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8/9/2019 Cng nghip ha nng thn qua pht trin cum lng ngh

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VNH3.TB9.218

CNG NGHIP HA NNG THN THNG QUA PHT TRINCC CM CNG NGHIP LNG NGH:

NGHIN CU TRNG HP TI CC CM CNG NGHIPLNG NGHBC NINH V H TY

NCS. Nguyn Xun Hon

Trung Tm Nghin cu & Pht trin H thng Nng nghip (CASRAD)Vin Khoa hc Nng nghip Vit Nam (VAAS)

1. t vn

Cng nghip nng thn l mt b phn ca kt cu ngnh cng nghip, bao gm cccssn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip tn ti nng thn, gn b mt thit visn xut nng nghip v kinh t - x hi nng thn. Cng nghip ha (CNH) l qu trnhnng cao t trng ca cng nghip trong ton b cc ngnh kinh t, ng thi tng cng s

dng cc tin b khoa hc k thut v trang thit b ckh trong cc ngnh sn xut v kinhdoanh. Nh vy, CNH nng thn l qu trnh nng cao t trng v gi tr ca cc ngnhcng nghip, tiu th cng nghip v dch v, ng thi nng cao vic s dng thit b cgii trong cc ngnh ngh sn xut, kinh doanh nng thn.

Gn 4 thp k qua, k t 1960 th gii chng kin s tri dy ca xu hng CNHnng thn cc nc chu nhi Loan, Thi Lan, n v gn y l Trung Quc.S xut hin v pht trin nhanh ca xu hng ny trc ht bt ngun t s tht vng vnn i cng nghip qui m ln hin i thnh ph trong vic to vic lm, tng thu nhp

v xa i gim ngho [1]. Kinh nghim cho thy mt s nc Chu vic pht trincng nghip nng thn c tin hnh theo nhiu cc khc nhau nhi Loan, Nhnc khuyn khch lp cc nh my, x nghip cng nghip nh nh ngnh si, dt, chitr em, ch bin nng sn thc phm nm phn tn cc huyn l, th trn cc vng nngthn, gn ni c ngun nguyn liu,... n , pht trin cc x nghip nh vi cc ngnhth cng nghip nng thn, l cc ngnh cn t vn nhng li c sn nguyn liu, laong v khng i hi k thut phc tp. Trung Quc, s CNH nng thn pht trin


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doanh nghip va v nhnng thn do nng dn thc hin nh x nghip Hng Trn1 tnhng nm 1980 [2]. Thi Lan, CNH nng thn ch pht trin nhng vng thun li,ven cc th ln. nng thn, phn ln cc x nghip cng nghip lm ch bin nng, lmsn v bn ti ch. Trong vic CNH nng thn ca Thi Lan c phong tro vi tn gi Onetambon, one product (mi lng, mt sn phm) c pht ng t nm 1999 sau khi Th

tng Thi Lan i thm ca hng one village, one product ti Nht Bn [3].

Nh vy, trong qu trnh CNH nng thn, mt s nc thnh cng trong vic phttrin cc ngnh ngh phi nng nghip v pht trin doanh nghip va v nhnng thn.Cn Vit Nam, chin lc CNH nng thn c a ra t Ngh quyt Trung ng V,kha VII, ngy 10/06/1993 v n nay vn ang tip tc y mnh. Cu hi t ra l trongthi gian qua Vit Nam tin hnh s nghip CNH nng thn theo m hnh no? C iug mi trong qu trnh CNH trong cc lng nghnng thn? iu g rt ra c t s phttrin ca cc lng ngh trong qu trnh CNH nng thn ?

2. Kt qu nghin cu

2.1. Cng nghip ha nng thn Vit Nam

n nay, dn s Vit Nam c trn 84 triu ngi, trong c 75% dn s sng nng thn. Trong nhng nm qua, cng nghip thnh th c s pht trin nhng khng sc thu ht ht lao ng tng thm n t nng nghip v cc vng nng thn. S d thalao ng v s di dn t cc vng nng thn v cc thnh ph kim vic lm ngy cng tngnhanh. Hin nay, t trng ca khu vc cng nghip v xy dng ch chim 42,0% trong c

cu kinh t v t l lao ng trong cng nghip ch chim khong 18% trong tng s laong ca nn kinh t.

V vy, mc tiu ca chin lc CNH nng thn Vit Nam l tng thu nhp canng dn, mrng th trng lao ng v CNH, HH ccu kinh t nng nghip. tc 3 mc tiu quan trng ny, chin lc CNH nng thn c da trn ckh ha snxut nng, cng nghip v pht trin cc ngnh ngh ch bin theo hng xut khu hocthay th nhp khu v cc ngnh ngh th cng nghip nng thn [4]. Thc tVit nam,trong thi gian qua c 2 hnh thc CNH nng thn ch yu.

Thnhtl loi hnh CNH nng thn da vo vic pht trin cc khu cng nghip angnh cc vng nng thn ven v dc cc trc ng quc l chnh thu ht ccdoanh nghip t thnh ph v cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi nhm pht trinsn xut cng nghip, dch v v gii quyt vic lm cho lao ng nng thn. Loi hnhcng nghip ny bt u pht trin tu nhng nm 1990, n nay n vn tip tc phttrin mnh v hnh thnh h thng sn xut c cng ngh v trang thit b hin i,chuyn lm gia cng cho cc doanh nghip ca th v nc ngoi.

1 Cc doanh nghip Hng Trn (Township an Village Entreprise - TVE) c chia thnh doanh nghip tp th (lng,x, th trn) v doanh nghip t nhn (doanh nghip c t nht 8 cng nhn gi l doanh nghip t nhn v di 8 cngnhn gi l doanh nghip c th).


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i vi loi hnh CNH nng thn ny, Nh nc ban hnh cc chnh sch rtthng thong v thun li cho cc nh u t trong v ngoi nc u t v xy dng nhiukhu cng nghip cc vng ven v cc vng nng thn. Ban u, cc thnh ph lnc coi nh l mt ng lc thc y s nghip CNH v HH ca c nc nn su tinc ginh cho cc tam gic tng trng kinh t nh: Tam gic tng trng pha Bc l H

Ni Hi Phng Qung Ninh, min trung l Hu - nng Qung Ngi v min naml Thnh ph H Ch Minh Bin Ha Vng Tu [5]. Nhng hin nay, mi chnh sch vsu i u c thc hin tt c cc tnh thnh trong ton quc. c bit, Nh nc thc hin vic phn cp, phn quyn cho cc a phng t chc lp d n, thm nh d ntrnh Chnh ph ph duyt, ri xy dng v qun l cc khu cng nghip ti a phng.

n nay c nc c trn 150 khu cng nghi p - khu ch xut vi din tch trn25000ha, d kin n nm 2015 s thnh lp mi thm 115 khu cng nghip v mrng 27khu cng nghip. Tnh t nm 1988 n nm 2007, Vit Nam thu ht 9.500 d n u t

nc ngoi vi tng vn ng k khong 98 t USD. Ring khu vc kinh t c vn u tnc ngoi chim khong 16% GDP, ng gp vo ngn sch Nh nc vt 1,5 t USDtrong nm 2007; ng thi gii quyt vic lm cho hn 1,2 triu lao ng trc tip v hngtriu lao ng gin tip [6].

Thhai l loi hnh CNH nng thn thng qua pht trin cc lng ngh2nng thnda trn s nng ng ca nhn dn v chnh quyn a phng. Cc lng ngh thng snxut hng tiu dng, th cng m ngh, cc sn phm ngh thut phc v cho th trng nia v xut khu hoc l cc lng ngh chuyn ch bin lng thc, thc phm v nguyn

vt liu phc v cho tiu dng v cng nghi p ch bin khc. Trong cc lng ngh nngng cng v ang c nhiu h gia nh chuyn thnh cc doanh nghip nh v va

pht trin sn xut kinh doanh quy m ln hn v tham gia vo th trng trong nc vquc t.

Theo thng k ca Cquan hp tc quc t Nht Bn JICA [7], n nm 2003 tonquc c 2017 lng ngh3. Cc lng nghVit Nam gii quyt c vic lm cho hn1,3 triu lao ng thng xuyn v ang ng gp tch cc vo vic CNH nng thn v xai gim ngho nng thn. Th trng tiu th sn phm ca cc lng ngh c tiu

th trn 100 nc trn th gii, gi tr xut khu cc hng th cng m ngh t 565 triuUSD/nm. Trong nhng nm va qua, mc d Nh nc c nhng ch trng, chnhsch nhm khi phc v pht trin cc lng ngh. Nhng gn nh cc lng ngh cn phttrin t pht, cha c s h trhiu qu v kim sot cht ch ca nh nc. Hin nay cnhiu lng ngh khng pht trin c v c nguy cmt ngh. Nhng cng c mt s lngngh nng ng i mi, hin i ha sn xut v trthnh cc cm cng nghip lngngh (CCNLN), thng l nhng khu vc tp trung nhiu doanh nghip, nhiu tim nng

2Lng nghl mt hoc nhiu cm dn c cp thn, p, bn, lng, bun, phum, sc hoc cc im dn c tng t trna bn mt x, th trn, c cc hot ng ngnh ngh nng thn, sn xut ra mt hoc nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau.3 Tiu chi xc nh lng ngh l lng c cc hot ng lin quan n ngh no thu ht t nht 20% tng s h lmngh v to ra t nht 20% tng gi tr sn xut to ra trn a bn ca lng .


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sng to, i mi v l ni nui dng v pht trin cc doanh nghi p chnh thc(formel) v th cc CCNLN ny cn phi c quy hoch v pht trin nh mt h thngsng to v si mi nng thn.

2.2. Cm cng nghip lng nghvngng bng sng Hng

Khi nim vcm cng v cm cng nghip lng ngh

Khi nim cm cng nghi p district industriel xut hin vo cui th k 19 biMarshall [8] xut pht t vic nghin cu ca ng v s tp trung sn xut cng nghip min bc nc Anh. Sau , khi nim ny c pht trin theo 2 trng phi tip cn cngnghip khc nhau. Cc nh nghin cu theo trng phi Php nh Courlet et Pecqueur [9],Colletis [10], gi l cc h thng sn xut a phng SPL Systmes productifslocaliss, l h thng sn xut cp nhiu n kha cnh lnh th. Cc nh nghin cutheo trng phi Anh - M gi l cm cng nghip cluster hay district industriel vi cc

tip cn ca G. Becattini [11]; M. Porter [12]; Nadvi et Schmitz [13], Qua vic nghincu v chuyn i ccu kinh t v cng nghip ha nng thn vng BSH, chng tithy c s xut hin cc CCNLN ging nh cc cm cng nghip Italia t nhng nm1970 [14]. V vy, trong nghin cu ny chng ti s vn dng khi nim cm cng nghip(cluster) v phng php tip cn ca G. Becattini; M. Porter; Nadvi et Schmitz v thamkho cc cng trnh nghin cu ca h thc hin ti Italia, M v cc nc ang phttrin nh Brasil v Innxia. Vy cm cng nghip l g ?

Cm cng nghip theo G. Becattini [11, opcit] l mt thc th x hi lnh thc

trng bi s c mt hot ng ca mt cng ng ngi v qun th doanh nghip trongmt khng gian a l v lch s nht nh.

Cm cng nghip theo M. Porter [12, opcit] l s tp trung va l ca cc doanhnghi p, ca cc nh cung cp dch v chuyn nghi p ha, ca nhng ngi c hngdch v, ca cc ngnh cng nghip v cc t chc c lin quan.

Thc t, c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v cm cng nghip. Nhng trong cc nhngha u cha cp n s tp trung theo a l ca cc doanh nghip gn kt vi si

mi v c s pht trin nng ng do tnh hip ng tha hng t Tnh hiu qu tp ththng qua cc tc ng kinh t t bn ngoi, t mng li cc nh cung c p, mng likhch hng v cc li ch ca cc hot ng tp th [13, opcit]. Trong cm cng nghip, vn mu cht l c s hip ng, sn xut vi qui m ln, c s tc ng qua li, c s tngtr, c s ganh ua v c kh nng phn ng nhanh vi nhng thay i ca th trng mang li hiu qu trong sn xut v kinh doanh.

Vit Nam, Cm cng nghip lng ngh l mt h thng sn xuta phng, cc trng bi stp trung theo a l cc doanh nghip4 sn xut, kinh doanh v dch v c

4 Doanh nghip y hiu theo ngha rng bao gm c h gia nh tham gia sn xut kinh doanh v cc doanh nghipchnh thc c ng k thnh lp theo lut doanh nghip ca Vit Nam.


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s chuyn mn ha trong cng mt hotng hoc mt nhm cc hotng b trchonhau. Stp trung theo a l ca cc doanh nghip to ra cc thchthc y shnhthnh v pht trin cc mi quan h, shp tc v cnh tranh gia cc doanh nghip trongcng lnh th, ng thi to ra mng li cc nh cung cp, mng li khch hng v tora si mi, cc li ch chung cho cc thnh vin trong cng lnh th.

Cc kiu cm cng nghip lng nghvngBSH

Trn css liu iu tra v thng tin thu thp c trong 90 CCNLN H Ty vBc Ninh, chng ti phn loi c 3 loi CCNLN, c th nh sau:

A)- Cm cng nghip lng ngh cng nghip ha v chuyn mn ha cao (chim30% trong tng s CCNLN c iu tra), y l CCNLN nng ng vi cc c trng ca

loi cm ny nh sau:- Mt dn s cao (2500ngi/km2), t nng nghip/ngi rt t (260m2/ngi).

- T l h lm ngh cao (c 53% s ha phng lm ngnh ngh v s lngdoanh nghip chnh thc trong cm nhiu (30doanh nghip/cm)

- Thu nhp t ngnh ngh cao (bnh qun 1 triu ng/ngi/thng). Tng thu nhpt ngnh ngh chim 75% tng thu nhp ca cm.

- Vn u t cho sn xut rt cao (trung bnh mi h sn xut u t trn 100 triung, mi doanh nghip u t vn trn 1 tng).

- C kh nng HH cao, u t cng ngh v my mc hin i (nhiu cm cdy truyn sn xut tng). C nhiu si mi v trang thit b v ckh ha trong snxut.

- Qui m ca cm ln v s dng nhiu lao ng (bnh qun l 4500lao ng/cm vi hi nhiu lao ng c chuyn mn, c o to ngh (lao ng c trnh chimtrn 60%).

- Thiu lao ng v phi thu nhiu lao ng n t ni khc (lao ng thu taphng khc n l trn 1000lao ng/1cm, chim 24% tng s lao ng trong ton cm).

- C nhiu mi quan h, trao i gia cc lng ngh vi nhau v lao ng, vt t vtiu th sn phm. Th trng pht trin mnh c trong nc v nc ngoi.

- C s cnh tranh cao v mt bng sn xut, lao ng v nguyn liu trong cm.

- Cc CCNLN loi ny phn ln tp trung cc ngnh hng g, dt vi, luyn kim

v ch bin thc phm.


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B)- Cm cng nghi p lng ngh ang cng nghi p ha c s kt h p lm nngnghi p v ngnh ngh (chim 36% trong tng s 90 cm c iu tra), y l loi cmnng ng va vi cc c trng ca loi l:

- Mt dn s tng i cao (1500ngi/km2); t nng nghip/ngi thp (bnh

qun l 500m

2

/ngi)- T l h lm ngh cao (chim 67% tng s h trong CCNLN) v s doanh nghip

chnh thc trong cm t (bnh qun 4 doanh nghip/1cm)

- Thu nhp ca ngi lao ng lm ngnh ngh khng cao (bnh qun 550 nghnng/ngi/thng). Tng thu nhp t ngnh ngh bnh qun ch chim 48% tng thu nhp,tng thu nhp t nng nghip chim 31% tng thu nhp ca cm.

- Vn u t cho sn xut mc cao (trung bnh mi h sn xut u t trn 50 triu

ng, mi doanh nghip u t vn trn 500 triu ng).- C kh nng HH trang thit b sn xut nhng vn ch yu s dng cng ngh

truyn thng c ci tin, t u t cng ngh v my mc hin i.

- Qui m cm trung bnh v s dng nhiu lao ng (lao ng lm vic thng xuynl 2700lao ng/1cm) v t i hi cc lao ng c o to ngh (lao ng c trnh chim di 50%).

- Khng thiu lao ng lm ngh, t phi thu lao ng n t ni khc (lao ng

thu ta phng khc l 100 lao ng/1cm, chim 5% tng s lao ng trong cm).- C nhiu mi quan h gia cc lng ngh vi nhau v vi th trng cc tnh thnh

trong nc v c 1 s cm c quan h vi nc ngoi.

- t c s cnh tranh v mt bng sn xut, lao ng v nguyn liu trong ccCCNLN ny.

- Cc CCNLN lai ny phn ln tp trung cc ngnh hng my tre an, dt vi v chbin thc phm v ch yu c pht trin ln t cc lng ngh mi, c kh tm kim c

th trng v a dng ha cc loi sn phm p ng nhu cu th trng.

C)- Cm cng nghip lng ngh bt u cng nghip ha v lm nng nghip l chyu kt hp vi ngnh ngh (chim 34% tng s cm), y l loi CCNLN c s nng ngthp v c cc c trng sau:

- Mt dn s cao (bnh qun 1400ngi/km2); t nng nghip/ngi thp (bnhqun l 520m2/ngi) so vi din tch t nng nghi p bnh qun trong vng BSH l700m2/ngi.

- T l h lm ngh khng cao (c 41% s ha phng lm ngnh ngh) v sdoanh nghip chnh thc trong cm rt t (bnh qun 2 doanh nghip/1cm).


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- Thu nhp ca ngi lao ng lm ngnh ngh khng cao (bnh qun 600 nghnng/ngi/thng). Tng thu nhp t ngnh ngh ca cm ch chim 31% tng thu nhp cacm, thp hn tng thu nhp t nng nghip (36%). Vic ti u t cho sn xut thp.

- Nhu cu v thc vn u t cho ngnh ngh thp (trung bnh mi h sn xut u

t trn 10 triu ng, mi doanh nghip c vn u t trn 300 triu ng).- Kh nng HH sn xut thp, trong cm t u t cng ngh v my mc hin i

trong sn xut, s dng cng c truyn thng c ci tin vi lao ng chn tay l chnh(nhiu cm c phng tin sn xut rt th snh cm CCNLN thu zen, my tre an).

- S dng nhiu lao ng nhng khng i hi cc lao ng c chuyn mn cao(khong 1700 lao ng/1cm). Phn ln cc th th cng trong cc CCNLN ny thnglm nng nghip kt hp vi lm ngh.

- Trong cc CCNLN ny khng thiu lao ng lm ngh v rt t phi thu lao nglm ngh n t ni khc (bnh qun lao ng lm thu t ni khc n l 50 laong/1cm).

- Trong cm thng c t mi quan h gia cc lng ngh vi nhau v t c mngli bun bn v giao lu trc tip vi bn ngoi. Phn ln vic mua vt t v tiu th trongcc CCNLN ny thng qua cc tc nhn trung gian.

- Khng c s cnh tranh v mt bng sn xut, lao ng v nguyn liu trong cmny.

- Cc CCNLN lai ny phn ln tp trung cc ngnh hng thu zen, an ci v nnl, my tre an v ch bin thc phm.

Nh vy, trong vng BSH ang c nhiu loi CCNLN khc nhau. Nhng miCCNLN pht trin theo hng khai thc th mnh ca mi vng v tu theo cc knh(niche) hnh ha v dch v m CCNLN c kh nng sn xut p ng nhu cu cath trng. y chng ti xin trnh by mt s CCNLN tiu biu trong vng BSH.

Thc trng mt scm cng nghip lng nghtiu biu

A)- Cm cng nghip lng nghgiy Phong Kh

CCNLN ngh Phong Kh c 4 lng (Dng , o X, Ng Kh, Chm Kh) thucx Phong Kh, huyn Yn Phong, tnh Bc Ninh. Mt dn s trong cm ny l1500ngi/km2, t nng nghip bnh qun 370m2/ngi. Ngh lm giy Phong Kh c t th k 16. Tri qua mt thi gian di pht trin sn xut giy th cng, sau c si mi v cng ngh v trang thit b sn xut, n nay trong cm CCNLN giy PhongKh c kh nng sn xut c hu ht cc loi giy cao cp trn th trng nh giy v

sinh, giy khn n, giy vn phng, giy vhc sinh, giy in lch, giy bao gi, giy kraf,Hin nay, ngh lm giy CCNLN Phong Kh thu ht s tham gia ca 174 doanhnghip v khong 200 h trong x sn xut giy th cng. Hot ng lm giy trong cm


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to vic lm cho 7000 lao ng, trong c khong 3000 lao ng ngoi a phng. Tngdoanh thu t ngh lm giy trong cm l 455tng/nm (chim 91% tng doanh thu trongton cm). Trong CCNLN ny xy dng khu tiu th cng nghip lng ngh trn dintch 13ha gii quyt vn mt bng sn xut cho cc doanh nghi p trong cm. Ccdoanh nghip lun lun i mi cng ngh, thit b to ra nhiu loi sn phm c cht

lng tt hn nhm p nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v cnh tranh vi hng nhp ngoi.

B)- Cm cng nghip lng ngh gmnghng Quang

CCNLN gng Quang gm 3 lng (ng K, Trng Lit v Bnh H) thuc xng Quang, huyn T Sn, tnh Bc Ninh. Mt dn s trong CCNLN ny l3100ngi/km2. Bnh qun din tch t nng nghip l 190m2/ngi. Ngh lm g mnghng Quang bt u t nhng nm 1960 vi cc sn phm ch yu l sp g, t ch,gng nm, bn gh kiu c, honh phi, cu i, tam sn, ng nhc, ngai th, n th, kiu

rc, tng th, tng m ngh, Tri qua nhiu nm hc ngh v pht trin ngh gm ngh, n nay trong CCNLN ny c 2260 h (chim 65% tng s h gia nh trongcm) v 226 doanh nghip lm ngh g m ngh (trong 76 doanh nghip t nhn, 91cng ty TNHH v 59 HTX). Ngoi ra, trong CCNLN ny cn c trn 100 ca hng chuyn

bn g nguyn liu v 170 h lm dch v. Ngh lm g trong CCNLN ny gii quytvic lm cho hn 12000 lao ng, trong c 49% l lao ng n v c 42% s lao ng tcc a phng khc n. Mc thu nhp bnh qun ca ngi lao ng l 800nghn ngn 1,5 triu ng/ngi/thng. Tng thu trong CCNLN ny khong 210 t ng/nm(chim khong 80% tng thu nhp ca cm). Vn u t cho sn xut thng bin ng t

hng trm triu ng/1hn vi tng/1doanh nghip ty theo quy m doanh nghip vchng loi sn phm. n nay, trn a bn CCNLN ng Quang quy hoch chuyn i53 ha t nng nghip sang t cng nghip gii quyt nhu cu v mt bng sn xut vkinh doanh. T nhiu nm nay, CCNLN ng Quang trthnh mt th trng g lnnht Vit Nam v to ra uy tn, danh ting v cht lng sn phm trong nc vquc t.

C)- Cm cng nghip lng nghdt may La Ph

CCNLN La Ph gm 16 xm thuc x La Ph, huyn Hoi c, tnh H Ty. Mt dn s trong cm khong 2600ngi/km2. t nng nghip bnh qun l 230m2/ngi.Sn phm ca CCNLN ny ch yu l hng dt kim nh o len, o si, bt tt, khn len,...

Ngh dt kim c du nhp v pht trin La Ph t trc nm 1945. Trong thi k kinh tk hoch t p trung, ngh dt b qun l bi HTX th cng ca x. Sau khi cc HTX thcng gii th, ngh dt may La Ph pht trin mnh trong cc h gia nh. n nay, nghdt kim trong cm thu ht s tham gia ca 1760 h gia nh lm ngh (chim 86% trongtng s h ca cm), 30 cng ty TNHH, 100 doanh nghip t nhn, 20 h chuyn kinhdoanh nguyn liu, 10 h chuyn kinh doanh vn ti v c 100 h chuyn thu gom hng dt

cho cc cng ty a phng v cc i l bn bun cc a phng khc trong c nc.Sn xut v kim doanh hng dt kim ti La Ph thu ht khong 12.000 lao ng, trong c khong 5.000 lao ng l ngi a phng (chim 63% trong tng s lao ng ca x)


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v 7.000 lao ng n t cc x ln cn. Ngoi ra c khong 1000 h nhn gia cng snphm cho cc cng ty, cc h ny cc x ln cn c bn knh khong 20-30km xung quanhCCNLN La Ph. Hin nay, tng thu nhp t ngh dt kim ca La Ph khong 320 tng/nm (chim 78% tng thu nhp ca cm). n nay, trong CCNLN dt kim La Phcng xy dng 1 khu tiu th cng nghip lng ngh c din tch 40 ha cho 300 doanh

nghip thu t xy dng nh xng.

D)- Cm cng nghip lng nghmy tre an Ph Ngha

CCNLN my tre an Ph Ngha gm 7 lng ngh thuc x Ph Ngha, huynChng M, tnh H Ty. Mt dn s trong CCNLN ny l 1180ngi/km2. Bnh qundin tch t nng nghip l 470 m2/ngi. Ngh my tre an Ph Ngha c t th k 17v l ni sinh ra ngh my tre an vng BSH. Sn phm ca CCNLN ny rt phng ph,a dng t cc vt dng phc v cho sinh hot trong gia nh n nhng trang tr ni tht

nh bn gh, ging, t, salon, bn trang im, ti sch, tranh, lng n, n nm 2007,trong CCNLN my tre an Ph Ngha c 1.780 h tham gia lm hng my tre an (chim87% tng s h trong cm) v 27 cng ty v doanh nghi p chuyn kinh doanh hng thcng my tre an. Hot ng sn xut v kinh doanh hng my tre an gii quyt viclm cho 5700 lao ng (chim 82% tng s lao ng trong ton x) vi mc thu nhp t700 nghn n 1 triu ng/ngi/thng. Tng thu nhp t ngh my tre an trong CCNLNPh Ngha khong 38 t ng/nm (chim 53% tng thu nhp ca ton cm). TrongCCNLN Ph Ngha cng quy hoch v xy dng khu cng nghip trn din tch 138ha.

Ngoi ra, cc a phng trong vng BSH c rt nhiu lng ngh HH snxut v hnh thnh ln cc CCNLN. Vy chng ta rt ra c iu g t s xut hin vs thnh cng ca cc CCNLN ny ?

2.3. Cc yu tchnh quytnh sthnh cng ca cc CCNLN

Nghin cu v pht trin ca th trng

Ngy nay, th trng l mt yu t rt quan trng n c ngha quyt nh n stn ti v pht trin i vi mi lng ngh, c bit l th trng tiu th cc sn phm [15].

Vy vic nghin cu v pht trin th trng ca cc CCNLN BSH nh th no ?A)- Th trng cungng nguyn vt liu

c im ca th trng u vo ca cc CCNLN ni chung l khng n nh, ginguyn vt liu bin ng thng xuyn. Trc y, th trng nguyn liu ch yu mua

bn ti ch, nht l nguyn liu cho ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm v sn xut tiu dng nhan lt, dt vi, gm s,... Sau mt thi gian ngun nguyn liu ny cnkit dn, do n c b sung bng cc ngun t ni khc, thm ch nhp khu. V vy,trong cc CCNLN pht trin xut hin cc t chc, c nhn chuyn i tm kim, khai thc

v cung c p nguyn vt liu cho cc h v c s lm ngh. Hin nay, phn ln cc a


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phng hnh thnh th trng mua bn nguyn vt liu ngay ti cc CCNLN vi nhiuca hng bun bn v bn l nguyn vt liu.

Trong cm CCNLN lm giy Phong Kh th trng nguyn liu lun c s thayi ln. Lc u ngi thdng nguyn liu l v cy d, sau tn dng mt s sch bo

cem ngm v v nt to ln mt phn nguyn liu. Tip ngi th lm giy phthin loi giy v bao xi mng c th thay th nguyn liu t cy d. Sau , ngi thlmgiy bit dng cy na lm nguyn liu. V sau th nguyn liu s dng ch yu lcy dng, cy dy v cy mn thay th cho vic s dng v cy d ban u, ri dng giyloi v cy na lm nguyn liu. Lc u, cc th trng cung cp nguyn liu cho CCNLNlm giy l Thi Nguyn, Tuyn Quang, Bc Cn, Lng Sn. Thi gian sau ny, th trngnguyn liu pht trin ra cc a phng khc nh Ho Bnh, Qung Ninh, Yn Bi,... ngthi mt s doanh nghip nhp khu bt giy t Trung Quc p ng nhu cu nguynliu cho sn xut cc loi sn phm giy cao cp.

Cn CCNLN gng Quang, cc doanh nghip v h sn xut lun coi trngvic nghin cu v pht trin th trng nguyn liu g. Trc nm 1980, nguyn liu gthng c mua t Lng Sn, Thi Nguyn, Qung Tr, Thanh Ho, Ngh An,... T nm1980, cc doanh nghip mrng th trng mua nguyn liu ra cc tnh pha Nam nhGia Lai, c Lc, Bnh Thun, Ninh Thun,... ng thi nhp khu mt s loi g qu him(g trc, g hng, sn,...) t Cam Pu Chia phc v sn xut. n nm 1996, bt unhp g t Lo v tip l nhp g t Indnixia, Malaixia, chu Phi,... n nay, ngQuang c khong trn 100 ca hng bun bn g, trong c nhng ch ln thng nhp

g vi s lng ln gi tr t 3 n 5tng/1ln tng ng vi 200 n 250m3

. Hinnay ng K trthnh th trng g qu him ln nht min Bc v c nc.

Trong CCNLN my tre an Ph Ngha, cc th trng nguyn liu lun c khaithc v pht trin p ng nhu cu cho sn xut. Trc y nguyn liu ca cc lngngh my tre an y ch yu c cung cp t cc tnh min ni ph Bc. Hin nay, chai ngun cung cp ch yu: Th nht l ngun cung cp song, my c khai thc t cctnh min Trung ca Vit Nam (chim 80% lng nguyn liu ca CCNLN) nh Ngh An,H Tnh, Qung Bnh, Qung Tr, Tha Thin Hu, Qung Nam, c Lc v Bnh Thun.

Hoc nguyn liu c nhp khu t Lo v Camphuchia, sau sch ti cc tnh minTrung, ri vn chuyn v cc lng ngh c s dng my tre an H Ty v Ph Ngha.Th hai l ngun nguyn liu cung cp khong gn 20% lng nguyn liu cung cp choCCNLN ny. Vng cung c p my, song ch yu t cc tnh min ni pha Bc nh HGiang, Tuyn Quang, Yn Bi, Bc Cn, Thi Nguyn, cc tnh Ty Bc v cc vng lncn Ph Ngha nh Sn Ty, Ho Bnh,

i vi CCNLN dt La Ph, trc y ngun nguyn liu mua ch yu t H Niqua mt s cng ty hoc t thng. n nay, nguyn liu ca CCNLN nay n t hai ngun

chnh l nguyn liu trong nc chim 40%, ch yu c cung cp bi cc cng ty ln nhcng ty Dt 8-3; Cng ty si Nha Trang, Cng ty si Bin Ho, Cng ty dt len ma ng,Cng ty len H ng v Cng ty len Hi Phng. Nguyn liu nhp khu chim 60%, ch


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yu n t Trung Quc. Vic m rng th trng nguyn liu c pht trin mnh mthng qua chnh sch ci mca nh nc v s nng ng ca cc doanh nghip dt kim La Ph.

B)- Th trng tiu th sn phm

Trong nhng nm va qua, cc doanh nghi p trong cc CCNLN nng ng thng xuyn nghin cu v mrng cc th trng tiu th sn phm c th trng trongnc v quc t.

C th nh sn phm giy ca CCNLN Phong Kh truc y ch yu bn cho lngngh lm tranh dn gian ng H (Bc Ninh), lng ngh pho Bnh (H Ty) v lngngh lm vng m lng Ct T Lim - H Ni. Sau cc sn phm ca lng nghPhong Kh c a dng ha nn sn phm m rng th trng tiu thcc tnhthnh pha Bc vi cc sn phm chnh nh giy v sinh, giy lm bao b, giy vit,... Hin

nay, trong CCNLN sn xut c hu ht cc loi giy cao cp trn th trng nn thtrng tiu th giy ca cm mrng ra phm vi ton quc v c cc sn phm giyth cng xut khu sang mt s nc nh Singapore, Thi Lan, Hng Kng, i Loan, Lo,Campuchia,

Cn CCNLN ng Quang, thi ku ch c mt s h lm g gi c nn chtiu th trong lng x v a phng ln cn vi s lng rt t. Sau th trng tiu thc mrng ra cc a phng khc nh H Ni, Hi Phng v mt s tnh thnh khc min Bc. Sau nm 1975, sn phm g ca ng K c mang vo Thnh ph H

Ch Minh tiu th, sau th trng m rng sang Cam Pu Chia vo nm 1980, vo thtrng Lo nm 1985 v bt u thm nh p vo th trng Trung Quc nm 1994. Hinnay, khong 55% sn phm ca ng K tiu th ti th trng Trung Quc. Cn 40% sn

phm ca ng k tiu thth trng ni a v khong 5 % sn phm tiu thcc thtrng khc nh Lo, Chu u, M, Nga, Singapo, Malayxia,... Cc c s sn xut kinhdoanh trong cm CCNLN gng K chng tm kim th trng tiu th, qung

b sn phm. Hi n hu ht mi min t nc tham gia hi ch, t cc i l, vnphng, giao dch. Khng dng li , nhiu doanh nghip cn t chc nhiu chuyn i tmhiu th trng ti cc nc ng Nam , Trung Quc, M, Lin Bang Nga, Chu u,Chu Phi,...

Trong CCNLN dt kim La Ph, thi k sn phm dt kim ch yu c bn thtrng thnh thkhu vc pha Bc. T nm 1993, chnh sch cm vn kinh t ca Mivi Vit Nam c db nn th trng hng dt may ca La Ph c xut khu sangnhiu nc trn th gii nh Nga, Ucraina. n nm 1999, th trng xut khu c mrng sang cc nc khc nh Tip Khc, Ba Lan, Php v cc nc ng u khc. c bitnm 2003 sau hip nh khng p nh hn ngch, hng dt may ca La Ph bt u xutkhu sang th trng M. n nay, sn phm ca CCNLN La Ph c khong 60% s lnghng phc v cho xut khu cn 40% c tiu thkhp cc tnh thnh trong c ncthng qua cc i l bn bun, bn lcc a phng trong nc.


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Trong CCNLN my tre an Ph Ngha, do sn phm p, cht lng tt nn vo uth k 18 sn phm ca Ph Ngha c bn rng ri nhiu tnh thnh thuc min Bcca Vit Nam. n thi k kinh t k hoch tp trung, sn phm ca cc lng nghPh

Ngha ch yu xut khu cho Lin X v cc nc x hi ch ngha ng u. n cuinm 1990 do khng hong chnh tr nn khch hng cc nc ng u khng nhp hng

na. Nm 1991, mt s cssn xut trong lng ngh k hp ng v lm hng my trean cho i Loan. Tip theo , n nm 1993, cc t hp tc sn xut Ph Ngha kc hp ng sn xut hng my tre an cho Nht Bn. Sau th trng c mrng raPhp, Ty Ban Nha, c. Hin nay, cc sn phm ca CCNLN my tre an ny tiu thkhong 35% tng s lng sn phm th trng a phng v cc tnh thnh ph trong

phm vi ton quc. Cn 65% sn phm cn li phc v cho vic xut khu n cc thtrng truyn thng ca lng ngh ny nh Nga, cc nc ng u v i Loan vi yucu v cht lng khng cao nhng coi trng mu m, mu sc ca sn phm. ng thixut khu hng n cc th trng mi nh th trng M, Nht Bn, Php, Ty Ban Nha,c,

C th ni rng, hin nay th trng trong nc vi hn 80 triu dn ang c mc thunhp tng dn. ng thi trong thi gian ti Vit Nam s pht trin mnh ngnh du lch.Do vy, nu bit khai thc th trng hng ha phc v cho nhu cu sinh hot ca ngi dnv ngnh du lch th nhm cc sn phm th cng m ngh sc u chung v pht trinmnh. Mt khc, hin nay c mt s lng ln ngi tiu dng cc nc chu u, BcM, Nht Bn v cc nc chu ang hng n nhng sn phm mang tnh dn tc, tnhtruyn thng, tnh cht dn gian v nhng sn phm th cng, l cc sn phm c th snxut vi s lng ln trong cc CCNLN vng BSH.

i mi cng ngh v cgii ha cc cngon sn xut

Trong cc CCNLN, nhng ngi th lun tm cch i mi cng ngh vchuyn mn ha, hin i ha sn xut. H phi hp mt cch linh hot trong vic sdng cc cng ngh truyn thng, cng ngh ci tin v cng ngh hin i. Trc nhngnm 1990, hu ht cc my mc cng c trong cc lng ngh ch yu l cc cng c thcng, hoc bn ckh theo cng ngh c truyn, mt s my mc t ch hoc c thanh l

t cc doanh nghip nh nc [16]. Ngy nay, di s tc ng mnh ca khoa hc k thutv hi nhp quc t, cc cssn xut trong nhiu CCNLN HH cc trang thit b vcng ngh th cng truyn thng, thay th cng ngh th cng, lc hu bng cng ngh citin, hin i nng cao nng sut lao ng, cht lng sn phm, tng hiu qu sn xutkinh doanh.

C th nhCCNLN giy Phong Kh, sau 1986, trong lng ngh c si miquan trng v cng ngh v trang thit b sn xut. l vic my chy bt giy c avo s dng trong lng ngh vi cng sut chy c 100kg giy xi mng/1 gi, trong khi

p l phi mt 3 ngy (nng sut s dng my chy bt lc u gp 72 ln so vi vic sdng chn tay). Sau , nm 1989, chic my seo u tin c mua v lng ngh c cngsut l 600kg/ngy trong khi seo tay c 10kg/ngy/ngi. Do thy nng sut v hiu qu


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ca vic s dng my mc nn nhiu cssn xut bt u ckh ho ngh giy vis tng thm 5 my seo. Tip , nm 1992, 1 dy chuyn sn xut giy cng nghip utin c mua v lng ngh. n nm 2004, trong lng ngh c cc dy truyn sn xutgiy tng, tr gi hng triu USD. Hin nay, trong CCNLN Phong Kh c trn 200dy truyn sn xut giy cng nghip v c 4 dy truyn hin i sn xut c giy vit

(giy hc sinh, tng ng cht lng giy ca cng ty giy Bi Bng). Phn ln ccdoanh nghip trong CCNLN ny s dng my mc thay th hon ton lao ng tay chn.

Nhiu lao ng th cng trc y lm vic cho gia nh phi tham gia cc lp o tongh c kin thc s dng cc loi my mc, thit b mi trong cc doanh nghip caCCNLN ny.

Trong CCNLN gng K nng cao nng sut lao ng v cht lng snphm, cc c s sn xut trong CCNLN i su vo khu chuyn mn ha sn xut(chuyn pha g, chuyn c, chuyn chm, khm, nh bng, hon thin sn phm,...). S

dng nhiu loi my mc cgii ha trong sn xut nh ca, dc g, tin, bo, khoan,nh bng v dng ca tranh ct cc ha tit ca loi mt hng sn xut vi s lng ln.p dng cng ngh x l g, chm khc bn tng, dng my phun sn hon thin sn

phm nn to ra cc sn phm g m ngh c ng nht cao, cht lng tt. nnay, trong cm CCNLN gng Quang c khong 30 chic ca CD, 3 my sy gcng nghip. C 50% doanh nghip v 10% h lm ngh c my lng l. Ngoi ra cn cmy ly nn (trung bnh 2 chic/1 doanh nghip, 1 chic/h); my nh bng (trung bnh 6-7chic/1doanh nghi p v 2chic/1h sn xut), my bo, my phun sn,.... Vic i mimt s cng ngh v chuyn mn ha sn xut em n nng sut lao ng cao hn, chtlng sn phm tt hn v c kh nng thc hin c nhng hp ng ln trong thi gianngn,... y chnh l iu m nhiu lng ngh khc nu sn xut theo phng php th cngkhng lm c.

Trong CCNLN dt kim La Ph, cc doanh nghip dt kim trong CCNLN thay thton b cc my mc c c t thi k kinh t k hoch tp trung u t cc trang thit bv cng ngh mi nhm to ra cc sn phm c cht lng cao v tit kim nguyn liu.Hin nay, trong CCNLN ny c khong 2000 ci my dt, 4000 my khu, 700 my vt s,4000 my vo c o, 100 my l hi, 300 my dt tt, my thu vi tnh 20 ci,... Cc loi

my mc ny u c sn xut t cc nc Nht, Trung Quc v Hn Quc do cc cng tyt nhn hoc h sn xut mua v. Do l CCNLN chuyn lm hng xut khu nn cc cslm hng dt kim thng xuyn nng cp v i mi cng ngh, c mi quan h mt thitvi cc doanh nghip chuyn kinh doanh my mc thit b nm bt c cc cng nghmi c trn th trng. i vi nhng thit b hin i v kh s dng th c cc doanhnghip bn thit b v chuyn giao cng ngh hng dn cng nhn cch thc vn hnh, sdng.

Trong CCNLN my tre an Ph Vinh, nm t nm 1999 c my tr my v my

nh bng sn phm a vo sn xut. n nm 2000, bt u s dng my tr song v nm2001 s dng my tut my. Cc loi my ny u c nng xut cao gp 20 25 ln lao


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ng bng tay. Hin nay, trong vic sn xut v hon thin sn phm ca CCNLN ny sdng nhiu loi my mc nh my phun sn (c 10 chic), my bn inh (10 my), cc loimy sy, nh bng sn phm,... Vic a my mc vo sn xut lm tng nng sut laong v cht lng sn phm, c bit l cng on phun mu sn phm, to cho sn phm

bn v p.

Khai thc c hiu qu cc ngun lc tc ca a phng

A)- Yu tvn x hi v vn con ngi

Theo Putnam [17], vn x hi l cc th ch, cc quan h v tiu chun quyt nh slng v cht lng ca cc tng tc x hi v nhn t quyt nh s nng ng ca ccvng. Thc t, cc CCNLN BSH k tha v pht trin tt cc mi quan h truyn

thng v hnh thnh cc mng li x hi mi. Cc doanh nghip trong cm cng bitkhai thc cc gi tr truyn thng v danh ting v sn phm ca lng ngh.

Nh CCNLN giy Phong Kh k tha v pht trin ngnh ngh truyn thng caa phng pht trin t lng ngh sn xut giy th cng sang sn xut cc loi giy ccht lng cao p ng nhu cu ca th trng. Khai thc v pht trin cc kin thcngh nghi p v cc mi quan h ca lng ngh lm giy d trc y vi cc lng nghkhc mrng cc mi quan h v th trng tiu th sn phm. Trong qu trnh thngmi ha sn phm ca CCNLN ny, nhiu i l cung cp nguyn vt liu v tiu th sn

phm lc u tm n CCNLN ny t vic bit n danh ting c ca lng ngh lm giyDng (thuc x Phong Kh) trc y.

Cn ti CCNLN gng Quang, ngi dn k tha v pht trin cc mi quanh t hot ng bun tru b (trc nm 1960) v i x g thu (trc nhng nm 1980)ca lng ng K pht trin mng li thu mua ghu khp cc tnh, thnh ph cngun nguyn liu gcc tnh pha Bc, sau mrng mng li ra c nc v ncngoi. Chnh cc mng li quan h trc ay to nn ngun lc chung ca cng ngtrong CCNLN ny. cng chnh l nhn t quan trng gp phn vo s pht trin th

trng, pht trin sn xut ca CCNLN gng Quang [18].Trong cm lng ngh dt La Ph, k tha v pht huy rt hiu qu cc mi quan

h c t thi k kinh t k hoch tp trung thng qua cc u mi cung cp nguyn liu vxut khu hng dt kim ca cc HTX th cng trc y. Hin nay, cc mi quan h vntn ti v pht trin, ng thi tng cng hn mi lin h gia nhng h gia nh lm nghv cc cng ty qua s lm hng gia cng. Gia cc h lm gia cng v cc cng ty lun cmi quan h cht ch v dng buc ln nhau trong vic thc hin cc hp ng tiu th sn

phm trn cscng c trch nhim v hai bn cng c li. Trong CCNLN ny, cc doanh

nghip thng hp tc vi nhau trong vic trao i vt t, mua nguyn liu, t chc snxut v chia s th trng tiu th sn phm.


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Cn trong CCNLN my tre an Ph Vinh, ngi dn gn gi v pht trin nghtruyn thng. ng thi thng qua cc mi quan h truyn ngh, o to ngh cho cc a

phng trc y h hnh thnh nhng mng li cung cp vt t, nguyn liu v hthng lm hng gia cng vi cc lng ngh khc trong huyn Chng M, trong tnh HTy v nhiu tnh khc nh Thi Bnh, H Nam, Hi Dng, Hng yn v mrng n cc

tnh trung du min ni pha Bc nh Ph Th, Tuyn Quang, Sn La,... Do vy, khi c hpng mua hng vi s lng ln, cc doanh nghip Ph Ngha c th tm n tt c cclng ngh my tre an trong vng t lm hng gia cng v thu mua sn phm. Bn cnh cc doanh nghip cn c mi quan h vi cc lng ngh lm nn l, sn mi,...

Vvn con ngi:Ngi dn trong cc lng nghvng BSH t xa pht trinngh th cng nghip, bun bn v gn y cgii ho mt s cng on trong sn xutnng nghip v hot ng th cng. Cho nn i sng cng nghip thm nhp vo ccgia nh kh sm v "chuyn nghip ha" ngi lao ng trong cc lng ngh. Bn cnh ,

ngi dn trong lng ngh lun hc tp v tip thu ngh truyn thng ca gia nh v quhng. Chnh v vy, trong cc lng ngh truyn thng lun c mt b phn thth cng cchuyn mn, kin thc v tay ngh cao. c bit, c nhiu ngh nhn gii ngh, yu ngh,c o c v lun tm ra nhng mu m sn phm mi. Bn cnh cng c nhng doanhnhn chuyn i nghin cu v pht trin th trng cho lng ngh. Chnh yu t v x hi vvn con ngi cng l nhng yu t quan trng quyt nh s pht trin ca cc lng nghv hnh thnh ln cc CCNLN vng BSH.

B)- Khai thc tt sgn kva l v tchc

S xut hin cc cm cng nghip lng ngh gn lin vi s gn k va l v tchc. Cc doanh nghip v cssn xut trong cc CCNLN khai thc s gn k val vi th H Ni, ni c xem nh l mt th trng rng ln tiu th cc sn phmv cung cp nguyn liu, cc dch v v khoa hc v cng ngh,.... Hn na s gn k va l gia cc lng ngh vi nhau cng to iu kin thun li v gim chi ph trong vicvn chuyn vt t, tiu th sn phm v o to lao ng ca cc CCNLN. Thc t cho thytrong nhng nm gn y lun c 1 lc lng lao ng nhng x, lng thun nng sanglm thu cho cc cssn xut nhng CCNLN. Nhng lao ng ny t ch hc ngh, sau

lm thu cho cc csdy ngh v dn dn tch ra khi cs lm thu u t xydng mt cssn xut c lp. chnh l cch lan rng ca cc mng li lm hng giacng v mrng khng gian ca cc CCNLN trong vng BSH.

Bn cnh trong cc CCNLN cn c s gn k v hnh thc t chc sn xut vkinh doanh gia cc doanh nghip, h sn xut. Chnh v vy, trong cc CCNLN d dnghnh thnh mng li lm hng gia cng. ng thi, vic ng dng, chuyn giao v nhnrng cc tin b k thut trong CCNLN cng din ra nhanh chng v t kt qu cao datrn cch bt chc hoc hc lm ca nhng ngi th, ca cc doanh nghi p trong

CCNLN. Mt khc, do c s gn k va l v t chc nn vic thu tuyn dng lao ngtrong CCNLN l rt d dng v p ng nhanh chng nhu cu ca nh tuyn dng v slng v cht lng ca lao ng. V d trong CCNLN gng K, lc u cc lao


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ng n t cc lng ngh truyn thng gn k nh lng Ph Kh, Hng Mc, Tam Sn,Vn H (H Ni),... Trong s cc lao ng t ni khc n ng K lm thu, c mt s laong c tay ngh do qu hng ca h c cc ngh tng t nh CCNLN ngQuang, v d nh thKhm trai Chuyn M (H Ty), thc chm ng Giao (HngYn); thmc Bc Giang, Nam nh,...

Vi vic khai thc tt s gn k va l v t chc, trong cc CCNLN thng gimc nhiu chi ph giao dch, vn chuyn v o to, ng thi c kh nng pht trin nhanhs lao ng v h lm ngh trong thi gian ngn. cng l trng hp pht trin nhanh vs lng h sn xut v khng gian ca CCNLN gng Quang.

C)- Cc yu tcsh tng v ngun lc chung

Thc t l cc CCNLN ca vng BSH u nm trong hnh lang cc khu vc kinht trng im pha Bc, c h thng giao thng ng b, ng st, ng thy kh pht

trin, gn sn bay quc t Ni Bi v cng Hi Phng, mng li in, h thng thng tinlin lc kh pht trin v hon chnh. Trong sn xut tiu th cng nghip, cc tnh v thnh

ph cng c nhiu chnh sch h trvt, v vn cho vic xy dng csh tng, xydng cc khu tiu th cng nghi p lng ngh trong cc CCNLN. Mt khc, trong ccCCNLN thng l ni hnh thnh cc th trng v nguyn liu, lao ng, cng ngh,vn v tiu th sn phm. ng thi, ti nhng CCNLN ny thng c ngun lao ng ckin thc v trnh tay ngh cao. Bn cnh , cc doanh nghip trong CCNLN cn ctha hng kin thc v k nng lm ngh ti gia nh hoc ti cc cssn xut khc calng ngh. Chnh v vy, cc h sn xut v doanh nghip trong cc CCNLN ny ctha hng v khai thc c cc iu kin thun li v c sh tng v cc ngun lcchung pht trin sn xut.

D)- C cc thchiu tit v cc chnh sch khuyn khch pht trin sn xut

Trc y, trong hu ht cc lng ngh th cng lu i, ni ting Vit Nam uc quy ch v ngh th cng, hoc thnh vn bn ring hoc trong mt siu ca hngc, l lng,... Trong trng mc no , chng trthnh th php quy ca tng lng, x.

Nhng quy ch ny c truyn ti ny sang i khc, bt buc cc thnh vin trong gia

tc, trong phng hi nht nht tun theo, thc hin mt cch nghim ngt trong vic gngi v pht trin ngh. Ngy nay, trong cc CCNLN thng c cc th chiu phi cchot ng ca cc tc nhn tham gia gip cho s pht trin ngh nghip bn vng, phthuy c cc gi tr kinh t, vn ha, x hi, cc gi tro c, lng tin v lng tmngi th th hin cht lng sn phm lm ra. l cc mi quan h cht ch, dng

buc ln nhau gia cc c nhn trn cscc mng li x hi nh gia nh, dng h, bn b, ngh nghi p v thng mi t chc v iu phi cc hot ng sn xut v kinhdoanh.

Bn cnh , mi trng th ch cn th hin s thay i v ban hnh k p thinhng chnh sch ca nh nc nhm khuyn khch pht trin ngnh ngh, xy dng cccm tiu th cng nghip nng thn. V d nh Quyt nh s 132/2000/Q-TTg ngy


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24/1/2000 ca Th tng Chnh ph v mt s chnh sch khuyn khch u t pht trinngnh ngh nng thn. Sau , cc a phng c th ha cc chnh sch ca Nh ncv ban hnh b sung cc chnh sch ca a phng thc y s pht trin cc lng nghnng thn. C th nh tnh Bc Ninh, ban hnh Ngh Quyt 04-NQ/TU ngy 25/5/98ca Ban chp hng ng b tnh Bc Ninh v pht trin lng ngh tiu th cng nghip; ri

Quyt nh 60/2001/Q-UB ngy 26/6/2001 v vic ban hnh quy nh u i khuynkhch u t trn a bn tnh Bc Ninh,...

Ti H ty, t nm 1999 tnh u, HND, UBND tnh c quyt nh trch tin tngun ngn sch ca tnh h trkhuyn cng nh h tro to ngh, truyn ngh nhncy ngh, a ngh mi v lng,... Tip , ngy 22/02/2001, UBND tnh ra quyt nh s208/2001/Q-UB v vic l p quy hoch t pht trin lng ngh. n ngy 06/01/2003,UBND tnh ra quyt nh s 08/Q-UB ban hnh 14 cch h trv cho vay y mnhu t cho xy dng pht trin ngnh ngh, lng ngh nng thn. Ngy 13/07/2005

UBND tnh c Quyt nh s 872/2005/Q- UB v vic ban hnh quy nh v xy dng vqun l cc khu tiu th cng nghip lng ngh trn a bn tnh H Ty.

Tuy nhin, chng ta cng phi thy rng chnh quyn a phng ng vai tr rt lntrong vic t chc, cho v nh hng pht trin ngnh ngha phng. Chnh nhng ni c CCNLN pht trin mnh l ni c nhng ngi c chc, c quyn (nh chtch x, b thng y x) a phng cng tham gia lm ngh. Chnh h l ngi cthng tin v bit c cc kh khn trong sn xut v kinh doanh c nhng kin ngh kpthi vi cc cp chnh quyn v cc cquan chuyn mn nhm tho gkh khn v to

iu kin cho sn xut pht trin sn xut kinh doanh trong CCNLN.

3. Kt lun

Hin nay khu vc nng thn ang hnh thnh cc CCNLN, y l m hnh t chcsn xut nng ng, c kh nng i mi v hin i ha sn xut v tham gia tch cc voqu trnh CNH v HH nng nghi p v nng thn. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca ccCCNLN ny v ang to ra ng lc thc y vic mrng qui m sn xut, pht trinth trng tiu th sn phm v to thm nhiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng a phng,gim p lc ca vic di c ca lao ng t nng thn v thnh ph tm vic lm.

Chnh v vy, m hnh CCNLN cn c tip tc nghin cu, hon thin v cn ccc chnh sch h trvic quy hoch v pht trin cc CCNLN ny thnh cc h thng sngto cc vng nng thn, thnh ni nui dng v pht trin s chuyn i t cc h snxut phi hinh thc thnh cc doanh nghip hnh thc, gp phn y nhanh s CNH v HHtrong nng nghip v nng thn Vit Nam.

TI LIU THAM KHO


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1. Nguyn Sinh Cc,Nhng bi hc rt ra tthc tin pht trin cng nghip nng thn cc nc ang pht trin chu . Hi tho v Cng nghip Nng thn, B K hoch v ut Vit Nam v JICA, 25-26 thng 6/2000, trang 119-126, H Ni.

2. o Th Tun, Cng nghip ha nng thn. Hi tho v Cng nghip Nng thn, B K

hoch v u t Vit Nam v JICA, 25-26 thng 6/2000, trang 91-107, H Ni.3. B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn Vit Nam, n ca chng trnh pht trinmi lng mt nghgiai on 2006 - 2015. Hi tho gii thiu chng trnh pht trin milng mt ngh, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, 18/11/2005, H Ni.

4. Yumio Sakurai, Cng nghip ha nng thn Vit Nam. Hi tho v Cng nghip Nngthn, B K hoch v u t Vit Nam v JICA, 25-26 thng 6/2000, trang 56 - 74, H Ni.

5. Nguyn c Nhun, Le Vietnam et le tournant urbain : mtropolisation et

cosmopolitisation. Cahiers dtudes vietnamiennes. N17, Universit Paris 7, UFR AsieOrientale. Editions Asie du Jubil. Paris 2004, pp.31-44

6. B K hoch v u t,FDI thi WTO, Trang bo in tca B khoc v u t:http://www.mpi.gov.vn/showTinvan.aspx?Lang=4&ma_tinvan=13860 (tra cu ngy15/02/2008).

7. JICA & MARD, Bo co tm tt vTngiu tra v quy hoach pht trin ngnh nghnng thn Vit Nam. B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, 2004, H Ni.

8. Marshall, A., Principles of Economics. 8me edition. 1997, Great minds series, MacMillian, Londres 1890, 450 p.

9. Courlet C., Pecqueur B., Systmes locaux d'entreprises et externalits: un essai detypologie. Revue dEconomie Rgionale et Urbaine, No3/4, 2001, pp. 391-406.

10. Colletis G., Pecqueur B., Intgration des espaces et quasi intgration des firmes : versde nouvelles rencontres productives. Revue d'Economie Rgionale et UrbaineNo3, 2003, p.489-507.

11. Becattini G.,Le district marshallien: une notion socio-conomique in : Les rgions quigagnent. Districts et rseaux: les nouveaux paradigmes de la gographie conomique.Benko G. et Lipietz A. (d.). PUF. Paris 1992. pp 35-55.

12. Porter, M., Clusters and the new economics of competition. In: Harvard BusinessReview, Nov-Dec 1998. EUA. pp. 77-90.

13. Schmitz, H., Nadvi, K., "Clustering and industrialization: introduction", WorldDevelopment, Vol. 27 No.9, 1999, pp.1503-14


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14. Nguyn Xun Hon, Lmergence de clusters dans les zones rurales priurbaines:lexemple de la province de Bac Ninh au Vietnam. Le mmoire DEA DESTIN-C3ED/UVSQ. Paris 2004, 112p.

15. Trn Minh Yn,Lng nghtruyn thng trong qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha.

NXB Khoa hc x hi, H Ni 2004, 264 trang.16. Nguyn nh Phan v ng Th Lan, Nhng hng ch yu trongng dng tin bkhoa hc trong cng nghi p nng thn nhng nm qua. Hi tho v Cng nghi p Nngthn, B K hoch v u t Vit Nam v JICA, 25-26 thng 6/2000, tr 108-118, H Ni.

17. PUTNAM R D., The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life, in : TheAmerican Prospect, Volume 4, Issue 13, March 21, 1993, 35-42.

18. Nguyn Xun Hon, Cm cng nghip lng nghng K : Lch s v hin trng. Tp

ch Xa v nay, s 293, thng 10-2007, trang 25-28. H Ni.


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tambon, one product" launched since 1999 when the Prime Minister of Thailand visited theshop "One village, one product" in Japan [3].

In summary, some countries have successed in the rural industrialization anddeveloped small and medium scale enterprises in the countryside. In Vietnam, this policy

has been initiated in the Resolution V, term VII of the Central Government dated on June10, 1993 and continued to accelerate. The question is that during the past times Vietnamhas implemented the rural industrialization in which form? Is there any changes in theindustrialization of craft villages in the countryside? What have been learnt from thedevelopment of craft villages during the rural industrialization?

2. Research results:

2.1. Rural industrialization in Vietnam

Nowadays, Vietnams population is over 84 millions, 75% of which is living in thecountryside. During the past years, urban industrialization has quite developed but still notbe able to employ all people coming from the countryside. The redundancy of labour andimmigration from the countryside are being grown fastly. At present, the industry andconstruction sector only contribute 42% of the economic structure and the rate of labour inthe industry sector is just over 18% of the national labour.

Consequently, the target of rural industrialization policy in Vietnam is to raiseincome for farmers, to expand labour market and to industrilise & modernize the agriculture

structure. In order to gain these three important targets, the policy of rural industrilizationincludes the mechanization of the industrial - agricultural production and the developmentof processing sector for export or non-import and handicraft sector in the rural area [4]. Infact, during the past years, Vietnam has conducted two main forms of rural industrialization.

Firstly, it is the form of rural industrilization based on the development of multi-sectoral industry parks in the peri-urban area and along the national highways to attract theenterprises from cities and foreign invested enterprises in order to develop industrial

production, services and solve the employment issue for the countryside. This form of

industry has began since early 1990s and still intensively developes and equips the production system with modern technologies and machines, mainly serving for city andforeign invested enterprises.

For this form of rural industrialization, the government has issued very favourablepolicy to supporting both domestic and foreign investors to build industrial zones in peri-urban and countryside areas. At the beginning, big cities were considered as a motive to

promote for the national industrialization and modernization, therefore, priority was put foreconomic triangle areas like Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh in the north, Hue- Da Nang-

Quang Ngai in the central and Ho Chi Minh city - Bien Hoa - Vung Tau in the south[5]. Butnowadays, policies and priorities are realized in all provinces and cities. Particularly, thegovernment has decentralized and empowered for the local authorities to design and


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appraise the project before submitting to the Government for approval, and they will buildand manage those local industrial zones later.

Until now, the country has over 15 industrial- processing parks with the area of over25,000 ha. It is planned that until 2015, 115 new industrial parks will be built and 25 others

will be expanded. From 1988 to 2007, Vietnam has attracted 9,500 foreign investedprojects with total capital of USD 98 billion. Foreign - invested sector contributed 16% ofGDP, USD 1.5 billion in 2007 and create jobs for 1.2 million direct employers and millionsof indirect employers[6].

Secondly, it is the form of rural industrialization through developing craft villages5 inthe countryside thanks to the activeness of local people and authorities. Craft villagesnormally produce commodities, handicrafts, art products for demestic demand and export or

produce foods, foodstuff and materials for consumption and other processing industries. In

those craft villages, many households have transformed into small and medium scaleenterprises to do their business in bigger scale and approach national and internationalmarkets.

According to statistics of Japan International Cooperation Agency [7], until 2003 thewhole country has had around 2,017 craft villages6. Craft villages in Vietnam have createdregular jobs for over 1.3 million of workers and actively contributed to the work of ruralindustrialization and poverty reduction in rural area. Products of craft villages have beensold in over 100 countries in the world, the export value of handicrafts even reach USD 565million/year. Although the government has issued policies, guidelines to restore anddevelop craft villages during the past years, most of craft villages develop freely without thegovernments efficient support and strict control. At present, many villages are in troubleand may loose their profession. However, some others are quite dynamic, renovating andmodernizing the production. They gather together in village cluster with many enterprises,

becoming a potential place for enterprises to grow up into formal ones, therefore, theseclusters of craft villages need to be planned and developed as an innovative system in ruralarea.

2.2. Cluster of craft villages in the Red River Delta

2.2.1. Concept of cluster and cluster of craft village

The concept of cluster appeared in late 19th century by Marshall[8], with his researchon industrial production concentration in the north of Britain. After that, this concept has

been developed into two approaches. Researchers following French approach like Courlet etPecquer [9], Colletis [10] called as local production system SPL "Systmes productifs

5Craft village is one or many groups of residents at level of village, hamlet or equivalent residential unit in one commune, town

that has rural profession, producing one or many different products.6 Criterion to define craft village is that the village has activities relating to a certain profession involving 20% of households

and creating 20% of total products produced in that village.


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localiss which concens much on the territory matters. Researchers following England-American approach called as "cluster or "industry district with G. Becattini [11]; M.Porter [12]; Nadvi and Schmitz [13], etc. After studying the economic transformation andrural industrialization in Red River Delta, we find that the appearance of cluster of villagesis like Cluster in Italia since 1970s [14]. Thus, in this research we use the concept "Cluster"

and study approaches of G. Becattini; M. Porter; Nadvi et Schmitz and refer to their studiesworks conducted in Italia, the U.S and developing countries like Brazil and Indonesia. So,what is the cluster?

Cluster, according to G. Becattini [11, opcit], is a typical social - territorial entitywith the existence of a human and enterprise community in a certain geographical historical atmostphere.

Cluster, according to M. Porter [12, opcit], is the geographical concentration of

enterprises, specialized service suppliers, service beneficiaries, industrial sectors, andrelevant institutions.

In fact, there are many different definitions about cluster but all mention thegeographical concentration of enterprises enclosed with the renovation and dynamicdevelopment from the cooperation in Colletive efficiency via impacts of externaleconomy, supplier network, customer network and benefits of collective actions[13, opcit].In cluster, the key point is to have the cooperation, large scale production, mutual impact,inter - help, competition and ability of quick reaction to market changes in order to getefficiency in production and trading.

In Vietnam, the cluster of craft villages is a local production system, characterizedwith the geographical concentration of producing, trading and service enterprises with the

same business field or having related business activity. The geographical concentration ofenterprises has created institutions which stimulates the establishment and development ofrelationship, cooperation and competition among the enterprises of the same territory, alsocreates the network of suppliers, customers and the renovation and common benefits formembers in the same territory.

2.2.2. Forms of clusters of craft villages in Red River Delta

Based on statistics and information collected in 90 clusters of craft villages in Ha Tayand Bac Ninh, we have classified 3 types of clusters, as following:

A)- Cluster of craft villages with high level of industrialization and specialization(30% of total surveyed clusters). This kind of cluster is dynamic with characteristics as

below:

- High population density (2,500 persons/km2), small farming land/ person

(260m2/person);


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- High rate of production households (53% of local households are involved and thenumber of formal enterprises in the cluster is high (30 enterprises/cluster);

- Income from the job is high (1 million VND/person/month on average). Incomefrom the profession account for 75% of total income;

- High investment capital for production (on average each household invests over100 million VND, each enterprise invests over 1 billion VND);

- High capacity for modernization, technologies and equiment have been invested(many clusters have automatic production line). Have many renovation on equipment and

production mechanism;

- Clusters scale is large and use many workers (on average, 4,500 employers/clusterand require many professional workers who have been trained (educated workers account

for 60%);- Lack of workers and have to hire employers from other areas (workers from other

areas are over 1000 workers/cluster, accounting for 24% of total workers in cluster);

- Have many relations, exchange among craft villages in terms of labour, materialand product consumption. The market develops intensively in and outside the country;

- High competition in terms of production area, labour and input materials; and

- Clusters of this kind mainly focus on wood, textile, metallurgy and food processingindustry.

B)- Industrializing clusters doing both farming and other industry (accounting for36% of 90 surveyed clusters). This type of cluster has medium activeness with thecharacteristics as:

- High population density (1500 people/km2); small farming land/person (on average500m2/person on average);

- High rate of involved households (67% of total households in the cluster) and smallnumber of formal enterprises (4 enterprises/cluster on average);

- Income of involved workers is not high (550 thousand VND/person/month).Clusters income from the profession is just 48% of total income on average. Income fromfarming is just 31% of total income;

- High investment capital for production (averagely, each household invests over 50million VND and each enterprise invests over 500 million VND);

- Have capacity of equipment modernization, but still use the renovated traditionaltechnology, lack of new technologies and modern equipment;


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- Medium scale and use much labours (regular workers are 2,700 people/cluster) anddo not require many trained workers (educated workers occupy less than 50%);

- No lack of skillful labours, seldomly hire labours from other areas (workers fromother locality is 100 people/cluster, accounting for 5% of total employees in the cluster);

- Have many relations with different craft villages and with the markets of domesticprovinces and cities and some clusters even have relationships with foreign countries;

- Little competition in production area, labours and input materials in this type ofcluster; and

- This kind of cluster often major in sectors like bamboo weaving, textile and food processing and mainly developed from new craft villages, able to find the market anddiversify products to meet market demand.

C)- Cluster going to industrialise, mainly do farming in combination with otherindustries (34% of total surveyed clusters). The cluster of this kind has low activeness andcharacteristics as below:

- High population density (1,400 persons/km2); small farming land/person (520m2/person) compared with the average farming land of 700m2/person in Red River Delta;

- Low rate of involved households (41% ) and small number of formal enterprises (2enterprises/cluster on average);

- Low income of involved worker (on average 600 thousan ng/person/month).Vic ti u t cho sn xut thp.Income from the profession is just 31% of total income,lower than income from farming (36%). The re-investment for production is little;

- Demand and real capital for the industry is low (on average, each household investsover 10 million dong, each enterprise invests over 300 million VND);

- Low capacity for production modernization. The cluster has little investment fortechnologies and equipment, use renovated traditional tools, mainly use manual labours

(many clusters have rudimentary production tools like cluster of embroidery and bambooweaving industry);

-Use much labour but do not require high professional level (about 1, 700workers/cluster). Most of employers in these clusters often combine farming with this

profession;

- These clusters are not lacked of labours and seldomly hire workers from otherregions (on average, workers from other localities are 50 people/cluster);

- Little relation among craft villages in the cluster, lack of trading network andexchange with outsiders. Material purchase and distribution are transacted via middle - man;


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- No competition in production area, labours and input materials in this kind ofcluster; and

- Clusters of this kind often major in embroidery, sedge and conical hat weaving,bamboo weaving and food processing.

In conclusion, there are different kinds of clusters but each develops in the way oftaking advantage of the locality strength and according to the chain (niche) of products andservices that it is able to produce to meet the market demand. We will present here sometypical clusters in the Red River Delta.

2.2.3. Reality in some typical clusters of craft villages

A)- Phong Khe cluster of paper making villages

The cluster in Phong Khe has 4 villages ,(Dng , o X, Ng Kh, Chm Kh)

belong to Phong Khe commune, Yen Phong district in Bac Ninh province. The populationdensity in this cluster is 1,500 persons/km2, the average farming land is 370m2/person. Theindustry of paper making has existed in Phong Khe since 16 th century. After long timedeveloping handmade papers, with the renovation in technologies and equipment, until nowPhong Khe cluster has had the capacity to produce most of high quality papers needed in themarket like toilet paper, tissue, student books, calendar paper, packaging paper, kraf paper,etc. At present, this industry attracts 174 enterprises and about 200 households in thecommune. This industry has created jobs for about 7,000 workers, 3,000 of those are from

other localities. Revenue from paper production is 455 billion dong/year (accounting for91% of the clusters total revenue). In this cluster, one area of craft villages has been built inthe area of over 13 ha to solve the problem of production area for the clusters enterprises.The enterprises here always renovate technologies and equipment to give out products ofhigher quality to meet the domestic demand and compete with imported products.

B)- Dong Quang cluster of art product villages

Dong Quang cluster includes 3 villages (ng K, Trng Lit v Bnh H) of DongQuang commune, Tu Son district, Bac Ninh province. The population density here is 31000

persons/km2. The average farming land is 190m2/person. The profession of handicraftproduction has begun since 1960s with main items like traditional bed, cupboard, modern bed, old styled table and chairs, horizontal lacquered board, parallel sentence boards,ancestor table, desk, palanquin, wordship statues, art statues, etc. After many years learningand developing this profession, until now in this cluster there has been 2,260 households(65% of the clusters households) and 226 enterprises involved in this (76 privateenterprises, 91 liability limited companies and 59 coops). Besides, there are over 100 shopsin this cluster specializing selling input wood and 170 households are involved in services.

The wood product industry has initiated jobs for 12,000 workers in this cluster, 49% ofwhich are women and 42% are from other localities. The income level of workers is 800thousand VND to 1.5 million VND/person/month. Revenue from this industry is about 210


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billion VND/year (80% of clusters total revenue) Investment capital for production oftenchanges from hundred of million VND/household to several billion dong/enterpriseaccording the enterprise scale and category of products. Up to now, in the Dong Quangcluster, 53 ha of farming land have been planned to be transformed into industrial land tosolve the problem of area for production and trading. Dong Quang cluster has become the

biggest market of wood products in Vietnam and famous for its product quality both indomestic and international market.

C)- La Phu cluster of textile villages

La Phu cluster of textile villages includes 16 villages in La Phu commune, Hoai Ducdistrict, Ha Tay province. The population density is about 2600 persons/ km2. Averagefarming land is 230m2/person. Key products of this cluster is knitwear like knit jumper, ,socks, scarf, etc. The knitting industry existed and developed in La Phu before 1945. In the

collective economic time, the industry was controlled by the communes craft cooperative.After the cooperatives disintergrated, the knitting has developed strongly in La Phushouseholds. Until now, it has atracted 1,760 households (86% of total households), 30liability limited companies, 100 private enterprises, 20 households trading in inputmaterials, 10 households involved in transport and 100 households collecting knitwear forlocal companies and whosalers from other localities. Knitwear production and trade in LaPhu have employed about 12,000 people, 5,000 of which are local people (63% of thecommune labour) and 7,000 people from neighbouring communes. In addition, about 1,000households work for the company, these households are in neighbouring communes, where

20-30 km away from La Phu cluster. At present, the kniting industry has initiated income of320 billion dong/year (78% of the clusters total income). The La Phu cluster now also has a40 ha area for 300 enterprises to rent land for building factories.

D)- Phu Nghia cluster of bamboo, rattan product villages

Phu Nghia cluster covers 7 villages in Phu Nghia commune, Chuong My district, HaTay province. The population density is 1,180 persons/km2. The average farming land is470m2/person. The profession of bamboo rattan product manufacturing in Phu Nghia hasstarted since 17th century, where is also the birth place of bamboo rattan munufacturing inthe Red River Delta. Products of this cluster are very diversified from housewares todecoration furnitures such as tables, chairs, beds, cabinets, salons, make - up tables, bags,

paintings, lamps, etc. In 2007, this industry had 1,780 households involved in producing(87% of total households) with the income ranging from 700 thousand to 1 millionVND/person/month. Earnings from this profession in Phu Nghia is about 38 billionVND/year (53% of total earnings). Phu Nghia cluster also has planned and built anindustrial park of 138 ha.

In addition, nowadays other localities in Red River Delta also have many productionmodernized villages and forming clusters of craft villages. Thus, what have we learnt fromthe success of these clusters?


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2.3. Basic factors to the success of clusters of craft villages:

2.3.1. Market research and promotion:

Nowadays, market plays a very important role in deciding the existence anddevelopment of each craft village, especially the distribution market [15], so how are themarket research and promotion done by clusters of craft villages in Red river delta?

A)- Market of material supply

Characteristics of input market for clusters in general are not stable, price of inputs isoften changing. In the past, the input market was spot selling and purchase, especiallymaterials for food processing and commodity production like weaving, textile, ceramics.The input source has become exhausted and provided from other areas or even exported.

Therefore, in the developed clusters some groups and individuals specialise in finding,exploiting and providing materials for other households and units to produce. At present,most of localities have the markets for selling and purchasing materials in the clusters withmany retailing and wholesale shops.

In the Phong Khe paper cluster, the material market always change. At first, theworkers used materials as cover of paper mulberry trees. After that, they took advantage ofold newspapers and books which are soaked and crushed. Then they discovered cement

packages can replace materials from paper mulberry trees. Later they learnt how to use

neohouzeaua bamboo for materials. Some other time, they mainly used damson, jute,...Now, they use waste paper and neohouzeaua bamboo for materials. In the past, the supplymarkets were Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Bac Kan, Lang Son. Later, the supplying marketare Hoa Binh, Quang Ninh, Yen Bai, etc. Also, some enterprises imported pulp from Chinato produce high quality paper.

In Dong Quang cluster, enterprises and households always value researching andpromoting the market of wood materials. Before 1980, wood was used to be bought fromLang Son, Thai Nguyen, Quang Tri, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, etc. Since 1980, enterprises have

expanded the material market to southern provinces like Gia Lai, Dac Lac, Binh Thuan,Ninh Thuan, etc and also imported some high value kinds of wood (rose-timber, alder tree,bassia,...) from Cambodia for producing activities. In 1996, wood from Laos was going tobe imported and then wood from Indonesia, Malaisia and Africa. Until now, in Dong Quangthere has been about 100 wood stores, of which many big buyers often purchase wood atlarge quantity valuing 3 to 5 billion VND/ time, equal to 200 - 250m3. Nowadays, Dong Ky

becomes the larget market of valuable wood in the north and in the country.

In Phu Nghia cluster of bamboo rattan products, material markets are always

exploited to meet the production needs. Before, materials of bamboo, rattan product villageswere mainly provided from northern mountainous provinces. At present, there are two main


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supply sources: Firstly, the supply of rattan, bamboo from central provinces in Vietnam(80%) such as Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam,Dac Lac and Binh Thuan. Or materials imported from Laos and Cambodia, preliminarytreated in some central provinces, then transported to craft villages in Ha Tay and Phu

Nghia. Secondly, the material source supplies about 20% of the needs in this cluster. The

rattan supply is mainly from northern mountainous provinces such as H Giang, TuynQuang, Yn Bi, Bc Cn, Thi Nguyn, North west provinces and Phu Nghiasneighbouring areas like Son Tay, Hoa Binh, etc.

For La Phu textile cluster, before it purchased materials mainly from Hanoi orthrough some companies or traders. Now, its materials are mainly originated from twosources: 40% by domestic companies like Eight March textile company, Nha Trang textilefibre company, Bien Hoa textile fibre company, winter wool company, Ha Dong woolcompany and Hai Phong wool company. Imported material is 60%, mainly from China. The

expansion of material market is strongly developed, thanks to the governments openpolicies and the activeness of textile enterprises in La Phu.

B)- Distribution market

In recent years, enterprises in the dynamic clusters have found and expanded thedomestic and international distribution markets.

For example, papers products from Phong Khe cluster were formerlly sold to DongHo folk painting producing villages (Bac Ninh), Binh Da firecracker villages and Cot votive

paper villages in Tu Liem, Hanoi. Later, products of Phong Khe village has been diversifiedto be distributed in northern provinces with main items like toilet paper, packaging paper,writing paper, etc. At present, this cluster can produce almost all kinds of high quality

papers in the markets so that its markets have been expanded nation - wide and somehandicraft papers are exported to Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Laos andCambodia, etc.

In Dong Quang, at the beginning, only some households produced antique styledwood products, which are just sold within the locality and neighboring communes with very

few quantities. After that, the distribution markets are enlarged to other areas such as HaNoi, Hai Phong and some other provinces in the north. After 1975, Dong Ky products havebeen brought to Ho Chi Minh city, Cambodia in 1980, Laos in 1985 and China in 1994. Nowadays, about 55% of Dong Ky products are distributed in China, 40% in domesticmarket and 5% in other markets like Laos, Europe, America, Russia, Singapore andMalaisia, etc. Enterprises in Dong Ky cluster are dynamic to find the markets and advertisetheir products. They have travelled every region in the country to attend trade fair, establishagenies, offices and transactions. Many enterprises even organize market survey trips tosouth east asian countries, China, the U.S, Russia, Europe and Africa, etc.

For La Phu cluster, there was a time that textile was only sold in northern urban area.Since 1993, when the economic embargo policy of the U.S was removed, textile products of


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La Phu have been exported to many countries like Russia, Ukraine. In 1999, export wasexpanded to such markets as Czech, Poland, France and other Eastern Europe countries.Especially, in 2003 after the agreement not imposing quota was signed, La Phu productswere started to be exported to the U.S. At present, 60% of La Phu products are for export,the rest 40% are sold in all countrys provinces through the network of wholesale and retail

agents.

For Phu Nghia bamboo, rattan product cluster, its products have been sold largely inmany northern provinces, thanks to nice appearance and good quality. In the collectiveeconomic time, Phu Nghia products were mostly exported to Russia and Eastern Europecommunist countries. In late 1990, buyers in Eastern Europe countries stopped buying dueto political crisis. In 1991, some factories in the village had contracts of bamboo weaving

products with Taiwan. Then, in 1993 some production cooperation groups in Phu Nghiasigned contracts to export products to Japan. Later, the market has been expanded in France,

Spain and German. At present, 35% of products from this cluster have been sold in localmarket and other provinces and cities. 65% is for export to traditional markets like Russia,Eastern Europe countries and Taiwan where do not require much about quality butappreciate the design and color of products. Products are also exported to new markets likethe U.S, Japan, France, Spain and German, etc.

80 million of people in the country are having increasing income. Also, in thecoming time Vietnam will focus on developing tourism industry. Therefore, if the market ofliving commodity and the tourism industry are better exploited, handicrafts will get more

interests and promoted. On the other hand, there are a large number of customers in Europe, North America, Japan and Asian countries looking forward to products conveyingtraditional characteristics and handmade products, which can be produced at large quantityin clusters of craft villages in Red river delta.

2.3.2- Technological renovation and production mechanizing

In clusters of craft villages, workers always find ways to improve technologies,specialize and modernize production. They combine flexibly the traditional technologies,advanced technologies and modern ones. Before 1990s, most of equipment in the villagewere hand tools, semi - mechanical tools, self - invented machines or liquidated from stateenterprises [16]. Nowadays, under strong impacts of science improvement and globalintergration, many production units have modernized equipment and upgraded traditionaland manual technologies with modern ones to improve labour productivity, product qualityand sale efficiency.

For example in Phong Khe paper production cluster, after 1986, the village has hadbig renovation in technologies and production equipment. That is when the pulp machine is put into use with the capacity of 100 kg of cement paper/hour, while it takes 3 days bymanual works (productivity of pulp machine was initially 72 times faster than manualworks).After that, in 1989, the first paper making machine was bought with the capacity of


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600 kg/day while only 10 kg/day/person if producing manually. Seeing the machines productivity and efficiency, many production units were going to mechanize the paperindustry with five other machines. Later, in 1992, the first industrial paper production linewas bought in the village. In 2004, the automatic paper production lines which worthmillions of dollars existed in the village. At present, Phong Khe cluster has over 200

industrial paper production lines and four modern lines which can produce writing paper(with the quality equal to papers produced by Bai Bang Paper Company). Most ofenterprises in this cluster use machine to absolutely replace labor works. Many householdworkers now attend training courses to have knowledge to use new machines and equipmentin clusters enterprises.

Dong Ky cluster has improved labor productivity and product quality, many production units have specialized production stages (wood mixing, holing, carving,enchasing, polishing, perfecting, etc). Many machines have been used to mechanize

production like saw, lathe, smoothing machine, driller, polisher and small saw for cuttingvignettes. The technique of wood processing, semi-automatic carving and paint sprayer for

perfecting products of high uniformity and good quality are used. Until now, Dong Quangcluster has had about 30 CD saws, 3 industrial driers. 50% of enterprises and 10% ofhouseholds have holing machine. Besides, they also have shaping machine (twomachines/one enterprise,one machine/household); polisher (on average 6-7machines/enterprise and two machines/household), smoothing machine, paint sprayer, etc.The technology renovation and production specialization have led to higher productivity,

better quality and ability to implement big contract during short time, etc. This is what othervillages using manual methods can not do.

In La Phu textile cluster, the enterprises have replaced all old machines from thecollective economic time with new equipment and technologies to produce products of goodquality and reduce materials. At present, this cluster has about 2,000 power - looms, 4,000sewing - machines, 700 over sewing machines, 4,000 necking machines, 100 water- irons,300 sock - kniting machines, 20 computer embroiderers, etc. These machines were boughtfrom Japan, China and Korea by private companies or production households. Because thiscluster produces mainly for export, production units always upgrade technology and have

close relation with machine sellers to catch up with the new technologies in the market. Formodern and complicated equipments, the equipment selling & technology transformenterprises are in charge of guiding workers to operate the machine.

Phu Vinh bamboo, rattan product cluster since 1999 already has had rattan splittingmachine and polisher. In 2000, they already used rattan splitter and used polishing machinefor rattan. All the machines have capacity 20 - 25 times higher than manual works. At

present, many kinds of machines such as paint sprayer (10 machines), nailing machine (10machines), drier, polishers, etc have been used to produce and perfect the products. The

application of machines to production have increased labor productivity, product quality andespecially in the coloring stages helping to produce good and nice products.


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2.3.3. Good taking of local advantages

A)- Social capital and human capital:

According to Putnam [17], social capital includes institutions, relations and standardsdeciding the quantity and quality of social intervention and decisive factor to the activeness

of the locality. Actually, clusters of craft villages in Red River Delta have benefited andwell developed the traditional relations and formed new social networks. Enterprises in thecluster also know to use traditional value and reputation of the village.

For example, Phong Khe paper cluster has based and developed the local traditionalprofession to turn the village from producing handmade paper to high quality papers to meetthe market demand. Exploiting and developing profession knowledge and relationship

between the former paper village traditional and other villages to open relationship anddistribution market. In the beginning of product marketing process, many agents of material

supply and product distribution approached this cluster because they knew the reputation ofDuong O paper making village (belong to Phong Khe commune).

In Dong Quang cluster, people continued developing the relations from activity of ox& buffalo trading (before 1960) and wood spliting (before 1980) in Dong Ky village toexpand the network of wood purchase in every wood resource city and province in thenorth, and nation - wide and other countries later. The former relationship is the commonresource for the community in this cluster. It is also the important factor contributing to thegrowth of market and production of Dong Quang wood product cluster[18].

In the La Phu cluster, the relations from the collective economic time through agentsof material supply and export of former cooperatives are efficiently used. At present, thoserelationships are still developing and the relation with production households andcompanies are further strengthened. There is always the close relation and committment inrealising contract based on mutual responsibililty and benefits between households andcompanies. In this cluster, enterprises often cooperate in material exchange, purchase,

production organization and sharing distribution market.

In Phu Vinh bamboo, rattan product cluster, people keep and develop the traditionalprofession. Through the relations of profession training they have established the network ofmaterial supply and system of production with other villages in Chuong My district of HaTay province and other provinces like Thai Binh, Ha Nam, Hai Duong, Hung Yen andexpanded to other middle moutainous provinces in the north like Phu Tho, Tuyen Quang,Son La, etc. Therefore, when having big contract Phu Nghia enterprises can order othervillages for manufacturing. Besides, the enterprises here also have relationship with villages

producing conical hat, lacquer, etc.

Human capital: People in craft villages in Red river delta have traditionallydeveloped the handicraft industry, trading and recently mechanize some stages in farmingproduction and handicraft activity. Therefore, the industrial life has entered families quite


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soon and specialized workers in villages. In addition, people in the village always learnand inherit the traditional profession of families and locality.Therefore, there is a part ofexperienced workers with high level and skills, especially many of those always try to findnew designs for their products. Also, many enterprises are devoted to do survey and

promote market for the village. The factors of social capital and human capital are the keys

to the development of the craft villages and the foundation of cluster of craft villages in Redriver delta.

B)- Well taking advantage of geography and organization

The apperance of craft village clusters is attributed to the proximity of geographyand organization. Enterprises and production units in the clusters have taken advantages ofgeographical distance with Hanoi, where is considered to be a big market for distribution,materials, scientific and technological services, etc. Moreover, the geographical promixity

among craft villages also create good conditions and reduce costs of material transport,marketing and training. Actually, in recent years in the farming villages and communesthere is always a part of workers working for enterprises in craft village lusters. Theseworkers first learn the profession, after that work for training units and gradually separatefrom employing units to open their own independent production units. That is the way ofduplicating production units and enlarging cluster area in Red river delta.

Besides, in clusters there is the promixity of organization and trading forms amongenterprises and production households. Therefore, it is easy to establish the network of

producers. Also, the application, transformation and duplication of technical advancementundergo quickly and gain high results through imitating. On the other hand, thanks to the

proximity in geography and organization, it is easy to recruit labours meeting the demand ofrecruiters both in number and quality. For example, workers in Dong Ky mostly come fromnearby villages like Phu Khe, Huong Mac, Tam Son, Van Ha (Hanoi). In Dong Quang,some workers come from the hometowns having the similar profession such as pearinlaying workers from Chuyen My (Ha Tay),carving workers from Dong Giao (Hung Yen);carpenters from Bac Giang, Nam Dinh, etc.

The well exploitation of geography and organization help to reduce cost oftransaction, transport and training, also help to develop quickly number of workers andhouseholds. That is the case of duplicating production households and area in Dong Quangwood product cluster.

C)- Infrastructure and common resources

There is the fact that all district industry clusters in red river delta locate in keyeconomic area in the north with the quite developed system of roads, railway, water way,close to Noi Bai airport and Hai Phong port with quite completed electricity and

communication network. For handicraft production sector, the authorities of cities and provinces have many support policies in terms of landing and capital for buildinginfrastructure and area of craft villages in the clusters. Alternatively, in craft village clusters,


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markets of materials, labour, technology, capital and product distribution are often formedalready. The labour force is educated and has high skill. Besides, enterprises in the clustersinherit knowledge and profession skills from their family or other production units.Therefore, they are granted with favourable conditions in terms of facility and commonresources to develop.

D)- Adjustment institutions and production promoting polocies

Formerly, most of traditional and famous handicraft villages in Vietnam hadregulations on handicraft profession or document or enclosed in some terms of villageconvention, custom. To some extend, they are considered to be law in each village andcommune. These regulations have been passed on from this generation to the other,compulsory to every members in the family, profession groups. Nowdays, clusters of craftvillages often have regulations coordinating activities of stakeholders for the sustainable

development, developing values in terms of economy, culture, society, ethics, trust andprofessional conscience of workers are seen in their products.

The institutional environment is also shown in the governments updated policy toencourage the industry and build groups of handicraft area in the countryside, such asDecision No. 132/2000/QD-TTg dated 24 Jan 2000 by Prime Minister on some policiesstimulating investment on rural profession. After that, the localities have detailed thegovernmental policies and additionally issue the local policy to speed up the development ofcraft villages. Specifically, in Bac Ninh province there are Resolution No.04-NQ/TU dated25 May 1998 of Bac Ninh party committee stipulating on developing handicraft villages,Decision No.60/2001/QD-UB dated June 26, 2001 on giving priority to investment in Bac

Ninh province.

In Ha Tay, since 1999 the provincial party committee, peoples council and provincial peoples committee have issued decisions to extract fund from the provinces budget to support such as in profession training, duplication and introducing newprofessions, etc. Later, on Feb 22, 2001, the provincial peoples committee issued DecisionNo. 208/2001/QD-UB on designing landing plan for the development of craft village. OnJan 6, 2003, the provincial peoples committee issued Decision No.08/QD-UB stipulating14 mechanisms of support and loan to push up investment in developing profession andcraft villages in the countryside. On July 13, Hatay province had Decision No.872/2005/QD-UB stipulating regulations on construction and management of craft villagearea in the province.

However, we also see that the local administration plays very important role inorganizing, guiding and planning the development of local industry. In the provinces thathave developed district industry clusters, the leaders (commune president, commune partysecretary) there are also involving in the profession. They have information and knowdifficulties in production and trading to have urgent recommendation to the authorities and


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specialized bodies to dismantle problem timely and create favorable conditions forproductions.

3. Conclusion

At present, in the countryside clusters of craft villages are being formed, this is the

dynamic production model which is able to renovate and modernize production and activelyparticipate in the process of farming industrialization and modernization The establishmentand development of these clusters are pushing up the expansion of production, promotingthe distribution market and creating more jobs for local people, reducing pressure ofworkers immigration for seeking jobs from the countryside.

Thus, the model of craft village cluster will need further studies and support policiesin terms of area planning and turning the clusters into innovative systems in the countryside,where can nurture and develop the transformation of informal enterprises into formal ones,

contributing to rapid farming industrialization and modernization in rural area of Vietnam./.

REFERENCES

1. Nguyn Sinh Cc,Nhng bi hc rt ra tthc tin pht trin cng nghip nng thn cc nc ang pht trin chu . Workshop on rural industry held by Ministry of Planning

and Investment and JICA, 25-26 June 2000, page 119-126, H Ni.2. o Th Tun, Cng nghip ha nng thn. Workshop on rural industry held by Ministryof Planning and Investment and JICA, 25-26 June 2000, page 91-107, H Ni.

3. Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development,n ca chng trnh pht trin milng mt nghgiai on 2006 2015. Workshop on the introduction of One village, one

profession program, MARD, 18 Nov 2005, H Ni.

4. Yumio Sakurai, Cng nghip ha nng thn Vit nam. Workshop on rural industry held

by Ministry of Planning and Investment and JICA, 25-26 June 2000, page 56-74, H Ni.

5. Nguyn c Nhun, Le Vietnam et le tournant urbain : mtropolisation etcosmopolitisation. Cahiers dtudes vietnamiennes. N17, Universit Paris 7, UFR AsieOrientale. Editions Asie du Jubil. Paris 2004, pp.31-44

6. Ministry of Planning an

công nghiệp hóa nông thôn qua phát triển cum làng nghề

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