,+80AF1,+A=6,8O8,FLA

"

<6>>A<

"

OF1F1

K

=17

0,AA9F1760,<FA0!\

U

"*3$,+80AF1760,<F=961F810>8=0,A7=OAO>A<0+F

-

8:

:86<OF99F81

"

<86

K

+9

U

+=9:OF99F81 O8<A,+=,,+=,8:JCN! N=,A<,+A

U

OA<

K

A7F1,8X8OOF,,AA:8<Z1760,<F=9]<

K

=1FB=,F81

$

XZ]

% $

N=10>6<

U

A,

=9

"

'%%&

!

-

!44

%"

,6<1F1

K

=1A.9A=:F1SE9=>8<O8LAOA1,!Z1760,<F=9

61F810.A<A>897A<

"

O8<A>A99F

K

A<A1,=17<=7F/=9!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A

6

0F,

78.10,<FVA

7

,+A

U

F1LA1,A7.=0<=

-

F79

U

=78

-

,A7>

U

8,+A<

K

<86

-

0! ;+A

U

.81:<A

h

6A1,LF/,8<FA0F19=>8</=

-

F,=97F0

-

6,A0

"

,88V =/,FLA

-

=<,F1

A9A/,F810=179=>8<<A9=,A79A

K

F09=,F81

"

=17 .A<A VAA1 819ALA<=

K

F1

K

K

8LA<1OA1,06

--

8<,F1<A=9FBF1

K

,+AF<8.18>

b

A/,FLA0!

;+A,A1

U

A=<08:G<A=,IA

-

<A00F81><86

K

+,=>86,/+=1

K

A0F1SE9=>8<

OF170A,!N=>8<

-

89F/FA0F1/967A7F1,+ARA. IA=9,+=,.A<AF1:=L8<8:

,<=7A61F810

"

=0.A99=0,+A<=7F/=90/+889F161F81O8LAOA1,

"

K

=LA>F<,+

,861

-

<A/A7A1,A7/9=00/810/F8601A00=O81

K

.8<VA<0

$

A0

-

A/F=99

U

F1O=

b

8<

F1760,<F=9/A1,A<0

%

=17/810A

h

6A1,9

U

=1A.0A10A8:F7A1,F,

U

!N=>8<9A=7A<0

0,<A1

K

,+A1A7 A::8<,0 F1 ,6<1F1

K

61F81 8::F/A0 F1,8 /9A=1 /+=<OF1

K

/8OO61F,

U

/A1,A<0=179AF06<A=/,FLF,

U

/A1,A<0

"

/8O

-

9A,A.F,+9861

K

A0

"

K

=OA<88O0

"

>=99<88O0

"

<A0,=6<=1,0=179F><=<FA0

"

.+A<A/8+A0F81=O81

K

.8<VA<0/8697>A16<,6<A7,+<86

K

+06/+08/F=9=/,FLF,FA0=07=1/F1

K

"

/=<7

K

=OA0

"

7F11A<0=17>AA<

-

=<,FA0!

$$*

NA00810:<8ON=>8<Y89F/FA076<F1

K

,+AG<A=,IA

-

<A00F81F1,+ASEJ

!

Page 159: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

$

!

J6.->876,73F B-70 =->:0 L.-34-046

J0,+ARA.IA=97<A.,8=/980A

"

Y<A0F7A1,5880ALA9,F1,<876/A7,+A7<=:,

C=F<N=>8<E,=17=<7J/,,8,+AX81

K

<A00F1@=

U

"*3&!EFaO81,+09=,A<

"

=0,+A"*3&IA

-

<A00F81.8<0A1A7

"

+A=

K

=F16<

K

A7,+AX81

K

<A00,8=78

-

,F,!

Z1e61A"*3$

"

=:,A<=,8<,68607A

-

<A00FLA.F1,A<

"

-

960O87F:F/=,F81=17

0FO

-

9F:F/=,F818:,+A7<=:,

"

,+AJ/,.=0=78

-

,A7!Y<A0F7A1,5880ALA9,,897

+F0

-

A8

-

9A

"6

J

-

=<,:<8O,+AE8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

J/,

"

,+F0OF

K

+,>A,+AO80,

:=<<A=/+F1

K

"

:=<0F

K

+,A7

-

<8

K

<=O:8<,+A>A1A:F,8:.8<VA<0ALA<=78

-

,A7

F1,+F08<=1

U

8,+A</861,<

U

!

7

;+AJ/,l0

-

<A7A/A008<.=0,+A P=90+ WA=9A

U

Y6>9F/X81,<=/,0J/,

=78

-

,A7F1 ,+A9=,,A< +=9: 8:"*3#

"

.+F/+

-

<8,A/,A7 AO

-

98

U

AA0 8:

K

8LA<1OA1,/81,<=/,8<0.+80A/81,<=/,0Aa/AA7A7SEI"%

"

%%%!C8<,+A0A

AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

F,A0,=>9F0+A78LA<,FOA=0+86<0.8<VA7F1Aa/A008:)%+86<0

-

A<.AAV

"

0A,,+AOF1FO6O .=

K

AA

h

6=9,8,+A

6

-

<AL=F9F1

K

.=

K

A

7

F1=1

=<A=! ;+A C=F< N=>8<E,=17=<70 J/,Aa

-

=17A7,+A

-

<8,A/,F81,8=99

AO

-

98

U

AA0A1

K

=

K

A7 F1 F1,A<0,=,A /8OOA</A

"

.F,+ ,+A AaAO

-

,F81 8:

=

K

<F/69,6<A

"

:F0+A<

U

=1708OA0A<LF/A0A/,8<0! R8.8<VA<.=08>9F

K

A7,8

.8<V

"

O8<A,+=1))+86<0=.AAV76<F1

K

,+A:F<0,

U

A=<

$

)',+A0A/817

U

A=<

"

=17)%,+A<A=:,A<

%

kDa/A

-

,:8<08OA0A=081=9

b

8>0

"

,+A<A.=0,8>A=

OF1FO6O.=

K

A8:'#/A1,0

-

A<+86<:8<,+A:F<0,

U

A=<

"

,8>AF1/<A=0A7,8

)%/A1,0.F,+F10ALA1

U

A=<0! E6/+=

K

<=76=9

-

<8/A00=998.A7AO

-

98

U

A<0

,FOA:8<OF97=7

b

60,OA1,! ;+AJ/,=908

-

<8+F>F,A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,8:/+F97

9=>8<F1,+AO=16:=/,6<F1

K-

=<,8:F1,A<0,=,A/8OOA</A!

;+F0:A7A<=99=. A0,=>9F0+F1

K

,+A OF1FO6O .=

K

A=17 O=aFO6O

.8<VF1

K

+86<0+=7

-

<8:8617FO

-

=/,81 SE .=

K

A A=<1A<0! Z,0 O=

b

8<

>A1A:F/F=<FA0.A<A,+80A6161F81FBA7

"

61

-

<8,A/,A7 .8<VA<0

"

F1/967F1

K

.8OA1

"

OF18<0=17610VF99A79=>8<!Z,F0A0,FO=,A7,+=,

"

,+=1V0,8,+A

J/,

"

=>86,3%%

"

%%%.8<VA<0+=7,+AF<.=

K

AF1/<A=0A7,8'#/A1,0

"

"

"

3%%

"

%%%.8<VA<0+=7,+AF<.8<VF1

K

+86<00+8<,A1A7

,

4*%

"

%%%.8<VA<0+=7

,+AF<0A/817

U

A=<.=

K

AF1/<A=0A7,83%/A1,0

"

=17'

"

3$'

"

%%%.8<VA<0+=7

%$* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 160: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+AF<0A/817

U

A=<.8<VF1

K

+86<00+8<,A1A7,8)'+86<0

,

,+A"*)%)%

.8<VF1

K

+86<

-

A<.AAV<A:8<O>A1A:F,A7=>86,'

"

%%%

"

%%%

-

A8

-

9A! J

-

=<,

:<8O6<

K

A1,.=<

K

A1A<=,A78<7A<0

"

,+F0/8697>A/861,A7=0,+AO80,

A::A/,FLAOA=06<AF10,FO69=,F1

K

,+AA/818O

U

=17F1/<A=0F1

K

7AO=17! ]1

CA><6=<

U

3

"

"*)"

"

,+AE6

-

<AOAX86<,<69A7,+=,,+AJ/,>A=

-

A<O=1A1,

-

=<,8:SEF1760,<F=9<A9=,F810+F

-

!

%

!

=166:36 =1-0314

;+A<A=<A

h

6F,A08OA=

--

=<A1,7F::A<A1/A0>A,.AA19=>8<

-

89F/FA076<F1

K

,+A5880ALA9,RA. IA=9=17,+80AF1X+F1=F1,+A:=/A8:,+A/6<<A1,

:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

,+AO=

b

8<81A>AF1

KK

6F7F1

K-

<F1/F

-

9A0!RA.IA=9

-

89F/FA0

.A<A/8O

-

9A,A9

U

F1:=L8<8:.8<VA<0

,

.+A<A=0F1X+F1=,+A:8/60F081

<A9FALF1

K

E@D0

$

0O=99=17OA7F6O0FBA7A1,A<

-

<F0A0

%

8:,+AF<>6<7A10!

;+<86

K

+86,,+A

U

A=<8:'%%$

"

,+AX+F1A0A

K

8LA<1OA1,.=LA<A7>A,.AA1

.8<VA<<F

K

+,0

-

<8,A/,F81=17A/818OF/0,FO69=,F81F1/967F1

K

0=9L=

K

F1

K

E@D0!DLA1,6=99

U

F,7A/F7A7,8

-

80,

-

81A,+AF1,<876/,F818:D1,A<

-

<F0A

P=

K

A5A

K

69=,F81=17,+AP=

K

AZ1/<A=0A@A/+=1F0O

"

=908V18.1=0,+A

6

RF1A569A081P=

K

AZ1/<A=0A

7

!;+A5A

K

69=,F810:8<,+AZO

-

9AOA1,=,F81

8:,+AN=>8<X81,<=/,N=.78A01l,OA1,F81=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0=,=99

"

9A=LF1

K

06/+ :9AaF>9A :8<O 8: AO

-

98

U

OA1, ,8 F,0A9:! G8LA<1OA1,

-

89F/FA0

-

<8O69

K

=,A708:=<,+F0

U

A=<

K

FLA,8

--

<F8<F,

U

,8AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

9A=LF1

K

-

A8

-

9A.F,+,+AFO

-

<A00F81,+=,=0981

K

=0=1A1,A<

-

<F0A

-

9A7

K

A0,8

6

,<

U

F,0

>A0,18,,89=

U

8::.8<VA<0

7"

F,+=0:6997F0/<A,F81,8.A=VA1.8<VA<0l

<F

K

+,0

"

06/+=07A9=

U

F1

K-

=

U

OA1,F1,808/F=90A/6<F,

U

=//861,0

"

K

FLF1

K

61

-

=F7L=/=,F810

"

7A76/,F1

K

A::A/,FLA.8<VF1

K

+86<0

"

8<ALA17A:=69,F1

K

81

.=

K

A

-

=

U

OA1,617A</A<,=F1/F</6O0,=1/A0!E8OA

-

A8

-

9A<=F0A=<F8,860

/9=O8<=>86,060

-

A17F1

K

,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:,+AN=>8<X81,<=/,N=.

=17ALA1<AO8LF1

K

OF1FO6O .=

K

A<A

h

6F<AOA1,0!

!

Z,F018Aa=

KK

A<=,F81

&$*

NA00810:<8ON=>8<Y89F/FA076<F1

K

,+AG<A=,IA

-

<A00F81F1,+ASEJ

!

!

'

E/+89=<0X=99:8<=W=9,,8N=>8<X81,<=/,N=.ZO

-

9AOA1,=,F81S

-

81Z,0J11FLA<0=<

U

)"

...!0,11!//

"

'

#

"%

#

'%%*!

Page 161: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,+=,,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:,+AN=>8<X81,<=/,N=.=17,+AA::8<,081

-

<8,A/,F1

K

.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0O=

U

/8OA,8=

-

<AO=,6<AA17! ;+F0=6,+8<

>A9FALA0,+=,.A0+8697=L8F7=1A/818OF/

-

89F/

U

,+=,F0/81/A<1A7819

U

.F,+>60F1A00A08<AO

-

98

U

OA1,F1

K

A1A<=9

"

>6,18,,+A16O>A<8:

b

8>0

/<A=,A78<,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0!J9A0081:<8O,+ARA.IA=9

F0,+=,F,l0+=<7,8

K

A16F1A9

U

F1/<A=0A78OA0,F/7AO=17=170,FO69=,A

A/818OF/

K

<8.,+ .F,+86,F1/<A=0F1

K

.=

K

AF1/8OA=1708/F=90A/6<F,

U

!

;+A<A:8<A

"

F,F0:8<,+A

-

6<

-

80A8:O=F1,=F1F1

K

08/F=9A

h

6F,

U

=17A/818OF/

K

<8.,+,+=, .A0,<A00

-

<8,A/,F818:.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,076<F1

K

A/818OF/

/<F0A0!

J0A/8179A0081:<8O,+ARA. IA=9F0,+=,

-

<=/,F/=9=17A::A/,FLA

/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F0ALA1O8<A1A/A00=<

U

F1A/818OF//<F0A0! ;+AJ99

X+F1=CA7A<=,F818:;<=7AS1F810lF1F,F=,A7F1IA/AO>A<9=0,

U

A=<,+A

6

@6,6=99

U

J

K

<AA76

-

81 J/,F810

7"

F!A!

"

/899A/,FLA 1A

K

8,F=,F81 =17

=

K

<AAOA1,8LA< VA

U

/+=99A1

K

A0,8 A1,A<

-

<F0A 8

-

A<=,F81 =17 .8<VA<0l

<F

K

+,0!DO

-

98

U

AA00+8697+A9

-

,+AF<AO

-

98

U

A<0,F7A8LA<7F::F/69,,FOA0

"

.+F9AAO

-

98

U

A<00+8697

-

<8,A/,AO

-

98

U

AA0l<F

K

+,0!J0=<A069,

"

+8

-

A:699

U

=1 =OF/=>9A /899=>8<=,FLA AO

-

98

U

A<AO

-

98

U

AA <A9=,F810+F

-

/8697 >A

A0,=>9F0+A7! @8<A8LA<

"

,+AJ99X+F1=CA7A<=,F818:;<=7AS1F8100,<A00A0

,+=,,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

OA/+=1F0O0+8697>AF1,A

K

<=,A7F1,8,+A

6

@6,6=99

U

J

K

<AA76

-

81 J/,F810

7"

08 ,+=, /899A/,FLA /81,<=/,0 8<

06

--

9AOA1,=<

U

=

K

<AAOA1,0,=F98<A7 ,8,+A 0

-

A/F:F//817F,F810 8:,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A/8697>A0F

K

1A7

"

,+A<A>

U

Aa

-

=17F1

K

/8LA<=

K

A=17A1+=1/F1

K

A::A/,FLA1A00! ;+A98

K

F/8:J99X+F1=CA7A<=,F818:;<=7AS1F810.A99

F9960,<=,A0,+A1AA7:8<+=<O81F860F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810=0 .A99=0,+A

-

<F8<F,

UK

FLA1,8

6

R8N=F78::P8<VA<0

"

R8P=

K

A5A76/,F81

7

F1/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

!J

K

6F7A9F1AF006A7>

U

/8O

-

A,A1,=6,+8<F,FA0F1CA><6=<

U

,+F0

U

A=<=9087AO=17A7,+=,,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0=17AO

-

98

U

AA00+8697

=//A9A<=,A,+A 7ALA98

-

OA1, 8:,+A /899A/,FLA >=<

K

=F1F1

K

OA/+=1F0O

"

O=VF1

K

F,=1F10,F,6,F81=9

K

6=<=1,AA:8<AO

-

98

U

AAAO

-

98

U

A</8+A0F81

"

<F0V

0+=<F1

K

=17/8OO81A::8<,0F18LA</8OF1

K

7F::F/69,FA0!Z,F0Aa

-

A/,A7,+=,

>

U

,+A.F7A=78

-

,F818:,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

OA/+=1F0O

"

=6,818O860

'$* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 162: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

<A=7

b

60,OA1,08:F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810/=1>A0,<A1

K

,+A1A7!;+A

-

8F1,+A<A

F018,,8/8OA6

-

.F,+08OA,AO

-

8<=<

U

OA=06<A0,8/8

-

A.F,+,+A/6<<A1,

/<F0F0

"

>6,,8FO

-

<8LAF1760,<F=9<A9=,F810! P+=,O60,=908>A

-

8F1,A786,

F0,+=,,+A<A+=LA>AA108OA/+<81F/

-

<8>9AO0.F,+,<=7F,F81=9/899A/,FLA

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1 X+F1=

"

06/+=0,<=7A61F810l9=/V8:F17A

-

A17A1/A=17

<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81

"

=17

-

A<:61/,8<

U

/899A/,FLA1A

K

8,F=,F81! ;+AFO

-

<8LAOA1,

8LA</899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1:=/A8:,+A:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0.8697O=F19

U

>A

7<FLA1>

U

,+AY=<,

U

=17,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,!Z1A::A/,,+A/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

OA/+=1F0O0+8697>A

K

6F7A7>

U

,+AY=<,

U

=17,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,.+F9A

A1/86<=

K

F1

K

OAO>A<

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81

"

,+A<A>

U

6

A178.F1

K

,<=7A61F810.F,+

O8<A<A086</A0=17OA=10

7

F1,.8.=

U

0!

J,+F<79A0081F0,8,=VA=7L=1,=

K

A8:,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF//<F0F0,8

-

<8O8,A,+A 7ALA98

-

OA1, =17 <A0,<6/,6<F1

K

8:,<=7A 61F810

"

<=F0A

AO

-

98

U

AA=.=<A1A00

"

=17A1+=1/A,+AA/818OF/

"

08/F8

-

89F,F/=90,=,608:

,<=7A61F810!Da

-

A<FA1/A0:<8O,+ARA.IA=90+8.,+=,.+A1A/818O

U

K

<8.0=,=18<O=98<:=0,

-

=/A

"

AO

-

98

U

AA0=<AO8<A9FVA9

U

,8F7A1,F:

U

.F,+

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A,+=1.F,+,+A,<=7A61F81

"

.+F/+=

--

9FA0A0

-

A/F=99

U

,8.+F,A

/899=<.8<VA<0F1+F

K

+A170A<LF/A0A/,8<0!J1A/818OF//<F0F08<FA1,0,+A

98.A</9=00A0.+8:AA9,+A/8OO81

-

=F1,8.=<70/8OO818>

b

A/,FLA0!]1/A

,+A

U

=<AF1L89LA7F1=

-

<8

K

<A00FLA9=>8<O8LAOA1,

"

,+A

U

=<AO8<A9FVA9

U

,8

:8<O=/8OO81/9=00/810/F8601A00=17,+A<A:8<A089F7=<F,

U

!Z,+=

--

A1A7

76<F1

K

,+ARA. IA=9

"

=17.F99+=

--

A1,+F0,FOA! ;<=7A61F8100+8697

0,<A1

K

,+A1,+AF<A::8<,0F1Aa

-

=10F81!Z1

-

=<,F/69=<,+A

U

0+8697,=<

K

A,

OF

K

<=1,.8<VA<0

"

8::A<,+AO=00F0,=1/A=17A1+=1/A,+AF<F7A1,F,

U

.F,+,+A

.8<VF1

K

/9=00=17,<=7A61F810

"

9=

U

F1

K

=089F7:8617=,F81:8<,+A:6,6<A

K

<8.,+8:,<=7A61F810!

J0,88<

K

=1FB=,F81=90,<6/,6<A

"

,+F0=6,+8<>A9FALA0,+=,,<=7A61F810

0+86979A=7,+AA::8<,0F1.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,0

-

<8,A/,F81

"

18,,+=,,+A

U

O60,

:8998.,+A<=7F/=9=

--

<8=/+8:XZ]F1,+ASE

"

>6,,+=,X+F1=.F99+=LA

>=0F/=99

U

A0,=>9F0+A7=/8O

-

9A,A9=>8<9=.:<=OA.8<V8<FA1,A7,8.=<70

O=<VA,A/818O

U

>

U

,+A"'

,+

CFLA[A=<Y9=1!\

U

,+=,,FOA

"

,+A

-

<F8<F,

U

F1

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810.F990+F:,:<8O9=. O=VF1

K

,80,<F/,A1:8</AOA1,=17

($*

NA00810:<8ON=>8<Y89F/FA076<F1

K

,+AG<A=,IA

-

<A00F81F1,+ASEJ

!

Page 163: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

9=>8</=

-

F,=9=6,818O

U

! J O=

b

8<:8<O8:9=>8</=

-

F,=9=6,818O

U

F0,8

A0,=>9F0+=,<=7A=17F1760,<

U

9ALA9/88<7F1=,F81=177F=98

K

6AOA/+=1F0O

F17F::A<A1,

K

A8

K

<=

-

+F/=9<A

K

F810!;+A<A:8<A

"

A::8<,00+8697>AO=7A:<8O

18.81,87ALA98

-

=170,=::,<=7A8<F1760,<

U

61F810

"

F1760,<

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0l

=008/F=,F810=17

K

8LA<1OA1,>=/VA7

K

6F970

"

=//6O69=,AAa

-

A<FA1/A=17

/<A=,A /817F,F810 :8< >6F97F1

K

=1 F1760,<F=9 <A9=,F810 /88<7F1=,F81

OA/+=1F0OF1,+A:6,6<A! \A0F7A0

"

A1,A<

-

<F0A78OF1=,A7>=<

K

=F1F1

K

+=0

>AA1

-

<8LA1,8>AO8<A

-

A<:61/,8<

U

"

,+A<A:8<AF,0+8697819

U

>A=6aF9F=<

U

!

J99F1=99

"

,<=7A61F810O60,7AO810,<=,A,+AF</8O

-

A,A1/AF1<A

-

<A0A1,F1

K

.8<VA<0=17

-

<8,A/,F1

K

,+AF<<F

K

+,0!]19

U

F1,+F0.=

U

/=1,+A

U

.F1<A0

-

A/,

:<8O,+A08/FA,

U

F1

K

A1A<=9! ;+A/6<<A1,A/818OF//<F0F0F0=.F178.8:

8

--

8<,61F,

U

:8<,<=7A61F810!

J:F1=99A0081F0,8,=VA=7L=1,=

K

A8:,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF//<F0F0,8

<A=7

b

60,=17FO

-

<8LA1=,F81=9F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810/88<7F1=,F81OA/+=1F0O

8<FA1,A7,8.=<70O=<VA,A/818O

U

! ;+AF10,F,6,F81=9:<=OA.8<V8:,+A

/81,AO

-

8<=<

U

SE F1760,<F=9 <A9=,F810 /88<7F1=,F81 OA/+=1F0O .=0

A0,=>9F0+A776<F1

K

,+ARA. IA=9! IA0

-

F,A06>0A

h

6A1,=7

b

60,OA1,0=17

/+=99A1

K

A0

-

80A7>

U

A/818OF/

K

98>=9FB=,F81

"

:9AaF>9AAO

-

98

U

OA1,=177A

61F81FB=,F81

"

F,0O=F1:61/,F81F0F1,=/,

"

8::A<F1

K

60=98,8:<A:A<A1/A0!

C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1F1760,<F=9FBA7/861,<FA0

"

,+A<AF0606=99

U

=,<F

-

=<,F,A

F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810>8=<70A

-

=<=,A:<8O

K

8LA<1OA1,l09=>8<=6,+8<F,FA0

"

.+F/+O=VA0F1LA0,F

K

=,F81

"

-

9=11F1

K

=177A/F0F8108LA<O=

b

8<9=>8</=

-

F,=9

F006A0

"

=17 .+F/++=179A09=>8< /=

-

F,=97F0

-

6,A08:0F

K

1F:F/=1,08/F=9

FO

-

=/,!;+F0.=0=9A

K

=/

U

:<8O,+ARA.IA=9!;+F0=6,+8<>A9FALA0,+=,

.A0+86979A=<1:<8O,+A

-

<=/,F/A>

U

F10,F,6,F81=9FBF1

K

,+A,<F

-

=<,F,A>8=<7

F18<7A<,8/8

-

A.F,+O=

b

8<9=>8</=

-

F,=9F006A0/=60A7>

U

,+A/<F0F0!Z,F0

.8<,+OA1,F81F1

K

,+=,,+A<A=<A08OA0A9:ALF7A1,.A=V1A00A0F1,+AN=.

81@A7F=,F81=17J<>F,<=,F818:N=>8<IF0

-

6,A0,+=,/=OAF1,8:8</A9=0,

U

A=<

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A:=F96<A,8OA1,F81+8.,8+=179A

K

<86

-

ALA1,006/+

=00,<FVA0! @8<A8LA<

"

AaF0,F1

K

9=.0=17<A

K

69=,F81081/899A/,FLA7F0

-

6,A0

=<A,880FO

-

9A

"

,88=O>F

K

6860

"

<A

h

6F<F1

K

=981

K

,FOA,8

-

<8/A00

"

=17,88

06>8<7F1=,A7,8 8,+A<9=.0 =17 <A

K

69=,F810! S1:F,:8<,+A /6<<A1,

)%* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 164: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

0F,6=,F81

"

,+A

U

/=99:8<9A

K

F09=,FLA=17=7OF1F0,<=,FLA=7

b

60,OA1,0!

1*8*&*,N*/

!

"! IFa81 PA/,8<

"

'%%$

!

K7#U

3

#,

?

M"#'/I#

;

"#$$0,6! ;=F.=1

!

IA<.AFX69,6<A

Z1,A<1=,F81=9!

'!e8+1P!\677

"

'%%&

"

85

;

&,

F

5#6/N0/7' ]-5'64'1#

!

@'&'6106

3

8

??

010#61

F

"

8

`

-0/

F

"

'6:T,01#

"

YAVF1

K

!S1FLA<0F,

U

Y<A00

3!\=O>A<N=10>6<

U

A,=9

$

A70

%"

'%%&

"

Z1,A<1=,F81=9=17X8O

-

=<=,FLADO

-

98

U

OA1,

5A9=,F810

"

;=F.=1

!

X8OO81.A=9,+Y6>9F0+F1

K

X8!

"

N,7!

)! @F1F0,<

U

8:W6O=15A086</A0=17E8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

"

"

#

'3

#

'%%*

"

J99X+F1=CA7A<=,F81

8:;<=7AS1F810iX+F1=D1,A<

-

<F0A

"

X81:A7A<=,F81

"

M-0:06

3

Y

;

060,6$A,61#"606

3

./'+0&0J'/0,6,

?

*6:-$/"0'&"#&'/0,6$70

;

/,I#'&N0/7A-""#6/81,6,501.0/-'/0,6!

#!J99X+F1=CA7A<=,F818:;<=7AS1F810

"

3

#

)

#

'%%*

"

Y

;

060,6$A,61#"606

3

/7#4-"/7#"

!",5,/0,6,

?

'

Q-/-'&&

F

U

3

"##:9

;

,6U1/0,6$

)

!

*%*

NA00810:<8ON=>8<Y89F/FA076<F1

K

,+AG<A=,IA

-

<A00F81F1,+ASEJ

!

Page 165: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

\"T!%,'2*+,'*&*/'/"8V"&Y*&/O*3%8*

?

.%&-*-

-.&(,

?

'2*7N","#(N!&(/(/(,4"&*%

1

HF6EFV\=A=1756789:;<=6>@A<B

!

!

23.0:45G.7:3

;+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

.+F/+/8OOA1/A7.F,+,+A/899=

-

0A8:,+A

06>

-

<FOAO8<,

K

=

K

AO=<VA,F1,+ASEJ=,,+AA178:'%%&=17,+A10

-

<A=7

,+<86

K

+86,,+A.8<97.F,+,+A/899=

-

0A8:NA+O=1\<8,+A<0F1EA

-

,AO>A<

'%%$

"

+=0.<86

K

+,+=L8/F1O=1

U

A/818OFA0

"

F1

-

=<,F/69=<,+80A.+F/+=<A

>8617,8,+ASEA/818O

U

,+<86

K

+,+AF<>=1VF1

K

=17:F1=1/F=90

U

0,AO08<

Aa

-

8<, 0A/,8<0! Z, +=0 7AO810,<=,A7 .F,+ Aa/A

-

,F81=9 /9=<F,

U

,+=,

F1,A

K

<=,F81F1.8<97O=<VA,018,819

U-

<8LF7A08

--

8<,61F,FA0:8<A/818OF/

K

<8.,+>6,:8</A0,+A

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F1

K

A/818OFA0,80+=<A,+A>6<7A18:

AOA<

K

F1

K

/<F0A0

"

18 O=,,A< .+A<A,+A

U

O=

U

+=LA=<F0A18<:8< .+=,

<A=081!Z1,+A/86<0A8:=:A. O81,+0

"

,+A.8<97Aa

-

A<FA1/A7=78OF18

A::A/,

"

.F,+81A0A/,8<=:,A<=18,+A<>AF1

K

/=6

K

+,F1=78.1.=<70

-

F<=9

"

0,AOOF1

K

:<8O181:61/,F81F1

K

>=1V08<0+<F1VF1

K

/8106OA<7AO=17!Z,

>A/=OA/9A=<,8=99,+=,O=<VA,0+=718F1>6F9,OA/+=1F0O,8+=9,,+F0

7ALA98

-

OA1,=17,+=, O=<VA,A/818OFA0 OF

K

+,ALA1 >A:=/F1

K

,8,=9

/899=

-

0A!Z1=:A=,8:61

-

<A/A7A1,A7

-

<8

-

8<,F810

"

K

8LA<1OA1,08:,+A

9A=7F1

K

A/818OFA0 .A<A:8</A7,87A0F

K

1<A0/6A

-

=/V=

K

A0,8>=F986,

F1089LA1,>=1V0=17+=LA,<FA7,80,FO69=,A78OA0,F/F1LA0,OA1,=17

Page 166: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

7AO=17.F,+

-

6>9F/Aa

-

A17F,6<A

-

<8

K

<=OOA0

"

O=F19

U

:F1=1/A7>

U

/<A7F,!

H8<A=O60,>A=<=06>0,=1,F=90+=<A8:,+A/80,0!Z,+=0=:=F<9

U

0O=99

78OA0,F/O=<VA,/8O

-

=<A7,8F,0.A997ALA98

-

A7F1760,<F=9/=

-

=/F,

U

=17F1

<A/A1,7A/=7A0+=0

-

6<06A7=1A/818OF/

K

<8.,+0,<=,A

KU

<A9

U

F1

K

81

Aa

-

8<,0

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

,8X+F1=

"

W81

K

H81

K

=17,+ASEJ! P+A1

K

98>=9

7AO=17:8<H8<A=1Aa

-

8<,00,=<,A7,80+<F1V

"

,+AA::A/,0.A<A:A9,F1O=1

U

0A

K

OA1,08:,+A1=,F81=9A/818O

U

!GIYF1,+A:86<,+

h

6=<,A<8:'%%$:A99

>

U

#!4

-

A</A1,

"

.+F9AF1760,<F=9

-

<876/,F817<8

--

A7>

U

"'

-

A</A1,8LA<

,+A0=OA

-

A<F87!

;+A7A/9F1AF1A/818OF/=/,FLF,

U K

A1A<=,A70+8/V.=LA081,+A

9=>86<O=<VA,

"

9A=LF1

K

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

,<=7A61F810=17

.8<VA<0F10A=</+8:=10.A<0,8,+A

-

<8>9AO8:<F0F1

K

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

F1/967F1

K

.=

U

08:O=F1,=F1F1

K

=,9A=0,08OAAO

-

98

U

OA1,0A/6<F,

U

!Z1

,+F0 /+=

-

,A<

"

.A 0+=99 =,,AO

-

, ,8 7A0/<F>A +8. F1 H8<A= ,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,=17,+A08/F=9

-

=<,1A<0=<A/8

-

F1

K

.F,+,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,

/<F0F0=17,8=00A00,+AA::A/,FLA1A00=179FOF,=,F8108:,+AF</8OO81

A::8<,0!EA/,F81'988V0=,<F0F1

K

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,! EA/,F813/810F7A<0

AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,0=17=00A00A0,+AFO

-

8<,=1/A8:AO

-

98

U

OA1,

<A

K

69=,F810! EA/,F81)Aa=OF1A0,+A9A

K

=99FOF,=,F81081AO

-

98

U

OA1,

:9AaF>F9F,

U

=0=1=10.A<,8,+A86,

-

6,/<F0F0

"

.+F9AEA/,F81#<ALFA.0

/6<<A1,

-

89F/FA081AO

-

98

U

OA1,=7

b

60,OA1,!

"

!

A50013. <31CK8:QC13. L7.5-.7:3 73 ]:01-

;=>9A"0+8.0

K

A1A<=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,,<A170F1 H8<A=8LA<,+A

-

=0,0Fa

U

A=<0!;+A61AO

-

98

U

OA1,<=,A+=0<AO=F1A7:=F<9

U

98.!Z,F018,A.8<,+

U

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+=,F1:8<O=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,F0:=F<9

U

+F

K

+=17,+=,

"

=,=9O80,#!$

OF99F81

"

,+A0A9:AO

-

98

U

A7/810,F,6,A=9=<

K

A

-

<8

-

8<,F818:,+A9=>86<

:8</A!

"%*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 167: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*E

!

7#

$

0"

6

#*,'(,-(N*/

)

4"&*%

)

CFFD CFFH

#

$

FFF

$

'%%3!$ '%%)!$ '%%#!$ '%%4!$ '%%&!$ '%%$!"'

"#

U

A=<08:=

K

A=17=>8LA 3&3*% 3&&&" 3$)'$ 3$$3# 3*'3' 3*$4)

!

D/818OF/=99

U

F1=/,FLA "))#) ")#)' ")&3* ")$4) "#%"$ "4"#4

!

D/818OF/=99

U

=/,FLA ''*34 '3''* '34$* '3*&' ')'") '3&%*

!!

DO

-

98

U

A7 ''"'4 ''3$' ''$)& '3"4) '3)#$ ''$4"

!!

S1AO

-

98

U

A7 $"% $)$ $)3 $%& &#4 $)$

Y=<,F/F

-

=,F81<=,A

$

T

%

4"!3 4"!# 4"!4 4"!& 4"!& #*!#

S1AO

-

98

U

OA1,<=,A

$

T

%

3!# 3!4 3!4 3!) 3!" 3!4

DO

-

98

U

OA1,<=,A

$

T

%

#*!' #*!3 #*!# #*!4 #*!$ #&!3

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9]::F/A

"

=116=906<LA

U

08:,+AA/818OF/=99

U

=/,FLA

-

8

-

69=,F81!

]::F/F=961AO

-

98

U

OA1,<=,A07818,<A/8<7,+A:699Aa,A1,8:

b

8>9A001A00!

;=>9A"<ALA=90=0677A17A/<A=0AF1,+A16O>A<8:AO

-

98

U

A7

-

A<0810 >

U

#*&

"

%%% :<8O J6

K

60,'%%&,8IA/AO>A<'%%$

"

.+F9A,+A16O>A<8:

61AO

-

98

U

A7F1/<A=0A7>

U

819

U

*'

"

%%%8LA<,+A0=OA

-

A<F87!;+AOF00F1

K

+=9:=OF99F81=<A,8>A:8617F1,+A/=,A

K

8<

U

8:A/818OF/=99

U

F1=/,FLA

-

A<0810

"

.+F/+F1/<A=0A7>

U

8LA<81AOF99F81

"

=<8617$%%

"

%%%=>8LA.+=,

OF

K

+,+=LA>AA1Aa

-

A/,A7 OA<A9

U

:<8O ,+AAa,<=

-

89=,F818:

-

<ALF860

,<A170!J9=<

K

A16O>A<8:61AO

-

98

U

A7

-

A<0810=<A18,<A/8<7A7F1,+A

8::F/F=961AO

-

98

U

OA1,<=,A!

#

!

JCK8:QC13. A:3.0-G.6 -34

JCK8:QC13. 91F58-.7:36

#

!

! 23D:0C-8 A:3.0-G.6

Z1:8<O=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,0=<A/81/967A78<=99

U

!;+A

U

606=99

U

=<F0AF1

/F</6O0,=1/A0F1.+F/+,+AAO

-

98

U

A<+=0,+A6

--

A<+=17=17.8<VA<0+=LA

#%* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 168: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

18<A/86<0A

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,8,<=7A61F810F118161F81F0A7/8O

-

=1FA0!

Z1:8<O=9/81,<=/,0 8:,A1

K

FLA<F0A,8 7F0

-

6,A0

"

:8< Aa=O

-

9A

"

.+A1

AO

-

98

U

A<0=<A:=/A7.F,+=7LA<0A>60F1A00/817F,F810=17:AA961=>9A,8

+8186<.+=,,+A

U

+=7=

K

<AA7!

W8.ALA<

"

.+A,+A<:8<O=98<F1:8<O=9

"

>8,+,

U-

A08:AO

-

98

U

OA1,

/81,<=/,=<A06>

b

A/,,8 OF1FO6O /817F,F8100,F

-

69=,A7F1,+A N=>86<

E,=17=<70J/,!;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0A1/86<=

K

A7AO

-

98

U

A<0=17AO

-

98

U

AA0

=9FVA,860A.<F,,A1/81,<=/,00F1/A,+AOF7"**%0=17

-

<8LF7A0=0,=17=<7

:8<O8:AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,:8<,+A

-

6<

-

80A! ;+A<A+=0>AA108OA

-

<8

K

<A00F1,+F0<A0

-

A/,

"

>6,O8<A,+=1+=9:8:=99AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,0F1

H8<A==<A0,F99/81/967A78<=99

U

$

0AA;=>9A'

%

k;+F0=

--

9FA0,8AO

-

98

U

AA0

818

-

A1A17A7/81,<=/,0=17,8,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0!

!

9%:0*C

!

A&"

$

"&'(","8T&(''*,*#

$

0"

6

#*,'N",'&%N'/

J99AO

-

98

U

AA0 ]

-

A1A17A7/81,<=/,0 ;AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0

'%%$

$

J6

K

!

%

)4!#T )4!$T )4!"T

'%%&

$

J6

K

!

%

)'!$T )"!#T )#!"T

E86</A

!

@F1F0,<

U

8:N=>86<

"

CA><6=<

U

'%%*

!

Y<A00<A9A=0A81AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

e=16=<

U

'%%*!

#

!

" L.-34-04 JCK8:QC13. A:3.0-G.6

J//8<7F1

K

,8,+AN=>86<E,=17=<70 J/,

"

AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,0 O60,

F1/967A=OF1FO6O0A,8:

-

<8LF0F810

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

81.=

K

A0

$

/8O

-

80F,F81

8:.=

K

A0

"

+8.,8/=9/69=,A.=

K

A0

"

-

=

U

OA1,OA,+870

%"

.8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

+89F7=

U

0

"

=116=99A=LA=178,+A< .8<VF1

K

/817F,F810

$

0AA ;=>9A3

%

k

DO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,0=<A9A

K

=978/6OA1,081 .+F/+ AO

-

98

U

A<0=17

AO

-

98

U

AA0O60,<A9

U

! W8.ALA<

"

F:=7F0

-

6,A=<F0A081,+A/81,A1,08<

=

--

9F/=,F818:/81,<=/,0

"

,+A

U

=<A8:,A1<A

K

=<7A7=0OA<A9

U

:8<O=9=17

/81:9F/,<A0896,F810606=99

U

,A17,8<A9

U

O8<A81,+AF1,A<

-

<A,=,F818:

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F810,+=181.+=,F0.<F,,A178.1F1,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,

/81,<=/,0,+AO0A9LA0!

$%*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 169: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!!

9%:0*D

!

X.'0(,*"8*#

$

0"

6

#*,'N",'&%N'/

!%'*

?

"&

6

9

6$

*"8(,8"&#%'(",'":*/.

$$

0(*-

"!;A<O8:9=>86</81,<=/, :<8O

$

77

#

OO

#

UU

%

,8

$

77

#

OO

#

UU

%

'!Y9=/A8:AO

-

98

U

OA1,

3!e8>0

#

76,FA0 Z1760,<

U

"

>60F1A00

"

8//6

-

=,F81

)! P8<VF1

K

+86<0 JLA<=

K

A.8<VF1

K

+86<0

!

+86<0

"

0+F:,0

U

0,AO

#!5A0,+86<0 OF16,A0

-

A<7=

U

4! W89F7=

U

0

NA

K

=9+89F7=

U

$

@=

U

I=

U

"

X+<F0,O=0

"

\677+F0,

>F<,+7=

U

"

8,+A<

%"

E=,6<7=

U

#

E617=

U

"

8,+A<

&!Y=

U

OA1,

"

%

O81,+9

U

$

+86<9

U

"

7=F9

U

"

.AAV9

U

%

.=

K

A0

'

%

=998.=1/A0

"

>8160A0

3

%

8LA<,FOA

"

1F

K

+,0+F:,8<+89F7=

U

<=,A0

$!Y=

U

OA1,7=,A R8<O=99

U

O81,+9

U

*!Y=

U

OA1,OA,+870 IF<A/,

-

=

U

OA1,

$

=,9A=0,81AO81,+9

U-

=

U

OA1,

%

"%!],+A<>A1A:F,0 C887=178,+A</8O

-

=1

U

>A1A:F,0

""!],+A<O=,,A<018,<A

K

69=,A7F1,+F0/81,<=/,.F99:8998.,+A

-

<8LF0F8108:,+A

N=>86<E,=17=<70J/,!

$

I=,A

%

DO

-

98

U

A<

$

0F

K

1=,6<A

%

DO

-

98

U

AA

$

0F

K

1=,6<A

%

#

!

# JCK8:QC13. 91F58-.7:36

DO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810=<A

K

8LA<1A7,8=9=<

K

AAa,A1,>

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

<A

K

69=,F810! ;+A N=>86<E,=17=<70 J/,0,F

-

69=,A0=0A,8: OF1FO6O

/817F,F810.+F/+AO

-

98

U

A<0 O60,=7+A<A,8

$

0AA\8a:8<,+AL=<F860

/=,A

K

8<FA0

%

kJ1

U -

<8LF0F81 8:=1 AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/, 8</8O

-

=1

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1, <A

K

69=,F810 F0 1699F:FA7 F: F, LF89=,A0 ,+A N=>86<

E,=17=<70J/,!

%%* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 170: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

O"]

!

9*&#/%,-!",-('(",/:%/*-",7#

$

0"

6

#*,'1*

?

.0%'(",/

"

E,=<,=17A17,FOA8:.8<V

"

><A=V0

"

+89F7=

U

0

"

9A=LA

"

0+F:,.8<V

"

P=

K

A 7A,A<OF1=,F81

"

OA,+870 8: .=

K

A /=9/69=,F81

"

-

=

U

OA1,

OA,+870

"

-

A<F87 8LA< .+F/+ .=

K

A0=<A

-

=F7

"

-

=

U

OA1,,FOA

"

.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0

"

C=OF9

U

=998.=1/A0=17<A,F<AOA1,

"

:887>A1A:F,0

"

5A,F<AOA1,

-

=

U

OA1,0

"

>8160A0

"

OF1FO6O.=

K

A0

"

D76/=,F81:=/F9F,FA0

"

-

=<A1,=99A=LA

"

O8,+A<+887

-

<8,A/,F81

"

E=:A,

U

=17+A=9,+

"

5A/8

K

1F,F818:

K

887

-

A<:8<O=1/A=177F0/F

-

9F1=<

U

0=1/,F810

"

],+A<,+F1

K

0,+=,=99FA7,+A.+89A.8<V:8</A=,:F<O0

E86</A

!

J<,F/9A*38:,+AN=>8<E,=17=<7J/,k

;+F0=

--

9FA0,8=99AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

>6,F08:

-

=<,F/69=<0F

K

1F:F/=1/A:8<181

61F81F0A7:F<O0

"

.+A<A.8<VA<07818,A1

b

8

U

=77F,F81=9

-

<8,A/,F81:<8O

,<=7A61F810!DO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F810

-

<8LF7A=0

-

A/F=9

-

<8,A/,FLA0+FA97

:8<O=16=9.8<VA<0=1798.

K

<=7A/9A<F/=9.8<VA<0

"

0F1/A,+A

U

/81,=F1

OF1FO6O0,=17=<70

"

>A

U

817,+A/81,A1,08:AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,0! J,

61F81F0A7:F<O0

"

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0+=LA

-

<F8<F,

U

8LA<AO

-

98

U

OA1,

<A

K

69=,F810!W8.ALA<

"

ALA1+A<A

"

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F810=<A0F

K

1F:F/=1,

>A/=60A,+A

U

A106<A,+=,/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,07818,:=99>A98.=/A<,=F1

0,=17=<7!

Z18<7A<,8O=VA06<A,+=,,+AN=>86<E,=17=<70J/,F0FO

-

9AOA1,A7

F1,+A.8<V

-

9=/A

"

,+A@F1F0,<

U

8:N=>86<7A

-

98

U

0=9=<

K

A16O>A<8:9=>86<

F10

-

A/,8<0,+<86

K

+86, H8<A=! Z1 18161F81F0A7/8O

-

=1FA0

"

,+A

U

+=LA

=77F,F81=9,=0V0

!

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A

U

=<A06

--

80A7,8<A089LA7F0

-

6,A0:F9A7

>

U

.8<VA<0

"

-

=<,F/69=<9

U

/81/A<1F1

K

.=

K

A =<<A=<0! Z1 61F81F0A7

A1,A<

-

<F0A0

"

,<=7A61F810=908

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1O81F,8<F1

K

,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F81

8:AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F8108</899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0! \8,+,+AN=>86<

E,=17=<70J/,=17AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F810,A17,8>A<A0

-

A/,A7=,9=<

K

A

&%*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 171: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:F<O0

"

>6,,+A0F,6=,F81F0=

K

8877A=9O8<A

-

=,/+

U

=,0O=99:F<O0!

]1/A/8O

-

=1

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F810=<AF1

-

9=/A

"

/+=1

K

A0O=

U

>A

O=7A819

U

>

U

:8998.F1

K

=0,<F/,

-

<8/A76<A! J//8<7F1

K

,8,+AN=>86<

E,=17=<70J/,

"

=1

U

/+=1

K

A0F18<<A.<F,F1

K

8:AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F810>

U

=1AO

-

98

U

A<O60,>A781AF1/81069,=,F81.F,+,<=7A61F810<A

-

<A0A1,F1

K

O8<A,+=1+=9:8:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA08<

"

.+A1F,/8OA0,818161F81F0A7:F<O0

"

F1/81069,=,F81.F,+O8<A,+=1+=9:8:,+A/8O

-

=1

U

l0AO

-

98

U

AA0!Z:,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<l0A1LF0=

K

A7/+=1

K

A0.8697>A7A,<FOA1,=9,8,+AAO

-

98

U

AA0

"

,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<O60,<A=/+=

K

<AAOA1,.F,+,+A,<=7A61F818<O8<A,+=1+=9:,+A

AO

-

98

U

AA0/81/A<1A7! ;+A9=. FO

-

80A0:=F<9

U

0,<F/, /810,<=F1,0 81

61:=L86<=>9A/+=1

K

A0,8AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F810,8

-

<ALA1,AO

-

98

U

A<0

:<8O,=VF1

K

=7L=1,=

K

A8:=161:=L86<=>9AAO

-

98

U

OA1,0F,6=,F81!

$

!

B81V7>787.Q :D JCK8:QC13. A:3.0-G.6 :0 91F58-.7:36

73 .,1 B-G1 :D .,1 JG:3:C7G A07676

]1/AAO

-

98

U

OA1, /81,<=/,0 =<A /81/967A7 8< /8O

-

=1

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

<A

K

69=,F8109=F778.1

"

,+A

U

/=118,A=0F9

U

>AO87F:FA7F1=//8<7=1/A.F,+

,+A>60F1A00/

U

/9A.F,+86,,+A/810A1,8:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA0!Z1=<A/A00F81

"

=1

U

=7

b

60,OA1,F1,A<O0=17/817F,F810=,61F81F0A7:F<O0F08:,A1

=//8O

-

=1FA7>

U-

<8,<=/,A71A

K

8,F=,F810.F,+,+A61F810! P+A<A,+A<AF0

18 61F81

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0 :=/F1

K

,86

K

+ A/818OF/ /817F,F810 8:,A1 ,<

U

61F9=,A<=99

U

,87A/F7A81 .=

K

A:<AABA08</6,0F1>8160A08<>A1A:F,0

.F,+86,,+A=

K

<AAOA1,8:,+AF<AO

-

98

U

AA0!

;.80F,6=,F810=

--

9

U

+A<A! C8<+F

K

+9

Uh

6=9F:FA7 .8<VA<0

"

06/+=0

K

<=76=,A08<O=1=

K

A<0

"

F,+=0>A/8OA/8OO81

-

<=/,F/A:8<AO

-

98

U

A<0,8

/+=1

K

AAO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,08<<A

K

69=,F81061F9=,A<=99

U

8<,8:8</A,+AO

F1,8L8961,=<

U

8<A=<9

U

<A,F<AOA1,! W8.ALA<

"

,+F0F018,,+A/=0A:8<

O=16=9.8<VA<08<181 O=1=

K

A<F=9/9A<F/=9.8<VA<0

"

.+8A1

b

8

U

0

-

A/F=9

-

<8,A/,F81617A<,+AN=>86<E,=17=<70J/,!

;+A N=>86< E,=17=<70 J/, /81,=F10 = /9=60A 81 /8O

-

6908<

U

<A7617=1/FA0=0 = OA=10 8: /6,,F1

K

86,

-

6, =17 AO

-

98

U

OA1,! ;+A

'%* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 172: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=

--

9F/=,F818:,+A/9=60AF0:=F<9

U

0,<F/,=17

K

6=<=1,AA0AO

-

98

U

AA0.F,+

8

-

A1A17A7/81,<=/,0

h

6F,A0,<81

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1,0A/6<F,

U

! DO

-

98

U

A<0/=1

,A<OF1=,A 8

-

A1A17A7 /81,<=/,0 ,+=,F0

"

O=VA

-

A<O=1A1, .8<VA<0

<A7617=1,819

U

617A<0

-

A/F=9/F</6O0,=1/A0

"

F1.+F/+,+A<A=<A

6

6<

K

A1,

>60F1A00<A=0810

7$

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

>=1V<6

-

,/FA0

"

0ALA<AA/818OF/78.1,6<1

=17+A=L

U

9800A0

%

kC6<,+A<O8<A

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0O60,+=LA=9<A=7

U

Aa+=60,A7

8,+A<.=

U

08:=L8F7F1

K

<A7617=1/FA0!

5A08<,,8/8O

-

6908<

U

<A7617=1/FA0+=0>AA1O=7AO8<A7F::F/69,:8<

/8O

-

=1FA0>

U

,<=7A61F810

"

-

=<,F/69=<9

U

F19=<

K

A:F<O0

"

.+F/+F1 O=1

U

/=0A0+=LA06//A00:699

U

1A

K

8,F=,A7,+AF1/960F818:AO

-

98

U

OA1,0A/6<F,

U

/9=60A0F1 /899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0 0F1/A "**$! DO

-

98

U

A<0 18. O60,

1A

K

8,F=,A.F,+,<=7A61F81081,+A<A=0810=17,A<O08:<A7617=1/FA0=17

/81/967A1A.=

K

<AAOA1,0>A:8<A<A7617=1/FA08<:8</A7<A,F<AOA1,0/=1>A

FO

-

80A7!

H8<A=+=0>F,,A<Aa

-

A<FA1/A8:/8O

-

6908<

U

<A7617=1/FA0=17<A9=,A7

/81:<81,=,F810

"

7F<A/,=17F17F<A/,

"

76<F1

K

,+A:F1=1/F=9/<F0F08:"**$(

'%%'!;87=

U

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0=<A<A96/,=1,,860A/8O

-

6908<

U

<A7617=1/FA0,8

<A76/A,+A16O>A<8: O=16=98<98.

K

<=7A/9A<F/=9.8<VA<0

"

ALA1F:

/8O

-

=1

U

86,

-

6,:=9908<,+A<A=<A

6

6<

K

A1,>60F1A00<A=0810

7

:8<06/+

<A7617=1/FA0!;+A

-

<A:A<A1/A18.F0:8<L8961,=<

U

<A,F<AOA1,!

%

!

LK1G7-8 /4S56.C13. T0-G.7G16 45073F .,1 JG:3:C7G A07676

%

!

! B81V7>81 <61 :D EH10.7C1

H8<A=>6F9,F,0F1760,<F=9F0=,F81 O87A98198. .=

K

A0=17981

K

.8<VF1

K

+86<0,8/8O

-

A10=,A:8<98.

-

<876/,FLF,

U

! ;+A<AF0=/69,6<A8:981

K

.8<VF1

K

+86<0=,.8<V

-

9=/A0=178LA<,FOA8<.AAVA17.8<V=<A=//A

-

,A7

=17ALA1 .A9/8OA7 >

U

>8,+ AO

-

98

U

A<0=17 AO

-

98

U

AA0! P+F9A981

K

.8<VF1

K

+86<0A1=>9AAO

-

98

U

A<0,86,F9F0A,+AF<

-

<876/,F818<0A<LF/A

:=/F9F,FA0,8,+AO=aFO6O=17,8OF1FOF0A,+A16O>A<8:AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

,+A

U

-

<8LF7A.8<VA<08198. >=0F/0=9=<FA0 .F,+=18

--

8<,61F,

U

,88>,=F1

(%*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 173: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=77F,F81=9F1/8OA,+<86

K

+8LA<,FOA8<+89F7=

U

<=,A0!

5A

K

69=,F81081O=aFO6O8LA<,FOA+86<0

-

A<.AAV=<A9A000,<F/,F1

H8<A=,+=1F18,+A<]DXI/861,<FA0=17=<A18,O81F,8<A7>

U

9=>86<

F10

-

A/,8<08<ALA1,<=7A61F810!;<=7A61F810+=LA>AA1<A96/,=1,,80,<FLA

:8<<A76/,F810F1.8<VF1

K

+86<076A,8,+A<A0F0,=1/A8:,+AOAO>A<0!

!

9%:0*G

!

4"&*%%,-"'2*&X7!PN".,'&(*/

&

%,,.%0T"&Y(,

?

2".&/

)

CFFF CFFI

!

;FOA

!

X861,<

U

'%%% '%%" '%%' '%%3 '%%) '%%# '%%4 '%%&

X=1=7= "&##!& "&#%!4 "&3$!3 "&'&!) "&))!) "&3)!& "&3)!3 "&3'!#

C<=1/A ")*%!& ")$" "))3!3 ")3*!" ")4#!& ")#$!* ")4# ")#&

GA<O=1

U

"3$&!" "3&#!' "34#!) "34% "343!& "3#)!" "3#"!' "3#'!#

W61

K

=<

U

"&*#!3 "&44!) "&44!) "&&&!' "$%4!4 "$%'!$ "&*$!$ "&&*!*

e=

-

=1 "$#3 "$34 "$'# "$'$ "$"4 "$%' "$"" "$%$

H8<A= ')&)!) '))4!$ ')%*!4 '3*%!) '3&*!4 '3#%!$ '3%"!4 ''4#!4

@AaF/8 "*3#!# "*"#!& "*)# "*%$!3 "*"*!) "*&%!' "*)3!4 "*33!'

RA,+A<9=170 "&4$!4 "&4%!4 "&#$!3 "&#&!& "&$4!4 "&&4!# "&#*!# "&#%!&

E

-

=F1 "4$4!4 "4$3!# "4$' "44&!" "4#3!$ "43*!& "4')!" "4'%!#

SH "4$4!* "4$*!) "4&)!3 "4#)!& "4)$!* "4)$!' "4##

SEJ "$3# "$") "$"% "$%% "$%3 "$%% "$%" "&*$

]DXI

=LA<=

K

A

"&33!4 "&''!4 "&''!& "&")!' "&''!) "&'"!$ "&"'!& "4'&!#

E86</A

!

]DXI

"

'%%$!E,=,F0,F/081.8<VF1

K

+86<0

"

]DXIDO

-

98

U

OA1,]6,988V'%%$!

J0F17F/=,A7F1;=>9A)

"

7A0

-

F,A,+A)%+86<.8<VF1

K

.AAVA::A/,FLA0F1/A

'%%)

"

H8<A=1AO

-

98

U

AA0.8<V:=<981

K

A<+86<0,+=1,+80AF18,+A<]DXI

/861,<FA0!J116=9.8<VF1

K

+86<0F1H8<A=Aa/AA7,+A]DXI=LA<=

K

A>

U

43$+86<0! H8<A=1AO

-

98

U

AA0.8<V

"

81=LA<=

K

A

"

3)#+86<0l8LA<,FOA=

U

A=<!C8<O=1

U

H8<A=1AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

,+AF<<A9=,FLA9

U

+F

K

+F1/8OA0/8OA

:<8O06/+8LA<,FOA

-

=

U

OA1,0

$

"#%

-

A</A1,8:18<O=9.8<VF1

K

+86<0

%

k

)&* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 174: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

P8<VF1

K

,FOAF1H8<A=/=1>A:9AaF>9

U

=7

b

60,A7,8/+=1

K

A0F17AO=17

8<,8 OF1FOF0A,+A16O>A<8:AO

-

98

U

AA0! X6,,F1

K

F1,88LA<,FOA=17

<A76/F1

K

.8<VF1

K

,FOAF0,+AA=0FA0,.=

U

:8<AO

-

98

U

A<0,8<A76/A86,

-

6,!

]LA<=99

"

,+A<AF0O6/+

-

8,A1,F=9:8<,+A/<A=,F818<O=F1,A1=1/A8:

b

8>0>

U

<A76/F1

K

.8<VF1

K

,FOA!

%

!

" L,:0.1373F :D 91F58-0 +:0@73F ;7C1

Z1,+A:=/A8:,+A<A/A1,A/818OF/78.1,6<1

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0+=LA>AA1:8</A7

18,OA<A9

U

,89FOF,8LA<,FOA8<.AAVA17.8<V

"

>6,=908,80+8<,A1,+A

<A

K

69=<AF

K

+,+86<.8<VF1

K

7=

U

! \A/=60A8:,+A0+8<,0F

K

+,A71A00=17

-

88<9

U

7ALA98

-

A7.8<VF1

K

,FOAO=1=

K

AOA1,8:>8,+AO

-

98

U

A<0=17,<=7A

61F810

"

H8<A=78A018,

U

A,+=LA=1

U

,+F1

K

0FOF9=<,8F17FLF76=9

6

.8<VF1

K

,FOA=//861,0

7

k;+A<AF018Aa

-

A<FA1/A .F,+=//6O69=,F1

K

$

-

=<,9

U

61

-

=F7

%

8LA<,FOA76<F1

K

>88O,FOA0=1760F1

K

,+A0A

6

0=LF1

K

0=//861,0

7

,8/8O

-

A10=,A:8<,FOA0.+A19A00.8<VF01AA7A7!Z1H8<A=

"

/6,0F1

.8<VF1

K

,FOA9A=7,8:=990F1F1/8OA=17,+<A=,A1.8<VA<0l>=0F/9FLF1

K

0,=17=<70!

I6<F1

K

,+A/6<<A1,/<F0F0

"

08OA:F<O0+=LA>AA1:8</A7,8/6,.8<VF1

K

,FOA7<=0,F/=99

U

8<,8=0V,+AF<AO

-

98

U

AA0,8,=VA61

-

=F79A=LA:8<=:A.

.AAV08<ALA1=O81,+!Z108OA/=0A0

"

,AO

-

8<=<

U

/9806<A=17981

K

,A<O

<A76/,F818:.8<VF1

K

,FOA+=LA>AA1/8O>F1A7!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

E0=1

KU

81

K

J6,8O8>F9A0:F<0,/980A7,+A

-

9=1,:8<0ALA<=97=

U

0>A:8<A,+AO=1=

K

AOA1,

=17,<=7A61F81/8OOA1/A71A

K

8,F=,F81081/+=1

K

F1

K

:<8O,+A18<O=9,.8

AF

K

+,+86<0+F:,0

"

7=

U

=171F

K

+,

"

,8AF,+A<=1AF

K

+,+86<.8<VF1

K

7=

U

.F,+86,0+F:,08<,.80+F:,08::FLA+86<0A=/+!

Z:>60F1A00A0/980A,AO

-

8<=<F9

U

:8<>60F1A00<A=0810

"

,+A N=>86<

E,=17=<70J/,0,F

-

69=,A0,+=,AO

-

98

U

AA0O60,<A/AFLA&%

-

A</A1,8:,+AF<

<A

K

69=< .=

K

A0! W8.ALA<

"

F:=

--

<8L=9F0 8>,=F1A7:<8O ,+A N=>86<

5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

"

,+A

U

/=1

-

=

U

9A00,+=1&%

-

A</A1,!DO

-

98

U

A<078

18,+=LA,8

-

=

U

:8<,+A,AO

-

8<=<

U

/9806<A8:,+A>60F1A00F:,+A<AF018

.8<V,878!

*&*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 175: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

%

!

#

-

W:853.-0Q

.

-34 Z1F:.7-.14 91.701C13.

DO

-

98

U

A<060A,+AL8961,=<

U

<A,F<AOA1,8:OF779A=

K

A7AO

-

98

U

AA0=0=

OA=108:<A76/F1

K

,+A.8<V:8</A! ;+A

-

<=/,F/A8:L8961,=<

U

<A,F<AOA1,

"

.+F/+/8OA0.F,+08OA:F1=1/F=9/8O

-

A10=,F81>6,F1O=1

U

/=0A0=O861,0

,87A:=/,8:8</A7A=<9

U

<A,F<AOA1,

"

F0.F7A9

U

60A7>

U

9=<

K

A=17OA7F6O

0FBA7 :F<O0 ,8 O=VA <A7617=1, A1

K

F1AA<0

"

OF779A O=1=

K

A<0 =17

-

<8:A00F81=90F1,+AF<9=,A:8<,FA08<A=<9

U

:F:,FA0! @AO>A<08:,+F0

K

<86

-

:F17F,7F::F/69,,8.F,+0,=17

-

<A006<A:<8OAO

-

98

U

A<0:8<A=<9

U

<A,F<AOA1,

=0,+A

U

=<A606=99

U

18,<A

-

<A0A1,A7>

U

,<=7A61F810! IA

-

A17F1

K

81,+A

:F1=1/F=90F,6=,F818:,+A:F<O

"

,+A/8O

-

A10=,F81

-

=/V=

K

A0:8<<A,F<AOA1,

/=1>A

h

6F,A+F

K

+8<:=F<9

U-

88<!

C8<O=16=9.8<VA<08<98.

K

<=7A/9A<F/=9.8<VA<0=,9=<

K

A8<OA7F6O

0FBA7:F<O0

"

<A,F<AOA1,

-

<=/,F/A7F::A<00F

K

1F:F/=1,9

U

"

=0,+A

U

=<A8:,A1

8<

K

=1F0A7F161F810! ;<=7A61F810F1 H8<A=+=LA:86

K

+,>F,,A<9=>86<

7F0

-

6,A0=

K

=F10,/8O

-

6908<

U

<A7617=1/FA0

"

06/+ =0,+A0,<6

KK

9A0 =,

W

U

617=FF1"**$=17=,I=A.88F1'%%'!Z:,<=7A61F810<A/8

K

1F0A,+=,

<A7617=1/FA0 =<AF1ALF,=>9A

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+A

U

606=99

U

1A

K

8,F=,A +A:,

U

/8O

-

A10=,F81

-

=/V=

K

A0!

IA0

-

F,A0,<F/,9A

K

F09=,F8181/8O

-

6908<

U

<A7617=1/FA0

"

+8.ALA<

"

F1

O=1

U

18161F81F0A7 0O=99=17 OA7F6O0FBA7 /8O

-

=1FA0

6

L8961,=<

U

7

/6,>=/V0=<A/8OO81

"

18,819

U

8:/9A<F/=9.8<VA<0

"

A1

K

F1AA<0

"

OF779A

O=1=

K

A<0=17

-

<8:A00F81=90

"

>6,=9088:O=16=9.8<VA<0

"

606=99

U

.F,+

9F,,9A8<18/8O

-

A10=,F81!

H8<A=<A/A1,9

U

=OA17A7,+AN=>86<E,=17=<70J/,.F,+=<A/=99/9=60A

.+F/+/=1>A=

--

9FA7,8.8<VA<0.+8980A,+AF<

b

8>0,+<86

K

+/8O

-

6908<

U

<A7617=1/FA0:8<

6

6<

K

A1,>60F1A00<A=0810

7

kW8.ALA<

"

,+F0/9=60A+=0

>AA1FO

-

9AOA1,A7819

U

<=<A9

U

08:=<!

!&* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 176: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

%

!

$ <37:36 A:3G141 R-0F-7373F 97F,.6 .: JCK8:Q106

D1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7 ,<=7A 61F810 :<A

h

6A1,9

U

<A1861/A 1A

K

8,F=,F810 81

/899A/,FLA =

K

<AAOA1,0 =17 ,AO

-

8<=<F9

U

=998. AO

-

98

U

A<0 /810F7A<=>9A

7F0/<A,F81.+A1/8O

-

=1FA0=<A:=/A7>

U

A/818OF/7F::F/69,FA0

"

F1<A,6<1:8<

AO

-

98

U

OA1,0A/6<F,

U

! X81/A00F8108:,+F0VF17=<A606=99

UK

<=1,A7819

U

.+A1,<=7A61F810,<60,,+A O=1=

K

AOA1,=17F1760,<F=9<A9=,F810=<A

K

A1A<=99

U

/88

-

A<=,FLA! P+A1AO

-

98

U

A<0=<AA1,<60,A7.F,+,+A<F

K

+,,8

:9AaF>9

U

=7

b

60,,+A

-

<8LF0F8108:/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0,8,+A/6<<A1,

A/818OF/A1LF<81OA1,

"

,+A

U

8:,A1,=VA/=<A 18,,8 7F0=

--

8F1,,+AF<

AO

-

98

U

AA0=17,+A,<=7A61F810

"

.+F/+ .8697

-

6,:6,6<A<A9=,F810F1

b

A8

-

=<7

U

! RALA<,+A9A00

"

/81/A00F81 >=<

K

=F1F1

K

>

U

,<=7A 61F810 O=

U

-

<8LF7AAO

-

98

U

A<0 .F,+0F

K

1F:F/=1,<88O :8< O=18A6L<A,8=7

b

60,,8

A/818OF//<F0A0! DO

-

98

U

A<0 O=

U

:<AABA .=

K

A0

"

/6,>8160A08<8,+A<

>A1A:F,08<0+8<,A1.8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

>6,F,F0=908/8OO81

-

<=/,F/A:8<0A1F8<

O=1=

K

AOA1,,8,F

K

+,A1,+AF<>A9,0

"

,88

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

>

U

<A76/F1

K

,+AF<

8.10=9=<FA0!

!

9%:0*J

!

!",N*//(",:%&

?

%(,(,

?

)

CFFH CFFM

[A=< X81/A00F81>=<

K

=F1F1

K

$

/=0A0

%

'%%* *'&

'%%$ )4

E86</A

!

H8<A=Z1,A<1=,F81=9N=>86<C8617=,F81

"

)'+,-"K,:'

F

"

&@=

U

'%%*

"

Z006AR8!4$!

;=>9A#0+8.0+8./81/A00F81>=<

K

=F1F1

K

+=00V

U

<8/VA,A70F1/A'%%$!

I6<F1

K

,+A:F<0,:86<O81,+8:'%%*

"

,+A<A.A<A*'&/=0A0

"

=,.A1,

U

:897

F1/<A=0A/8O

-

=<A7,8,+A

-

<ALF860

U

A=<

"

.+F/+0=.819

U

)4/=0A0!

;+A86,/8OA08:/81/A00F81>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=<A

-

<A0A1,A7F1;=>9A4!Z1

O8<A,+=1#%

-

A</A1,8:,+A<A

-

8<,A7/=0A0

$

#$&86,8:*'&

%"

O=1=

K

AOA1,

O=1=

K

A7,80A/6<A=.=

K

A:<AABA

"

.+F9AF1''

-

A</A1,8:,+A/=0A0

"

9=>86<

.=0:8</A7,8=

K

<AA,8.=

K

A/6,0!

"&*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 177: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

;+A:F

K

6<A07818,7F::A<A1,F=,A>A,.AA1/81/A00F81>=<

K

=F1F1

K

F1

61F81F0A7=1718161F81F0A7A1,A<

-

<F0A0! P+F9A.AO=

U

=006OA,+=,,+A

O=

b

8<F,

U

8:/=0A0<A:9A/,/81/A00F810F118161F81F0A7

-

9=1,0

"

,+A<A=<A0,F99

O=1

U

/=0A08:,<=7A61F810,AO

-

8<=<F9

U

<A1861/F1

K

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<F

K

+,0! J

16O>A< 8: A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7 61F810A0

-

A/F=99

U

,+80A =::F9F=,A7 ,8 ,+A

O87A<=,ACA7A<=,F818:H8<A=1;<=7AS1F810ALA1=

K

<AA7,8

K

FLA6

-

,+A

<F

K

+,,80,<FVA8<,8.=FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

<F

K

+,0

"

9A=LF1

K

.=

K

A=7

b

60,OA1,0,8

,+A61F9=,A<=97A/F0F818:,+AAO

-

98

U

A<!

!

9%:0*L

!

!",N*//(",:%&

?

%(,(,

?

)

:

6

N%'*

?

"&

6

#

@%,.%&

6

R

$

&(0CFFM

$

;8,=916O>A<

8:=

K

<AAOA1,0

P=

K

A

<A76/,F81

P=

K

A

:<AABA

R8

0,<FVA

R8

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

Z1+860A

:9AaF>F9F,

U

F1/<A=0A

5A76/,F818:

.A9:=<A=17

:<F1

K

A>A1A:F,0

*'& '%& #$& 3* 3$ )* #

E86</A

!

EAA;=>9A#=>8LA!

%

!

% Y:H103C13. 237.7-.7H16 .: X101F58-.1 .,1 =->:50 ?-0@1.

M,E#"65#6/$-

;;

,"/

?

,"1,61#$$0,6+'"

3

'0606

3

;+AH8<A=1

K

8LA<1OA1,+=018,9A:,=7

b

60,OA1,,8,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,/<F0F0

089A9

U

,8,+A08/F=9

-

=<,1A<0

"

>6,+=09=61/+A7=16O>A<8:F1F,F=,FLA08:F,0

8.1! G8LA<1OA1,F1,A<LA1,F81F1,+A9=>86< O=<VA,+=0:8998.A7,+A

0,<=,A

KU

8:VAA

-

F1

K

.=

K

A098.,8O=F1,=F18<F1/<A=0AAO

-

98

U

OA1,! ]1A

-

89F/

U

F0,86<

K

A,<=7A61F810,8=//A

-

,/81/A00F81>=<

K

=F1F1

K

=17,8=

K

<AA

,8.=

K

A:<AABA08</6,0F1.=

K

A08<>A1A:F,0:8<=.+F9A!

.'&'"

F

1-/$

?

,"6#N&

F

#5

;

&,

F

#:

3

"':-'/#$

J0=0A/817OA=06<A,8O=F1,=F18<F1/<A=0AAO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

=11861/A7,+=,,+AA1,<

U

9ALA9

-

=

U

8:1A.9

U

<A/<6F,A7

K

<=76=,A0F1,+A

-

6>9F/0A/,8<.F99>A/6,=17,+AO81A

U

0=LA7.F99>A60A7:8<=77F,F81=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,8<:8<

K

<=76=,AF1,A<10! ;+A ,+F<,

U

9=<

K

A0, /8O

-

=1FA0

>A981

K

F1

K

,8,+ACA7A<=,F818:H8<A=1Z1760,<FA0

h

6F/V9

U

:8998.A706F,

"

#&* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 178: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

0A,,F1

K

,+A /6,F1

K

<=76=,A0l A1,<

U

9ALA9 0=9=<FA0 =, '$

-

A< /A1,

"

=11861/F1

K

!6

PA0+=<A7=LFA.,+=,78.1.=<7 .=

K

A0,=>F9F0=,F81F1

K

A1A<=9F01A/A00=<

U

F18<7A<,88LA</8OA,+A/6<<A1,0ALA<AAO

-

98

U

OA1,

/<F0F0=17<A,=F186<A/818OF/

-

8,A1,F=9:8<

K

<8.,+

7$

H8F9=:

"

)'+,-"

D#N$

"

'4CA><6=<

U

'%%*

%

k;+F0OA=06<AF09FVA9

U

,80

-

<A=7,88,+A<

><=1/+A08:,+A

-

<FL=,A0A/,8<!

)#

3

0$&'/0,6,6/#5

;

,"'"

F

#5

;

&,

F

5#6/

NA

K

F09=,F8181,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,.=0A1=/,A7=,,+AA178:'%%4=17

/=OAF1,8:8</A=,9=<

K

A:F<O0.F,+3%%8<O8<AAO

-

98

U

AA0=17

-

6>9F/

0A/,8<A0,=>9F0+OA1,0:<8Oe69

U

'%%&!;+AAa,A10F818:,+A9=.,80O=99A<

:F<O0.F,+:A.A<,+=1"%%AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

.+A<A O=1

U

O8<A,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0=<AAO

-

98

U

A7

"

.=0

-

80,

-

81A761,F9"e69

U

'%%*!

;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

-

9=10,8Aa,A17,+A

-

A<OF00F>9A

-

A<F87:8<AO

-

98

U

F1

K

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0:<8O,.8,8:86<

U

A=<0=17,878=.=

U

.F,+,+A<F

K

+,

8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0,8>A=.=<7A78

-

A1A17A7/81,<=/,0,+A<A=:,A<!

;+A<AF0/6<<A1,9

U

=+A=,A77A>=,A=>86,.+A,+A<,+AAa,A10F818:,+A

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<V9A

K

F09=,F81,8:F<O0.F,+:A.A<,+=1"%%AO

-

98

U

AA0.F99

9A=7,8O=00FLA9800A0F1,AO

-

8<=<

Ub

8>0! ;<=7A61F810=17/FLF9

K

<86

-

0

+=LA/<F,F/F0A7,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,=17AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

>8,+8:.+F/+=<A,<

U

F1

K

,8

<A:8<O,+A,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,9A

K

F09=,F81!

Y/7#"060/0'/0E#$

;+A<A+=LA>AA18,+A<=,,AO

-

,0>

U

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,,87A<A

K

69=,A,+A

9=>86<O=<VA,

"

F1/967F1

K

98.A<F1

K

,+A1=,F81=9OF1FO6O .=

K

A:8<897A<

.8<VA<0=17

"

O8<A:617=OA1,=99

U

"

<ALF0F1

K

,+AN=>86<E,=17=<70J/,,8

O=VA<A7617=1/FA0A=0FA<!

%

!

& ;07K-0.7.1 /F011C13.6 -34 +:0@ 6,-073F

;+A/6<<A1,

K

8LA<1OA1,8<F

K

F1=99

U

7F718,:=L86<,<F

-

=<,F,A7F=98

K

6A

"

.+F/+F,<A

K

=<70=0A1/86<=

K

F1

K

,+A

-

89F,F/F0=,F818:,<=7A61F810

"

=177F7

$&*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 179: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

18,06

--

8<,,+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,8:=

-

9=,:8<O :8<<A

K

69=,F1

K

F1760,<F=9

<A9=,F810=,1=,F81=99ALA9!Z1,+A:=/A8:,+A/6<<A1,AO

-

98

U

OA1,/<F0F0

"

+8.ALA<

"

F,+=0/+=1

K

A7F,0

-

80F,F81=17F0=/,FLA9

U-

<8O8,F1

K

,<F

-

=<,F,A

=

K

<AAOA1,081.8<V0+=<F1

K

!

Y<8

-

80A7>

U

,+ACA7A<=,F818:H8<A=1;<=7AS1F810

$

CH;S

%

=17,+A

H8<A=1 DO

-

98

U

A<0lCA7A<=,F81

$

HDC

%"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

9=>86<=1708OA/FLF9

K

<86

-

0

"

OAA,F1

K

81'3CA><6=<

U

'%%*

"

<A=/+A7

=

K

<AAOA1,81.=

K

A:<AABA08<.=

K

A/6,0F1<A,6<1:8<.8<V0+=<F1

K

!;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

-

<8OF0A7 ,8 =/,FLA9

U

Aa

-

=17 ,+A 08/F=9 0=:A,

U

1A, :8<

L691A<=>9A

K

<86

-

0

$

0AAH8F9=:

"

N=>86<RA.0

"

'3CA><6=<

U

'%%*

%

k

H8<A= 78A0 18,+=LA=0,<81

K

,<F

-

=<,F,A,<=7F,F81 =17,+A:F<0,

,<F

-

=<,F,A=

K

<AAOA1,.=0<A=/+A7819

U

F1,+A,AA,+8:,+A:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0F1

"**$!;+A'%%*=

K

<AAOA1,

$

0AA;=>9A&:8<O8<A7A,=F90

%

/8697,6<186,

,8>ALA<

U

FO

-

8<,=1,

"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81+8.A::A/,FLA9

U

F,F0FO

-

9AOA1,A7!]1A

0A<F8600+8<,/8OF1

K

"

+8.ALA<

"

F0,+=,,+A O8<A OF9F,=1,,<=7A61F81

/81:A7A<=,F81

"

,+AH8<A=1X81:A7A<=,F818:;<=7AS1F810

$

HX;S

%"

.F,+

=0,<81

K-

<A0A1/AF19=<

K

A:F<O0=17F1,+A

-

6>9F/0A/,8<

"

F018,=

-

=<,

U

,8

,+A=

K

<AAOA1,!J081

-

<ALF8608//=0F810

"

,+AHX;S+=0>AA161.F99F1

K

,8

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1,<F

-

=<,F,A1A

K

8,F=,F810!

;+A=

K

<AAOA1,8:'3 CA><6=<

U

+=00+8<,/8OF1

K

0 .+F/+/<F,F/0

+=LA18,>AA1098.F1

-

8F1,F1

K

86,!Z,+=0>AA1=<

K

6A7,+=,,+A<AF018

-

=<F,

U

F1,+A=

--

9F/=,F818:

-

89F/

U

<A/8OOA17=,F810

"

=0,+A61F810=17

,+AAO

-

98

U

AA0+=LA+=17A78LA<,8,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0,+A

-

8.A<,8:<AABA

8<ALA1/6, .=

K

A0

"

.+F9A,+AAO

-

98

U

A<01AA7819

U

,8

-

<8OF0A,8

O=F1,=F1AO

-

98

U

OA1,=17/=10,F99

-

60+:8<L8961,=<

U

<A7617=1/FA0

"

F:

1A/A00=<

U

!

;+AAa/960F818:,+A

-

8.A<:69HX;S/=1>A0AA1=0=1F17F/=,F81,+=,

,+A=

K

<AAOA1,F018,06

--

8<,A7>

U

=99<A9AL=1,0,=VA+897A<0=17,+=,

FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81F09FVA9

U

,8OAA,<A0F0,=1/A:<8OFO

-

8<,=1,0A

K

OA1,08:,+A

9=>86<O8LAOA1,!

%&* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 180: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

%

!

' Y:H103C13. L:G7-8 T:87G716

;+A/6,,F1

K

8:.=

K

A0F18<7A<,8O=F1,=F1

b

8>0/=1>A/=,A

K

8<F0A7=0/9=00F/

7A<A

K

69=,F81

-

89F/

U

=17:F,0F1.F,+,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,l08<F

K

F1=90,=1/A8:

<A76/F1

K

,=aA0:8<,+A<F/+=17/<A=,F1

K

=

6

>60F1A00:<FA179

U

A1LF<81OA1,

7

k

S17A<

-

<A006<A76A,8,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,/<F0F0

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

-

A<:8<OA7= S ,6<1

"

=.=

U

:<8OF,08<F

K

F1=99

U-

=00FLA=17 OF1FO=9F0,

=

--

<8=/+!Z,F018.=/,FLA9

U-

<8O8,F1

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A,A1,F81

-

89F/FA0=17

"

=086,9F1A7F1,+A,<F

-

=<,F,A=

K

<AAOA1,8:'3CA><6=<

U

"

+=0=908F1/<A=0A7

,+A61AO

-

98

U

OA1,>A1A:F,>67

K

A,>

U

1A=<9

U

"%

-

A</A1,! ;+A O=

b

8<

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A,A1,F81

-

89F/FA0=<A=0:8998.0

!

85

;

&,

F

5#6/"#/#6/0,6+#6#

?

0/$#P/#6:#:

"

DO

-

98

U

OA1,F106<=1/A/8O

-

A10=,A0AO

-

98

U

A<0:8<6

-

,8&#

-

A</A1,

$

F1

,+A/=0A8:0O=99=17OA7F6O0FBA7A1,A<

-

<F0A08<E@D0

%

8<,.8,+F<70

$

:8<9=<

K

A:F<O0

%

8:.=

K

A0

-

=F7=17=99,<=F1F1

K

/80,0:8<AO

-

98

U

OA1,

<A,A1,F81

-

6<

-

80A0.+A1/8O

-

=1FA07818,+=LAO6/+.8<V>6,O=F1,=F1

AO

-

98

U

OA1,!

"

DO

-

98

U

OA1,F106<=1/A/8O

-

A10=,A0AO

-

98

U

A<0:8<6

-

,8,.8,+F<70

$

:8<

E@D0

%

8<#%

-

A</A1,

$

:8<9=<

K

A:F<O0

%

8:181.8<V .=

K

A0 .+A1

/8O

-

=1FA0O=F1,=F1AO

-

98

U

OA1,76<F1

K

,AO

-

8<=<

U

/9806<A0!

96#5

;

&,

F

5#6/+#6#

?

0/$#P/#6:#:

"

;+A

-

A<F878:<A/AFLF1

K

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,>A1A:F,0:8<L=<F860

K

<86

-

0+=0

>AA1F1/<A=0A7:<8O4(*O81,+0,8$(""O81,+0!

"

S1AO

-

98

U

OA1,>A1A:F,0=<A18.

-

=F7:8<O8<A,+=10FaO81,+0.+A1

.8<VA<0

h

6F,,+AF<

b

8>0L8961,=<F9

U

!

8P/#6$0,6,

?

$,10'&$#1-"0/

F;

",E0$0,6$/,/7#E-&6#"'+&#

"

N8=10=<A=L=F9=>9A:8<61AO

-

98

U

A7:=OF9

U

><A=7.F11A<0,8:F1=1/A

9FLF1

K

/80,0!

&&*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 181: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

"

N8=10=<A=L=F9=>9A:8<,+A61AO

-

98

U

A7=17,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0,8/8LA<

,<=F1F1

K

=179FLF1

K

/80,0!

"

P+A1:F<O0>A/8OA>=1V<6

-

,

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,.F99

-

=

U

>=/V.=

K

A0:8<

6

-

,8,+<AAO81,+0=17<A,<A1/+OA1,

-

=

U

OA1,0:8<,+<AA

U

A=<0l0A<LF/A!

&

!

E5.8::@

;+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0 +=0,+<8.1,+A .8<97F1,8 =1 A/818OF/

7A

-

<A00F818:=VF1718,0AA1:8<O=1

U

7A/=7A0! E,=,AF1,A<LA1,F81F1

A/818OF/O=1=

K

AOA1,

"

0,=,A>=F986,08:+6

K

A:F1=1/F=9F10,F,6,F810=17,+A

<A <A

K

69=,F818::F1=1/F=9O=<VA,0 O=

U

>A0F

K

1F:F/=1,0,A

-

076<F1

K

=

,<=10F,F81

-

A<F87=.=

U

:<8O 1A89F>A<=9F0O! W8

-

A:699

U

"

,+A:6,6<A O=

U

><F1

K

=1A./8O>F1=,F818:,+A0,=,A=17,+AO=<VA,

"

1A.<A

K

69=,F818:

O=<VA,0=17=:=F<A<7F0,<F>6,F818:F1/8OA,+=1>A:8<A!

Z1H8<A=

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,=17AO

-

98

U

A<0+=LA08:=<

-

<A78OF1=1,9

U

,<FA7,8 O6779A,+<86

K

+,+A/<F0F0.F,+=7+8/

-

89F/FA0

"

F1/967F1

K

,+A

Aa,A10F818:06>0F7FA0:8<AO

-

98

U

OA1,O=F1,A1=1/A

"

,+A60A8:

K

<=76=,A

F1,A<10=1761AO

-

98

U

OA1,>A1A:F,0=17

-

60+F1

K

,<F

-

=<,F,A=

K

<AAOA1,081

.8<V0+=<F1

K

!;+A0A

-

89F/FA0O=

U

F17AA7><F1

K

08OA=99ALF=,F81,8H8<A=1

.8<VA<0=17

-

A8

-

9A

"

=17,=/V9A08OA8:,+A61AO

-

98

U

OA1,=17

-

8LA<,

U

F006A0,8=/A<,=F1Aa,A1,

"

>6,,+A

U

=<A18,=<A/F

-

A:8<O8LF1

K

:8<.=<7,8

O8<A08/F=99

U

>=9=1/A7ALA98

-

OA1,!

;+A<A=<A,.8O=

b

8<

-

89F/

U

=

--

<8=/+A0.+F/+

"

F1,+A/81,Aa,8:86<

7F0/600F81

"

1AA7<A:8<O69=,F81! H8<A=1AA70= OA7F6O 8<981

K

,A<O

=

--

<8=/+,861AO

-

98

U

OA1,!5A9=aF1

K

,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,9A

K

F09=,F81F0

619FVA9

U

,8 >A ,+A =10.A< ,8 <F0F1

K

61AO

-

98

U

OA1, 8< ,8 O=VF1

K

AO

-

98

U

OA1,:9AaF>9AF1<A9=,F81,8A/818OF//

U

/9A0! ]1AO=

b

8<=<A=:8<

FO

-

<8LAOA1,F0.8<VF1

K

,FOAO=1=

K

AOA1,F1<A0

-

810A,8,+AA/818OF/

/<F0F0! H8<A=1 O=1=

K

AOA1, =17

K

8LA<1OA1, +=LA 18, 7ALA98

-

A7

08

-

+F0,F/=,A70,<=,A

K

FA0:8<,+A:9AaF>9A60A8:.8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

9F1VA7,8,+A

=

K

A8:.8<VA<0

"

,+AF<0+F:,F1

K-

<A:A<A1/A08</+=1

K

A0F1,+A0,<6/,6<A=17

0FBA8:,+A9=>86<:8</A! J9,+86

K

+=LA<=

K

A .8<VF1

K

+86<0+=LA>AA1

'&* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 182: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

<A76/A70F

K

1F:F/=1,9

U

0F1/A,+AF1,<876/,F818:,+A)%+86<.8<VF1

K

.AAVF1

'%%)

"

,+A981

K

+86<0/69,6<A+=0<AO=F1A781A8:,+AO=F1:A=,6<A0F1+A<F,A7

:<8O,+A7ALA98

-

OA1,=9

-

+=0A>A,.AA1,+A"*4%0=17,+AOF7"*$%0!

Z1,A<A0,F1

K

9

U

"

-

=<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

.+F/+F0

-

=<,F/69=<9

U

06F,=>9A:8<

O=<<FA7.8OA1.F,+/+F97/=<A<A0

-

810F>F9F,FA0

"

F0O6/+9A006,F9F0A7F1

H8<A=

$

$!*

-

A</A1,

%

,+=1F1O80,8,+A<]DXI/861,<FA0

$

"#!3

-

A</A1,

81=LA<=

K

AF1'%%&

%

kY=<,,FOA.8<V>

U

.8OA1F1H8<A==//861,0:8<819

U

"'!#

-

A</A1,8:.8OA1l0AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

.+A<A=0F1]DXI/861,<FA0F,

=//861,0:8<'#!3

-

A</A1,

$

]DXI'%%$

%

kZ1:9AaF>F9F,

U

81,+A

-

=<,8:

H8<A=1O=1=

K

AOA1,F1

-

<8LF7F1

K-

=<,,FOA

b

8>0+=0VA

-

,O=1

U

O=<<FA7

.8OA186,8:,+A9=>86<O=<VA,!

;+A0+8<,A1F1

K

8:.8<VF1

K

+86<0=17,+AALA17F0,<F>6,F818:,+A

.8<V98=7=O81

K

,+A.8<V:8</AO=

U

>A,+AO=F10896,F81,8,+A

b

8>/<F0F0

:8<

U

861

K-

A8

-

9A=17,+A98.9=>86<:8</A

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F818:O=<<FA7.8OA1!

;+A08/F=9

-

=<,1A<0O60,988V=:<A0+=,+8.,87F0,<F>6,A.8<VF1

K

,FOA

ALA19

U

>A,.AA1

K

<86

-

0!R818<

K

=1F0A7

K

<86

-

0O60,:A=,6<A

-

<8OF1A1,9

U

F1

=1

U

.8<V0+=<F1

K

/81/A

-

,! J1A.=

--

<8=/+F01AA7A7,8.8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

.+F/+ ,=VA0 F1,8 =//861, 1A. 9F:A0,

U

9A0

"

F1/<A=0A7 9=>86< :8</A

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F8181,+A

-

=<,8:O=<<FA7.8OA1

"

/+F97/=<A<A0

-

810F>F9F,FA0:8<

O=<<FA7/86

-

9A0=178,+A<

-

A<081=98<78OA0,F/1AA70!;+A/+=1

K

F1

K

=

K

A

0,<6/,6<A8:,+A9=>86<:8</A

-

80A01A./+=99A1

K

A0!Z1=<=

-

F79

U

=

K

AF1

K

08/FA,

U

"

=0F1 H8<A=

"

O8<A 897A< .8<VA<0 O60, >A VA

-

,F1 =/,FLA

AO

-

98

U

OA1,=17:9AaF>9A.8<VF1

K

,FOA=<<=1

K

AOA1,0=<A1AA7A7,8,=VA

/=<A8:,+AA97A<9

U

! ;+A0A1A.:8<O08:.8<VF1

K

,FOAO=1=

K

AOA1,.F99

7A:F1F,A9

U

F1/<A=0A,+A16O>A<8:

b

8>0=17,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,<=,A8:.8OA1

"

=0.A99=0/81,<F>6,F1

K

,8=O8<AALA17F0,<F>6,F818:.8<V8

--

8<,61F,FA0!

;+A8,+A<=<A=<A

h

6F<F1

K

6<

K

A1,<A:8<OF0,+A>6F97F1

K

8:= O8<A

/8O

-

<A+A10FLA08/F=9.A9:=<A0

U

0,AO:8<.8<VA<0! H8<A=+=0A0,=>9F0+A7

,.8VF1708:.A9:=<A

-

<8LF0F81

!

K

A1A<=9.A9:=<A:8<ALA<

U

>87

U

=,=LA<

U

>=0F/9ALA9=17=/8O

-

=1

U

>=0A70

U

0,AO

"

.+F/+F08:,A1>=0A781

-

9=1,

9ALA9/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

8</8O

-

=1

U

.A9:=<A

-

<8LF0F810! @6/+/8O

-

=1

U

>=0A7.A9:=<A+=0>A1A:F,A7819

U

=<A9=,FLA9

U

0O=9916O>A<8:

-

A<O=1A1,

(&*

P8<VA<0\AE=:A

K

6=<7A776<F1

K

D/818OF/X<F0F0F1H8<A=

1

!

Page 183: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

.8<VA<0=,9=<

K

A:F<O0

"

Aa/967F1

K

9=<

K

A

K

<86

-

0

$

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0

%

F1,+80A0=OA:F<O0=17O=1

U

.8<VA<0=,0O=99=17OA7F6O0FBA7

/8O

-

=1FA0! @=1

U

0O=99:F<O0=<A0,F9918,.F99F1

K

,8/81,<F>6,A,808/F=9

F106<=1/A:8<,+AF< AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

=9,+86

K

+ ,+A

K

8LA<1OA1, +=0 O=7A

0F

K

1F:F/=1,A::8<,0,8:8</A,+AO,87808!

Z,F0+F

K

+,FOA,+=,H8<A=Aa

-

=17A7F,008/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO,8/8LA<

.8<VA<0=,0O=99:F<O0=17,8O8LA:<8O=/8O

-

=1

U

>=0A7.A9:=<A/81/A

-

,

,8

K

A1A<=908/F=9.A9:=<A! E8/F=9

-

89F/FA00+869718,OA<A9

U

06

--

9AOA1,

/8<

-

8<=,A .A9:=<A

"

>6,

-

<8LF7A /8O

-

<A+A10FLA

-

<8,A/,F81 :8< ,+A

61AO

-

98

U

A7=17,+A

-

88<F1

K

A1A<=9! 5A9=,A7,8<A:8<O 8:,+A08/F=9

0A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO

"

,+A,=a0

U

0,AO=178,+A<A/818OF/

-

89F/FA0=9081AA7=1

8LA<+=69!;+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AOO60,>A/8O>F1A7.F,+/8O

-

<A+A10FLA

08/F=9.A9:=<A,8

-

<8LF7A>=0F/9FLF1

K

0,=17=<70:8<=99.8<VA<0=17=

:9AaF>9AOA/+=1F0O=>9A,8<A0

-

817,8A/818OF/:96/,6=,F810!

1*8*&*,N*/

H8<A=Z1,A<1=,F81=9N=>86<C8617=,F81

"

N=>86<;87=

U

"

&@=

U

'%%*

"

Z006AR8!4$!

@F1F0,<

U

8:N=>86<!'%%*!Y<A00<A9A=0A81AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

e=16=<

U

'%%*!

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9]::F/A!'%%*!;<A170F1DO

-

98

U

OA1,76<F1

K

'%%$!

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9 ]::F/A! _=<F860

U

A=<0! E6<LA

U

0 81 ,+A D/818OF/=99

U

J/,FLA

Y8

-

69=,F81!

$

=116=9

-

6>9F/=,F81

%

k

]DXI!'%%$!E,=,F0,F/081.8<VF1

K

+86<0!]DXIDO

-

98

U

OA1,]6,988V'%%$!

Q+F.AFQ+=1

K

!'%%$!X=1IAO=17:<8OX+F1=E+FA97D=0,J0F=1D/818OFA0:<8OG98>=9

E98.78.1

1

P8<VF1

K-

=

-

A<"*

#

'%%$

"

W81

K

H81

K

@81A,=<

U

J6,+8<F,FA0!

)'* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 184: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

V"&Y*&/U1(

?

2'/(,%,7N","#(N!&(/(/

!

5*&#%,

6

P89:

K

=1

K

IM6>9A<

!

!

23.0:45G.7:3

Z1,FOA08:A/818OF//<F0F0

"

.8<VA<0l<F

K

+,07818,/+=1

K

A=0=O=,,A<8:

/86<0A!;+A9=>86</81,<=/,/81,F16A0

"

=078/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0! P+=,

+=0>AA19=F778.1O60,>A=7+A<A7,8

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

.+A181A

-

=<,

U

8<,+A

8,+A<+=07F::F/69,

U

:69:F99F1

K

,+A/81,<=/,! ;+A<F0V0=<A7F0,<F>6,A7

>A,.AA1,+A

-

=<,FA0! ;+AAO

-

98

U

AA/=118,7AO=17=.=

K

AF1/<A=0A

b

60,

>A/=60A,+AA1,A<

-

<F0AO=VA0Aa,<=

-

<8:F,0,+AAO

-

98

U

A</=118,<A76/A

.=

K

A0

b

60,>A/=60A,+A<A069,08:+F0=/,FLF,FA0=<A9A000=,F0:

U

F1

K

,+=1

Aa

-

A/,A7!

W8.ALA<

"

=/<F0F08:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

"

,+A><=1/+8<,+A.+89AA/818O

U

F1ALF,=>9

U

+=0<A

-

A</600F810:8<,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

!Z1 O=1

U

/=0A0

"

9A

K

=99

U

>F17F1

K

=

K

<AAOA1,0=<AF1

-

9=/A617A<.+F/+08OA

-

8<,F818:

,+A.=

K

AF09F1VA7,8,+AA/818OF/<A069,08:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

!

.8<VA<0O=

U

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

<A/AFLA=1=77F,F81=9+=9:=O81,+l00=9=<

U

F:

-

<8:F,0F1/<A=0A7

76<F1

K

,+A

-

<A/A7F1

KU

A=<

,

8<:<F1

K

A>A1A:F,0O=

U

>A<A76/A7F:,+A<A069,0

.A<A.8<0A,+=1Aa

-

A/,A7!]LA<,+A

U

A=<0

"

.=

K

A0+=LA>AA1O=7A:9AaF>9A

F1=O=11A</8O

-

=<=>9A,8.8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

K

FLF1

K

<F0A,8,+A18,F818:,+A

6

><A=,+F1

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A

7

kZ1GA<O=1

U

"

=/AF9F1

K

+=0>AA10A,

!

,+ACA7A<=9

N=>86<X86<,+=00,=,A7,+=,,+A:9AaF>9A

-

=<,8:.=

K

A0O60,18,Aa/AA7'#

-

A</A1,8:,+A.+89A0=9=<

U

O8<A:9AaF>F9F,

U

.8697>A61=//A

-

,=>9A0F1/A

Page 185: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F,.8697O=VAF,O8<A7F::F/69,:8<.8<VA<0,8

-

9=1,+AA/818OF/0F7A8:

,+AF<9FLA0!]>LF8609

U

"

F1,FOA08:/<F0F0AO

-

98

U

A<0.F99,<

U

,860A=99,+A0A

:<AA78O0F1<A0

-

810A,8,+A7A,A<F8<=,F1

K

A/818OF/0F,6=,F81!

Z1A1,A<

-

<F0A0F1.+F/+06/+/9=60A07818,AaF0,

$

>A/=60AO80,8:

,+AF<AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,07=,A:<8O,+A

-

A<F87>A:8<A:9AaF>F9F,

U

O=7AF,0

7A>6,

%"

8<F1.+F/+O=1=

K

AOA1,=17.8<VA<0=<A18,06::F/FA1,9

U

:9AaF>9A

,8=7=

-

,AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

0,8,+A/+=1

K

A7A/818OF/0F,6=,F81

"

,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<O=

U

>AA1,F,9A7,87F0OF00.8<VA<0:8<A/818OF/<A=0810! @80,

DSOAO>A<0,=,A9A

K

=90

U

0,AO0+=LA

"

+8.ALA<

"

7ALA98

-

A7L=<F860OA=10

8:=L8F7F1

K

,+A0,=<V=9,A<1=,FLA08::699/81,F16=,F818:,+A/81,<=/,

$

.F,+

/8<<A0

-

817F1

K

9800A0:8<,+AAO

-

98

U

A<

%

=177F0OF00=9! ;+A0AOA=10=<A

08OA,FOA0A1,F<A9

U

6

7A:=/,8

7"

.F,+86,=0

-

A/F:F/9A

K

=9>=0F0!X810F7A<F1

K

,+AGA<O=10F,6=,F81F1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

,+A<A=<A=16O>A<8:

6

08:,OA=10

7

,+=,18<O=99

U

7818,

-

<8L8VA=1

U

<A0F0,=1/A

$

0AAEA/,F81'>A98.

%

k

W8.ALA<

"

F:,+A

U

=<A18,06::F/FA1,

"

0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

/=1>AF10,F

K

=,A7

"

=

-

<=/,F/A.F,+=+F0,8<

U

7=,F1

K

>=/VO8<A,+=1$%

U

A=<0

$

EA/,F813

%

kZ1

08OA><=1/+A0

"

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

-

A<OF,,+A<A76/,F818:.8<VF1

K

,FOA:<8O3$+86<0,83%+86<0=.AAV

$

EA/,F81)

%

kCF1=99

U

"

F:181A8:

,+A0AF10,<6OA1,0=<A06::F/FA1,

"

,+A<AF0,+A

-

800F>F9F,

U

8:A0,=>9F0+F1

K

=

:F<O :F1=1/A7>

U

,+ACA7A<=9J

K

A1/

U

8:N=>86<,+=,,=VA08LA<,+A

AO

-

98

U

AA0=17

K

FLA0,+AO=77F,F81=9

h

6=9F:F/=,F810,8O=VAF,A=0FA<:8<

,+AO,8:F171A.

b

8>0

$

EA/,F81#

%

k

"

!

L:D. 236.05C13.6 -6 - B706. L.1K

;+AO80,.F7A9

U

=//A

-

,=>9A<A=/,F81,8=/<F0F0F0=:<AABA818LA<,FOA!J

0A/817F018,<A1A.F1

K

Aa

-

F<F1

K

:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0

"

.+F/+606=99

U

78A0

18,/<A=,A9A

K

=9

-

<8>9AO0! @6/+ O8<AFO

-

8<,=1,F0,+A/=1/A99F1

K

8:

,AO

-

8<=<

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<V! ;+A/81,<=/,0>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<0=17=

K

A1/FA0

606=99

U-

<8LF7A:8<LA<

U

0+8<,18,F/A

-

A<F870 .8<VA<0O=

U

>A:8</A7,8

<A,6<1,8,+A=

K

A1/

U

.F,+F1,.88<,+<AA7=

U

0!Z:188,+A< .8<VF0

=L=F9=>9A=,,+A=

K

A1/

U

,+A

U

.F9918<O=99

U

>A7F0OF00A7! J//8<7F1

K

,8

!'* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 186: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

GA<O=19A

K

F09=,F81=78

-

,A7F1CA><6=<

U

'%%*

"

0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

F018.

-

800F>9AALA1.F,+9=>86<=

K

A1/FA0

"

>6,08:=<F,+=018,>AA1

-

<=/,F/A7!

J18,+A< .=

U

8:/8

-

F1

K

.+A1 ,+A<AF09A00 .8<VF0 A1,A<

-

<F0A

:9AaF>F9F,

U

! @=1

U

/8O

-

=1FA0 +=LA A0,=>9F0+A7 0/+AOA0 ,+=, A1=>9A

AO

-

98

U

AA0,8>6F976

-

08 /=99A7

6

.8<VF1

K

,FOA=//861,0

7

kZ:<A

K

69=<

.AAV9

U

.8<VF1

K

,FOAF0 9A,l00=

U

3$+86<0

"

,+A

U

8:,A1.8<V>A,.AA1)'

=17)4+86<0=1708=//6O69=,A>A,.AA1"%%=17'#%+86<08LA<=

U

A=<!

;+F0F0,+AA

h

6FL=9A1,8:>A,.AA1,.8=170Fa.AAV08::699,FOA.8<V

"

.+F/+/=1,+A1>A

6

/8106OA7

7

k;+A<AF0189A

K

=9

-

<8LF0F8181,+F0:8<O8:

:9AaF,FOA

"

>6,F,AaF0,0F1O=1

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A0! P+A<A,+F08

-

,F81F060A7

"

81AO60,7F0,F1

K

6F0+>A,.AA118<O=9.8<VF1

K

,FOA=//861,0=17

6

981

K

,A<O=//861,0

7

.+F/+=<A=//6O69=,A7F18<7A<,8<A=/+=

-

=<,F/69=<

,=<

K

A,!Z,O=

U

O=VAF,

-

800F>9A,8<A/AFLA.=

K

A0.+F9A<AO=F1F1

K

=,+8OA

:8<A76/=,F81=99A=LA

"

8<,80,8

-

.8<VF1

K

=,,+A=

K

A8:4)F10,A=78:

.=F,F1

K

:8<,+A9A

K

=9

-

A10F81=>9A=

K

A

"

.+F/+F018.>A,.AA14#=174&

U

A=<0!;+A0A981

K

,A<O=//861,0/=1>AO=F1,=F1A7ALA1F:,+A<AF018,

A186

K

+.8<V=,,+A.8<V

-

9=/A!

CF1=99

U

"

81A/=160A=116=99A=LA!5A

K

69=,A7>

U

OA=108:/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

=9O80,=99.8<VA<0+=LA,+A<F

K

+,,80Fa.AAV0l

-

=F7=116=9

9A=LA!J,9A=0,

-

=<,8:,+F0/=1>A60A7F1,FOA08:98.A1,A<

-

<F0A=/,FLF,

U

!

;8,=VA,+A.+89A=116=99A=LAF181A

K

8O=

U

18,>A=//A

-

,=>9A,8.8<VA<0

.+8=9<A=7

U

+=LA+89F7=

U-

9=10!Z,O=

U

=90818,06F,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<

"

AF,+A<

"

>A/=60A,+A

U

O=

U

:F17F,7F::F/69,

"

F1=/<F0F0

"

,8

-

=

U

:699.=

K

A08LA<0Fa

.AAV0.F,+86,

K

A,,F1

K

=1

U

,+F1

K

F1<A,6<1!Z1

-

<=/,F/A

"

,+A<A:8<A

"

606=99

U

81A8<,.8.AAV08:=116=99A=LA=<A,=VA1F106/+=0F,6=,F81!

#

!

L,:0. .7C1 +:0@73F

Z:=99,+A0AOA=10=<AAa+=60,A7

$

8<F:,+A

U

=<A18,=L=F9=>9AF1/A<,=F1

/=0A0

%

08/=99A70+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

/=1>AFO

-

9AOA1,A7! ;+AF7A=F0

0FO

-

9A

!

.8<VF1

K

,FOAF0<A76/A7 :8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,8'%

"

"#8<ALA1BA<8

+86<0 =17.=

K

A0=<A<A76/A7=//8<7F1

K

9

U

!W8.ALA<

"

,+ACA7A<=9J

K

A1/

U

"'*

P8<VA<0l5F

K

+,0F1=1D/818OF/X<F0F0

!

GA<O=1

U!

Page 187: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

8:N=>86<0,A

-

0F1=17.8<VA<0<A/AFLA>A1A:F,0F1=//8<7=1/A.F,+,+A

.8<VF1

K

,FOA<A76/,F81!;+A>A1A:F,0=<A/810F7A<=>9A:8<>8,+0F7A0!;+A

AO

-

98

U

AAF018,7F0OF00A7

"

.+F9A,+AAO

-

98

U

A<<A,=F10= .A99,<=F1A7

.8<V:8</A

"

A1=>9F1

K

+FO ,8<A0,=<,617A<

K

887/817F,F810 .+A1,+A

A/818OF/0F,6=,F81FO

-

<8LA0! ;+F0O87A9.=060A7:8<,+A:F<0,,FOAF1

"*')=17F0

K

A1A<=99

U

=//A

-

,A7! ;+A<A=<A=16O>A<8:<A=0810:8<,+F0

06//A000,8<

U

"

>6,,+A<A=<A=9089FOF,0,+=,/=1O=1F:A0,,+AO0A9LA0:=F<9

U

<=

-

F79

U

F1

-

<=/,F/A!

E+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

<A

h

6F<A0=16O>A<8:/817F,F810=09=F778.1F1

9=>86<9=.=1708/F=90A/6<F,

U

9=.!

N=>86<9=.<A

h

6F<A0,+=,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<O60,>AAa

-

9F/F,9

U

A1,F,9A7,8

<A76/A,+A.8<VF1

K

,FOA0,F

-

69=,A7F1=9=>86</81,<=/,!Z1/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0=17.8<V=

K

<AAOA1,0>A,.AA1.8<V0/861/F90=17AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

/9=60A0O=

U

8:,A1>A:8617,+=,

K

FLA,+AAO

-

98

U

A<06/+

-

8.A<0 F1,+AF<

=>0A1/A,+AF17FLF76=9.8<VA<+=0,8=

K

<AA! ;+F0/817F,F81F0A=0

U

,8

:69:F9

"

+8.ALA<

"

>A/=60A,+A=9,A<1=,FLA.8697>A7F0OF00=9! ;+A0A/817

/817F,F81F0 O6/+ O8<AFO

-

8<,=1,

!

,+A .8<V0/861/F9+=0,8

K

FLAF,0

/810A1,!

!

RA

K

8,F=,F810=<A<A

h

6F<A7>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<=17.8<V0/861/F9

=>86,,+AAa,A1,=1776<=,F818:0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

"

=1708OA,FOA0=>86,

=

-

<8+F>F,F81817F0OF00F1

K

.8<VA<0:8<A/818OF/<A=081076<F1

K

,+A

-

A<F878:<A76/A7.8<VF1

K

!Z:,+AAO

-

98

U

A<>A9FALA0,+=,,+A9=/V8:.8<V

F018,OA<A9

U

=0+8<,,A<O

-

<8>9AO

"

>6,,+A.8<V0/861/F978A018,0+=<A

,+F0LFA.

"

,+A/81/F9F=,F81 >8=<7

"

+=0,8 7A/F7A .+A,+A<0+8<,,FOA

.8<VF1

K

F0=//A

-

,=>9A8<18,!

#'* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

!

"

;+A.8<V0/861/F9F0=>87

U

A9A/,A7>

U

=99AO

-

98

U

AA0.8<VF1

K

F1=

K

FLA1A0,=>9F0+OA1,

$

,+=,F0

"

=

-

=<,8:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A.F,+0

-

A/F:F/,A/+1F/=98<8<

K

=1F0=,F81=9,=0V0

%

kZ,F018,=,<=7A

61F81>87

U

"

>6,F1

-

<=/,F/A,+A<AF0/980A/88

-

A<=,F81>A,.AA1.8<V0/861/F90=1761F810! ;+A

.8<V0/861/F9+=0/87A,A<OF1=,F81<F

K

+,0F1/A<,=F1:FA97006/+=08LA<,FOA=170+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

!

;+F0OA=10,+=,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<<A

h

6F<A0,+A/810A1,8:,+A.8<V0/861/F9

,

=61F9=,A<=97A/F0F81.8697

>A.F,+86,=1

U

9A

K

=9A::A/,!Z:=1=

K

<AAOA1,/=118,>A<A=/+A7

"

=/81/F9F=,F81>8=<7+=0,87A/F7AF,

/8O

-

<F0A0=1A

h

6=916O>A<8:<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:>8,+0F7A0

$

606=99

U

,.88<,+<AA

%

=17=1FO

-

=<,F=9

/+=F<

"

.+8F0=

--

8F1,A7>

U

>8,+

-

=<,FA08<>

U

,+A<A9AL=1,9=>86</86<,!

EAA:88,18,A"!

Page 188: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

S17A<08/F=90A/6<F,

U

9=.

"

>A1A:F,0<A9=,A7,80+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K-

=F7

>

U

,+ACA7A<=9J

K

A1/

U

8:N=>86<=<A

K

<=1,A7819

U

F:/A<,=F1/817F,F810=<A

:69:F99A7

!

"

;+A9=/V8:.8<VO60,>A76A,8,+A

K

A1A<=9A/818OF/0F,6=,F81

#

18,,87F::F/69,FA08:,+AF17FLF76=9A1,A<

-

<F0A!

"

;+A

-

<8>9AO0 O60,>A8:=

-

<8LF0F81=91=,6<A!Z1,+A/6<<A1,

A/818OF/0F,6=,F81,+ACA7A<=9J

K

A1/

U

8:N=>86<F0F1/9F1A7,8

/810F7A<=997F::F/69,FA0=0>AF1

K -

<8LF0F81=9

%

,+A/<F0F0 .8697

7A,A<F8<=,A:6<,+A<F:,+A

-

<AL=F9F1

K

0A1,FOA1, .=0

-

A00FOF0,F/

&

=9,+86

K

+

-

<8>=>9

U

O8<A<A=9F0,F/

'

k

"

;+A.8<VF1

K

,FOA<A76/,F81O60,9A=7,8=.=

K

A<A76/,F818:O8<A

,+=1"%

-

A</A1,!Z1,+A

-

=0,

#

,+F0/817F,F81+=7,8>A:69:F99A7>

U

=

.+89A0A/,F81 8:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A! R8. F,F006::F/FA1,,+=,=1

F17FLF76=9.8<VA<06::A<0,+F0VF178:9800!

"

J998,+A<OA=10O60,>AAa+=60,A7!;+A<AF0

#

+8.ALA<

#

181AA7,8

7F0089LA=99.8<VF1

K

,FOA=//861,0/8O

-

9A,A9

U

8<,8<A

h

6F<A.8<VA<0

,8,=VA,+A.+89A=116=99A=LAF181A

K

8! ;+ACA7A<=9J

K

A1/

U

8:

N=>86<F0

h

6F,A

K

A1A<860 81 ,+A0A

-

8F1,0 617A<,+A /6<<A1,

A/818OF//F</6O0,=1/A0!

Z:=99,+A0A/817F,F810=<A:69:F99A7

"

.8<VA<0=<AA1,F,9A7,80+8<,,FOA

>A1A:F,0!;+A

U

<A/AFLA4%

-

A</A1,8:,+A7F::A<A1/A>A,.AA1,+A:8<OA<

:699.8<VF1

K

,FOA.=

K

A=17,+A18.<A76/A7.=

K

A!Z:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA+=0,8

,=VA/=<A8:=,9A=0,81A/+F97

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+A<=,AF0F1/<A=0A7,84&

-

A<

/A1,!;+A0+8<,,FOA>A1A:F,0O=

U

>A

-

=F7:8<=O=aFO6O

-

A<F878:"$

O81,+0

"

,+86

K

+7F0/600F810=<A/6<<A1,9

U

>AF1

K

+A9781F1/<A=0F1

K

,+A

-

A<F87,8,.8

U

A=<0!

!

Z:=:,A<=

-

A<F878:0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

K

8A0>=/V,818<O=9:8<=

-

A<F878:=,9A=0,,+<AAO81,+0

"

=1A.

-

A<F878:

0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

O=

U

>A

K

F1,+A<A=:,A<! W8.ALA<

"

,+A/<6/F=9/817F,F81

F00,F99,+ACA7A<=9J

K

A1/

U

8:N=>86<l0=00A00OA1,8:,+A

-

<8LF0F81=9

$'*

P8<VA<0l5F

K

+,0F1=1D/818OF/X<F0F0

!

GA<O=1

U!

! ;+F0+=0>AA1781AF1e69

U

'%%*!

Page 189: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

1=,6<A8:,+AA/818OF//F</6O0,=1/A0!;+F0O=

U

>A/8OAO8<A/8O

-

9F/=,A7

,+A981

K

A<,+A>A1A:F,0=<A

-

=F7!

;+A9FOF,08:,+F0=

--

<8=/+>A/8OA/9A=<.+A1.A/810F7A<,+=,=

/810F7A<=>9A

-

=<,8:.=

K

A/80,0<AO=F1.F,+,+AAO

-

98

U

A<!;+A/8O

-

=1

U

/81,F16A0,8

-

=

U

,+A.+89A.=

K

A:8<=116=99A=LA=17:8<1=,F81=9+89F7=

U

0

06/+=0X+<F0,O=0

"

D=0,A<8<"@=

U

8LA<=

U

A=<

"

,+F0F0,+AA

h

6FL=9A1,8:

1A=<9

U

,.8O81,+0l

6

8<7F1=<

U

7

.=

K

A0!Z1=77F,F81

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<+=0,8

-

=

U

08/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

+A=9,+=17

-

A10F81F106<=1/A!

R8<O=99

U

,+A0A/81,<F>6,F810=<A0+=<A7

"

.F,+A=/+0F7A

-

=

U

F1

K

#%

-

A<

/A1,

"

>6,:8< +86<0 18, .8<VA7 >A/=60A8:0+8<,,FOA .8<VF1

K

,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<+=0,8

-

=

U

:8<>8,+0F7A0! S1,F9,+A<A/A1,/+=1

K

AF1,+A

9A

K

F09=,F81,+AAO

-

98

U

A<l0819

U

/81/A00F81.=0,+=,,+A/81,<F>6,F810.A<A

/=9/69=,A781,+A>=0F08:$%

-

A</A1,8:,+A+86<018,.8<VA7 ,+F0+=0

18.>AA1<A76/A7,8#%

-

A</A1,8:,+A/81,<F>6,F810

-

<ALF8609

U

<A

h

6F<A7!

W8.ALA<

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<F0AaAO

-

,:<8O

-

=

U

OA1,F:=.8<VA<

-

=<,F/F

-

=,A0

F1=/86<0A

-

<8LF7F1

K

=1=77F,F81=9

h

6=9F:F/=,F81!E8:=<

"

,+A0A

h

6=9F:F/=,F81

OA=06<A0+=LA>AA17F::F/69,,88<

K

=1F0A

"

08O80,AO

-

98

U

A<0

-

=

U

,+A#%

-

A<

/A1,

"

=/810F7A<=>9A=O861,8:O81A

U

F1GA<O=1

U

>A/=60A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810<A

-

<A0A1,O8<A,+=1)%

-

A</A1,8:.=

K

A/80,0! X6<<A1,

7F0/600F810 =<A ,A17F1

K

,8.=<70

K

A1A<=99

U

<A76/F1

K

08/F=9 0A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810,8BA<8F1=99/=0A08:0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

!

!

Z1:6,6<A

"

,+A

0,=,A.F99+=LA,8F1/<A=0A06>0F7FA0,8,+A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

>87FA0!

$

!

9145G.7:3 :D +:0@73F ;7C1 >167416 L,:0. .7C1 +:0@73F

Z108OA><=1/+A0

"

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0+=LA>AA1/81/967A7,+=,

-

A<OF,

,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A,8<A76/A.8<VF1

K

,FOA,83%+86<0F1/=0A8:A/818OF/

7F::F/69,FA0!E8OA'%

U

A=<0=

K

8

"

_89V0.=

K

A1ALA1F1,<876/A7='$!$+86<

%'* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! Z1e69

U

'%%*

"

,+A<A76/,F81,8BA<8.=0<A=9FBA7:8<,+A,FOAAa/AA7F1

K

0FaO81,+08:0+8<,

,FOA.8<VF1

K

!

Page 190: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

.8<VF1

K

.AAVF18<7A<,8=L8F77F0OF00=90:8<A/818OF/<A=0810!

;+F0O87A9=

--

9FA0819

U

F:,+A<AF00,F99A186

K

+.8<V:8<3%+86<0=

.AAV!Z,+=0,+A=7L=1,=

K

A,+=,F,/=1>A=

--

9FA7=908F1/=0A0F1.+F/+,+A

9=/V8:.8<VF018,OA<A9

U-

<8LF0F81=9!X899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

-

<8LF7A=1

=77F,F81=9

-

<8,A/,F81=

K

=F10,7F0OF00=9

!

:8<=0981

K

=0,+A<A76/A70/+A769A

F0F1

-

9=/A7F0OF00=90:8<A/818OF/<A=0810=<A

-

<8+F>F,A7!

]1,+A8,+A<+=17

"

,+A<A=<AO=1

U

7F0=7L=1,=

K

A0:8<,+A.8<VA<0!

C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A

U

7818,<A/AFLA0+8<,,FOA>A1A:F,0

"

,+AF<.=

K

A76<F1

K

=116=99A=LAF0<A76/A7=1708/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810

$

,+A=O861,8:

.+F/+F0FO

-

8<,=1,:8<:6,6<A

-

A10F810

%

=<A/=9/69=,A781,+A>=0F08:

.=

K

A0:8<3%+86<0!5A/A1,9

U

"

=1=77F,F81=97F0=7L=1,=

K

A.=0=>89F0+A7

!

F:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA

K

8A0,80+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

=:,A<=

-

A<F878:<A76/A7

.8<VF1

K

,FOA

"

,+A0+8<,,FOA=998.=1/A0=<A/=9/69=,A781,+A>=0F08:,+A

8<F

K

F1=9.8<VF1

K

,FOA!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

F:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA+=0<A76/A7+F08<

+A<.8<VF1

K

,FOA:<8O3$,83%+86<0:8<0FaO81,+0=17,+A1

-

<8/AA70,8

0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

81,+A>=0F08:'%+86<0

"

,+A0+8<,,FOA=998.=1/A.F99

>A/=9/69=,A781,+A>=0F08:,+A"$+86<018,.8<VA7!W8.ALA<

"

,+F0VF17

8:<A76/,F81F0

-

800F>9A819

U

F:AO

-

98

U

AA0<A/AFLA<A9=,FLA9

U

+F

K

+.=

K

A0!Z1

,+A/=0A8:_89V0.=

K

A1,+AO81,+9

U

.=

K

A<AO=F1A761/+=1

K

A77A0

-

F,A,+A

.8<VF1

K

,FOA <A76/,F81

"

>6, =99 >8160A0 =17 :<F1

K

A >A1A:F,0 .A<A

/=1/A99A7!

%

!

X76C766-8 D:0 JG:3:C7G 91-6:36

Z:0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

F018981

K

A<

-

800F>9A

"

8<F:,+A/80,8:F,.86979A=7

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<,8>=1V<6

-

,/

U

"

7F0OF00=90:8<A/818OF/<A=0810/=1 18

981

K

A<>A=L8F7A7!;+AAO

-

98

U

A<+=0,88>0A<LA/A<,=F1

-

A<F8708:18,F/A

>A,.AA1F006F1

K

,+A9A,,A<8:7F0OF00=9=17 A17F1

K

,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,

<A9=,F810+F

-

!J:,A<,A1

U

A=<0l0A<LF/A

"

:86<O81,+0=<A0,F

-

69=,A7

"

<F0F1

K

,80ALA1O81,+0=:,A<'%

U

A=<0l0A<LF/A!I6<F1

K

,+F0

-

A<F87,+AAO

-

98

U

A<

+=0,8

-

=

U

,+A<A

K

69=<.=

K

A

,

0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

A170.F,+7F0OF00=981

,+A

K

<86170,+=,,+A9=/V8:.8<VF018981

K

A<OA<A9

U-

<8LF0F81=9!

&'*

P8<VA<0l5F

K

+,0F1=1D/818OF/X<F0F0

!

GA<O=1

U!

Page 191: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

Z:=.8<VA<

"

=

K

<86

-

8:.8<VA<08<ALA1=.+89A

-

=<,8:,+A.8<V:8</A

=<A,8>A7F0OF00A7:8<A/818OF/<A=0810,+AAO

-

98

U

A<+=0,8O=VA+F0

0A9A/,F81F1=//8<7=1/A.F,+/A<,=F108/F=9/<F,A<F=

"

:8998.F1

K

=16O>A<8:

0

-

A/F:FA70,A

-

0!;+A:F<0,0,A

-

F0=1=1=9

U

0F08:.+F/+AO

-

98

U

AA0

-

A<:8<O

/8O

-

=<=>9A:61/,F810

"

A1=>9F1

K

08OAAO

-

98

U

AA0,8,=VA8LA<,+A.8<V8:

8,+A<0!]1/A06/+=

K

<86

-

F0F7A1,F:FA7

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<+=0,8=

--

9

U

:86<

/<F,A<F=

!

=

K

A

"

U

A=<08:0A<LF/A

"

:=OF9

U

8>9F

K

=,F810=17+=17F/=

-

! ;+80A

.+8=<A

6

08/F=99

U

,+A0,<81

K

A0,

7

=<A,8>A7F0OF00A7:F<0,

"

,+86

K

+.F,+,.8

Aa/A

-

,F810

!

-

A<0810.F,+0

-

A/F=9V18.9A7

K

AFO

-

8<,=1,,8,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A

=17+F

K

+

-

A<:8<OA<0/=1>A,=VA186,8:,+A

K

<86

-

0A9A/,A7:8<7F0OF00=9!

;+A0=OA

-

<8/A76<A/=1 >A=

--

9FA7F18<7A<,8<A,=F1=

6

>=9=1/A7

7

.8<V:8</A/8O

-

80F,F81

"

:8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,8A106<A,+=,18,819

U

897A<

.8<VA<0<AO=F1.F,+,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A!J//8<7F1

K

,8=<A/A1,7A/F0F81>

U

,+A

CA7A<=9N=>86< X86<,

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A</=1 7FLF7A,+A .8<V:8</AF1,8

6

K

<86

-

0

7

8:/8O

-

=<=>9A.8<VA<081,+A>=0F08:=

K

A

!

-

A8

-

9A=

K

A73%8<

>A98.

"

>A,.AA13%=17)%

"

)%=17#%

"

=170881!J/A<,=F1

-

A</A1,=

K

A8:

.8<VA<0/=1>A7F0OF00A7:<8O=99,+A0A

K

<86

-

0

,

,+A=::A/,A7F17FLF76=90

=<A8:/86<0A0A9A/,A7=//8<7F1

K

,8,+A<A9AL=1,08/F=9/<F,A<F=! J

-

A<081

=

K

A7#"/=1>A7F0OF00A7>A/=60A+AF0

6

08/F=99

U

0,<81

K

7

.F,+F1,+A

K

<86

-

8:.8<VA<0=

K

A7>A,.AA1#%=174%

"

>6,,+A0=OAF17FLF76=9.869718,

<F0V7F0OF00=9F:08/F=90A9A/,F81.A<AFO

-

9AOA1,A7=O81

K

=99/8O

-

=<=>9A

.8<VA<0!

;+A0

U

0,AO8:08/F=90A9A/,F81F0

h

6F,A/8O

-

9Aa! ;8

K

A,+A<.F,+,+A

.8<V0/861/F9

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A</=19=

U

78.1<69A0,+=,O=VA06/+0A9A/,F81

A=0FA<,8FO

-

9AOA1,

"

+8.ALA<!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

-

8F1,0/=1>A=.=<7A7:8<

U

A=<08:0A<LF/A

"

>AF1

K

8LA<)%

U

A=<08:=

K

A

"

=170881

,

,+80A.F,+,+A

98.A0,16O>A<8:

-

8F1,0=<A7F0OF00A7! ;+A0F,6=,F818:,+AAO

-

98

U

A<

>A/8OA0ALA1O8<A/8O:8<,=>9AF:+AF0=>9A,8<A=/+=

K

<AAOA1,.F,+,+A

.8<V0/861/F981=9F0,8:1=OA08:=99,+A

-

A<0810,8>A7F0OF00A7!;+F0F0

18<O=99

U-

800F>9A819

U

F:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA0,8>A7F0OF00A7<A/AFLA+F

K

+A<

/8O

-

A10=,F81

"

>=0A781,+A08/=99A7

6

08/F=9

-

9=1

7

k

Z1GA<O=1

U

"

619FVAF1O=1

U

8,+A</861,<FA0

"

7F0OF00A7.8<VA<078

''* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 192: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

18, =6,8O=,F/=99

U

<A/AFLA /8O

-

A10=,F81! ;+A

U

=<A A1,F,9A7 ,8

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,>A1A:F,0=,4%

-

A</A1,8:,+A:8<OA<.=

K

A

$

4&

-

A</A1,F:

,+A

U

=<A<A0

-

810F>9A:8<=,9A=0,81A/+F97

%

kI6<=,F81F018<O=99

U

81A

U

A=<

$

,+86

K

+:8<897A<.8<VA<0.F,+O=1

UU

A=<0l0A<LF/AF,O=

U

>AO8<A

%,

=:,A<

,+=,

"

08/F=9=00F0,=1/A.+F/+

-

A<OF,0819

U

=LA<

U

98.0,=17=<78:9FLF1

K

F0

,+A819

U

=9,A<1=,FLAF:,+A.8<VA<F061=>9A,8:F17=1A.

b

8>! W8.ALA<

"

>A:8<A=

--

9

U

F1

K

:8<08/F=9=00F0,=1/A.8<VA<0+=LA,8/8106OAO80,8:

,+AF<0=LF1

K

0

"

F1/967F1

K

ALA19F:AF106<=1/A=17O80,897=

K

A

-

A10F810!

]19

U

=0O=99:9=,.+F/+F0,+A.8<VA<l0

-

9=/A8:<A0F7A1/A/=1>A<A,=F1A7

9A00O87A0,+8OA0+=LA,8>A0897!

;+A.8<V0/861/F9/=1=0V:8<,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:=08/=99A708/F=9

-

9=1F:,+A<A76/,F818:.8<V

-

9=/A0F0,=VF1

K-

9=/A.F,+F1,+A:<=OA.8<V8:

/899A/,FLA<A7617=1/FA08</=60A7>

U

08OA8,+A<:617=OA1,=9/+=1

K

AF1,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A! J0F18,+A<F10,=1/A08:/87A,A<OF1=,F81

"

,+A.8<V0/861/F9

=17,+AAO

-

98

U

A<1A

K

8,F=,A=1=7A

h

6=,A0896,F81!Z:,+A

U

=<A61=>9A,8

<A=/+=

K

<AAOA1,,+A/81:9F/,O60,>A089LA7>

U

=/81/F9F=,F81>8=<7

$

0AA

18,A"

%"

=0F1,+A/=0A8:0+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

!;.8FO

-

8<,=1,

-

8F1,0O60,

>AOA1,F81A7/81/A<1F1

K

,+A/81,A1,08:08/F=9

-

9=10!

;+A:F<0,F0/8O

-

A10=,F81

"

.+F/+F018<O=99

U

/=9/69=,A781,+A>=0F0

8:=

K

A=17

U

A=<0l0A<LF/A

,

,+A:=OF9

U

0F,6=,F81=17=1

U

+=17F/=

-

=<A=908

/810F7A<A7>6,606=99

UK

FLA<F0A819

U

,8=0O=99=77F,F81=9

-

=

U

OA1,!E8OA

b

6<F0,0/810F7A<,+F0,8>A7F0/<FOF1=,F81=

K

=F10,0F1

K

9AO8,+A<0=17,+A

+=17F/=

--

A7!;+A=O861,8:/8O

-

A10=,F81/=1>A=0O6/+=081AO81,+l0

0=9=<

U

:8<A=/+

U

A=<8:0A<LF/A

"

>6,18<O=99

U

F,.F99>A9A00,+=1,+=,!

;+A0A/817F0,+A/<A=,F818:=08/=99A7

6

,<=10:A<

7

/8O

-

=1

U

! P8<VA<0

/81/967A=1A.AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,.F,+06/+=/8O

-

=1

U

"

.+F/+8::A<0

,<=F1F1

K

,+=,<A069,0F1

h

6=9F:F/=,F810! ;+AF7A=F0,8

h

6=9F:

U

.8<VA<0:8<

1A.

b

8>0

"

=981

K

0F7A8,+A< OA=06<A0,8FO

-

<8LA,+AF<9=>86< O=<VA,

0F,6=,F81!I6<F1

K

,+A,FOA0

-

A1,=,,+A,<=10:A</8O

-

=1

U

.8<VA<0<A/AFLA

0+8<,,FOA

6

,<=10:A<

7

>A1A:F,0

"

.+F/+=<A/=9/69=,A7F1,+A0=OA.=

U

=0,+A

18<O=90+8<,,FOA=998.=1/A! ;+A76<=,F81O=

U

>A6

-

,881A

U

A=<

"

>6,

/6<<A1,9

U

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,F07F0/600F1

K

F1/<A=0F1

K

,+F0,8,.8

U

A=<0!

('*

P8<VA<0l5F

K

+,0F1=1D/818OF/X<F0F0

!

GA<O=1

U!

Page 193: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

;<=10:A</8O

-

=1FA0+=LA:<A

h

6A1,9

U

>AA160A7F1A=0,A<1GA<O=1

U

! ;+A

06//A008:06/+0/+AOA08>LF8609

U

7A

-

A17081,+A16O>A<8:L=/=1,

-

80,0

"

.+F/+F1,FOA08:/<F0F0=<A:A.! ]:,A1,+A819

U-

80F,FLA0F106/+=

0F,6=,F81=<A,+A=/

h

6F0F,F818:=77F,F81=9

h

6=9F:F/=,F810=17>AF1

K

,8

K

A,+A<

.F,+/899A=

K

6A0F1,+A0=OA/F</6O0,=1/A0F10,A=78:>AF1

K

0,6/V=,+8OA

=1781,+A789A! ;<=10:A</8O

-

=1FA0=<A8:,A1:F1=1/A7>

U

,+ACA7A<=9

J

K

A1/

U

8:N=>86<!Z1'%%&

"

,+AD6<8

-

A=1X8OOF00F81A0,=>9F0+A7=08

/=99A7

6

K

98>=9F0=,F81:617

7"

.F,+=>67

K

A,8:#%%OF99F81A6<80

"

:8<,+A

0

-

A/F:F/

-

6<

-

80A8::F1=1/F1

K

OA=06<A0,8:=/F9F,=,A=7=

-

,=,F81,8,+A

O=<VA,0F,6=,F81! IF0/600F810=<A/6<<A1,9

U

>AF1

K

+A9781F1/<A=0F1

K

,+A

>67

K

A,,881A>F99F81A6<80!

!

&

!

91736.-.1C13.

;+A

h

6A0,F81=<F0A08:.+A,+A<7F0OF00A7.8<VA<0/=10AAV<AF10,=,AOA1,

F:,+A0F,6=,F818:,+AF<:8<OA<AO

-

98

U

A<FO

-

<8LA0! S19FVAC<A1/+9=.

"

617A<.+F/+<AF10,=,AOA1,F0

-

800F>9A:8<,.8

U

A=<0=:,A<7F0OF00=9

"

GA<O=19=.F0 O8<A<A0,<F/,FLA! ;+A<A=<A819

U

,+<AA/=0A0F1 .+F/+

<AF10,=,AOA1,/=1>A<A

h

6A0,A7

"

>6,=99,+<AA=<A8:OF18<FO

-

8<,=1/AF1

-

<=/,F/A

!

&

=

'

;+A<A=081:8<7F0OF00=9/A=0A0,8=

--

9

U

76<F1

K

,+A

-

A<F878:

18,F/A! D0

-

A/F=99

U

76<F1

K

A/818OF//<F0A0

#

06/+7ALA98

-

OA1,0

.F99>A<=<A!

&

>

'

;+AAO

-

98

U

A<<AAO

-

98

U

0O=1

U

:8<OA<.8<VA<0>6,Aa/967A0

.8<VA<`0AAOF1

K

9

U

=<>F,<=<F9

U

! P8<VA<`/=1=0V:8<A

h

6=9

,<A=,OA1,!

&

/

'

;+A08/F=9

-

9=1

-

<8LF7A0:8<<AF10,=,AOA1,:8<81A8<,.8

U

A=<0

=:,A<7F0OF00=9!E6/+

-

<8LF0F810=<A<=<A

#

+8.ALA<! DO

-

98

U

A<0

7818,9FVA,+AO

#

.+F9A.8<VA<0

-

<A:A<+F

K

+A</8O

-

A10=,F81,8

,+A0O=99/+=1/A,+=,,+A

U

.F99>A=>9A,8<A,6<1,8,+AF<:8<OA<

)(* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! ;+F0+=0>AA1<A=9FBA7F1e61A'%%*!

Page 194: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

A1,A<

-

<F0A!

S17A<GA<O=19=.

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0lF1,A<A0,F1<A,=F1F1

K

,+AF<.8<V:8</A

0AAO0,8>A9=<

K

A9

U

0=,F0:FA7>

U

,+A<69A0810+8<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

!\6,F1

,+A/6<<A1,0F,6=,F81

"

,+F0.F9918,>A06::F/FA1,! @6/+ O8<A=,,A1,F81

0+8697>A

-

=F7,87F0OF00A7AO

-

98

U

AA0=17,+AF<<AF1,A

K

<=,F81F1,8,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A,+A

U

=<A:=OF9F=<.F,+!

*(*

P8<VA<0l5F

K

+,0F1=1D/818OF/X<F0F0

!

GA<O=1

U!

Page 195: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

A%&'+Q

R'

6$

(N%07#

$

0"

6

#*,'

Page 196: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

R'

6$

(N%07#

$

0"

6

#*,'(,4"&*% O*

6

",-

'2*3'%,-%&-V"&Y(,

?

!",'&%N'

HF6EFV\=A

!

!

23.0:45G.7:3

;+AF006A8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,+=0>AA108OA,+F1

K

8:=+8,

-

8,=,80F1/A

,+A0,=<,8:,+A1A. OF99A11F6OF1H8<A=

"

>8,+>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

A<0=17

,<=7A61F810=17>A,.AA11A89F>A<=90=17

-

<8

K

<A00FLA0!

J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,+=0=9.=

U

0>AA1=:A=,6<A8:,+A9=>86<O=<VA,

F1H8<A=>6,F,7F718,>A/8OA=O=

b

8<

-

<8>9AO61,F9,+A:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0F1

"**$! ;+A/<F0F0.=008OA,+F1

K

8:=.=,A<0+A7:8<,+A9=>86<O=<VA,

!

O=1

U

:F<O0/899=

-

0A78<<A0,<6/,6<A77<=0,F/=99

U

F18<7A<,806<LFLA!

J,

U-

F/=9 AO

-

98

U

OA1, 06<

K

A7 76<F1

K

,+F0

-

<8/A00 8: /8<

-

8<=,A

<A0,<6/,6<F1

K

!J:FA</A7A>=,A<=

K

A7=<8617:9AaF>F9F,

U

=170A/6<F,

U

F1,+A

9=>86<O=<VA,:8< O8<A,+=10Fa

U

A=<0

"

=,,+AA178: .+F/+ H8<A=

F1,<876/A79A

K

F09=,F81,8<A

K

69=,A=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,!

I6<F1

K

,+A7A>=,AAO

-

98

U

A<0=<

K

6A7:8<,+A7A<A

K

69=,F818:,+A9=>86<

O=<VA,08,+=,,+A

U

/8697+F<A=17:F<A.8<VA<0=9O80,=,.F99! ;+A

AO

-

98

U

A<0/9=FOA7,+=,,+A9=>86<O=<VA,F1 H8<A=.=0,88<F

K

F7=17

8LA<<A

K

69=,A7>

U

,+AN=>86<E,=17=<70J/,

"

O=VF1

K

F,,887F::F/69,,89=

U

8::.8<VA<0ALA1.+A1,+A<A.=09F,,9A.8<V,878!;+A

U-

6,,+AF</=0A,8

>8,+,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,=17,+A

K

A1A<=9

-

6>9F/

"

=0VF1

K

.+8.8697F1LA0,F1

Page 197: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

H8<A==17,<

U

,8/<A=,AO8<A

b

8>0617A<06/+/817F,F810! ;+AF<

-

80F,F81

.=006

--

8<,A7>

U

O=1

U

1A89F>A<=9A/818OF0,0=17,+AO=F10,<A=O OA7F=!

;+A

U

=<

K

6A7F1:=L86<8:,+A J1

K

98 E=a819=>86< O=<VA, O87A9

"

F1

/81,<=0,,8,+Ae=

-

=1A0A8<D6<8

-

A=181A0! ;+A

U

8

--

80A79A

K

F09=,F8181

=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

>6,F:F,/869718,>A=L8F7A7

"

/=99A7:8<9F

K

+,

<A

K

69=,F81=,O80,!

;<=7A61F810=17.8<VA<0

-

8F1,A7,8,+A<=

-

F7F1/<A=0AF1,+A16O>A<

8:=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0F1,+A.=VA8:,+A"**$:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0=17/8<

-

8<=,A

<A0,<6/,6<F1

K

"

=17=<

K

6A7,+=,=,

U-

F/=9 .8<VA<0 .A<A>AF1

K

60A7 >

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0

-

<FO=<F9

U

,806>0,F,6,A

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0=17,8<A76/A9=>86<

/80,0! ;+A

U

/9=FOA7,+=,,+A9=>86<O=<VA,+=7

-

89=<F0A7F1,A<O08:

=,

U-

F/=9=17

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0

"

=0.A99=0.8<VA<0F10O=99=17OA7F6O

0FBA7/8O

-

=1FA0

$

E@D0

%

=17,+80AF19=<

K

A:F<O0

"

=17,+=,ALA1OF1FO6O

0A/6<F,

U

:8<=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0.=0617A<,+<A=,! J0=/810A

h

6A1/A

"

,+A

LA<

U

:=><F/ 8: H8<A=1 08/FA,

U

.=0F1

b

A8

-

=<7

U

! Z1 /81,<=0,,8,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

,+A

U

988VA7,808/F=9<A

K

69=,F81F1/81,F1A1,=9D6<8

-

A=19=>86<

O=<VA,0<=,+A<,+=1,8,+AJ1

K

98E=a81O87A9!;+A,+A1

K

8LA<1OA1,.=0

6<

K

A7,8F1,<876/A<A

K

69=,F810,8

-

<8,A/,=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0! P+A1,+A7<=:,

>F99=

--

A=<A7

"

,+A

U

7A1861/A7,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,:8<<A

K

69=,F1

K

=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,,889F

K

+,9

U

!

P+A1F1'%%$,+A1A.

K

8LA<1OA1,=11861/A7,+=,F,.8697<A:8<O

,+A/6<<A1,9A

K

F09=,F8181=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

=18,+A<<86178:7A>=,A

/8OOA1/A7!;+F07A>=,AF00,F99

K

8F1

K

81

"

.F,+=<

K

6OA1,0:8<=17=

K

=F10,

<A:8<O!

Z10A/,F81'

"

Z

K

FLA=18LA<LFA.8:,<A170F1=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,=17

,+A0A/,8<0F1L89LA7

"

-

<A0A1,F1

K

08OA<A9AL=1,0,=,F0,F/0

"

>A:8<A86,9F1F1

K

,+AO=F1<A

K

69=,F810F1,+A,.89=.0

K

8LA<1F1

K

=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,F1

0A/,F813!Z10A/,F81)

"

08OA06<LA

U

<A069,0=<A

-

<A0A1,A7F18<7A<,80+8.

+8.,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A,<A=,A7/8O

-

=<A7,8

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0!

],+A<06<LA

U

<A069,0=<A60A7F10A/,F810#=174,8Aa

-

9=F1.+

U

=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A0

U

0,AO=,F/=99

U

Aa/967A7:<8O ,+A 18<O=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,

0

U

0,AO!EA/,F81&:8/60A081=1A.

-

+A18OA181V18.1=0

6

F1 +860A

%(* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 198: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

06>/81,<=/,F1

K

7

kZ10A/,F81$

"

Z

-

<A0A1,,+A/6<<A1,7A>=,A81,+A<A:8<O

8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,9A

K

F09=,F81F17A,=F9!Z/81/967A.F,+=988V=,,+A

7A>=,Al0

-

89F/

U

FO

-

9F/=,F810!

"

!

;,1 ;01346 -34 A50013. L.-.1 :D

/.QK7G-8 ^Z:3 6.-34-04_ JCK8:QC13.

E,=17=<7AO

-

98

U

OA1,F07A:F1A7+A<A=0

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

OA1,>=0A781=

9=>86</81,<=/, .F,+ 18,FOA<A0,<F/,F810! R810,=17=<7 8< =,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,F07A:F1A7=09=>86<<A9=,F810617A<.+F/+,+AAO

-

98

U

AAF0

+F<A7 .F,+ ,FOA 8< 8,+A<<A0,<F/,F810! R810,=17=<7 AO

-

98

U

OA1,F0

08OA,FOA0<A:A<<A7,8=0

-

<A/=<F860AO

-

98

U

OA1,!

;+A9ALA98:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,F1/<A=0A7=9=<OF1

K

9

U

>A,.AA1'%%"

=17'%%&

"

>

U

1A=<9

U

,.8 OF99F81 .8<VA<0

$

0AA ;=>9A"

%

kJ,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,=0=

-

<8

-

8<,F818:,8,=9.=

K

AA=<1A<0<80A:<8O'4!$

-

A</A1,

F1'%%",83#!*

-

A</A1,F1'%%&!EF1/A,+A"**$:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0

+=LA<A0,<6/,6<A7,+AF<8

-

A<=,F810>

U

/6,,F1

K

,+AF< .8<V:8</A

"

8:,A1

<A

-

9=/F1

K-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0.F,+,AO

-

8<=<

U

81A0! ;A<,F=<F0=,F81

$

,+A

0+F:,8:

b

8>0:<8OF1760,<

U

,80A<LF/A0

%

=17:9AaF>F9F0=,F818:,+A9=>86<

O=<VA,+=LA

K

=F1A7

K

<86170F1/A"**$!JO81

K

]DXI/861,<FA0H8<A=+=0

,+A0A/8179=<

K

A0,0+=<A8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,F1,8,=97A

-

A17A1,

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

$

=:,A<E

-

=F1

%

k

\A,.AA1 '%%& =17 '%%$ =,

U-

F/=9 AO

-

98

U

OA1,.+F/+ F1/967A0

,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,7A/9F1A7

$

>

U

'#$

"

%%%

%

:8<,+A:F<0,,FOA0F1/A

"**$!Z,F018,/9A=<.+A,+A<,+F0F17F/=,A0=+=9,,88<ALA1=<ALA<0=98:

,+A

K

<8.,+F1=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,!

J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,F1/967A0=99:8<O08:1810,=17=<78<

-

<A/=<F860

AO

-

98

U

OA1,!Z1;=>9A"

"

=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,F07FLF7A7F1,8,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

-

=<,,FOA =17 8,+A< =,

U-

F/=9 AO

-

98

U

OA1,! ;AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,/8O

-

<F0A0:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0

"

,AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,0<A1A.A7

=17,AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,0.+80A<A1A.=9F018,Aa

-

A/,A7!

6

],+A<=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

7

/8O

-

<F0A0=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0

"

06>/81,<=/,A7.8<VA<0

"

0

-

A/F=9

&(*

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 199: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:8<O08:.8<V

"

+8OA.8<VA<0=177=F9

U

.8<VA<0!

!

9%:0*E

!

9

6$

*/%,-7]'*,'"8R'

6$

(N%07#

$

0"

6

#*,'

#

)%&("./

6

*%&/

$

[A=< '%%" '%%) '%%& '%%$

P=

K

AA=<1A<0

$

,8,=9

%

"3#)%

$

"%%T

%

")#$)

$

"%%T

%

"#$$'

$

"%%T

%

"4"%)

$

"%%T

%

YA<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

OA1, **%#

$

&3!'T

%

*"*%

$

43!%T

%

"%"$%

$

4)!"T

%

"%4#$

$

44!'T

%

J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1, 343#

$

'4!$T

%

#3*)

$

3&!%T

%

#&%3

$

3#!*T

%

#))#

$

33!$T

%

J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,

=!;AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1, "$4#

$

"3!$T

%

3#*&

$

')!&T

%

3#)4

$

''!3T

%

3'$$

$

'%!)T

%

!

CFaA7,A<O/81,<=/, ")&&

$

"%!*T

%

')*"

$

"&!"T

%

'#3"

$

"#!*T

%

'34#

$

")!&T

%

!

;AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,<A1A.A7

#

#$%

$

)!%T

%

###

$

3!#T

%

*'3

$

#!&T

%

!

;AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,<A1A.=9

18,Aa

-

A/,A7

#

#'4

$

3!4T

%

)4%

$

'!*T

%

>!Y=<,,FOAAO

-

98

U

OA1, $&$

$

4!#T

%

"%&'

$

&!3T

%

"'%"

$

&!4T

%

"''$

$

&!4T

%

/!],+A<=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1, "&%'

$

"'!4T

%

"*)$

$

"3!)T

%

''%$

$

"3!*T

%

'"3&

$

"3!3T

%

!

J

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0 "3#

$

"!%T

%

""&

$

%!$T

%

"&)

$

"!"T

%

"3*

$

%!*T

%

!

E6>/81,<=/,A7.8<VA<0 3%&

$

'!3T

%

)"3

$

'!$T

%

#*3

$

3!&T

%

4)"

$

)!%T

%

!

E

-

A/F=9:8<O08:.8<V $"%

$

4!%T

%

&""

$

)!*T

%

43#

$

)!%T

%

#*#

$

3!&T

%

!

W8OA.8<VA<0 '#4

$

"!*T

%

"&"

$

"!'T

%

"'#

$

%!$T

%

4#

$

%!)T

%

!

I=F9

U

.8<VA<0 '*$

$

'!'T

%

444

$

)!4T

%

$)#

$

#!3T

%

$"$

$

#!"T

%

R8,A

!

CF

K

6<A081=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,06>

K

<86

-

07818,=776

-

,8"%%T76A,808OA786>9A

/861,F1

K

!E8OA.8<VA<0

K

<86

-

A7617A<

6

0

-

A/F=9:8<O08:.8<V

7

7818,0,<F/,9

U

>A981

K

,8

,+A

6

7A

-

A17A1,AO

-

98

U

OA1,

7

/=,A

K

8<

U

>6,/8697>A/9=00F:FA708OA.+A<A>A,.AA1

7A

-

A17A1,AO

-

98

U

OA1,=170A9:AO

-

98

U

OA1,!

#

E,=,F0,F/08108OA/=,A

K

8<FA08:,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,=<A18,=L=F9=>9A:8<'%%"

"

.+A1,+A

06<LA

U

0,=<,A7!

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9]::F/A

"

E6

--

9AOA1,=<

U

E6<LA

U

,8,+AE6<LA

U

8:,+AD/818OF/=99

U

J/,FLAY8

-

69=,F81A=/+

U

A=<0F1/A'%%"!

;AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0

"

=//861,0:8<,+A

O80,0F

K

1F:F/=1,0+=<A 8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,! X8O

-

=<A7 ,8 8,+A<

/861,<FA0

"

,+A

-

<8

-

8<,F81 8:

-

=<,,FOA .8<VA<0 F1 =99 7A

-

A17A1,

AO

-

98

U

OA1,+=0<AO=F1A7<A9=,FLA9

U

98.F1H8<A=! J0981

K

=0AO

-

98

U

A<0

=<A=>9A,860A

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0:9AaF>9

U

F1,A<O08:.8<VF1

K

,FOA=17

,8<A08<,,88,+A<,

U-

A08:,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

,+A

U

+=LA181AA7,8

'(* !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 200: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F1/<A=0A

-

=<,,FOA.8<VF1

K

!

;=>9A ' 0+8.0,+A ,<A170F1 =,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1, >

U

L=<F860

/=,A

K

8<FA08LA<,+A

-

A<F87'%%"'%%$!;+A<AF0=0,<81

K

9F1V>A,.AA1,+A

h

6=9F,

U

8:,+A9=>86</81,<=/,=17

K

A17A<! P8OA1=<AO8<A9FVA9

U

,8>A

A1

K

=

K

A7=0,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0,+=1 OA1! J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,F0

-

80F,FLA9

U

/8<<A9=,A7=908.F,+=

K

A

K

<86

-

"

=17F0O6/++F

K

+A<:8<.8<VA<0

F1,+AF<0Fa,FA0,+=1:8<,+80AF1,+AF<,+F<,FA08<:8<,FA0! D76/=,F81F0

=18,+A<FO

-

8<,=1,:=/,8<F1<A9=,F81,8,+A,

U-

A8:AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,!

P8<VA<0.F,+:A.A<

U

A=<08:0/+889F1

K

=<AO8<A9FVA9

U

,8>AAO

-

98

U

A7=0

=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

.+F9A/899A

K

A=17+F

K

+A<A76/=,F81

K

<=76=,A0+=LA=

>A,,A</+=1/A8::F17F1

K

=

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,! ;+AL=<F860

A/818OF/0A/,8<07F::A<06>0,=1,F=99

U

F1,A<O08:,+AF<<A9F=1/A81=,

U-

F/=9

.8<VA<0! ;+A

-

<8

-

8<,F81 8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

AA0F0 >A98. =LA<=

K

AF1

O=16:=/,6<F1

K

"

,<=10

-

8<,=17

-

6>9F/=7OF1F0,<=,F81

"

.+F9A/810,<6/,F81

"

:F1=1/A=17>60F1A000A<LF/A07A

-

A17O8<A81,AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,0!;+A<A

F0=908=0F

K

1F:F/=1,/8<<A9=,F81.F,+0FBA8:A0,=>9F0+OA1,

!

,+A0O=99A<,+A

A0,=>9F0+OA1,

"

,+A+F

K

+A<,+A0+=<A8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0F1,+A,8,=9

.8<V:8</A! D0,=>9F0+OA1,0.F,+:A.A<,+=13%AO

-

98

U

AA0+=LA1A=<9

U

,.F/A=0O=1

U

,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0=0A0,=>9F0+OA1,0.F,+=,9A=0,3%%

AO

-

98

U

AA0!

!

9%:0*C

!

9&*,-/%,-!.&&*,'3'%'*"8R'

6$

(N%07#

$

0"

6

#*,'

$

T

%

'%%" '%%3 '%%# '%%4 '%%& '%%$

J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1, 343#%%% )4%4)%% #)$'#%% #)#4#%% #&%'4%% #))#%%%

J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1, '4!$ 3'!4 34!4 3#!# 3#!* 33!$

EAa

@=9A '"!$ '&!4 3"!# 3%!) 3"!# '$!$

CAO=9A 3#!) 3*!4 )3!& )'!& )'!" )%!$

J

K

A

"#

(

'* 1!=! 3"!& 3#!% 33!% 33!# 3'!*

3%

(

3* '4!3 3%!) '*!$ '*!$ '4!&

((*

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 201: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

9%:0*C

&

N",'U-

'%%" '%%3 '%%# '%%4 '%%& '%%$

)%

(

)* 3"!" 34!3 3)!" 3)!" 3"!4

#%

(

#* 3*!* )'!$ )"!* )'!4 3*!4

4%=17=>8LA 4#!* 44!4 4*!% 4#!* 4#!&

D76/=,F81

S

-

,8OF779A0/+889 #"!' #4!$ ##!# #4!& ##!)

WF

K

+0/+889

K

<=76=,A0 33!# 3$!' 34!# 3&!# 34!$

X899A

K

A

K

<=76=,A0 '3!* '&!" '*!" '$!" '3!"

S1FLA<0F,

UK

<=76=,A0=17=>8LA '%!3 ')!& ')!" ')!$

D/818OF/0A/,8<0

@=16:=/,6<F1

K

"&!3 '%!& '%!3 '%!& "4!&

X810,<6/,F81 43!# 43!" #$!% #&!* #)!4

P+89A0=9A

"

<A,=F9 3'!) 3#!3 3'!& 33!# 33!)

W8,A90=17<A0,=6<=1,0 3*!) )$!) 3*!$ 3$!* 3&!*

;<=10

-

8<, "$!3 '#!4 ')!" ')!3 '%!&

CF1=1/A )%!% )4!) #"!# #%!4 ))!4

Y<8

-

A<,

U

"

9A=0F1

K

34!4 )%!) 3$!* 3$!& 34!*

\60F1A000A<LF/A0 )&!$ #3!# #)!' #4!) ##!4

Y6>9F/=7OF1F0,<=,F81 "*!4 '"!$ '3!$ ')!# ')!%

D76/=,F810A<LF/A0 3"!' 34!* 34!3 3)!3 33!)

EFBA8:A0,=>9F0+OA1,

"

(

) 3"!$ )4!4 #%!) )4!4 )&!'

(

#

(

* "*!* 3$!# )%!# 3$!# 3$!'

(

"%

(

'* '"!# 33!& 3&!# 3&!$ 3$!'

(

3%

(

** "#!$ '$!& 33!3 3'!$ 33!%

(

"%%

(

'** #!4 '"!$ '$!$ '&!& '$!*

(

3%%j #!) ")!& "*!& '%!% "*!#

(

I6<=,F818:.8<V/81,<=/,

NA00,+=181A

U

A=< #'!% ##!3 #'!% #'!&

(

"

(

'

U

A=<0 '*!# 3#!3 3#!" 3#!"

(

'

(

3

U

A=<0 '4!$ 3'!$ 3"!3 33!)

(

J,9A=0,3

U

A=<0 "3!* "$!$ "*!# '%!%

(

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9]::F/A

"

E6

--

9AOA1,=<

U

E6<LA

U

,8,+AE6<LA

U

8:,+AD/818OF/=99

U

J/,FLAY8

-

69=,F81A=/+

U

A=<0F1/A'%%"!

))! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 202: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

;AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A06

--

80A7,8>AA1

K

=

K

A7F10+8<,,A<O .8<V!

W8.ALA<

"

'%

-

A</A1,8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

AA0=9<A=7

U

+=LA=,9A=0,,+<AA

U

A=<0l0A<LF/A=0,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0!;+F0

-

A</A1,=

K

A+=0>AA1

K

<8.F1

K

F1<A/A1,

U

A=<0!;+F0OA=10,+=,,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0.+8=<A06

--

80A7

,8>A 60A7

"

9F,A<=99

U

"

,AO

-

8<=<F9

U

=<AF1

-

<=/,F/A >AF1

K

60A7 81 =

-

A<O=1A1,>=0F0 >

U

OA=10 8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,<A1A.=90 .F,+86,

F1,A<<6

-

,F81!Z106/+/F</6O0,=1/A0,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A/9A=<9

U

>AF1

K

OF060A7!

#

!

;U: ?-S:0 =-U6 :3

/.QK7G-8 JCK8:QC13.

J9,+86

K

+=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0+=LA=9.=

U

0AaF0,A7F1H8<A=1.8<V

-

9=/A0

"

:8<

=981

K

,FOA,+AF<16O>A<0.A<A<A9=,FLA9

U

98.=17,+AF006A08:/81,<=/,

76<=,F81

"

.=

K

A0=17.8<VF1

K

/817F,F810.A<A18,/81,<8LA<0F=9! ;+A<A

.=0189A

K

F09=,F81,8<A

K

69=,A=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,61,F9"**$! W8.ALA<

"

F1<A0

-

810A,8AO

-

98

U

A<0l/=990:8<,+A9A

K

=9<F

K

+,,8AO

-

98

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0,+AJ/,81,+AY<8,A/,F818:J

K

A1/

U

DO

-

98

U

AA0.=0

-

=00A7F1

"**$

"

.+F/+ =998.0AO

-

98

U

A<0,8 60A=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0F1 7A0F

K

1=,A7

0A/,8<0! J0=9<A=7

U

OA1,F81A7

"

,+A16O>A<8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

AA0+=0

K

<8.10F

K

1F:F/=1,9

U

F1,+A'%%%0!;+A

K

=

-

>A,.AA1

-

A<O=1A1,=17=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

AA0F1,A<O08:.=

K

A9ALA90

"

08/F=9

-

<8,A/,F81

"

,<=F1F1

K

=178,+A<

>A1A:F,0+=0/81,F16A7,8 .F7A1

"

ALA1F1/=0A0F1 .+F/+>8,+

K

<86

-

0

-

A<:8<O,+A0=OA

b

8>08<,=0V0! J,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,>A/=OA=O=

b

8<

08/F=9F006A617A<Y<A0F7A1,0HFOI=Ae61

K

$

"**$('%%'

%

=1758+@88

W

U

61

$

'%%3('%%&

%

k

Z1'%%%,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,,88V,+AF006A8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,,8,+A

;<F

-

=<,F,AX8OOF00F81

"

.+F/+F0/8O

-

80A7 8:<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA08:,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

,+A,<=7A 61F810=17,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,

"

=981

K

0F7AAa

-

A<,0

/+=<

K

A7.F,+<A

-

<A0A1,F1

K

,+A

-

6>9F/F1,A<A0,!;+A;<F

-

=<,F,AX8OOF00F81

+A97 O=1

U

OAA,F1

K

0=17988VA7 =,,+A L=<F860:8<O0 8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

*)!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 203: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

,<A170

"

<A9=,FLA.=

K

A9ALA90=1708/F=9F106<=1/A/8LA<=

K

A

"

=0 .A99=0 0,67

U

F1

K

:8<AF

K

1 Aa=O

-

9A0 8: =,

U-

F/=9 AO

-

98

U

OA1, =17

<A

K

69=,F810!W8.ALA<

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0l=17,<=7A61F810l<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0F1,+A

X8OOF00F81/8697 18,<A=/+ =

K

<AAOA1,81 +8. ,8<A

K

69=,A=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

7A0

-

F,AO6/+7F0/600F818LA<=9O80,:FLA

U

A=<0!

;+A<A.A<A,+<AAO=

b

8<0,F/VF1

K-

8F1,0F1<A0

-

A/,8:,+AF1,<876/,F81

8:9A

K

F09=,F8181=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,

!

$

"

%

.+A,+A<,+A60A8:=,

U-

F/=9.8<V0+8697>A<A0,<F/,A7

"

=17

.+A,+A<06/+<A0,<F/,F8100+8697>A9=F778.1F1,+A9=.

,

$

'

%

+8.981

K

,AO

-

8<=<

U

$

=,

U-

F/=9

%

AO

-

98

U

AA0/=1>A60A7.F,+86,,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<+=LF1

K

,8,<=10:8<O=,AO

-

8<=<

U

F1,8=

-

A<O=1A1,

"

8

-

A1A17A7

/81,<=/,

,

$

3

%

F:AO

-

98

U

A<0/81,F16A,8AO

-

98

U

,AO

-

8<=<

U

$

=,

U-

F/=9

%

.8<VA<0:8<

981

K

A<,+=1,+A

-

A<OF,,A7

-

A<F87

"

0+8697,+80A,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0>A

<A

K

=<7A7=6,8O=,F/=99

U

=0AO

-

98

U

A7818

-

A1A17A7/81,<=/,0

"

8<78,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<0OA<A9

U

+=LA,+A8>9F

K

=,F81,8AO

-

98

U

,+AO 81=

-

A<O=1A1,

>=0F0

$

.F,+86,1A/A00=<F9

U-

=

U

F1

K

,+A.=

K

A0=17>A1A:F,076A,8

-

A<O=1A1,

.8<VA<0

%1

;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,7<=:,A7=,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,>F99>=0A781,+A

-

<8

-

80=908:9=>86<Aa

-

A<,0 .+8

-

=<,F/F

-

=,A7F1,+A 7F0/600F810 81

,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F810=,,+A;<F

-

=<,F,AX8OOF00F81! ;+A

>F99OA,.F,+=96VA.=<O<A/A

-

,F81:<8O,+AAO

-

98

U

A<0=1781A8:,+A

,.8,<=7A61F81/81:A7A<=,F810

$

CH;S

%"

>6,.=00,<81

K

9

U

8

--

80A7>

U

,+A8,+A</81:A7A<=,F81

$

HX;S

%

=17F,0=::F9F=,A7OAO>A<0! ;+A>F99

.=0:F1=99

U-

=00A7>

U

,+A

-

=<9F=OA1,=0,+A

6

J/,81,+AY<8,A/,F818:

CFaA7;A<O X81,<=/, P8<V =17 Y=<,,FOA DO

-

98

U

AA0

7

=,,+AA17

8:'%%4!

!)! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 204: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*D

!

A&")(/(",/"8'2*

-

RN'",'2*A&"'*N'(","8S(]*-9*&#

!",'&%N'V"&Y%,-A%&''(#*7#

$

0"

6

**/

.

5A0,<F/,F81081,+A60A8:

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0

"

18<A0,<F/,F810

#

J1,F7F0/<FOF1=,F81

"

>=1817F0/<FOF1=,F81=

K

=F10,=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

AA0

$

:FaA7,A<O

/81,<=/,

"

-

=<, ,FOA<0 =17 =

K

A1/

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0

%

LF0mLF0

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0

"

187A:F1F,A/9=60A81

6

A

h

6=9

-

=

U

:8<.8<V8:A

h

6=9L=96A

7

"

0A,,F1

K

6

--

<8/A76<A0:8<7A=9F1

K

.F,+/=0A08:7F0/<FOF1=,F81=17

7F0/<FOF1=,8<

U-

<=/,F/A0

"

819

U

,+A=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0/81/A<1A7

"

18,,+A,<=7A61F81<A

-

<A0A1,F1

K

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0/=1:F9A=/=0A8:7F0/<FOF1=,F81 =

K

=F10,

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<

NFOF,=,F8181,+A

-

A<F87

76<F1

K

.+F/+,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<V/=1>A60A7

"

6

-

,8,.8

U

A=<0

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<F08>9F

K

A7,8AO

-

98

U

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0818

-

A1

A17A7/81,<=/,0=:,A<,+AF</81,F16860AO

-

98

U

OA1,:8<,.8

U

A=<0

ZO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:

,+A9=.

"

,+<AA0,=

K

A08:FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81

!$

=

%

9=<

K

A:F<O0.F,+O8<A,+=1

3%%AO

-

98

U

AA0

#

-

6>9F/0A/,8<8<

K

=1F0=,F810

"$

>

%

OA7F6O0FBA7

:F<O0=17

$

/

%

0O=99:F<O0.F,+:A.A<,+=1"%%AO

-

98

U

AA0

"

:<8Oe69

U

'%%&,8e69

U

'%%*

R8,A

!

#

;+A<A=<A0F

K

1F:F/=1,9FOF,=,F81081,+A60A8:=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0!J

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0/=1

>A60A7F108OA"47A0F

K

1=,A70A/,8<0

"

Aa/967F1

K

O=16:=/,6<F1

K

!

;+AVA

U-

<8LF0F8108:,+A1A.J/,=<A=0:8998.0!CF<0,

"

,+A1A.J/,78A0

18,<A

K

69=,A,+A<A=0810:8<60F1

K

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0

,

,+=,F0

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0/=1

60A:FaA7,A<O /81,<=/,0=17

-

=<,,FOA<0:<AA9

U

! EA/817

"

,+A1A. J/,

F1,<876/A0=1,F7F0/<FOF1=,F81OA=06<A0:8<,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0=17

-

=<,

,FOA<0,8>A=

--

9FA7.+A106/+.8<VA<078,+A0=OA

b

8>=0

-

A<O=1A1,81A0

>6,=<A,<A=,A761:=L86<=>9

U

F1,A<O08:

-

=

U

"

,A<O0=17/817F,F810!;+A<A

F018/9A=<

-

<8LF0F81F1,+A9=.81

6

A

h

6=9

-

=

U

:8<.8<V8:A

h

6=9L=96A

7"

.+F/+ .=0/=99A7:8<>

U

,+A,<=7A61F810=1708OAAa

-

A<,076<F1

K

7F0/600F81081+8.,8<A

K

69=,A=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,!;+A9=.9=

U

078.1

,+A

-

<8/A76<A0 .+A<A>

U

7F0/<FOF1=,F81 /=0A0=<A:F9A7

"

+=179A7 =17

/8<<A/,A7

"

F:7F0/<FOF1=,F81F0:8617,8AaF0,! J//8<7F1

K

,8,+A9=.=1,F

7F0/<FOF1=,F81/=0A0F1L89LF1

K

,AO

-

8<=<

U

8<

-

=<,,FOA.8<VA<0/=1>A:F9A7

819

U

>

U

,+A.8<VA<0/81/A<1A7=17,+AF<9A

K

=9<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

$

9=.

U

A<08<

/A<,F:FA79=>86< =,,8<1A

U

0

%"

>6, 18, >

U

,+A <A9AL=1,,<=7A 61F81!

")!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 205: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

J//8<7F1

K

,8,+AR=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

$

.+F/+7A=90

.F,+<F

K

+,07F0

-

6,A0 F1/967F1

K

,+A7F0/<FOF1=,F817F0

-

6,A08:,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<08<F1,A<A0,7F0

-

6,A0=<F0F1

K

:<8OAO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

0>

U

OA=10 8: OA7F=,F81

"

=<>F,<=,F81 =17 =7

b

67F/=,F81

%"

"

"

*#) =1,F

7F0/<FOF1=,F81/=0A0.A<A:F9A7F1'%%$=981A!

!

;+F<7

"

,+AJ/,9FOF,0,+A

/81,F1686060A8::FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0

"

-

=<,,FOA<0=17=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0,8

=O=aFO6O8:,.8

U

A=<0!Z,0

-

6<

-

80AF0,8

-

<ALA1,AO

-

98

U

A<0:<8O60F1

K

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<081=

-

A<O=1A1,>=0F0.+F9A:=F9F1

K

,8,<A=,,+AO9FVA

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0!Z:AO

-

98

U

A<060A.8<VA<081:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0

"

-

=<,,FOA<08<=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0/81,F168609

U

:8<=,9A=0,,.8

U

A=<0,+A

U

=<A

8>9F

K

A7,8AO

-

98

U

,+AO818

-

A1A17A7/81,<=/,0!C86<,+

"

FO

-

9AOA1,=,F81

8:,+A9=.F00/+A769A7,8,=VA

-

9=/AF1,+<AA0,=

K

A0

"

:<8O9=<

K

A:F<O0.F,+

O8<A,+=13%%AO

-

98

U

AA0=17

-

6>9F/0A/,8<8<

K

=1F0=,F810F1e69

U

'%%&

"

,+<86

K

+ OA7F6O0FBA7 :F<O0

"

,8 0O=99:F<O0 .F,+ :A.A< ,+=1 "%%

AO

-

98

U

AA0F1e69

U

'%%*!

J9,+86

K

+ = 0F

K

1F:F/=1, 16O>A< 8: 7F0/<FOF1=,F81 /=0A0 =

K

=F10,

AO

-

98

U

A<0+=0>AA1><86

K

+,>A:8<A,+AN=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

"

,+A<A+=LA>AA1:A.+F

K

+

-

<8:F9A7F0/<FOF1=,F81/=0A0.F,+1=,F81=9FO

-

=/,!

;<=7A61F810,+=,<A

-

<A0A1,O80,9

U

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0=<

K

6A,+=,,+A<A

=<A0F

K

1F:F/=1,>=<<FA<0F1,+A9=.,8/8<<A/,F1

K

7F0/<FOF1=,8<

U-

<=/,F/A0!

;+A

U

=<

K

6A,+=,61A

h

6=9,<A=,OA1,F00,F99.F7A0

-

<A=7

"

>6,F,F0LA<

U

7F::F/69,:8<,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0,8:F9A=06F,=

K

=F10,,+AF<AO

-

98

U

A<=0

,+F0O=

U-

<8L8VA<A,=9F=,F81! P+=,<A=99

U

/810,F,6,A0

6

.8<V8:A

h

6=9L=96A

8<0FOF9=<.8<V

7

F1<A9=,F81,8

-

A<O=1A1,=17,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0F00,F99

18,/9A=<!

#)! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! J//8<7F1

K

,8,+AR=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

"

,+A/=0A0:F9A7:8<7F0/<FOF1=,F81

.A<A<A089LA7=0:8998.0

!

F1$#%F10,=1/A0,+A/=0A.=0.F,+7<=.1

"

)&&.A<A<A089LA7,+<86

K

+

OA7F=,F81

"

3'.A<A=//A

-

,A7=07F0/<FOF1=,F810

"

=17#&&.A<A<A

b

A/,A7! J>86,)%/8O

-

=1FA0.A<A

F1L89LA7F1/=0A08:7F0/<FOF1=,F81F1.+F/+=16O>A<8:F17FLF76=9.8<VA<0:F9A7/=0A0=,,+A0=OA

,FOA:8<,+A0=OA<A=0810

$

g6=<,A<9

U

@A7F=,F81=17J7

b

67F/=,F81

"

E

-

<F1

K

'%%*

"

-

6>9F0+A7>

U

,+A

R=,F81=9N=>86<5A9=,F810X8OOF00F81

%

k

Page 206: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

$

!

;01-.C13. :D /.QK7G-8 +:0@106 73

A:CK-076:3 U7., T10C-313. E316

;=>9A) 0+8.0 .=

K

A7F::A<A1/A0>A,.AA1,AO

-

8<=<

U

=17

-

A<O=1A1,

.8<VA<0! PF,+,+AAa/A

-

,F818:08OA,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0.+80A/81,<=/,

.=0<A

-

A,F,FLA9

U

<A1A.A7

"

,+A .=

K

A08: O80,=,

U-

F/=9 .8<VA<0=<A

0F

K

1F:F/=1,9

U

98.A<,+=1,+80A8:

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0!Z1

-

=<,F/69=<

"

,+A

.=

K

A08:

-

=<,,FOA<0

"

7=F9

U

.8<VA<0=17,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0.+8/=118,

Aa

-

A/,=<A1A.=98:,+AF</81,<=/,0<A/AFLALA<

U

98..=

K

A0!

!

9%:0*G

!

V%

?

*Z*)*0/"89*#

$

"&%&

6

V"&Y*&/%/%A*&N*,'%

?

*"8

92"/*"8A*&#%,*,'V"&Y*&/

)

CFFI

EFBA8:

A0,=>90+OA1,

$

AO

-

98

U

AA0

%

J99=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

;AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

J99,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

:FaA7,A<O

/81,<=/,

<A

-

A,F,FLA<A1A.=90

8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,0

5A1A.=908:,AO

-

8<=<

U

/81,<=/,018,Aa

-

A/,A7

"

(

** 4#!4 &3!% &'!) *&!4 #3!"

"%%

(

'** &)!$ &#!' &3!# $*!' )"!$

J,9A=0,3%%

(

&)!# &$!% &"!& "%'!4 '*!"

,8,=9 43!# &"!& &%!4 *&!% )&!%

"

(

** 3"!' 4"!' &'!" #4!& #%!)

"%%

(

'** 3%!4 4$!" &$!" #%!) '&!'

3%%

(

'%!% )'!) #%!' )"!# '"!3

;8,=9 '&!* ##!) 44!$ #"!% ))!)

R8,A

!

.=

K

A9ALA98:

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0F1A=/+0FBAF0=006OA7,8>A"%%

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9]::F/A

"

'%%&!E6

--

9AOA1,=<

U

E6<LA

U

,8,+AE6<LA

U

8:D/818OF/=99

U

J/,FLAY8

-

69=,F81k

;<=7A61F810=179=>86<Aa

-

A<,0+=LA=<

K

6A7,+=,06/+ +6

K

A .=

K

A

7F::A<A1,F=90/810,F,6,A 7F0/<FOF1=,F81 =

K

=F10,=,

U-

F/=9 .8<VA<0! E8OA

0/+89=<060A7A/818OA,<F/ OA,+870,8

-

<8LA,+=,=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0=<A

06>

b

A/,,87F0/<FOF1=,8<

U-

<=/,F/A0

"

ALA1,=VF1

K

F1,8=//861,,+A1=,6<A8:

$)!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 207: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0l

b

8>0

"

,A16<A=170VF990! W8.ALA<

"

8,+A<0=<

K

6A,+=,

-

A<O=1A1, .8<VA<0l

b

8>0 =<A

h

6=9F,=,FLA9

U

7F::A<A1, :<8O ,+80A 8:

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0=17,+=,,+AF<.=

K

A0/=118,>A/8O

-

=<A7

-

<8

-

A<9

U

.F,+86,,=VF1

K

,+A0A7F::A<A1/A0F1,8=//861,!

J9O80,=99=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<00AAO,8:AA9,+=,,+A

U

=<A617A<

-

=F7

/8O

-

=<A7,8

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0! 5A/8

K

1F,F81,+=,=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0=<A

>AF1

K

7F0/<FOF1=,A7 =

K

=F10, F1 <A9=,F81 ,8

-

A<O=1A1, .8<VA<0 F0

F1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

>A/8OF1

K

/81LA1,F81=9 .F078O 7A0

-

F,A /861,A<=<

K

6OA1,0

:<8O1A89F>A<=9A/818OF0,0=17AO

-

98

U

A<0!

%

!

/.QK7G-8 +:0@106M L:G7-8 23650-3G1

A:H10-F1 -34 A:0K:0-.1 +18D-01

;=>9A#0+8.0,+=,,+A<A=<A0

U

0,AO=,F/7F::A<A1/A0>A,.AA1=,

U-

F/=9=17

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0F1,A<O08:0,=,A

-

A10F81

"

+A=,+/=<AF106<=1/A=17

61AO

-

98

U

OA1,F106<=1/A/8LA<=

K

A! P+F9A O8<A,+=1&%

-

A</A1,8:

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0

b

8F1=17=<A/8LA<A7>

U

=0,=,A

-

A10F81

-

9=1

"

0,=,A

+A=9,+F106<=1/A=170,=,A61AO

-

98

U

OA1,F106<=1/A

"

,+A O=

b

8<F,

U

8:

.8<VA<081=,

U-

F/=9/81,<=/,0:=9986,0F7A08/F=9F106<=1/A/8LA<=

K

A=17

=<A9A:,.F,+86,

-

<8,A/,F81.+A1,+AF<AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,A170

"

.+A1

,+A

U

:=990F/V8<.+A1,+A

U

<A=/+<A,F<AOA1,=

K

A! ;+A<A+=0>AA108OA

-

<8

K

<A00:8<.8<VA<081:FaA7,A<O /81,<=/,0

$

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0

%"

.+80A08/F=9F106<=1/A/8LA<=

K

A+=0FO

-

<8LA706>0,=1,F=99

U

8LA<,+A

U

A=<0

"

1=<<8.F1

K

,+A

K

=

-

.F,+

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0! W8.ALA<

"

,+A

/8LA<=

K

A8:

-

=<,,FOA<0=178,+A<=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0+=0<AO=F1A70,=

K

1=1,

=,=LA<

U

98.9ALA9

"

:=<>A98.,+A/8LA<=

K

A8:

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0!

%)! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 208: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*J

!

3"N(%0+,/.&%,N*!")*&%

?

*8"&9*#

$

"&%&

6

V"&Y*&/

!"#

$

%&*-T('2A*&#%,*,'7#

$

0"

6

**/

$

T

%

E,=,A

-

A10F81 WA=9,+/=<AF106<=1/A DO

-

98

U

OA1,F106<=1/A

'%%3 '%%& '%%$ '%%3 '%%& '%%$ '%%3 '%%& '%%$

J997A

-

A17A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0 #&!& 43!' 4)!3 #*!# 4)!) 4#!4 )*!$ ##!3 #4!$

YA<O=1A1,.8<VA<0 &%!$ &4!3 &&!3 &'!# &4!& &$!% #*!& 4)!3 4#!$

J,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0 3%!# )%!% 3*!' 3'!4 )'!# )"!# '*!' 3*!' 3*!'

!

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0 3*!" #&!' #4!) )"!" 4%!% #*!$ 3&!" ##!# #4!%

!-

=<,,FOA.8<VA<0 '!" 3!3 4!) '!& )!% 4!" 3!% 3!& 4!3

!

8,+A<=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0 ''!) '3!% '3!4 '4!) '&!& '$!' '"!* '3!* '#!$

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9]::F/A

"

E6

--

9AOA1,=<

U

E6<LA

U

,8,+AE6<LA

U

8:,+AD/818OF/=99

U

J/,FLAY8

-

69=,F81!

X8<

-

8<=,A .A9:=<A<A:A<0,8 L=<F860AO

-

98

U

AA >A1A:F,0,+=,=<A 18,

<A

K

69=,A7>

U

9=>86<9=. >6,8:,A1 >

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

8<=<A

-

<8LF7A7>

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0F1,+A=>0A1/A8:=,<=7A61F81F18<7A<,8>880,

AO

-

98

U

AA0lO8<=9A8</8OOF,OA1,,8,+A:F<O!X8<

-

8<=,A.A9:=<A>A1A:F,0

=<AF1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

<A

K

=<7A7=0

-

=<,8:8LA<=99/8O

-

A10=,F81=17,A17,8>A

-

<8LF7A7ALA1.+A<A,+A<AF018,<=7A61F81! ;+A0A>A1A:F,0=<A<=<A9

U

-

A<:8<O=1/A<A9=,A7=17=0

-

=<,8:,+A/8O

-

A10=,F81

-

=/V=

K

A,+A

U

=<A

:9AaF>9AA186

K

+:8<,+A/8O

-

=1

U

,8>A=>9A,8.F,+7<=.,+AO=,.F99!

\8160A0

"

.+F/+60A7,8/8O

-

A10=,AAO

-

98

U

AA0=//8<7F1

K

,8/8O

-

=1

U

-

A<:8<O=1/A

"

=<AF1/<A=0F1

K

9

U

>A/8OF1

K

:FaA7

-

=

U

OA1,0 O=F19

U

:8<

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0! ;+A

U

F1/967A/=0+>8160A0

"

-

=

U

OA1,8:0/+8898<

61FLA<0F,

U

,6F,F81:AA0:8<AO

-

98

U

AA0l/+F97<A1

"

<A

K

69=<+A=9,+/+A/V6

-

0

"

06

--

8<,:8<F17FLF76=9AO

-

98

U

AA0l/69,6<=9=/,FLF,FA0

"

:=OF9

U

=998.=1/A0

"

,<=10

-

8<,=998.=1/A0 8< +89F7=

U

>A1A:F,0

"

=17 O=1

U

8,+A< ,+F1

K

0

"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81,+A:F<O!;AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0=<A18,9FVA9

U

,8>AA1,F,9A7,8

=1

U

8:,+A0A/8O

-

=1

U

>A1A:F,08<.A9:=<A

-

<8

K

<=OOA0!J0;=>9A40+8.0

"

,+A16O>A<8:=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0<A/AFLF1

K

>8160A0.=09A00,+=1+=9:,+=,

8:

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0!

&)!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 209: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*L

!

1*N(

$

(*,'/"8!"&

$

"&%'*V*08%&*%,-V"&Y*&/U1(

?

2'/

)

R.

?

./'CFFH

$

T

%

5A,<A1/+OA1,

-

=

U

OA1,0

\8160A0

]LA<,FOA

-

=

U

OA1,0

Y=F7

9A=LA

J997A

-

A17A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0 4"!) #4!4 )'!) #'!$

YA<O=1A1,.8<VA<0 &)!# &"!' #3!# 4#!)

J,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0 3#!4 '&!* '%!& '$!%

!

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0 #"!& )"!" 3%!' )"!#

!

:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0 #&!* )#!3 33!4 )4!"

!

181:FaA7,A<O 3#!$ 3%!) '"!' '*!$

Y=<,,FOA.8<VA<0 3!& 3!4 '!' '!)

],+A<=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0 ')!3 ")!* ""!' "#!#

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9]::F/A

"

E6

--

9AOA1,=<

U

E6<LA

U

,8,+AE6<LA

U

8:,+AD/818OF/=99

U

J/,FLAY8

-

69=,F81D=/+[A=<0F1/A'%%"!

;+A

-

<8

-

8<,F818:<A/F

-

FA1,08:08OA9A

K

=9<F

K

+,0=O81

K

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0

<AO=F109A00,+=1+=9:,+=,=O81

K-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0! ;+A

U

+=LAA

h

6=9

9A

K

=9A1,F,9AOA1,,8<A,<A1/+OA1,

-

=

U

OA1,0

"

8LA<,FOA

-

=

U

OA1,0=17

-

=F7

9A=LA

"

.+F/+=<A

K

6=<=1,AA7:8<=99.8<VA<0

"

=,

U-

F/=98<

-

A<O=1A1,

"

>

U

,+A N=>86< E,=17=<70 J/,

"

=0981

K

=0,+A <A

h

6F<AOA1,0 =<A OA,!

RALA<,+A9A00

"

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0=<A9A009FVA9

U

,8A1

b

8

U

,+A0A>A1A:F,0=17

<F

K

+,0,+=1

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0>A/=60A

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A:F<0,F1

9F1A:8<8LA<,FOA

"

=17=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0=<A8:,A118,AO

-

98

U

A7981

K

A186

K

+,8/9=FO<A,<A1/+OA1,

-

=

U

OA1,0=17

-

=F79A=LA

$

>8,+<A

h

6F<A=,

9A=0,81A

U

A=<l0/81,F168600A<LF/A

%

kJ0=/810A

h

6A1/A

"

,+A

-

<8

-

8<,F818:

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0.+8<A/AFLA<A,<A1/+OA1,

-

=

U

OA1,0

"

8LA<,FOA

-

=

U

OA1,0

=17

-

=F7+89F7=

U

0F0O6/+98.A<,+=1,+=,8:

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0!

@8<A:617=OA1,=99

U

"

,+A<A=081.+

U

,+AO=

b

8<F,

U

8:=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0

=<A18,/8LA<A7>

U

08/F=9F106<=1/A8<A1,F,9A7,8/8O

-

=1

U

.A9:=<A

"

8LA<,FOA8<

-

=F79A=LA9FA0=>8LA=99F1,+A1=,6<A8:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7

AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO! ;+F00

U

0,AO 7F::A<A1,F=,A0>A,.AA1F10F7A<0=17

86,0F7A<0! Z10F7A<0 =<A AO

-

98

U

AA0 .F,+ 8

-

A1A17A7 /81,<=/,0

"

.+F9A

86,0F7A<0 =<A ,+A L=<F860 ,

U-

A0 8: =,

U-

F/=9 .8<VA<0! Z10F7A<0

"

')! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 210: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:6<,+A<O8<A

"

+=LA=

-

0

U

/+898

K

F/=9=::F1F,

U

,8,+AF<:F<O0

!

617A<,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AOAO

-

98

U

AA07818,F7A1,F:

U

.F,+,+AF<

b

8>

"

0VF9908<

-

<8:A00F810>6, .F,+,+AF</8O

-

=1FA0! ;+F07F0,F1/,F81

>A,.AA1F10F7A<0=1786,0F7A<0=

--

9FA09=<

K

A9

U

,89=<

K

A=17OA7F6O0FBA7

:F<O0!J9,+86

K

+,+A

-

<ALF860,.8

K

8LA<1OA1,0Aa,A17A708/F=9F106<=1/A

/8LA<=

K

A=17,+A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO,8F1/967A,+A0A86,0F7A<0,808OA

7A

K

<AA

"

1=,F81=908/F=9

-

89F/FA0=17=<<=1

K

AOA1,0=<A18,06::F/FA1,9

U

7ALA98

-

A7,81=<<8.,+A

K

=

-

.F,+F10F7A<0!

;+A A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7 AO

-

98

U

OA1, 0

U

0,AO +=0 >A/8OA

F10,F,6,F81=9F0A7

"

O80,9

U

F19=<

K

A=17OA7F6O0FBA7:F<O0

"

=17AO

-

98

U

A<0

=17

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0=9FVA+=LA=1F1,A<A0,F1O=F1,=F1F1

K

F,

"

,+A<A>

U

-

A<

-

A,6=,F1

K

,+A 9=<

K

A

K

=

-

>A,.AA1 F10F7A<0 =17 86,0F7A<0! ;+F0

F10,F,6,F81=9F1A<,F=O=

U

/9=0+ .F,+ O8<A/8O

-

<A+A10FLA08/F=90A/6<F,

U

-

9=10

-

<AOF0A781Aa,A17F1

K

F10F7A<0l>A1A:F,0,886,0F7A<0!C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A<A=<AF1+860A.A9:=<A:6170=,=16O>A<8:9=<

K

A:F<O0O=1=

K

A7>

U

>8,+AO

-

98

U

A<0=17AO

-

98

U

AA0!;+A,8,=90FBA8:,+A0A:6170 =,=>86,"

"

"#%:F<O0 .=0H5P&

"

)%%>F99F81

$

SEo&!$>F99F81

%

=,,+AA178:'%%&!

;+AF1+860A.A9:=<A:6170=,,+A0A:F<O0.A<AO80,9

U

:617A7>

U

,+AF<

<A0

-

A/,FLA :F<O0

$

/81,<F>6,F810 .A<A AaAO

-

,:<8O ,=a=,F81

%

k ;+A

>A1A:F/F=<FA08:,+A0AF1+860A .A9:=<A:6170=<A

-

A<O=1A1, .8<VA<0

"

O80,9

U

=,9=<

K

A:F<O0!

&

!

/.QK7G-8 +:0@106 -34 ;0-41 <37:36

;+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO>=0A781,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A+=0=7F<A/,FO

-

=/,81,+A

8<

K

=1F0=,F81=90,<6/,6<A8:,<=7A61F810! H8<A=+=0=1A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7

,<=7A61F810

U

0,AO,+=,+=0>AA1F10,F,6,F81=9F0A7 .F,+,+A9A

K

=9=17

=7OF1F0,<=,FLA06

--

8<,8:,+A0,=,A! @=

b

8<,<=7A61F810=,9=<

K

A=17

OA7F6O0FBA7 :F<O0 +=LA 9FOF,A7 ,+AF< OAO>A<0+F

-

,8

-

A<O=1A1,

AO

-

98

U

AA0! YA<O=1A1, AO

-

98

U

AA0 ,A17 ,8 F7A1,F:

U

,+AO0A9LA0 =0

AO

-

98

U

AA08:=0

-

A/F:F/:F<O<=,+A<,+=1=0.8<VF1

K-

A8

-

9AF1

K

A1A<=9!;+F0

F7A1,F,

U

<A:9A/,0,+AF1,A<1=99=>86< O=<VA,=17,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7

()!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 211: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO!

!

9%:0*I

!

9&%-*W,(",P*,/('

6

:

6

9

6$

*"87#

$

0"

6

#*,'!",'&%N'

)

R.

?

./'CFFH

$

T

%

R8161F81

A0,=>9F0+OA1,0

S1F81F0A7A0,=>9F0+OA1,0

P8<VA<018,

A1,F,9A7,8

b

8F1

IF718,

b

8F1 e8F1A7

IA

-

A17A1,.8<VA<0 &)!' &!4 #!# "'!&

YA<O=1A1,.8<VA<0 4*!3 4!4 &!" "&!%

J,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0 $3!4 *!& '!3 )!)

!

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0 &&!% "3!" 3!# 4!)

!-

=<,,FOA.8<VA<0 $$!) "%!4 %!4 %!3

!

8,+A<=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0

#

*"!* )!$ %!* '!)

R8,A

!

#

Z1/967F1

K

=

K

A1/

U

.8<V

"

06>/81,<=/,F1

K

"

78OA0,F/.8<V

"

7=F9

U

.8<V!

E86</A

!

R=,F81=9 E,=,F0,F/=9 ]::F/A

"

'%%$! E6

--

9AOA1,=<

U

E6<LA

U

,8 ,+A E6<LA

U

8:

D/818OF/=99

U

J/,FLAY8

-

69=,F81!

;<=7A61F810=,9=<

K

A:F<O0F1H8<A=+=LA>A/8OAA1,A<

-

<F0A61F810=17

=<AF1,A

K

<=,A7F1,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO!

]LA<,+A

U

A=<0O=1

U

A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7,<=7A61F810=::F9F=,A7,8,+A

HX;S +=LA<A8<

K

=1F0A7,8:8<O ><=1/+A08:1A.9

U

/<A=,A7F1760,<

U

61F810

$

0AA,+A/81,<F>6,F81>

U

[88181/899A/,FLA>=<

K

=F1F1

K

%

kW8.ALA<

"

,+AF<A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A761F81

-

<=/,F/A00,F999F1

K

A<! J//8<7F1

K

,808OA

"

,+A0A1A.F1760,<

U

61F810=<A

6

F1760,<

U

61F810F1:8<O 819

U

"

18,F1

06>0,=1/A

7

kJ0=<A069,8:0,<81

K

/<F,F/F0O,+=,,+A,<=7A61F810+=LA

1A

K

9A/,A7=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,0

"

=16O>A<8:,<=7A61F810+=LA,<FA7

,8AO><=/A

-

<A/=<F860.8<VA<0

"

>6,.F,+9F,,9A06//A00! S1F817A10F,

U

=O81

K

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0<AO=F10=>86,=

h

6=<,A<8:,+=,8:

-

A<O=1A1,

.8<VA<0

"

=00+8.1F1;=>9A&! W8.ALA<

"

O80,,<=7A61F810

"

.+A,+A<

A1,A<

-

<F0A8<F1760,<

U

>=0A7

"

+=LAO=7A9F,,9AA::8<,,88<

K

=1F0A=,

U-

F/=9

.8<VA<0! ;+80A.8<VA<0=<A08OA,FOA018,ALA1A1,F,9A7,8

b

8F1,<=7A

61F810

"

.+80A OAO>A<0+F

-

F0/8O

-

80A78:

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0! J0

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0=<A18,,<=7A61F81OAO>A<0

"

,+A

U

=<A18,9FVA9

U

,8>A

/8LA<A7>

U

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0

"

ALA1=,9=<

K

A:F<O0

"

=17=<AAa/967A7

)*! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 212: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:<8O/8O

-

=1

U

.A9:=<A=178,+A<>A1A:F,0!

Z106OO=<

U

"

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0+=LA,8=9=<

K

AAa,A1,>AA1Aa/967A7

:<8O ,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7 AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO F1,A<O0 8:/8<

-

8<=,A

.A9:=<A

"

>A1A:F,0

"

08/F=9F106<=1/A=17ALA1,<=7A61F81OAO>A<0+F

-

!

'

!

23 ,:561 L5>G:3.0-G.73F -6 -3:.,10

B:0C :D ;1CK:0-0Q JCK8:QC13.

E6>/81,<=/,F1

K

606=99

U

<A:A<0,8.8<V

-

A<:8<OA786,0F7A,+A/81,<=/,8<l0

-

<AOF0A0!Z1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

"

=0F,01=OA06

KK

A0,0

"

F1L89LA0.8<V

/=<<FA786,81,+80A

-

<AOF0A0!Z1+860A06>/81,<=/,8<0=<A9A

K

=99

U

=17

:8<O=99

U

F17A

-

A17A1,8:,+A/81,<=/,8<>6,,8=9=<

K

AAa,A1,7A

-

A17A1,

6

-

8181+FO!Z1 O=1

U

F10,=1/A0F1 +860A06>/81,<=/,8<0=<A=/,6=99

U

A0,=>9F0+A7>

U

,+A/81,<=/,8<=09A

K

=99

U

0A

-

=<=,A 61F,0 08,+=,,+A

/81,<=/,8</=1 06>/81,<=/, .8<V ,8,+AO =0F:,+A

U

.A<A 0A

-

=<=,A

/8O

-

=1FA0!Z19A

K

=9,A<O0F1+860A06>/81,<=/,8<0=<A7F::A<A1,:<8O

9=>86<=

K

A1/FA0>6,:61/,F81F1=0FOF9=<.=

U

!

Y=<,8:

-

<876/,F81

-

<8/A00A0

"

=0.A99=008OA

b

8>0

"

9F1A08<:61/,F810

=<A06>/81,<=/,A7,8F1+860A06>/81,<=/,8<0! Z1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O07A

-

A17A1,F<A9

U

6

-

81/81,<=/,0 .F,+/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0=17,+A

76<=,F818:06>/81,<=/,0F07A,A<OF1A761F9=,A<=99

U

>

U

,+A/81,<=/,8<F1

O80,/=0A0!DO

-

98

U

AA08:F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0.8<V0F7A>

U

0F7A

.F,+

-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA08:/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O081,+A9=,,A<l0

-

<AOF0A0!

Z1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

F0.F7A0

-

<A=7F1O=16:=/,6<F1

K

=1708OA0A<LF/A

0A/,8<0!J//8<7F1

K

,8,+AA0,FO=,A08:=.8<V

-

9=/A

-

=1A906<LA

U

F1'%%#

"

,+A,8,=916O>A<8:.8<VA<0F1F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0.=0=>86,

""'

"

%%%=/<800=990A/,8<0!DO

-

98

U

AA08:F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0=<A

<A

K

=<7A7=00,=17=<7AO

-

98

U

AA08:F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0F1=

:8<O=9

"

9A

K

=90A10A

"

>6,F1

-

<=/,F/A,+A

U

=<A,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0!

**!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 213: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

!

9%:0*H

!

P(/'&(:.'(","8+,2"./*3.:N",'&%N'(,

?

R8!8:A0,=>9F0+OA1,0 R8!8:AO

-

98

U

AA0

;8,=9

Z1+860A06>

/81,<=/,F1

K

T ;8,=9

Z1+860A06>

/81,<=/,F1

K

T

,8,=9 34%44 "#') )!' #3*4*"* """*43 '!"

>

U

F1760,<

U

@=16:=/,6<F1

K

"&34& "%'& #!* ''#)"$' "%%'3' )!)

X8OO61F/=,F81 ')3 ") #!$ #34$3 '3") )!3

Y<8

-

A<,

U

#

9A=0F1

K

'%* #* '$!) '%%4* '%#* "%!3

],+A<

-

A<081=90A<LF/A0 "%** &3 4!4 "3#&3' "'$4 %!*

>

U

0FBA8:A0,=>9F0+OA1,

CA.A<,+=13%AO

-

98

U

AA0 "# % %!% )%* % %!%

3%

(

** '44%4 *4" 3!4 "4&"#*4 ")#') %!*

"%%

(

'** &"#& 3&" #!' ")%3'3) '33** "!&

3%%

(

)** ""&% &3 4!3 #"''&4 "%)&& '!%

#%%=17=>8LA """$ ""$ "%!4 "$%*)%# 43#4) 3!#

R8,A

!

;+A06<LA

U

.=0/8176/,A7=,A0,=>9F0+OA1,0.F,+=,9A=0,#%AO

-

98

U

AA0!

E86</A

!

H8<A=N=>86<Z10,F,6,A!'%%4! P8<V

-

9=/AY=1A9E6<LA

U

'%%#!

Z1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O08

-

A<=,A=0:8998.0! ;+A8.1A<0=<A8:,A1

:8<OA<0A1F8<O=1=

K

A<08<<A9=,FLA08:,+A8.1A<08:,+A/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O!

X980A/88

-

A<=,F81F01AA7A7>A,.AA1F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0=17,+A

/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O,8A106<A,+A0O88,+<611F1

K

8:,+A8

-

A<=,F81! ;+A

/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<OF08:,A1,AO

-

,A7,8/81,<89F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0

=17,+AF<.8<VA<0=0O6/+=0

-

800F>9AF18<7A<,8A106<A,+=,F,08

-

A<=,F810

<61=0A::F/FA1,9

U

=0

-

800F>9A=17,8/+A/V,+A

h

6=9F,

U

8:

-

<876/,0!IF<A/,

/81,<898<7F<A/,F818:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA08:F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0>

U

,+A/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O

"

+8.ALA<

"

/810,F,6,A0=1F99A

K

=960A 8:=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0!;+A060

-

F/F81F0.F7A0

-

<A=7,+=,F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

O=

U

=/,6=99

U

LAF9,+AF99A

K

=960A8:=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0F1 O=16:=/,6<F1

K

8<

0A<LF/A0!

Z1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

/=1>A=1A::A/,FLA.=

U

8:=L8F7F1

K

,+A7F<A/,

AO

-

98

U

OA1,8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0 =17 ,+A<A>

U

,+A <A

K

69=,F810 81

!*! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 214: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,! Z,/=1 =908 /F</6OLA1,,<=7A 61F810 .+F/+

8<

K

=1FBA,AO

-

8<=<

U

8<

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<0!Z1,+AO=16:=/,6<F1

K

0A/,8<

,+A60A8:=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0F018,

-

A<OF,,A7

!

F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

F081A

.=

U

8:

K

A,,F1

K

=<8617,+F0<A0,<F/,F81!Z1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

/=1>A=1

A=0FA<=17 O8<A:9AaF>9A>6::A<=

K

=F10,:=99F1

K

7AO=17,+=1,+A60A8:

,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0 76<F1

K -

A<F870 8: A/818OF/ /<F0F0! P+A1

06>/81,<=/,F1

K

<A9=,F810+F

-

0A17

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,>A,.AA1F1

+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0=17,+AF<AO

-

98

U

AA0=908A170!

;+A<A+=0>AA108OA7A>=,A81.+A,+A<F,F01A/A00=<

U

,8<A

K

69=,A,+A

60A8:F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

! DO

-

98

U

AA08:F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0=<A18,

-

<8,A/,A7=17O=

U

>AOF060A7>

U

/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0! ]1A

-

A<06=0FLA=<

K

6OA1,F0,+=,.+A<AF1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

F060A7=0=

OA=108:=L8F7F1

K

,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A

K

69=,F81

"

,+A<AF0=1AA7,8

FO

-

80A 08OA 8>9F

K

=,F810 81 /81,<=/,8<0 <=,+A< ,+=1 81 F1+860A

06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0! ;+A<A=<A=9<A=7

U

08OAF10,=1/A08:,+F0

"

:8<

Aa=O

-

9A

"

F1,+A/810,<6/,F810A/,8<

"

F1.+F/+

K

A1A<=9/81,<=/,8<0+=LA

/A<,=F19A

K

=98>9F

K

=,F810/81/A<1F1

K

.8<V0=:A,

U

=17

-

=

U

OA1,8:,+A.=

K

A0

8:.8<VA<0AO

-

98

U

A7>

U

,+AF<06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0F:.=

K

A0

K

A,F1,8

=<<A=<08<=0=<A069,8:F1760,<F=9F1

b

6<

U

!J08:@=</+'%%*

"

18OA=06<A0

+=7>AA1,=VA1,8

-

<8,A/,L691A<=>9A.8<VA<0F1F1+860A06>/81,<=/,F1

K

:F<O0!

(

!

A50013. X1>-.1 :3 .,1 91D:0C :D

;1CK:0-0Q JCK8:QC13. =1F768-.7:3

X6<<A1,

K

8LA<1OA1,

-

9=10=

--

A=<,8 >A=FOA7=,<A:8<OF1

K

=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,9A

K

F09=,F81F18<7A<,8Aa,A17,+A

-

A<F8776<F1

K

.+F/+=,

U-

F/=9

.8<VA<0/=1>A60A7:<8O,.8,8:86<

U

A=<0=17,8=998.AO

-

98

U

A<0F1

O8<A0A/,8<0,860A=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0!;+A<=,F81=9A8:,+A

-

<8

-

80A7<A:8<O

8:=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,9A

K

F09=,F81F0,+A

-

800F>F9F,

U

8:O=00FLA

b

8>9800A0

=O81

K

,AO

-

8<=<

U

AO

-

98

U

AA0.+A1,+A=/,F0=

--

9FA7,80O=99=17OA7F6O

0FBA7:F<O0

$

E@D0

%

.F,+:A.A<,+=1"%%AO

-

98

U

AA0:<8O"e69

U

'%%*!

"*!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 215: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

W8.ALA<

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,l0=<

K

6OA1,78A018,0AAO,8>A06

--

8<,A7>

U

+=<7ALF7A1/A! ;+A

K

F0,8:,+A<A:8<OF0O8<A:9AaF>9A60A8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0

"

,+A<A>

U

F1/<A=0F1

K

,+A16O>A<8:

b

8>0

"

ALA1F:,+A1A.9

U

/<A=,A7

b

8>0=<A819

U

,AO

-

8<=<

U

!

J0=9<A=7

U

OA1,F81A7

"

,+A<A.=0=981

K

7A>=,A=17=16O>A<8:

/81:<81,=,F810/81/A<1F1

K

,+AF1,<876/,F818:,+A9A

K

F09=,F8181=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,>A,.AA1"***=17'%%4!;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,l0

-

9=1,8<A:8<O,+A

9A

K

F09=,F8181=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,+=0OA,.F,+8

--

80F,F81:<8O,<=7A

61F810=17/FLF9

K

<86

-

0.+8:=L86<O8<A

-

<8,A/,F818:,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0!

;+AF1,A17A7<A:8<O>F99>

U

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0<ALFLA7,+A8977A>=,A18,

819

U

81+8.,8<A

K

69=,A=,

U-

F/=9AO

-

98

U

OA1,>6,81+8.,8<A

K

69=,A,+A

9=>86<O=<VA,F1

K

A1A<=9!;+A,<=7A61F810=17,+A8

--

80F,F81IAO8/<=,F/

Y=<,

U

+=LALA+AOA1,9

U

8

--

80A7<A:8<O 8:,+A9A

K

F09=,F81 81=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,!DLA1,+A<69F1

K

G<=17R=,F81=9Y=<,

U

+=0>AA196VA.=<O

,8.=<7,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,l07<FLA,8<A:8<O,+A9A

K

F09=,F81!Z,F00,F9961/9A=<

.+A,+A<,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,/=106//A00:699

U

<ALF0A,+A9A

K

F09=,F81=17,+A<A>

U

-

<ALA1,,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0:<8O06::A<F1

K

O=00FLA

b

8>9800A0!

*

!

A:3G8567:36

;+A9=>86<O=<VA,F1H8<A=+=0>A/8OA

-

89=<F0A7=0,+A

-

<8

-

8<,F818:

=,

U-

F/=9 .8<VA<0 +=0 F1/<A=0A7 =0 = <A069, 8: O=<VA, 8

-

A1F1

K

"

7A<A

K

69=,F81

"

F1,A10A/8O

-

A,F,F81F1<A9=,F81,8/80,0=17

h

6=9F,

U

"

=17:<AA

O8LAOA1,8:/=

-

F,=9

"

A0

-

A/F=99

U

:F1=1/A/=

-

F,=9! PA/=118,=LA<,86<A

U

A0

:<8O,+A<A=9F,

U

8:9=<

K

A

K

=

-

0>A,.AA1

-

A<O=1A1,=17=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0

"

=0

.A99=0>A,.AA1AO

-

98

U

AA0=,9=<

K

A:F<O0=17,+80A=,0O=9981A0F1,A<O0

8:.=

K

A9ALA90

"

=17/8LA<=

K

A8:08/F=9F106<=1/A=17/8<

-

8<=,A>A1A:F,0

#

.A9:=<A! @8<A8LA< ,+A /6<<A1, A/818OF/ /<F0F0 +=0 >=79

U

+F, ,+A

AO

-

98

U

OA1,8: O=1

U

0A9:AO

-

98

U

A7 =17 =,

U-

F/=9 .8<VA<0! ;+A

K

=

-

0

>A,.AA1,+A,.8+=LA=908F1/<A=0A7=0=<A069,8:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7

AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO F1 H8<A=! ;+A<AF0 =1 6<

K

A1, 1AA7 ,8 ,=/V9A

-

89=<F0=,F81=17,+AL691A<=>F9F,

U

8:=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0F1,+AH8<A=19=>86<

#*! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 216: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

O=<VA,!

;+A81

K

8F1

K

/899=

-

0A8:,+A

K

98>=9:F1=1/F=90

U

0,AO0+8.0,+=,,+A

Aa/A00A0 8: 1A89F>A<=9F0O +=LA

-

<876/A7 A/818OF/ >6>>9A0 =17

-

89=<F0=,F81=1708/F=9F1A

h

6=9F,FA0

"

,88!;+A:F1=1/F=9/<F0F0+=0F1/<A=0A7

,+A16O>A<8:>=1V<6

-

,/FA0=179A7,8=7A/9F1AF1/8106OA<7AO=17

"

.F,+

=06>0A

h

6A1,F1/<A=0AF161AO

-

98

U

OA1,! @8<A8LA<

"

,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF/

78.1,6<1.F99

-

<8>=>9

U

.F7A1,+A

K

=

-

0ALA1:6<,+A<>A/=60A=,

U-

F/=9

.8<VA<0=17.8<VA<0=,E@D0=<A,+A:F<0,,8980A,+AF<

b

8>0=1708+=LA,8

>A=<,+A>961,8:,+A/<F0F0!

RA.A/818OF/<A0/6A

-

=/V=

K

A0=170,FO6960 OA=06<A0=<A>AF1

K

FO

-

9AOA1,A7F18<7A<,8<A/,F:

U

,+A7A>,0F,6=,F81=17

-

89F/

U

:=F96<A0!Z1

9F

K

+,8:,+A0A:617=OA1,=9/+=1

K

A0

"

K

8LA<1OA1,

-

89F/FA00+869718,819

U

>A7F<A/,A7,8.=<708LA</8OF1

K

O=<VA,:=F96<A0>6,=908,=VA/=<A8:,+A

08/F=99

U

L691A<=>9A O8<A 0

U

0,AO=,F/=99

U

! CF<0, 8: =99

"

,+A /6<<A1,

K

8LA<1OA1,0+86970,8

-

F,0=,,AO

-

,,8<ALF0A,+A9A

K

F09=,F8181=,

U-

F/=9

AO

-

98

U

OA1,=17F10,A=7

"

:8/6081+A9

-

F1

K

,+A61AO

-

98

U

A7=17=,

U-

F/=9

.8<VA<0060/A

-

,F>9A ,8 ,+A /<F0F0! EA/8179

U

"

,8 =77<A00 ,+A 9=<

K

A

7F::A<A1/A0 =17 7F0/<FOF1=,F81 >A,.AA1 =,

U-

F/=9 =17

-

A<O=1A1,

AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

.A1AA7,8

-

6,F1

-

9=/A=/8O

-

<A+A10FLA=1761FLA<0=908/F=9

0A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO,8/8LA<=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0F1

-

9=/A8:,+A/6<<A1,A1,A<

-

<F0A

>=0A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO,+=,/8LA<0O=F19

U-

A<O=1A1,AO

-

98

U

AA0=,

9=<

K

A=17OA7F6O0FBA7:F<O0!

;8

K

A,+A<.F,+

K

8LA<1OA1,A::8<,0OA1,F81A7=>8LA

"

,<=7A61F810F1

H8<A=O60,=908:<AA,+AO0A9LA08:,+AA1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A70,<=F

K

+,

b

=/VA,

"

8<

K

=1F0A=17F1,A

K

<=,A=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0F1,+AF<8<

K

=1F0=,F810=17<A

A0,=>9F0+,+AO0A9LA0=0 O8<AF1/960FLA>87FA0! W8.ALA<

"

F, O=

U

>A

FO

-

800F>9A,8<A:8<O,+AA1,<A1/+A7A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO

=17>6F97=O8<AF1,A

K

<=,FLAAO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO:<8O0/<=,/+! PA.F99

-

<8>=>9

U

>A/8O

-

A99A7,8<A9

U

81=OFaA7A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7=1708/F=99

U

F1,A

K

<=,FLA0

U

0,AOF1.+F/+,+A0,=,A

K

6=<=1,AA008OA08/F=90A/6<F,

U

:8<

=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0

"

.+F9AA1,A<

-

<F0A0

-

<8LF7AO8<A/8<

-

8<=,A>A1A:F,0:8<

-

A<O=1A1,.8<VA<081,8

-

8:08/F=90A/6<F,

U

!

$*!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 217: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

S1:8<,61=,A9

U

"

,+A/6<<A1,

K

8LA<1OA1,l0

-

89F/

U

8>

b

A/,FLA0=<A18,,8

/8<<A/,7F0/<FOF1=,8<

U

A9AOA1,0

"

=99ALF=,A

-

89=<F0=,F81=170A/6<AOF1FO6O

9FLF1

K

0,=17=<70:8<,AO

-

8<=<

U

.8<VA<0=17,+AL691A<=>9A

"

>6,,8O=VA

,+A9=>86<O=<VA,O8<A:9AaF>9A=17,8<A76/A1=,F81=9OF1FO6O.=

K

A0:8<

897A<

-

A8

-

9A!

!

;+A<=,F81=9A>A+F17,+A1A.

-

89F/FA0F0,+=,,+A

U

.F99

/<A=,AO8<A

"

F:18,7A/A1,

b

8>0!;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0/9=FOA7,+=,.+=,F0

-

=<,F/69=<9

U

1AA7A7F1,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF//<F0F0F0,8/<A=,A=17

-

<8LF7A

O8<A

b

8>0

"

F<<A0

-

A/,FLA8:

h

6=9F,

U

!;+A

K

8LA<1OA1,+=0O=7A08OA<=,+A<

7A069,8<

U

A::8<,0,806

--

8<,,+A08/F=99

U

.A=V=1761AO

-

98

U

A7!J99F1=99

"

F,0=

--

<8=/+,808/F=9

-

89F/

U

F00,F99

-

=,/+

U

=171A89F>A<=9F1F,08<FA1,=,F81!

@=1

U

,<=7A61F810

"

F1/967F1

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A9ALA961F810

"

=<A9F,,9AF1,A<A0,A7

F11A.F7A=0=>86,F1/960FLA,<=7A61F81F0O =17,+A>6F97F1

K

8:O8<A

/8O

-

<A+A10FLA08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO0

"

=17O=

U

<A0F0,089F7=<F,

U

8>

b

A/,FLA0

=17<A,<A=,.F,+F1,+A>8617=<FA08:,+AF<A1,A<

-

<F0A! ;+F0A1,A<

-

<F0A

8<FA1,A71A008:H8<A=1,<=7A61F810F08:,A1

-

<=F0A7>

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0

"

,+A

O=00OA7F==17

K

8LA<1OA1,8::F/F=90

"

>6,,+A

U

LFA.,+A1A.,<=7A61F81

=,,AO

-

,0,8<A8<

K

=1F0A=0F1760,<

U

61F8100/A

-

,F/=99

U

=17=1,=

K

81F0,F/=99

U

!

;+A<A0,F990AAO,8>AO=1

U

+6<79A0F1,+A.=

U

8:O8<A/8O

-

<A+A10FLA

AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO0/8LA<F1

K

O80,=,

U-

F/=9.8<VA<0!

IA0

-

F,A,+A<A/A1,

-

<8

K

<A00F1,<F

-

=<,F,A=

K

<AAOA1,081.8<V0+=<F1

K

=178,+A<,+F1

K

0

"

F,<AO=F10,8>A0AA1.+A,+A<<A/A1,A::8<,0>

U

,<=7A

61F81<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

"

AO

-

98

U

A<0l<A

-

<A0A1,=,FLA0

"

K

8LA<1OA1,8::F/F=90

=1708OA9=>86<Aa

-

A<,0<A

-

<A0A1,F1

K

,+A

-

6>9F/F1,A<A0,,8+A9

-

,+A

/861,<

U

06<LFLA,+AA/818OF/ 78.1,6<1 >

U

O=F1,=F1F1

K

,+AAaF0,F1

K

A1,A<

-

<F0A>=0A7AO

-

98

U

OA1,0

U

0,AO.F99+A9

-

L691A<=>9A.8<VA<08<18,!

;+AF1F,F=,FLA07<FLA1>

U

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,0AAO,8+A9

-

:<AABF1

K

8:.=

K

A0

=17/6,,F1

K

8:0=9=<FA08:1A.9

U

<A/<6F,A7

K

<=76=,AAO

-

98

U

AA0>6,7818,

%*! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

! R=,F81=9@F1FO6O P=

K

A0=<A06

--

80A7,8>A=

--

9FA7,8.8<VA<0=/<800=990A/,8<0! ;+A

1A.

-

9=1,898.A<R=,F81=9@F1FO6O P=

K

A0>

U

"%

-

A</A1,:8<

-

A8

-

9A=

K

A74%

U

A=<0=178LA<.=0

7A0F

K

1A7,8F1/<A=0A,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,8:897A<

-

A8

-

9A! W8.ALA<

"

,+A

K

8LA<1OA1,l0

-

9=1+=0>AA1

+A=LF9

U

/<F,F/F0A7

"

18,

b

60,>

U

,<=7A61F810>6,>

U

8,+A<

K

<86

-

0=0.A99!

Page 218: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

=77<A00981

K

.8<VF1

K

,FOA=17/81,=F118 O8OA1,6O :8<0+8<,A1F1

K

.8<VF1

K

+86<0=170+=<F1

K

.8<V=O81

K

.8<VA<0!

1*8*&*,N*/

R=,F81=9E,=,F0,F/=9]::F/A

$

'%%&=17'%%$

%"

E6

--

9AOA1,=<

U

E6<LA

U

,8,+AE6<LA

U

8:

D/818OF/=99

U

J/,FLAY8

-

69=,F81

$

J6

K

60,

%

k

H8<A=N=>86<Z10,F,6,A

$

'%%4

%"

P8<V

-

9=/AY=1A9E6<LA

U

!

&*!

J,

U-

F/=9DO

-

98

U

OA1,F1H8<A= \A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7P8<VF1

K

X81,<=/,

!

Page 219: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

O*

6

",-'2*3'%,-%&-Z%:".&!",'&%N'

7]

$

*&(*,N*/8&"#5*&#%,

6

P89:

K

=1

K

IM6>9A<

!

!

EH10H71U

Z1PA0,A<1D6<8

-

A

"

,+A7ALA98

-

OA1,8:9=>86<9=.0F1/A,+AEA/817P8<97

P=</A1,<A781,+A08/=99A7

6

0,=17=<7AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

7!

:699

,FOA.8<V:8<=1F17A:F1F,A

-

A<F87=,=

-

9=/A8:AO

-

98

U

OA1, .+A<A

<A

-

<A0A1,=,F818:,+A.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,0F0=,9A=0,

-

800F>9A! ;+A0=9=<

U

.F9918<O=99

U

>A06::F/FA1,:8<=7A/A1,9F:A:8<>8,+,+A.8<VA<=17+F08<

+A<:=OF9

U

!

;+F0VF178:9=>86<<A9=,F810+F

-

18,819

U-

<8LF7A008/F=9

-

<8,A/,F81,8

.8<VA<0>6,

"

F1 O80,/=0A0

"

=9080A<LA0,+AF1,A<A0,8:AO

-

98

U

A<0!

DO

-

98

U

AA0l

-

<876/,FLF,

U

F1/<A=0A0 ,+A 981

K

A< ,+A

U

0,=

U

.F,+ ,+A

A1,A<

-

<F0A

"

=O81

K

8,+A< <A=0810

"

>A/=60A ,+A

U

/8OA ,8 F7A1,F:

U

,+AO0A9LA0.F,+,+AF<

b

8>!;+F0F0/810F7A<A7,8>A81A8:,+A>A0,.=

U

08:

K

A1A<=,F1

K

F118L=,F81!

;+A0,=17=<79=>86<<A9=,F810+F

-

F00,F99,+A78OF1=1,

-

=,,A<1F1

PA0,A<1/861,<FA0

"

>6,F,0FO

-

8<,=1/A+=07FOF1F0+A78LA<,+A9=0,'%

U

A=<0! ;+A

-

<8

-

8<,F81 8:

6

=,

U-

F/=9

7

9=>86<<A9=,F810+F

-

0 +=0

K

<8.1

/810F7A<=>9

U

=1718./8O

-

<F0A06

-

,881A,+F<78:,+A.+89A.8<V:8</A

"

=17F1,+A S1F,A7 HF1

K

78O

"

ALA1 O8<A! Z1 .+=,:8998.0

"

.A0+=99

Page 220: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

7A0/<F>A,+AO=F1:A=,6<A08:,+A0A

6

1A.

7

:8<O08:AO

-

98

U

OA1,! CFLA

-

=,,A<100AAO,8>A,+AO80,FO

-

8<,=1,

!

&

"

'

Y=<,,FOA/81,<=/,0

)

,+A.AAV9

U

.8<VF1

K

+86<0=

K

<AA76

-

81=<A9A00

,+=1,+A+86<018<O=99

U

.8<VA7F1,+A><=1/+!

&

'

'

CFaA7,A<O /81,<=/,0

)

,+F0:8<O /8O

-

<F0A0AO

-

98

U

OA1,/81,<=/,0

.+F/+Aa

-

F<A=,=/A<,=F17=,A8<.+F/+A17=:,A<=,=0V+=0>AA1

/8O

-

9A,A7!

&

3

'

;AO

-

8<=<

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<V

)

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<F0=1=

K

A1/

U

.+F/+0A170F,0

AO

-

98

U

AA0,87F::A<A1,:F<O0=,,+AF<<A

h

6A0,!

&

)

'

P8<VF10O=99A1,A<

-

<F0A0

#

F1.+F/+16OA<8609=>86<9=.<69A07818,

=

--

9

U

617.+A<A

b

8F1F1

K

=61F81F07F::F/69,!

&

#

'

EA9:AO

-

98

U

A7.8<VA<0.+87A

-

A178181AO=

b

8</60,8OA<!

"

!

T-0. .7C1 +:0@

R8<O=99

U

"

,+A76<=,F818:

-

=<,,FOA.8<V<=1

K

A0:<8O"%,8'%+86<0=

.AAV

"

>6,

"

7F::A<A1,:<8OX+F1A0A9=.

"

,+A<AF0180

-

A/F:F/,FOA9FOF,!J1

DSIF<A/,FLA

-

<8+F>F,0=1

U

7F0/<FOF1=,F81=

K

=F10,

-

=<,,FOAF1/8O

-

=<F081

,8:699,FOA.8<VA<0!Y=<,,FOA<0O60,>A

-

=F7,+A0=OA=O861,8:O81A

U

-

A<+86<=17O60,+=LA,+A0=OA

-

<8,A/,F81=

K

=F10,7F0OF00=9!Da/A

-

,F810

/=1>AO=7A819

U

81<A=081=>9A

K

<86170!Z1D6<8

-

A

"

O80,

-

=<,,FOA<0=<A

.8OA1

"

08,+=,,+A

h

6A0,F81 =908 =<F0A0 .+A,+A<,+A<AF0F17F<A/,

7F0/<FOF1=,F81>

U

<A=0818:0Aa

"

.+F/+/=1>A

b

60,F:FA7819

U

617A</A<,=F1

/817F,F810!IA0

-

F,A,+F0VF178:

-

<8,A/,F81

"

+8.ALA<

"

-

=<,,FOA.8<VA<0

18<O=99

U

/=118,A=<1=9FLF1

K

>=0A781,+AF<.=

K

A0! ;+F0

-

+A18OA181

/8697>A7A0/<F>A7=0

6

F1+A<A1,

7$

=17617F0

-

6,A7

%

7F0/<FOF1=,F81>

U

,+A

LA<

U

1=,6<A8:,+AAO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

!

Z1GA<O=1

U

"

,+A9A

K

F09=,8<+=0A0,=>9F0+A70

-

A/F=9<69A0:8<

-

=<,

,FOA<0.+87818,A=<1O8<A,+=1)%%A6<80=O81,+!;+A

U

=<A18<O=99

U

-

A8

-

9A.8<VF1

K

6

-

,8"%8<"'+86<0=.AAV! ;+A

U

=<A819

U-

=<,F=99

U

F1,A

K

<=,A7F1,8,+A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO=17

"

,8=/810F7A<=>9AAa,A1,

"

(*!

\A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7N=>86<X81,<=/, Da

-

A<FA1/A0:<8OGA<O=1

U!

Page 221: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

AaAO

-

,:<8O,=aA0!;+F0F0,+A/=0A

"

ALA1F:,+A)%%A6<8/81,<=/,F0819

U

=

0A/817

b

8>=17,+AO=F1AO

-

98

U

OA1,

-

<8LF7A006::F/FA1,F1/8OA!;+A0,=,A

06>0F7F0A0,+F0VF178:AO

-

98

U

OA1,

"

ALA1.+A<AF,F018,1A/A00=<

U

!

;+AAa,A1,8:,+A06>0F7F0=,F81 >A/8OA0/9A=<F: .A,=VA08/F=9

0A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810F1,8=//861,=17 /8O

-

=<A,+AO .F,+ .+=,F0

18<O=99

U-

=F7617A<,+A0,=17=<7

$

:699,FOA

%

AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

!

;+A

K

A1A<=9<69AF0,+=,+=9:8:,+A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F81F0

-

=F7>

U

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<=17,+A8,+A<+=9:>

U

,+AAO

-

98

U

AA!;+A,8,=9=O861,O=VA0

6

-

O8<A,+=1)%

-

A</A1,8:.=

K

A/80,0!Z:,+AO81,+9

U

0=9=<

U

F03

"

%%%

A6<80

"

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<.F99+=LA,8

-

=

U

08OA4%%A6<80F108/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810

"

.+F9A=18,+A<4%%A6<80=<A7A76/,A7:<8O,+A.8<VA<l0

0=9=<

U

=17,<=10:A<<A7,8,+A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO!Z1=77F,F81

"

,+A

AO

-

98

U

AA+=0,8

-

=

U

,=aA0

"

7A

-

A17F1

K

81:=OF9

U

0F,6=,F81

"

.+F/+/=1

A=0F9

U

=O861,,8=18,+A<4%%A6<80!

X8O

-

=<A,8,+F0,+A/=0A8:=)%%A6<8/81,<=/,

!

819

U

'$

-

A</A1,+=0

,8>A

-

=F7F108/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810=17,=aA0O=VA6

-

819

U

'

-

A<

/A1,!;+=,O=VA0,+F0VF178:

b

8>O6/+9A00Aa

-

A10FLA!;+A7A,=F908:,+A

<69A0=<A

h

6F,A/8O

-

9Aa=177F0/600F818:,+AO

K

8A0>A

U

817,+A0/8

-

A8:

,+F0/+=

-

,A<! ;+A/81/A

-

,+=0>AA1/<F,F/F0A7:8</<A=,F1

K

=98. .=

K

A

0A/,8<.+F/+7A:A<0/6<<A1,

-

<8>9AO0,8,+A:6,6<A

!

=0.8<VA<0F1,+F0

AO

-

98

U

OA1,/=,A

K

8<

UK

<8.897A<,+A

U

.F9918,<A/AFLA=06::F/FA1,

-

A10F81

"

+=LF1

K-

=F7819

U

LA<

U

O87A0,/81,<F>6,F810

"

=17.F99>A:8</A7,8<A9

U

81

F1/8OA06

--

8<,!

Y=<,,FOA.8<VA<08:,A1:=/A

-

<8>9AO08.F1

K

,8,+A:9AaF>F9F,

U

8:,+AF<

.8<VF1

K

,FOA!;+F0F0

-

=<,F/69=<9

U

,+A/=0A.F,+08/=99A7

6

81/=99.8<V

7

k

;+AAO

-

98

U

AAO60,.8<V

"

:8<F10,=1/A

"

,A1+86<0=.AAV>6,,+A0

-

A/F:F/

0/+A769AF0 7A,A<OF1A7 >

U

,+A AO

-

98

U

A<

!

+A O=

U

/+880A @817=

U

=:,A<1881

"

PA71A07=

U

O8<1F1

K

=17E=,6<7=

U

ALA1F1

K

8<

"

=9,A<1=,FLA9

U

"

0Fa+86<081;6A07=

U

=17,.8+86<081>8,+;+6<07=

U

=17C<F7=

U

!J

-

=<,

:<8O=1

U

,+F1

K

A90A

"

,+A61/A<,=F1,

U

8:.8<VF1

K

+86<0O=VA0F,FO

-

800F>9A

,8,=VA6

-

=0A/817

-

=<,,FOA

b

8>617=908O=VA0O=F1,=F1F1

K

=1

U

08<,8:

.8<V9F:A>=9=1/ALA<

U

7F::F/69,!Z1GA<O=1

U

"

,+A9A

K

F09=,8<+=0F1,A<LA1A7

)!! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 222: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

>

U

<A0,<F/,F1

K

Aa,<AOA:8<O08::9AaF>F9F,

U

!Z,F0O=17=,8<

U

,8:Fa,+A

OF1FO6O.AAV9

U

.8<VF1

K

,FOAF1,+A9=>86</81,<=/,

,

F1/=0A0.+A<A,+F0

+=018,>AA1781A

"

"%+86<0=<A=6,8O=,F/=99

U

/810F7A<A7,8>A

-

=<,8:,+A

=

K

<AAOA1,!Z1=77F,F81

"

=.8<VF1

K-

A<F87O60,18,>A0+8<,A<,+=1,+<AA

+86<0=17,+A.8<VA<O60,>AF1:8<OA7=,9A=0,:86<7=

U

0F1=7L=1/A!

;+A0AOF1FO6O

-

<8LF0F8107818,+A9

-

LA<

U

O6/+

"

+8.ALA<

"

>A/=60A

-

=<,

,FOA<081/=99=<A18<O=99

U

98.

h

6=9F:FA7

-

A8

-

9A.F,+86,=1

U

>=<

K

=F1F1

K

-

8.A<

,

,+A

U

=<A619FVA9

U

,8

K

8,8/86<,,8F1L8VA,+AF<

$

O87A0,

%

<F

K

+,0!Z1

A0,=>9F0+OA1,0.F,+.8<V0/861/F90

"

,+A0F,6=,F81O=

U

>A>A,,A<>A/=60A

,+A.8<V0/861/F9+=0=<F

K

+,8:/87A,A<OF1=,F81 .F,+<A

K

=<7,8,+A

>A

K

F11F1

K

=17A17F1

K

8:.8<VF1

K

,FOA=17/=1,+A<A:8<A0AAV=<A=081=>9A

,FOA,=>9A!]19

U

=>86,#%

-

A</A1,8:GA<O=1AO

-

98

U

AA0=<A<A

-

<A0A1,A7

>

U

.8<V0/861/F90

"

+8.ALA<!

#

!

B7V14 .10C A:3.0-G.6

J//8<7F1

K

,8=1DSIF<A/,FLA8:"***

"

:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0=<A=7OF00F>9A

819

U

617A</A<,=F1 /817F,F810! W8.ALA<

"

06/+ /817F,F810/=1 A=0F9

U

>AOA,!

!

;8,=VAGA<O=19=. =0=1Aa=O

-

9A

"

,+A<A=<A,.8/=,A

K

8<FA08:

/817F,F810!

;+A:F<0,

K

<86

-

8:/817F,F810.+F/+=998.:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0/=990

:8<

6

<A=081=>9A

K

<86170

7

k;+A<AF0=181Aa+=60,FLA/=,=98

K

6AF1,+A9=.

"

<=1

K

F1

K

:<8O,+A<A

-

9=/AOA1,8:=1=>0A1,.8<VA<,8=

6

-

<8

b

A/,

7

.+F/+

<A

h

6F<A0=9FOF,A7,FOA!;+AAa

-

9F/F,7A0F<A8:=.8<VA<.+8<A

h

6A0,0:FaA7

,A<OAO

-

98

U

OA1,=17F018,F1:96A1/A7>

U

,+AAO

-

98

U

A<.F99=908>A

06::F/FA1,!

;+A0A/817

K

<86

-

8:<69A078A018,<A

h

6F<A

6

<A=081=>9A

K

<86170

7"

>6,

819

U

=,FOA9FOF,!;+A<A=<A,+<AAO=F1/=0A0,8>A/810F7A<A7!Z1

K

A1A<=9

"

*!!

\A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7N=>86<X81,<=/, Da

-

A<FA1/A0:<8OGA<O=1

U!

! DSIF<A/,FLA0=<A>F17F1

K

81 @AO>A<E,=,A0

"

8>9F

K

F1

K

,+AO,8,<=10

-

80A,+AF</81,A1,0

F1,81=,F81=99=.!

Page 223: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0=<A9A

K

=9F:,+A

U

7818,Aa/AA7,.8

U

A=<0! W8.ALA<

"

1A.9

U

:8617A7A1,A<

-

<F0A0=<A

K

<=1,A70

-

A/F=9

-

A<OF00F81,8Aa,A17:FaA7

,A<O/81,<=/,06

-

,8:86<

U

A=<0!Z:=1AO

-

98

U

A<<A/<6F,0=1AO

-

98

U

AA.+8

F0897A<,+=1#'

U

A=<08:=

K

A

"

,+A:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,/=1>A:6<,+A<

Aa,A17A76

-

,8:FLA

U

A=<0!Z1=99,+<AA/=0A0

"

0+8<,A<

-

A<F870=<A

-

800F>9A!

Z1,+A:F<0,/=0A

"

=/81,<=/,8::A.A<,+=1,.8

U

A=<0/=1>A:8998.A7

FOOA7F=,A9

U

>

U

6

-

,8,+<AA06//A00FLA0+8<,,FOA/81,<=/,0=0981

K

=0,+A

,8,=976<=,F8178A018,Aa/AA7,.8

U

A=<0!Z1,+A,.88,+A</=0A0

"

,+A<AF0

189FOF,81,+A16O>A<8::8998. 6

-

/81,<=/,0

"

>6,,+A

U

O60,18,>A

981

K

A<,+=1=,8,=98::86<8<:FLA

U

A=<0

"

<A0

-

A/,FLA9

U

!

P8<VA<0.F,+:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,0+=LA,+A0=OA<F

K

+,0=0.8<VA<0

.F,+ 0,=17=<7 AO

-

98

U

OA1, <A9=,F810+F

-

0! J0 =

K

A1A<=9 <69A

"

=1

U

7F0/<FOF1=,F81F0:8<>F77A1

"

>6,=1 Aa/A

-

,F81F0 O=7AF:,+A<A =<A

6

<A=081=>9A

K

<86170

7

kW8.ALA<

"

,+A

-

<F1/F

-

9A8:A

h

6=9,<A=,OA1,=

--

9FA0

819

U

,8,+A

-

A<F878:,+A:FaA7,A<O/81,<=/,!;+A:=/,,+=,,+A/81,<=/,F0

9FOF,A7F0F,0A9:1ALA<<A

K

=<7A7=0=1F10,=1/A8:7F0/<FOF1=,F81!W8.ALA<

"

,+A:617=OA1,=97F0=7L=1,=

K

A8:06/+AO

-

98

U

OA1,F08>LF860

!

AO

-

98

U

AA0

=<A18<O=99

U

F17=1

K

A<8:>A/8OF1

K

61AO

-

98

U

A7=:,A<,+AAa

-

F<

U

8:,+A

/81,<=/,=17,+A

U

O=

U

18,7=<A,8AaA</F0A,+AF<9=>86<9=.<F

K

+,0F18<7A<

18,,8

b

A8

-

=<7F0A,+A08OA,FOA0LA<

U

0O=99/+=1/A8:Aa,A17F1

K

,+AF<

/81,<=/,=17<AO=F1F1

K

981

K

A<=,,+A/6<<A1,.8<V

-

9=/A! ;+F0>A/8OA0

/9A=<F1

-

=<,F/69=<F1,+AGA<O=10

U

0,AO! WA<A

"

,+AFO

-

9AOA1,=,F818:

9=>86<9=.<69A0<A9FA081.8<VA<0F1L8VF1

K

,+AF<<F

K

+,0F1/86<,

,

.F,+,+A

Aa/A

-

,F818:+A=9,+

-

<8,A/,F81

"

9=>86<F10

-

A/,8<0+=LA18=6,+8<F,

U

,8

/+A/V.+A,+A<,+A<69A0+=LA>AA18>0A<LA78<18,!

$

!

;1CK:0-0Q /F13GQ +:0@106

Y<FL=,A=

K

A1/FA0AO

-

98

U

F1

K

.8<VA<0=170A17F1

K

,+AO,88,+A<A1,A<

-

<F0A0

.A<A9A

K

=9F0A7819

U

F1"*&'

"

.+A1,+AGA<O=1X810,F,6,F81=9X86<,<69A7

,+=,,+F0VF178:=/,FLF,

U

/8697>A<A

K

=<7A7617A<,+A:<AA78O,8

-

6<06A=

-

<8:A00F81

"

K

6=<=1,AA7>

U

J<,F/9A"'8:,+A X810,F,6,F81! P+A1,+A

!!! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 224: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

GA<O=1Y=<9F=OA1,,88V6

-

,+AX86<,l0<69F1

K

"

F,<A0,<F/,A7=

K

A1/

U

.8<V

,8/=0A08:,AO

-

8<=<

U

7AO=1718,Aa/AA7F1

K

,+<AAO81,+0!;+F0<69A.=0

F1,A17A7,8

-

<ALA1,,+A60A8:=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<00FO

-

9

U

,8<A

-

9=/A.8<VA<0

.F,+0,=>9A9=>86<<A9=,F810+F

-

0! ;+A7=1

K

A<8::699,FOA.8<VA<0>AF1

K

06>0,F,6,A7>

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0+=0=9.=

U

0>AA106>0,=1,F=9

"

=0,+A9=,,A<

18<O=99

U

A=<1)%

-

A</A1,9A00!J:,A<"*$'

"

,+A981

K

A0,

-

A<F87:8<.+F/+

08OA81AO=

U

9A

K

=99

U

.8<V=,=18,+A<:F<O.=00A,=,0FaO81,+0

"

>6,9=,A<

<=F0A7,81F1AO81,+0=17,+A181A

U

A=<!Z1'%%"

"

,+A

-

A<F87.=0Aa,A17A7

,8,.8

U

A=<0

"

.F,+,+A<A0,<F/,F81,+=,

"

76<F1

K

,+A0A/817

U

A=<

"

,+A=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<.=0A1,F,9A7,8A

h

6=9

-

=

U

=17A

h

6=9,<A=,OA1,F1/8O

-

=<F081,8

.8<VA<0F1=0,=17=<7AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

F1,+A/8O

-

=1

U

.+A<A,+A

.8<V .=0

-

A<:8<OA7! Z1 '%%3 =17 '%%)

"

=

K

A1/

U

.8<V .=0 =

K

=F1

6

9F>A<=9F0A7

7,

0F1/A,+A1

"

18,FOA9FOF,+=0>AA1=

--

9FA7!],+A<

-

<8,A/,FLA

<69A0.A<A=908=>89F0+A7! ;+A819

U

08/F=9

6

/8O

-

A10=,F81

7

:8<=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0.=0,+A9A

K

=97AO=17,+=,,+AA

h

6=9

-

=

U

=17A

h

6=9,<A=,OA1,

-

<F1/F

-

9A0+8697>A8>0A<LA7:<8O,+A:F<0,7=

U

!Z1

-

<=/,F/A

"

+8.ALA<

"

,+A

/9=60A081A

h

6=9

-

=

U

=17A

h

6=9,<A=,OA1,.A<A7AL8F78:06>0,=1/A>A/=60A

,+A9=. =908

-

<8LF7A7,+=,/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,0/8697 0A,7F::A<A1,

/817F,F810!DO

-

98

U

A<0Aa

-

98F,A7,+F0

-

<8LF0F81>

U

,6<1F1

K

,80O=9961F810

.+F/+.A<A<A=7

U

,8/81/967A=1

6

=OA1=>9A

7

/899A/,FLA=

K

<AAOA1,

,

9=<

K

A

61F810:8998.A706F,

"

+8.ALA<

"

>A/=60AAO

-

98

U

A<0,+<A=,A1A7,8/81/967A

819

U

9=>86< /81,<=/,0 .+F/+ <A:A<<A7 ,8 ,+A

$

O87A<=,A

%

/899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,!\

U

06/+O=18A6L<A0

"

,AO

-

8<=<

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0<AO=F1A781

=.=

K

A9ALA98:4%

-

A</A1,8:,+=,8:AO

-

98

U

AA0.8<VF1

K

81,+A>=0F08:=

0,=17=<7AO

-

98

U

OA1,<A9=,F810+F

-

!

;+A16O>A<8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0F1/<A=0A7/810F7A<=>9

U

=:,A<

'%%3! P+A<A=0F1'%%"

"

819

U

"#%

"

%%%

-

A8

-

9A.A<A.8<VF1

K

8106/+=1

AO

-

98

U

OA1,>=0F0

"

>

U

OF7'%%$,+A,8,=9+=7<A=/+A7=>86,$%%

"

%%%!;+A

Aa

-

=10F818:=

K

A1/

U

.8<V+=0>AA1=1FO

-

8<,=1,:=/,8<F1<A76/F1

K

=LA<=

K

A

.=

K

A/80,0F1GA<O=1

U

!;+A

-

<F/A

-

=F7>

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0+=0>AA1

h

6F,A

+F

K

+

!

,+A

U

+=LA+=7,8=//A

-

,98.A<.=

K

A0

"

.+A1<A

K

69=<AO

-

98

U

AA0.A<A

=>9A,8=,,=F1

$

=9>AF,O87A0,

%

.=

K

AF1/<A=0A0!J

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0+=LA>AA1

"!!

\A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7N=>86<X81,<=/, Da

-

A<FA1/A0:<8OGA<O=1

U!

Page 225: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

7A0/<F>A7=00A/817/9=00AO

-

98

U

AA0!;+F0+=0>AA1AO

-

+=0F0A7

U

A,=

K

=F1

76<F1

K

,+A/6<<A1,A/818OF//<F0F0! ;+A8LA<=9916O>A<8:,AO

-

8<=<

U

=

K

A1/

U

.8<VA<0:A99:<8O$%%

"

%%%F1e69

U

'%%$,8#%%

"

%%%F1@=</+'%%*!

R8,819

U

=<A,+A

U-

88<9

U-

=F7

"

>6,,+AF<<F0V8:61AO

-

98

U

OA1,F0O6/+

+F

K

+A<!

%

!

+:0@ 73 LC-88 J3.10K07616

J,<=7F,F81=9

K

<86

-

8:617A<

-

<FLF9A

K

A7.8<VA<0=<A,+80A.8<VF1

K

F10O=99

A1,A<

-

<F0A08:6

-

,8'%AO

-

98

U

AA0!;+A

U

06::A<7F0=7L=1,=

K

A0>8,+9A

K

=99

U

=17F1

-

<=/,F/A!

Z1O=1

U

/861,<FA0

"

,+A

-

<8,A/,F818:9=>86<9=.0=

--

9FA0819

U

,8

/8O

-

=1FA0=>8LA=/A<,=F10FBA!Z1GA<O=1

U

"

,+A

6

K

A1A<=9<69A

7

,+=,=

7F0OF00=9O60,>A

6

08/F=99

Ub

60,F:FA7

7

=

--

9FA0819

U

,8A0,=>9F0+OA1,0.+F/+

AO

-

98

U

O8<A,+=1"% .8<VA<0! ;+AA0,=>9F0+OA1,8:= .8<V0/861/F9

<A

h

6F<A0=,9A=0,:FLAAO

-

98

U

AA0

,

F108OA8,+A</861,<FA0

"

,+A,+<A0+897:8<

06/+.8<VA<0l<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81F0ALA1+F

K

+A<!

Z10O=99/8O

-

=1FA0

"

F,F0606=99

U

O8<A7F::F/69,,8/9=FO/A<,=F1<F

K

+,0

"

ALA1.+A1,+A

U

=<A9A

K

=99

UK

<=1,A7!Z:,+A0=9=<

U

F018,

-

=F7

"

,+A.8<VA<

O=

U

+=LA7F::F/69,FA08>,=F1F1

K

F,

!

AO

-

98

U

AA0,=VF1

K

,+AF<AO

-

98

U

A<,8

/86<, O=

U

:=/A =99 VF170 8:<A

-

A</600F810

"

F1/967F1

K

7F0OF00=9! J

/8O

-

=<=>9A 0F,6=,F81 OF

K

+, =<F0A F: = .8<VA< F1:8<O0 ,+A 9=>86<

F10

-

A/,8<=,A,+=,=+A=9,+

-

<8,A/,F81<69AF018,>AF1

K

8>0A<LA7!

P8<VA<0F10O=99/8O

-

=1FA07818,+=LA

-

<8,A/,F81:<8O,<=7A61F810

8<.8<V0/861/F90=17

"

,+A<A:8<A

"

7A

-

A1781,+A

K

887 .F998:,+AF<

AO

-

98

U

A<! J0=<69A

"

,+AF<819

U

OA=108:AaA<,F1

K -

<A006<AF0,+A

-

800F>F9F,

U

8:9A=LF1

K

:8<=18,+A<AO

-

98

U

A<

"

.+F/+/=1>A=LA<

U

AO

-

,

U

,+<A=,F1,FOA08:O=0061AO

-

98

U

OA1,!

S1F81018<O=99

U

+=LAOAO>A<0F19=<

K

A<A1,A<

-

<F0A0!;+F0F0O=F19

U

76A,8,+A:=/,,+=,ALA161F81 OAO>A<0+F

-

F08:,A118,.A9/8OA7>

U

AO

-

98

U

A<0!J0=/810A

h

6A1/A

"

18,819

U

=<AF17FLF76=9.8<VA<061=>9A,8

<A9

U

81,<=7A61F8106

--

8<,

"

>6,=908,+A61F810,+AO0A9LA0=<A9A00

#!! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 226: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

F1,A<A0,A7F17AL8,F1

K

<A086</A0,8,<

U

,8FO

-

<8LA,+A.8<V0F,6=,F818:

AO

-

98

U

AA0F10O=99/8O

-

=1FA0! C8<Aa=O

-

9A

"

61F81

-

6>9F/=,F810819

U

<=<A9

U-

<A0A1,F7A=081+8.,8089LA

-

<8>9AO0F10O=99A0,=>9F0+OA1,08<

+8.,8A0,=>9F0+

b

8F1,<A

-

<A0A1,=,F81:8<.8<VA<0F17F::A<A1,A1,A<

-

<F0A0!

J

-

80F,FLAAa/A

-

,F81F0,+AC<A1/+

6

/810AF97A0F,A

7"

.+F/+<A

-

<A0A1,0=99

AO

-

98

U

AA0.8<VF1

K

F1=/A<,=F1

"

9FOF,A7=<A=

"

06/+=0=0O=99,A/+1898

KU

-

=<V!

&

!

L18D 1CK8:Q14 +:0@106

N=>86<9=.<69A07818,=

--

9

U

,8,+A0A9:AO

-

98

U

A7! J</+F,A/,0

"

9=.

U

A<0

8<

-

96O>A<0=<A18,

6

AO

-

98

U

AA0

7

8:,+AF</60,8OA<0! ;+A0F,6=,F81

/+=1

K

A0

"

+8.ALA<

"

F:06/+F17A

-

A17A1, .8<VA<0+=LA819

U

81A O=F1

/60,8OA<

"

.+8/=118,>A<A=7F9

U

<A

-

9=/A7>

U

=18,+A<! ;+F0=

--

9FA0

"

:8<

Aa=O

-

9A

"

,8:<AA9=1/A

b

86<1=9F0,0.+8.8<V<A

K

69=<9

U

:8<,+A819

U

<=7F8

0,=,F81F1=

-

=<,F/69=<<A

K

F81

"

=0 .A99=0

"

0=

U

"

-

<FL=,A,A=/+A<08:

_FA,1=OA0A

"

.+8OF

K

+,>A=>9A,88::A<,+AF<0A<LF/A0819

U

,8=/A<,=F1

F10,F,6,F81! RALA<,+A9A00

"

,+A9A

K

=9

-

800F>F9F,

U

8:,<A=,F1

K

06/+

-

A8

-

9A=0

6

AO

-

98

U

AA0

7

F0

"

F1O80,/=0A0

"

18,

-

<8LF7A7:8<!J1AO

-

98

U

AAF018<O=99

U

7A:F1A7=0=

-

A<081.+8F061=>9A,88<

K

=1F0A+F08<+A<8.1.8<V=17.+8

F08>9F

K

A7 ,8 :8998. ,+A 7F<A/,FLA0 8:=18,+A<

-

A<081

"

1=OA9

U

,+A

AO

-

98

U

A<!J//8<7F1

K

,8,+A9=.

"

,+A

b

86<1=9F0,8<,+A,A=/+A<F1

h

6A0,F81

<A,=F10,+A<F

K

+,,88<

K

=1F0A,+AF<.8<V

"

=17,+AF<

6

=6,818O

U

7

F018,

7FOF1F0+A7>

U

,+A:=/,,+=,,+A

U

=<AA/818OF/=99

U

7A

-

A17=1,! ;+AF<<A=9

0F,6=,F81

"

+8.ALA<

"

F0LA<

U

0FOF9=<,8,+=,8:=1AO

-

98

U

AA

-

<8

-

A<!Z:,+A

U

980A,+AF<0F1

K

9A/60,8OA<

"

F1A::A/,,+A

U

980A,+AF<

6

b

8>

7

=17,+A

U

>A/8OA

6

61AO

-

98

U

A7

7"

b

60,9FVA=1

U

81AA90A!Z:,+A

U

:=99F99

"

,+A

U

1AA708/F=9

>A1A:F,0

,

F:=:AO=9A.8<VA<>A/8OA0

-

<A

K

1=1,

"

,+A0=OA

-

<8>9AO=<F0A0!

E8OA9A

K

=98<7A<07818,,=VA,+F0F1,8=//861,! P+A<A,+A<AF0

K

A1A<=9F106<=1/A=

K

=F10,F991A00=1761AO

-

98

U

OA1,:8<ALA<

U

>87

U

"

,+A

0F,6=,F81O=

U

>A=//A

-

,=>9A

"

>6,F1O80,D6<8

-

A=1/861,<FA0,+F0F0:=<

:<8O>AF1

K

,+A/=0A! E8OA/861,<FA0+=LA7ALA98

-

A7,+A18,F818:=1

$!!

\A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7N=>86<X81,<=/, Da

-

A<FA1/A0:<8OGA<O=1

U!

Page 227: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

6

AO

-

98

U

AA9FVA

-

A<081

7$6

U"+#0/6#75#"O76&017#!#"$,6

7

F1GA<O=1

U

"

6

&'E,"'/,"#

;

'"'$-+,":06'/,

7

F1Z,=9

U

%"

,8.+8O08OA9=>86<9=.<69A0

=

--

9

U

!Z1GA<O=1

U

"

<69A081+A=9,+

-

<8,A/,F81

"

=116=99A=LA

"

-

<8+F>F,F81

8:7F0/<FOF1=,F81

"

=77F,F81=9

-

A10F810/+AOA0=179A=LA,8988V=:,A<

0ALA<A9

U

F99:=OF9

U

OAO>A<0=

--

9

U

,8

6

AO

-

98

U

AA9FVA

-

A<0810

7

kX899A/,FLA

=

K

<AAOA1,0=<A

-

800F>9A:8<,+F0

K

<86

-

"

,88! ;+A

U

/=1

K

8,8,+A9=>86<

/86<,0

"

.+A<A=0,+A8<7F1=<

U

/86<,0=<A/8O

-

A,A1,F:8,+A<F17A

-

A17A1,

.8<VA<006A,+AF</60,8OA<0!ZO

-

8<,=1,

-

=<,08:9=>86<9=.7818,=

--

9

U

"

+8.ALA<

!

,+F0

K

<86

-

F00,F99Aa/967A7:<8O O80,8:,+A<69A0/81/A<1F1

K

-

<8,A/,F81=

K

=F10,61:=F<7F0OF00=9=17,+A

U

=<A18,F1,A

K

<=,A7F1,8,+A

0

U

0,AO8:9A

K

=9<A

-

<A0A1,=,F818:.8<VA<0lF1,A<A0,0,+A

U

+=LA18<F

K

+,,8

-

=<,F/F

-

=,AF1,+AA9A/,F818:.8<V0/861/F90=17A9A/,A7>87FA0/=118,

0

-

A=VF1,+AF<1=OA8<

-

6<06A,+AF<F1,A<A0,0!

;+AO=

b

8<

-

<8>9AO

"

+8.ALA<

"

F0

-

=<,F/F

-

=,F81F1,+A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO! J0F17A

-

A17A1,.8<VA<0=<A

K

A1A<=99

U

18,F1/967A7F1,+A08/F=9

0A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO

"

,+A9=>86</80,0:8<,+AAO

-

98

U

A<=<A08OA)%

-

A</A1,

98.A<! ;+F0F0=+F

K

+F1/A1,FLA,8+F<AF17A

-

A17A1,F10,A=78:0=9=<FA7

.8<VA<0!;+A<A=<A

"

8:/86<0A

"

9FOF,0<A9=,A7,8,+AVF178:.8<V=17,+A

-

89F,F/=9:<=OA.8<V

"

>6,F,/=118,>AAa/967A7,+=,=98<<

U

7<FLA<.F99>A

6

AO

-

98

U

A7

7

=0=:<AA9=1/A

6

7F0,<F>6,F81O=1=

K

A<

7

kZ1C<=1/A=17J60,<F=

"

,+F0VF178:F1/A1,FLA78A018,AaF0,>A/=60A,+A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO

<A=/+A086,,8=99=99.8<VA<0=17=99F1/8OA9ALA90!Z1 GA<O=1

U

=17

W899=17

"

.+A<A,+A

-

<8>9AO=<F0A0F1=LA<

U-

<81861/A7O=11A<

"

,+A<A

=<A:A.F7A=081+8.,+A0F,6=,F81OF

K

+,>AFO

-

<8LA7!]1A/8697FO=

K

F1A

A0,=>9F0+F1

K

=

-

<F1/F

-

9A8:1817F0/<FOF1=,F81F1,+F0:FA97

"

>6,F,.8697>A

7F::F/69,,8 FO

-

9AOA1,

!

0A9:AO

-

98

U

A7

-

A<0810 .8697 +=LA ,8

-

=

U

/81,<F>6,F810,8

-

<FL=,A 08/F=9F106<=1/A0/+AOA0

"

.+F/+ 0+8697 >A

F1/967A7.+A1/=9/69=,F1

K

,+A/80,8:,+A.8<V

"

>6,F,.8697>A7F::F/69,,8

h

6=1,F:

U

!

Z:=1AO

-

98

U

A<F0/=6

K

+,,<A=,F1

K

=1F17FLF76=9=0=0A9:AO

-

98

U

A7

-

A<081

"

.+A1F1<A=9F,

U

+A8<0+AF0=1AO

-

98

U

AA

"

,+A0=1/,F810/=1>A

/810F7A<=>9A

!

,+A08/F=90A/6<F,

U

=6,+8<F,FA0.F997AO=17,+=,,+AAO

-

98

U

A<

%!! !

X8O

-

=<=,FLAZ1760,<F=95A9=,F810

!

X+F1=

"

E86,+H8<A==17GA<O=1

U

#

D6<8

-

A

Page 228: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

-

=

U

08/F=90A/6<F,

U

/81,<F>6,F810

"

>=/V7=,A7,8,+A/8OOA1/AOA1,8:,+A

.8<V

$

>6,18O8<A,+=1:86<

U

A=<0

%

=17,+AAO

-

98

U

A<+=0,8

-

=

U

"

18,819

U

+F08.10+=<A

"

>6,=908,+=,8:,+AAO

-

98

U

AA!Z18<7A<,8=L8F706/+<F0V0

=1

6

AO

-

98

U

A<

7

/=1:8<O=99

U

=0V,+A=6,+8<F,FA0,8=00A00=0

-

A/F:F/

AO

-

98

U

OA1, <A9=,F810+F

-

=17

-

<8LF7A

K

6F7=1/A! @F060A F0 ,+A<A>

U

-

<ALA1,A7!;+AO80,FO

-

8<,=1,

-

<8>9AO<AO=F10

"

+8.ALA<

!

K

A16F1A9

U

0A9:

AO

-

98

U

A7

-

A<0810=<AAa/967A7:<8O O=1

U

9=>86<9=.<F

K

+,0=17,+A

08/F=90A/6<F,

U

0

U

0,AO! ;+AF<A/818OF/0F,6=,F81F0=9O80,1A

K

9A/,A7=17

,+A

U

"

,88

"

<F0V>A/8OF1

K

98..=

K

AA=<1A<0!

&!!

\A

U

817,+AE,=17=<7N=>86<X81,<=/, Da

-

A<FA1/A0:<8OGA<O=1

U!

Page 229: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

R:".''2*R.'2"&/

"

P&!4(.;3(YO%*

_F0F,F1

K

E/+89=<

"

E/+8898:N=>8<=17W6O=15A086</A0=,,+A5A1OF1

S1FLA<0F,

U

8:X+F1=

"

\AF

b

F1

K

!C8<OA<9

U

"

IF<A/,8<?GA1A<=98:,+A]::F/A

:8<Z1760,<F=95A9=,F8105A0A=</+

"

H8<A=N=>86<Z10,F,6,A!

"

P&!1*(,2%&-O%2,#a00*&

C8617F1

K

IF<A/,8<8:,+AC8<0/+61

K

0F10,F,6,:6A<J<>AF,

"

;A/+1FV617

H69,6<

$

5A0A=</+Z10,F,6,A:8<N=>86<

"

;A/+1898

KU

=17 X69,6<A

%"

S1FLA<0F,

U

8:;d>F1

K

A1!

"

A&"8!P&! V"08

?

%,

?

Pb.:0*&

"

Y<8:A008<8: D6<8

-

A=1 =17 GA<O=1 N=>86< N=.

"

XFLF9N=. =17

D/818OF/N=.=,,+AS1FLA<0F,

U

8:\<AOA1!

"

A&"8!\.%,

?

1*,#(,

IF<A/,8<

"

IA

-

=<,OA1,8:Y6>9F/J7OF1F0,<=,F81=,,+AX+F1=Z10,F,6,A8:

Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810

"

\AF

b

F1

K

!

"

A&"8!4(,

?

0.,_

?

"Y

XA1,<A:8<Y6>9F/J7OF1F0,<=,F815A0A=</+=17,+AZ10,F,6,A:8<E8/F=9

Y89F/

U

=17E8/F=9EA/6<F,

U

=,,+AE/+8898:G8LA<1OA1,

"

E61[=,?0A1

S1FLA<0F,

U

"

G6=1

K

B+86!

Page 230: Comparative industrial relations : China, South-Korea and Germany

"

A%,9%(

$

(,

?

X+F1=Z10,F,6,A8:Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810

"

\AF

b

F1

K

!

"

A&"8!

c

(%"@(%,

IA

-

=<,OA1,8:Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810=,,+AX+F1=Z10,F,6,A8:Z1760,<F=9

5A9=,F810

"

\AF

b

F1

K

!

"

P&!92"&/'*,3N2.0'*,

WA=7

"

IA

-

,!8:N=>86<=17X899A/,FLA\=<

K

=F1F1

K

Y89F/FA0F1D6<8

-

A=,

,+AW=10\f/V9A<E,F:,61

K

"

Id00A978<:!

"

A&"8!P&!32*,

c

(,

[

(,

_F/AY<A0F7A1,

"

X+F1=Z10,F,6,A8:Z1760,<F=95A9=,F810

"

\AF

b

F1

K

!

"

P&!1.-"089&%.:;<*&=

5A0F7A1, IF<A/,8< 8: ,+A ]::F/A :8< Z1,A<1=,F81=9 X88

-

A<=,F81

"

C<FA7<F/+?D>A<,?E,F:,61

K

"

E+=1

K

+=F!

"

d"",d".,

?

#"

X88<7F1=,8<

"

Z1,A<1=,F81=9Z1:8<O=,F81 XA1,<A

"

H8<A= N=>86< i

E8/FA,

U

Z10,F,6,A!

"

A&"8!P&!>2%,

?

@.,2.%

IA

-

=<,OA1,8:Y89F,F/=9E/FA1/A=,,+AX899A

K

A8:Y6>9F/J7OF1F0,<=,F81

"

Q+A

b

F=1

K

S1FLA<0F,

U

!

(!!

J>86,,+AJ6,+8<0

!