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崔日雄博士特許心理學家、認證輔導師及督導、註冊社工、認證全球職涯發展培訓師

香港專業輔導協會前任會長教育局家庭與學校合作事宜委員會委員港專學院應用社會科學系教授及系主任

Concepts of

Career and Life

Planning

職道生涯規劃輔導協會Career Plan Associationwww.careerplan.hk

Career Counseling

Process

Integrate Information

and Choose

Personal Assessment Relating

to Career

Relationship with

Client

Explore

Occupations

Career and Life Planning

Ca

reer C

ou

nselin

g

Career and Life Planning

Employm

’tC

ou

nselin

g

/Placem

’t

Earn for living.

Just need a job

Who am I? What abilities

and interests can be

applied in my work?

What is important to me?

What is my vocation?

What can I make a

difference?

What is my life goal?

Do I have any life mission?

How can I

use my time?

How can I make good

use of myself? How can

life be more satisfying?

Life/Living Career (Work & study)

AB

CD

EF Meaning

& Purpose

Self-EsteemSelf-Actualization

Survival

Career and Life Planning - Basic Belief #1

“Career and life planning starts with understanding self and developing identity”

Career and life planning starts with understanding self and developing identity

clear understanding of yourself, aptitudes, abilities, interests,

ambitions, resources, limitations, and knowledge of their cause

knowledge of the requirements, conditions of success, advantages and disadvantages, compensation, opportunities, and prospects in different lines of work

Making a wise choice of vocation(Frank Parsons, 1909)

true reasoning on the relations of these two groups of facts

Self-understanding

Understanding world of work

R I

C A

E S

Personality types

R I

C A

E S

Occupational environments

People search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles.

Behavior is determined by an interaction between personality and environment.

Personality Types and Occupational Environments

Holland, 1997

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Identity

Clear

Stable

Articulate career plans

Contingency plans

Knowledge of self

Knowledge of work

Job search strategies

Diffuse

Unstable

Unable to state career plans

No contingency plans

Little knowledge of self

Little knowledge of work

Few job search strategies

• “The beginning point of a decision-making process is

Exploration, not Decision.”

You/Identity

Interest

Skills Values, Needs

生涯規劃的起點是要探索和了解個人的特性，包括需要、興趣、價值觀和技能，以確定個人的事業/生涯方向和目標

Career and Life Planning - Basic Belief #2

職業性向評估報告

生理需要

安全感

愛與歸屬感

自尊感

自我實現

人的基本需要 (Maslow)

Career and Life Planning - Basic Belief #3

“If you are looking for clues about tomorrow, the signs are to be found in your past and present.”

生涯規劃不只是看明天，也要看昨天和今天要有勇氣面對昨天，超越成長障礙，並從以往不同的經驗中找尋“我是誰?”要積極地生活於今天，擴闊對自己的了解和視野。了解昨天和今天的我，我該如何小心走明天的路？

Developmental Tasks in Career Construction (Super, 1990)

• Stage 1: Growth 成長期 (Age 4-13)

• Stage 2: Exploration 探索期 (Age 14-24)

• Stage 3: Establishment 建立期 (Age 25-44)

• Stage 4: Maintenance or Management 維持期 (Age 45-59)

• Stage 5: Disengagement 衰退期 (Age 60-)

Crystallization Specification Implementation

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Values 價值觀Abilities 能力

Assets 資產

Beliefs 信念

Personalities 性格

Interests 興趣

Competence 技能

Foundations 基石

Goals 目標

Career and Life Planning - Basic Belief #4

“Structuring your different life roles is an important part

of career and life planning”

Worker Leisure

Son/daughter

Student

Spouse

Citizen

生涯規劃包括探討你的不同生命角色，這些角色之間的關係/相互動力，角色的重要性，和他們與你的生命意義與目的的相關。

生涯彩虹圖 (Super 1980)Career and Life Planning Basic Belief #5

Career and life planning is a continuous process of knowledge acquisition and decision making.

Career and life planning is a continuous process of knowledge acquisition and decision making.

Meta-cognition

Knowing

Self

KnowingOptions

DecisionMaking

Information Processing Domain

in Career Decision Making

Meta

Cognitions

Generic Information

Processing Skills

(CASVE)

Self

Knowledge

Occupational

Knowledge

Executive

Processing

Domain

Decision-

Making

Domain

Knowledge

Domain

Where am I now?

Where do I want to be?

How do I get there?

Career Development Process

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3-7: Knowing How I Make Decisions

(Doing Skills)

The eight elements of decision making:

Knowledge about myself1

Knowing about My Options2

Realizing I need to Make a Choice3

Understanding Myself and My Options

4

Expanding and Narrowing My List of Options or Fields of Study

5

Choosing an Occupation or Field of Study

6

Implementing My Choice7

Thinking about My Decision Making8

Career and Life Planning Basic Belief #6

“Interests, Goals & Competence are self-constructed. They can be nurtured and continuously developed”

Interests, Goals & Competence are self-constructed. They can be nurtured and continuously developed.

Factors Affecting Choice Behavior

6

2

1

LearningExperiences

Self-Efficacy

OutcomeExpectations

Interests3

Choice Goals

4

Choice Actions

5

Performance Domains and Attainments

Copyright 1993 by R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown and G. Hackett.

7

10

8

11

9

12

modera

tes

modera

tes

Contextual InfluencesProximal to Choice

Behavior

Sources of Efficacy Behavior Information

Performance accomplishment

Vicarious Learning

Emotional Arousal

Verbal persuasion

Perceived self-

efficacy

Persistence

Performance

Choice (approach

versus avoidance)

Social Cognitive Career Theory

School-to-work-to-life transition would highlight six interrelated processes that are manifest at various developmental points (Lent, Hackett, & Brown, 1999).

1. acquisition of positive yet realistic self-efficacy and outcomeexpectations,

2. development of career interests,

3. linkages between interests and career-related goals,

4. translation of goals into actions,

5. development of academic and work skills and remediation ofperformance- related problems, and

6. negotiation of social supports and barriers that affect the development of self and occupational beliefs and career options.

Goals for Career Counselling

People need to expand their capabilities and interests, and not base decisions on existing characteristics only.

People need to prepare for changing work tasks, and not assume that occupations will remain stable.

People need to be empowered to take action, not merely given a diagnosis.

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Career-related

experience

Self-talk

Self awareness

Career Information

Processing

Competence

(Knowledge and

Skills)

Career Development

Intention

Career

Development

Self-Efficacy

Career

Development

Outcome

Expectation

Career Exploration

and Planning Behaviour

Career Readiness

Cognitive Behavioural Career Intervention (CBCI)

Behavioural

intervention

Cognitive

intervention

Copyright 2011 by Chui Y.H.

GPA Process

Goals

• Dare to dream/imagine

• Understanding myself

• Understanding of the world of work

Possibi-lities

• Integrating knowledge of self and occupations

• Breaking down goals into smaller goals

• Generating possibilities

• Prioritizing possibilities and decision-making

Action

• Formulating and monitoring action plan

• Reviewing goals and plans

Cognitive Intervention

Behavioural Intervention

Copyright 2011 by Chui Y.H.

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身份認同

我思我在

夢想之旅

克服障礙

導師培訓日

• Brown,D.(2002) Career Choice and Development. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. San

Francisco, CA: Brooks/Cole

• Brown,D., Brooks,L.(1991) Career Counseling Techniques. Allyn and Bacon.

• Cormier, S. and Nurius, P.S. (2003). Cognitive change and cognitive restructuring

strategies. Interviewing and Change Strategies for Helpers: Fundamental Skills and

Cognitive Behavioral Interventions. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole-Thomas Learning.

• Gysbers, N. C., Heppner, M. J., & Johnston, J. A. (2003). Career counseling :

process, issues, and techniques (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

• Peterson, N. (2005). The role of work in people's lives : applied career counseling

and vocational psychology: Brooks-Cole Thomson Learning.

• Sampson, James P. (2004). Career counseling and services : a cognitive information

processing approach. Belmont, CA : Thomson/Brooks/Cole.

• Zunker, V. G. (2006). Career counseling : A holistic approach (7th ed.). Belmont,

Calif.: Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning.

References