constitutionalism 5/14/04 10:33 am page 1 Ä ktrnhjyysq ... leidiniai/ejournal/vd_05.pdf · cfqns...

L t v j r h f n b bD j g h j c s

Ä K T R N H J Y Y S Q É E H Y F K U J C E L F H C N D T Y Y J U J L T G F H N F V T Y N F C I F

M A P T 2 0 0 4

T O M 9 H O M E R 1

RJYCNBNEWBJYFKBPV

B AJHVBHEÑOBTCZ

LTVJRHFNBB

Constitutionalism 5/14/04 10:33 AM

LTKTUFNS rjycnbnewbjyyjuj cjåhfybzjödfxtys djkytybtv, jcjpyfdfz bcrkñxb-ntkmyeñ dféyjcnm ghjbcöjlzotuj. Dctvbedféftvst kñlb, pyfvtybnjcnb, hzljdstuhfélfyt, extyst, åjujckjds b vtcnyst jå-otcndtyyst ltzntkb, vyjubt bp rjnjhsö bp-åhfys ghtlcnfdkznm hfpkbxyst uheggs yf-ctktybz, ghbtöfkb cñlf, xnjås exfcndjdfnmd gjbcnbyt bcnjhbxtcrjv cjåsnbb. B djnljcnbuyen rjyctycec j cnherneht ghfdb-ntkmcndf b rjycnbnewbb, ufhfynbheñotq,chtlb ghjxtuj, ghfdf lkz dctö, cdjåjle dt-hjbcgjdtlfybz b ytpfdbcbvsq cel. Gthjghbkjétyj r åevfut, gjlgbcb cjåhfys, bghjcnjq ljrevtyn cnfyjdbncz vfzrjv b yf-ltéljq d cnhfyt, ghtélt gjldkfcnyjq nbhf-ye. Ltqcndbt ghjbcöjlbn yt d 1787 ujle dAbkfltkmabb b yt d 1791 ujle d Dfhifdt,f d 2003 ujle d Faufybcnfyt, ult geineys,nflébrb, öfpfhtqws, epåtrb b gjckfywslheubö uhegg hfpyjhjlyjuj faufycrjuj jå-otcndf ghjdjlzn kjqz-lébhue, xnjås ghbq-nb r cjukfitybñ gj gjdjle yjdjq rjycnb-newbb.

Yj lfét b änf dtöf d bcnjhbb rjycnbne-wbjyfkbpvf – yt cfvfz gjcktlyzz. Rjulfxktys bhfrcrjuj Ghfdzotuj cjdtnf gjlgb-

cfkb Dhtvtyysq flvbybcnhfnbdysq pfrjy,cjplfñobq ghfdjdeñ jcyjde lkz gthtöjlfBhfrf r ltvjrhfnbxtcrb bpåhfyyjve cedt-htyyjve ghfdbntkmcnde, änf cnhfyf dthye-kfcm d cjjåotcndj ghfdjdsö ujcelfhcnd, ultdkfcndetn pfrjy. Gthtöjlyfz rjycnbnewbz –åtcghtwtltynyfz lkz Bhfrf – ufhfynbhetnjcyjdyst ghfdf dctv bhfrwfv, drkñxfzétyoby, b pfrhtgkztn cdjåjls, lfdyj b åt-htéyj öhfybvst vbhjdsvb ltvjrhfnbzvb.

D änjv éehyfkt cltkfyf gjgsnrf ghtl-cnfdbnm xbnfntkñ ytcrjkmrj njxtr phtybzyf rjycnbnewbjyfkbpv, rkñxtdst rjvgj-ytyns ecgtiyjq rjycnbnewbb b bcnjhbxtc-rbq jgsn hfpkbxysö cnhfy d hfphfåjnrteybrfkmysö cjåcndtyysö rjycnbnewbq. Cht-lb yfibö fdnjhjd – dtleobt cgtwbfkbcnsCIF d jåkfcnb rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf.Jcjåfz xtcnm lkz yfc – drkñxbnm rjvvty-nfhbb ltqcndeñotuj celmb Dthöjdyjuj celfCIF. Gjcrjkmre Rjycnbnewbz CIF cke-ébkf bcnjxybrjv dljöyjdtybz lkz hfphf-åjnxbrjd rjycnbnewbq d cnhfyfö gj dctveptvyjve ifhe, vs yfxfkb c jxthrf, d rjnj-hjv jåüzcyztncz, gjxtve jyf cnfkf, gj ds-hfétybñ yfituj fdnjhf Fkmåthnf Åkji-ntqyf, ≤ukfdysv ärcgjhnjv Fvthbrb≥.

2

D d t l t y b t

Rjycnbnewbjyfkbpv

b ajhvbheñobtcz ltvjrhfnbb

Jn htlfrwbb


Celmz Dthöjdyjuj celf Cfylhf J’Rjy-yjh d dscnegktybb yf Fhfåcrjv celtåyjvajhevt hfpvsikztn j pyfxtybb ytpfdbcb-vjq celtåyjq cbcntvs lkz ghjxyjcnb lt-vjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghfdktybz b ecbkbq, ghtl-ghbybvftvsö d fhfåcrjv vbht lkz tt jåtc-gtxtybz. Cgtwbfkbcns gj rjycnbnewbjy-ysv djghjcfv Lbr Öjdfhl b UthvfyIdfhw, jgbhfzcm yf cdjq jgsn hfåjns drfxtcndt rjycekmnfynjd hfphfåjnxbrjd rjy-cnbnewbq d hfpysö cnhfyfö vbhf, hfccrfps-dfñn jå jcyjdysö äktvtynfö rjycnbnewbq bj njq dféyjq hjkb, rjnjheñ ghjljkéftn bu-hfnm Rjycnbnewbz CIF. BccktljdfntkmDbdmty Öfhn gbitn j Ñéyjq Fahbrt b jnjv, rfr gjlujnjdrf rjycnbnewbb cnfkfjåütlbyzñotq cbkjq d cnhfyt, htprj hfp-ltktyyjq gj hfcjdjve ghbpyfre. D pfrkñ-xtybt vs ghbdjlbv åtctle c bpdtcnysvñhbcnjv Yjf Atkmlvfyjv, rjnjhsq hfc-crfpsdftn j cdjtq hfåjnt c yjdsvb rjycnb-newbjyysvb ljrevtynfvb d Bhfrt b Fauf-ybcnfyt b j njv, yfcrjkmrj cjdvtcnbvs bc-kfv b rjycnbnewbjyyfz ltvjrhfnbz.

C hfcghjcnhfytybtv ltvjrhfnbb gjdctve vbhe åeleobt hfphfåjnxbrb rjycnb-newbq åelen jhbtynbhjdfnmcz yf eét ceot-cndeñobt. Jyb ljkéys gjvybnm, xnj ytnghjcnsö jåhfpwjd b yt ceotcndetn cbcnt-vs, rjnjhfz gjkyjcnmñ gjlöjlbn dctv cnhf-yfv. Ghtlkfuftv xbnfntkzv ghjljkébnmbpextybt änjq gjcnjzyyj hfpdbdfñotqczntvs c gjvjomñ bcnjxybrjd, ghbdtltyysöd hfpltkt åbåkbjuhfabb. Yflttvcz, änjnéehyfk dspjdtn chtlb yfibö xbnfntktqlbcreccbñ j ghbhjlt ltvjrhfnbb b hjkbrjycnbnewbb d ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cbcntvfö.

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Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb. Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjujltgfhnfvtynf CIF. Njv 9, yjvth 1, vfhn 2004 ujlf


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Djghjcs Ltvjrhfnbb

C J L T H É F Y B T

Vfhn 2004 ujlf

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R J Y C N B N E W B Z C I F : UK F D Y S Q Ä R C G J H N F V T H B R B

D cdjtv jxthrt Fkmåthn Åkjintqy, ghtgjlfdfdibq yf ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt

Eybdthcbntnf Hfnuthcf b yfgbcfdibq itcnbnjvysq nhel j Rjycnbnewbb CIF, hfccrfpsdftn, rfr änjn

ljrevtyn bcgjkmpjdfkcz lheubvb ghfdbntkmcndfvb d rfxtcndt jåhfpwf lkz gjlujnjdrb cjåcndtyysö

rjycnbnewbq. Änf ghbehjxtyyfz r 200-ktnbñ Rjycnbnewbb CIF cnfnmz jcnftncz rkfccbxtcrjq, jåüzcyzz

gjxtve jcyjdjgjkfufñobq gjkbnbxtcrbq ljrevtyn Fvthbrb jcnfdfkcz ghbdktrfntkmysv lkz ujcelfhcnd,

cnhtvbdiböcz ljcnbxm ltvjrhfnbb, yfxbyfz c 18-uj dtrf dgkjnm lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb.

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J C Y J D Y S T Ä K T V T Y N S R J Y C N B N E W B B

Uthvfy Idfhw, ghjatccjh ñhblbxtcrjuj rjkktléf ghb Fvthbrfycrjv eybdthcbntnt, hfccrfpsdftn

j njv, rfrbt åfpjdst htitybz j étkfntkmyjq ajhvt ghfdktybz ljkéys åsnm ghbyzns lj yfxfkf gjlujnjdrb

ghjtrnf rjycnbnewbb. Ghtélt xtv åhfnmcz pf gthj, ytjåöjlbvj hfccvjnhtnm b jghtltkbnm nfrbt

dféytqibt gfhfvtnhs, rfr cbcntvf ghfdktybz, öfhfrnth celtåyjuj rjynhjkz b pfobnf ghfd vtymibycnd.

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R R J Y C N B N E W B J Y Y J Q LT V J R H FN B B D J D C T V V B H T:

F V T H B RF Y C R B Q D P UK Z L

Lbr Öjdfhl, ghjatccjh ghfdf d Eybdthcbntnt infnf Dbhlébybz, xfcnj dscnegfñobq rjycekmnfynjv

gj rjycnbnewbjyysv htajhvfv, hfccrfpsdftn j njv, xnj gjxthgyekb bp fvthbrfycrjq vjltkb cnhfys

Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs b dctuj vbhf, b rfr eybrfkmyst rekmnehyst b gjkbnbxtcrbt eckjdbz

hfpysö cnhfy ghbdtkb bö r hfphfåjnrt cjåcndtyysö rjycnbnewbq.

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D F É Y J T P Y FX T Y B T G H B Y W B G F Y T P F D B C B V J C N B

C E L T Å Y J Q D K F C N B

Dscnegktybt xktyf Dthöjdyjuj celf J’Rjyyjh yf ytlfdytv Fhfåcrjv celtåyjv ajhevt d Åföhtqyt.

Jyf gjlxthrbdftn, xnj ytpfdbcbvjcnm celf dscnegftn jcyjdjgjkfufñobv äktvtynjv ecgtiyjuj

rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdktybz, b lftn rjyrhtnyst ccskrb yf rjycnbnewbb cnhfy htubjyf, ufhfynbheñobt

nfreñ ytpfdbcbvjcnm. J’Rjyyjh nfrét hfccrfpsdftn j njv, rfr fvthbrfycrfz celtåyfz cbcntvf

pfoboftn celtq jn gjkbnbxtcrbö dkbzybq.

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C J P L F Y B T LT V J R H FN B X T C R J Q R J Y C N B N E W B B : J G S N Ñ F H

D ytlfdytv ljrkflt Fvthbrfycrjuj bycnbnenf vbhf ≤Cjplfybt ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq rjycnbnewbb≥ ghjatccjh

Dbdmty Öfhn fyfkbpbhetn yjdtqieñ ghfrnbre yfgbcfybz rjycnbnewbq gj dctve vbhe, jcjåtyyj d cnhfyfö,

ult jåotcndj hfpltktyj b ult rjycnbnewbjyysq ghjwtcc ckeébk vtöfybpvjv ghtjljktybz hfpyjukfcbq,

ehtuekbhjdfybz rjyakbrnjd b cvzuxtybz jåbl. Jyf fyfkbpbhetn rjycnbnewbjyysq ghjwtcc d ÑFH

d rfxtcndt jåhfpwf lkz lheubö cnhfy.


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R J Y C N B N E W B J Y F K B P V D V E C E K M V F Y C R J V V B H T:

Å T C T L F C Y J F AT K M LV F Y J V

Atkmlvfy, ghtgjlfñobq ñhbcgheltywbñ d Ymñ-Qjhrcrjv eybdthcbntnt, exfcndjdfk d cjplfybb

yjdjq rjycnbnewbb d Faufybcnfyt b dscnegfk rjycekmnfynjv ghb gjlujnjdrt ytlfdyj gjlgbcfyyjuj

dhtvtyyjuj flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj pfrjyf Bhfrf. Jy rjvvtynbhetn hzl eybrfkmysö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb

cnjkryekbcm hfphfåjnxbrb d änbö hfpheityysö djqyjq cnhfyfö, b cgjhs j njv, yfcrjkmrj cbkmyjt

dkbzybt ljkéys jrfpsdfnm d änbö ajhvbheñoböcz ltvjrhfnbzö pfrjys ifhbfnf.

41

Å B Å K B J U H FA B Z

Ljgjkybntkmyfz kbnthfnehf gj rjycnbnewbjyfkbpve

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C F Q N S B Y N T H Y T N F

Cfqns Bynthytnf gj rjycnbnewbjyfkbpve

Htlfrnjh Ktckb Öfq

Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh Vfhr Åtnrf

Cghfdjxyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnltk Fybnf Uhby

Kjhyf Ljln

Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt Lfqäy Dekdthnjy

Bplfntkm Léelbn C. Cbutk

Bcgjkybntkmysq htlfrnjh Ufq Jkcjy

Eghfdkzñobq ghjbpdjlcndjv Rhbcnbfy Kfhcjy

Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF ghtljcnfdkztn vfnthbfks, hfpüzcyzñobt pfheåtéyjq felbnjhbbgjkbnbre, jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb CIF. Åñhj geåkbretn gznm äktrnhjyysö éehyfkjd, gjcdzotyysö bpextybñ jcyjdysö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz Cjtlbytyyst Infns b vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj. Änb éehyfks – ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ – gjvtofñn yf cdjbö cnhfybwfö ljrevtyns b vfnthbfks, jnyjczobtcz r gjkbnbrt CIF, f nfrét cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbq b ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj cjjndtncndeñobv ntvfv.

Dct yjvthf éehyfkjd dsöjlzn yf fyukbqcrjv, bcgfycrjv, gjhneufkmcrjv b ahfywepcrjv, f jnltkmyst yjvthf geåkbreñncz nfrét yf fhfåcrjv b heccrjv zpsrfö. Yjvthf éehyfkjd yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gjzdkzñncz c bynthdfkjv ghbåkbpbntkmyj d jlby vtczw. Gthtdjls jåsxyj dsöjlzn xthtp ldt-xtnsht ytltkb gjckt jgeåkbrjdfybz éehyfkjd yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt.

Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb. Ujcelfhcndty-ysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt cfqnjd Bynthytnf, yf rjnjhst tcnm ccskrb d éehyfkfö, bkb ljcneg r nfrbv cfqnfv; äne jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bö cjplfntkb. Cnfnmb bp éehyfkjd, j rjnjhsö bltn htxm, vjéyj djcghjbpdjlbnm b gthtdjlbnm pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd pf bcrkñxtybtv ckexftd, rjulf änb cnfnmb cjghjdjélfñncz xtnrbv erfpfybtv yf yfkbxbt juhfybxtybq d bö bcgjkmpjdfybb, yfkfuftvsö fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv. Nt, rnj cjåbhftncz bcgjkmpjdfnm pfobotyyst fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv ajnjuhfabb, ljkéys gjkexbnm cjjndtncndeñott hfphtitybt.

Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd, f nfrét fyjyc åeleobö éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb yf ljvfiytq cnhfybwt Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwb-jyysö ghjuhfvv d Bynthytnt gj flhtce “http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm”. Änb yjvthf ghtljcnfdkzñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz jåktuxtybz bö ghjcvjnhf d jykfqyjdjv htébvt, gthtlfxb, pfuheprb b gtxfnb.

Ghjcbv ghbcskfnm rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz jå änbö éehyfkfö d gjcjkmcndj CIF d dfitq cnhfyt bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce: Editor, Issues of Democ-

racy and Human Rights – IIP/T/DHR, U.S. Department of State, 301 4th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547, United States of America.

Flhtc äktrnhjyyjq gjxns: [email protected]


D J G H J C S LT V J R H FN B B

R J Y C N B N E W B J Y F K B P V B A J H V B H E Ñ O B E C Z LT V J R H FN B B

V F H N 2 0 0 4 U J L F

h t t p : / / u s i n f o . s t a t e . g o v / j o u r n a l s / j o u r n a l s . h t m

Gjvjoybr eghfdkzñotuj ghjbpdjlcndjv Cbkmdbz Crjnn

Htlfrnjhs heccrjuj bplfybz Yfnfkbz Åfhåfi

Kblbz Djhjybyf

Htlfrnjh heccrjuj Bynthytn-bplfybz Fktrcfylh Cdbyjd

Htlrjkktubz Léjhlé Rkär

Ränkby H. Lädbc

Ahäycbc Å. Ejhl


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Åjktt 200 ktn yfpfl jnws-jcyjdfntkb

Fvthbrb cjcnfdbkb gthdeñ d vbht gbcm-

vtyyeñ rjycnbnewbñ. Yfcktlbt änjuj

bcnjhbxtcrjuj ljrevtynf ghjzdkztncz

ctujlyz d rjycnbnewbzö åjkmibycndf

ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy vbhf b ghjljk-

éftn dkbznm yf cjcnfdbntktq yjdtqibö

rjycnbnewbq. Jnvtxfz pyfxbvjcnm änjuj

dféyjuj ljrevtynf, bpdtcnysq cgtwbf-

kbcn gj rjycnbnewbzv hfccvfnhbdftn,

rfr abkfltkmabqcrfz vjltkm gjvjukf d

bpvtytybb vbhf b ghjljkéftn ckeébnm

jåhfpwjv ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghfdktybz.

RJYCNBNEWBZ CIF – ukfdysqärcgjhn Fvthbrb. C cfvjuj yfxfkf tt dkbz-ybt joeofkjcm gj dctve vbhe. B lfét nfv,ult änj dkbzybt yt ghbdtkj r ltvjrhfnbb bcdjåjlt, jyj dct ét gjhjlbkj yfltéle yfjåhtntybt ghfdktybz, rjnjhjt, gj ckjdfvGhtpbltynf Fdhffvf Kbyrjkmyf, ghtlcnfd-kztn cjåjq ≤dkfcnm yfhjlf, djktñ yfhjlf blkz yfhjlf≥.

Bcnjhbñ änjuj dkbzybz cnjbn hfccrf-pfnm. Jnws-jcyjdfntkb Fvthbrb (1) dshfåj-nfkb rjycnbnewbñ, cnfdieñ eybrfkmysvghjhsdjv d gjcnjzyyjq åjhmåt xtkjdtrf pfcdjåjle. Jyb åskb eåtéltys d njv, xnjghbywbg rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdktybz vj-étn yfqnb ghbvtytybt b pf ghtltkfvbFvthbrb. Njvfc Létaathcjy hfccvfnhb-dfk Rjycnbnewbñ rfr ébdjq gfvznybr bgjcnjzyysq ghbvth lkz lheubö yfhjljd.≤Ytdjpvjéyj yt joeofnm, – gbcfk jy, –xnj vs hfåjnftv yf åkfuj dctuj xtkjdtxtcn-df≥. Ghtpbltyn Léjy Flfvc cxbnfk, xnjfvthbrfycrbt gjkbnbxtcrbt bltb jrféenukeåjrjt dkbzybt yf lheubt cnhfys. Fktr-cfylh Ufvbkmnjy levfk, xnj yf ljkñ fvt-hbrfycrjuj yfhjlf dsgfkj htifnm djghjc j njv, ltqcndbntkmyj kb cfvj jåotcndj

R j y c n b n e w b j y f k b p v b a j h v b h e ñ o b t c z l t v j r h f n b b

Rjycnbnewbz CIF

Ukfdysq ärcgjhn Fvthbrb

Fkmåthn G. Åkjintqy


cgjcjåyj ecnfyjdbnm äaatrnbdyeñ dkfcnm.Létqvc Välbcjy, ghtpbltyn b jlby bp fdnjhjd ≤Pfgbcjr atlthfkbcnf≥, gjkfufk,xnj åeleobt gjrjktybz d ljkue gthtl jnwfvb-jcyjdfntkzvb pf bö gjkbnbxtcrbtljcnbétybz b ghbywbgs eghfdktybz, xtnrjcajhvekbhjdfyyst bvb d RjycnbnewbbCIF.

Nfrbv jåhfpjv, bvtyyj jnws-jcyjdfnt-kb yfexbkb yfc, pfxtv cjcnfdkznm rjycnbne-wbb b, ukfdyjt, rfr änj ltkfnm. Bö ukfdys-vb extybrfvb åskb ahfyweps. Vfhrbp ltKfafqtn, yfghbvth, djcöbofkcz Létaath-cjyjv, rfr b lheubt rhbnbrb cnfhjuj htéb-vf dj Ahfywbb. Ceotcndetn yfåhjcjrahfywepcrjq Ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf buhfélfybyf 1789 ujlf, jåsxyj cxbnfñotq-cz jlybv bp dféytqibö ljrevtynjd j ghf-dfö xtkjdtrf, c herjgbcyjq ghfdrjq Léta-athcjyf yf gjkzö. Ahfywepcrbt extystnfrét cjåbhfkbcm djrheu ueåthyfnjhf Vjh-hbcf, ukfdyjuj fhöbntrnjhf Rjycnbnewbb,rjnjhjve ghbgbcsdfñn cjcnfdktybt ghtfv-åeks: ≤Vs, Yfhjl Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd,lfås jåhfpjdfnm åjktt cjdthityysq Cj-ñp...≥, rjulf njn ghbtpéfk d Gfhbé.

Yj yt njkmrj ahfyweps ghtdjpyjcbkbjnwjd-jcyjdfntktq. Gjkmcrfz rjycnbnewbz,

ghbyznfz 3 vfz 1791 ujlf, jgthtlbkfahfywepcrbq ljrevtyn yf xtnsht vtczwf.Dybvfntkmyjt ghjxntybt gjkmcrjq öfhnbb– yfxbyfz c cfvjq ghtfvåeks – gjlndth-élftn, xnj ghb tt gjlujnjdrt bpexfkcz fvt-hbrfycrbq jåhfptw. Rhjvt njuj, tcnm cdblt-ntkmcndf j njv, xnj c fvthbrfywfvb rjy-cekmnbhjdfkbcm gj djghjcfv rjycnbnewbbytvtwrbt, fdcnhbqcrbt, åtkmubqcrbt, ujk-kfylcrbt, bcgfycrbt b gjhneufkmcrbt ext-yst, f nfrét kblths Yjdjuj Cdtnf. Jlbybp kblthjd åhfpbkmcrjuj htdjkñwbjyyjujldbétybz Vfcjy Öjpt Öjfrbv lf Vfqfdcnhtxfkcz c Létaathcjyjv dj Ahfywbblkz gjljåysö lbcreccbq.

HFCGHJCNHFYTYBT RJYCNBNEWBJYFKBPVFC njuj cfvjuj lyz 17 ctynzåhz 1787 ujlf

rjycnbnewbz d ajhvt tlbyjuj ljrevtynfcxbnftncz dféytqitq öfhfrnthbcnbrjq uj-celfhcndtyyjcnb. Ctujlyz bp 192 ytpfdbcb-

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Zy Vfntqrj (Rjycnbnewbz jn 3 vfz 1791 ujlf)ltvjycnhbhetn yjdeñ Rjycnbnewbñ Gjkmib, rjnjheñ lthébn yfl ujkjdjq rjhjkm Cnfybckfd Fduecn Gjyznjdcrbq. Tuj njhétcndtyyj ytcen bpRjhjktdcrjuj Pfvrf, rjnjhsq dblyttncz yf pflytvgkfyt b ult änf rfhnbyf dbcbn gj ctq ltym, d Rfatlhfkmysq cjåjh Cdznjuj Bjfyyf.


vsö ujcelfhcnd vbhf dct, pf jxtym htlrbvbcrkñxtybtv, bvtñn nfreñ rjycnbnewbñbkb ndthlj yfcnhjtys tt bvtnm. Bcrkñxt-ybt cjcnfdkzñn, d xfcnyjcnb, Dtkbrjåhbnf-ybz, Yjdfz Ptkfylbz b Bphfbkm – ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf c hfpdbnsv rjycnbne-wbjyysv pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv, yj åtp tlbyjujcgtwbfkmyjuj ljrevtynf, rjnjhsq vjéyjyfpdfnm rjycnbnewbtq. Rjycnbnewbb änböujcelfhcnd, ghbdthétyysö ghbywbge dth-öjdtycndf gfhkfvtynf, cjcnjzn bp vyjuj-xbcktyysö pfrjyjlfntkmysö frnjd, cgtwb-fkmyj jåjpyfxftvsö rfr ≤jcyjdyst pfrjys≥(d ckexft Bphfbkz), bkb ñhblbxtcrbö cdj-ljd, rkfccbabwbhetvsö rfr aeylfvtynfkm-yst bkb jcyjdjgjkfufñobt.

FVTHBRFYCRBQ RJYCNBNEWBJYFKBPV LJ 1787 UJLFBcnjhbrb d wtkjv cjukfcys, xnj gthdjq

rjycnbnewbtq c ajhvekbhjdrfvb jnyjcb-ntkmyj cbcntvs eghfdktybz b gjkbnbxtc-rjq cnhernehs åskb ghbyznst d 1639 ujleJcyjdyst pfrjys Rjyytrnbrenf. Bpdtcnyj,xnj gthdjq rjycnbnewbtq, d rjnjhjq bc-gjkmpjdfkjcm ckjdj ≤rjycnbnewbz≥, åskfRjycnbnewbz Dbhlébybb 1776 ujlf.

Chfpe gjckt ghbyznbz Ltrkfhfwbb yt-pfdbcbvjcnb d 1776 ujle nhbyflwfnm åsd-ibö åhbnfycrbö rjkjybq yfxfkb ujnjdbnmyjdeñ cthbñ rjycnbnewbq. D gthbjl c1776 gj 1787 ujl bö åskj jgeåkbrjdfyjgznyflwfnm, ghbxtv itcnm yfbåjktt pyfxb-vsö – d 1776 ujle. R ybv jnyjcbkbcm rjy-cnbnewbb Gtycbkmdfybb b Dbhlébybb. Jåfänbö ljrevtynf dspdfkb bynthtc pf heåt-éjv, b d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrbö ytltkm gjcktbö geåkbrfwbb åskb gthtdtltys yf byj-cnhfyyst zpsrb – ghtélt dctuj, yf ahfy-wepcrbq. Lheubt ärptvgkzhs yf fyukbq-crjv, ahfywepcrjv b lheubö zpsrfö dcrjhtgjgfkb d herb extysö bp Gjkmib, Uthvf-ybb, Fdcnhbb, Idtqwfhbb b Bcgfybb, fnfrét bp Vtrcbrb, Dtytceäks, Fhutynbysb Åhfpbkbb.

Gjckt gjlgbcfybz cjñpf vtéle Ahfy-wbtq b Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb d 1778 uj-le ntrcns rjycnbnewbq änbö infnjd, r njvedhtvtyb bpdtcnyst gjl yfpdfybtv “Code dela Nature”, åskb bplfys d Gfhbét. D 1783ujle fvthbrfycrbq gjckfyybr d GfhbétÅtyléfvby Ahfyrkby gjkexbk e ahfywep-crjuj vbybcnhf byjcnhfyysö ltk jabwb-fkmyjt hfphtitybt yf gfhbécrjt bplfybt≤Rjycnbnewbq nhbyflwfnb fvthbrfycrböinfnjd≥ (Constitutions des Treize Etats de l’Ame-rique). D 1786-v, pf ujl lj cjcnfdktybzfvthbrfycrjq Rjycnbnewbb, ahfywepcrbq abkjcja b vfntvfnbr vfhrbp lt Rjyljhct,bpkfufz cdjb bltb gj ahfywepcrjq ltrkf-hfwbb ghfd, yfgbcfk bccktljdfybt j hjkbfvthbrfycrbö gjkbnbxtcrbö bltq gjl yfpdfybtv ≤J dkbzybb fvthbrfycrjq htdj-kñwbb yf jåotcndtyyjt vytybt b pfrjyj-lfntkmcndj Tdhjgs≥ (De l’influence de la Revo-lution d’Amerique sur l’opinion et la legislation del’Europe).

FVTHBRFYCRBQ GHTWTLTYNJlyfrj bvtyyj abkfltkmabqcrfz Rjy-

cnbnewbz cjplfkf ytjåhfnbvsq ghtwtltynrjycnbnewbjyfkbpvf. D gthbjl tt cjcnfdkt-ybz b tot lj tt hfnbabrfwbb rehc gj Rjy-cnbnewbb CIF d Gfhbécrjv kbwtt – åtcgkfnyjv dscitv extåyjv pfdtltybb – xbnfk ñhbcn Éfr Dbyctyn Ltkfrhef. Xbc-kj byjcnhfywtd, gjctofdibö njn rehc, ytbpdtcnyj. Jlyfrj bpdtcnyj, xnj jy ghb-dktr vyjubö gjcktljdfntktq b cnfk ntvjqjåcnjzntkmysö cnfntq d ≤Kt vjybnth≥ – cfvjq dféyjq ahfywepcrjq ufptnt. Gfhbéd ne gjhe åsk byntkktrnefkmyjq cnjkbwtqTdhjgs b wtynhjv bpextybz atyjvtyf ht-djkñwbq b bö gjcktlcndbq.

Åtpeckjdyj, jlybvb bp gthdsö djp-ltqcndbt yjdsö bltq joenbkb åtkmubqws, j xtv vjéyj celbnm gj åtkmubqcrjq htdj-kñwbb 1789 ujlf. Åtkmubqcrfz ltvjrhfnb-xtcrfz gfhnbz, ytljkuj ghjceotcndjdfdifzd 1790 ujle, jåhfofkfcm r rjycnbnewbzvfvthbrfycrbö infnjd pf ghbvthfvb bltq,rjnjhst jyf jncnfbdfkf.

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Dgthdst dkbzybt fvthbrfycrjq rjycnb-newbb yf yfwbjyfkmyst rjycnbnewbb cnfkjjoeofnmcz d ljrevtynfö Gjkmib b Ahfy-wbb 1791 ujlf. Gjkmcrfz rjycnbnewbz jrf-pfkfcm ytljkujdtxyjq. Jyf bcxtpkf gjckthfpltkjd cnhfys, d htpekmnfnt rjnjhsöGjkmif gthtcnfkf ceotcndjdfnm rfr jnltkm-yjt ujcelfhcndj, yfxbyfz c 1795 ujlf dgkjnmlj jrjyxfybz Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqys.

Byfxt jåcnjzkj ltkj c ahfywepcrjqrjycnbnewbtq 1791 ujlf. Öjnz jyf njétghjlthéfkfcm ytljkuj b åskf pfvtytyfahfywepcrbvb rjycnbnewbzvb 1793 b 1795ujljd, tt dkbzybt xedcndjdfkjcm d Bcgf-ybb. Dljöyjdktyyfz fvthbrfycrbv ghbvt-hjv, ahfywepcrfz öfhnbz åskf bcgjkmpjdf-yf d rfxtcndt jcyjds lkz Rjycnbnewbb Rflbcf 1812 ujlf – gthdjq rjycnbnewbbBcgfybb. Nf, d cdjñ jxthtlm, ktukf d jcyj-de gthdjq gjhneufkmcrjq rjycnbnewbb d1822 ujle. Änb båthbqcrbt rjycnbnewbbåskb bpdtcnys Cbvjye Åjkbdfhe b lheubvuthjzv jcdjåjéltybz Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrbb csuhfkb nfrét dféytqieñ hjkm d hfphf-åjnrt rjycnbnewbq yjdsö ujcelfhcnd yffvthbrfycrjv rjynbytynt.

Tot d 1784 ujle Ahfycbcrj lt Vbhfy-lf hfphfåfnsdfk ≤ghjtrn cdjåjls b ytpfdb-cbvjcnb dctuj bcgfyj-fvthbrfycrjuj rjy-nbytynf≥ b d cdjbö ecnhtvktybzö bcrfk gjvjob e dtleobö ctdthjfvthbrfycrbörjycnbnewbjyfkbcnjd. Yt cevtd pfhexbnmczljcnfnjxyjq gjllthérjq, jy jnghfdbkcz dKjyljy b åjktt ldeö ltcznbktnbq cnhjbkrfhmthe d åbpytct. D 1810 ujle jy dthyek-cz d Dtytceäke, xnjås dvtcnt c Åjkbdfhjvhfåjnfnm yfl cjplfybtv kfnbyjfvthbrfy-crjuj ghfdbntkmcndf, jcyjdfyyjuj yf Rjy-cnbnewbb CIF. Bcnjhbz exbn yfc, xnj Dtytceäkf, Fhutynbyf b Xbkb cjplfkb cdjbgthdst rjycnbnewbb d 1811 ujle – pf ujllj bcgfycrjq Rjycnbnewbb Rflbcf. Dctjyb jnxfcnb åskb jcyjdfys yf abkfltkm-abqcrjq vjltkb.

Fvthbrfycrfz Rjycnbnewbz nfrét gj-dkbzkf yf hfpdbnbt kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjujatlthfkbpvf. Dtytceäkf b Fhutynbyf ghtl-cnfdkzñn cjåjq atlthfnbdyst ujcelfhcndf,nfr ét rfr Vtrcbrf b Åhfpbkbz, xmb yfwbj-yfkmyst öfhnbb åskb cjplfys d 1824 ujle.

Fvthbrfycrfz Rjycnbnewbz yfikf gj-xbnfntktq b d Fahbrt. Kbåthbz, rjnjhfzåskf pfctktyf jcdjåjéltyysvb hfåfvb bpCjtlbytyysö Infnjd, ghbyzkf d 1847 ujlerjycnbnewbñ, yfgbcfyyeñ d pyfxbntkmyjqcntgtyb ghjatccjhjv ñhblbxtcrjuj af-rekmntnf Ufhdfhlcrjuj eybdthcbntnf.

Fvthbrfycrbq ghtwtltyn cnfk bcnjxyb-rjv dljöyjdtybz b jåhfpwjv lkz tdhjgtq-crbö rjycnbnewbq, gjcktljdfdibö pf htdj-kñwbzvb 1848 ujlf. D änjv ujle gthdstdféyst rjycnbnewbjyyst gthtvtys ghj-bpjikb d Fdcnhbb b Bnfkbb, yjdst rjycnb-newbb åskb ddtltys d ltqcndbt dj Ahfy-wbb b Idtqwfhbb. Änj åsk nfrét ujl, rjulf åskf yfgbcfyf nfr ybrjulf b yt htf-kbpjdfyyfz Ahfyraehncrfz rjycnbnewbz.Tt bcgjkmpjdfkb d vjlbabwbhjdfyyjv dbltlkz gjcktleñobö ytvtwrbö rjycnbnewbq, bprjnjhsö jlyf åskf hfphfåjnfyf lkz bvgth-crjq Uthvfybb, f lheufz exhtélfkf Dtq-vfhcreñ htcgeåkbre d 1919 ujle.

Fvthbrfycrbq rjkjybfkbpv ghbdtk rlfkmytqitve rjycnbnewbjyyjve hfpdbnbñyf cnsrt cnjktnbq. Reåf, Gfyfvf b Abkbg-gbys ghbyzkb yfwbjyfkmyst öfhnbb gjfvthbrfycrjve jåhfpwe. Gjljåysq rjkjybf-kbpv yfkbwj b d ghbyznjq gthtl Gthdjqvbhjdjq djqyjq rjycnbnewbb Ufbnb, gj jå-otve vytybñ, yfgbcfyyjq Ahfyrkbyjv L.Hepdtkmnjv, d nj dhtvz gjvjoybrjv vbyb-cnhf DVC.

Åtpeckjdyj, dféytqitq rjycnbnewbtqgthbjlf Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqys åskf rjy-cnbnewbz Vtrcbrb, ghbyznfz d 1917 ujle.Ceotcndeñofz lj cbö gjh, öjnz b c vyjuj-xbcktyysvb gjghfdrfvb, jyf cnjbn d hzlecfvsö pyfvtyfntkmysö rjycnbnewbq d bcnj-hbb. Änj åskf gthdfz rjycnbnewbz, ghbpyf-dfdifz yt njkmrj gjkbnbxtcrbt, yj b ärjyj-vbxtcrbt b rekmnehyst ghfdf. Tt dyenhty-yzz cnhernehf b vyjubt ajhvekbhjdrb

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gjpfbvcndjdfys ytgjchtlcndtyyj bp abkf-ltkmabqcrjq Rjycnbnewbb. D gthbjl vtéleldevz vbhjdsvb djqyfvb vyjubt kfnbyj-fvthbrfycrbt cnhfys nfrét gthtgbcfkbcdjb rjycnbnewbb, b dj dctö zdyj joeoftn-cz abkfltkmabqcrbq jåhfptw. Ghtdjcöjl-ysvb ghbvthfvb ckeéfn rjycnbnewbb Xbkbb Eheudfz.

Gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys fvthb-rfycrjt dkbzybt ljvbybhjdfkj ghb gjluj-njdrt yjdsö jcyjdysö pfrjyjd PfgflyjqUthvfybb b Zgjybb. Vtytt bpdtcnyjq, yjcnjkm ét pyfxbvjq åskf ghbdthétyyjcnmabkfltkmabqcrjq vjltkb d RjycnbnewbbBylbb 1949 ujlf. Jnxtns Dthöjdyjuj celfCIF ljcnegys celmzv Dthöjdyjuj celfBylbb, ult bö yt njkmrj xbnfñn, yj b xfcnjwbnbheñn.

Bpextybt fvthbrfycrjuj rjycnbnewbj-yfkbpvf gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys gjhj-lbkj gjxnb dctjåobq bynthtc r hjkb Dth-öjdyjuj celf CIF d jghtltktybb rjycnbne-wbjyyjcnb pfrjyjlfntkmysö frnjd. Änfaeyrwbz gjljåysv ét jåhfpjv dsgjkyztnczDthöjdysv celjv Bylbb b Dthöjdysv celjv Fdcnhfkbb, f nfrét d lheubö cnhfyföc jåobv ghfdjv. Rjycnbnewbjyysq rjyn-hjkm yt vju jceotcndkznmcz kfnbyjfvthb-rfycrbvb cnhfyfvb, gjcrjkmre bö celtåystcnhernehs jcyjdsdfkbcm yf cbcntvt uhfé-lfycrjuj ghfdf. Jlyfrj änb cnhfys öjntkbbcgjkmpjdfnm ghjwtlehe rjycnbnewbjyyjujrjynhjkz. Htitybtv cnfkj cjplfybt rjycnb-newbjyysö celjd. Gthdst bp ybö gjzdbkbcmd Uthvfybb b Bnfkbb, b c ntö gjh jyb hfc-ghjcnhfybkbcm gj dctve vbhe. Rjycnbnewb-jyysq cel Gjkmib (exhtéltyysq d 1980-tujls) åsk gthdsv nfrbv jhufyjv d rjvve-ybcnbxtcrjv vbht. Åhfpbkbz, rjnjhfz gjl-ujnjdbkf yjdeñ rjycnbnewbñ d 1988 ujle,gthtcvjnhtkf cdjñ celtåyeñ cbcntve, xnj-ås jghtltkbnm, cktletn kb tq jnytcnb celtåysq rjynhjkm r dtltybñ dthöjdyjujcelf bkb cjplfnm rjycnbnewbjyysq cel.

Dkbzybt abkfltkmabqcrjq Rjycnbne-wbb ghjljkéftn joeofnmcz. Ybuthbz, cf-vfz yfctktyyfz cnhfyf Fahbrb, jndthukfgfhkfvtyncreñ cbcntve, rjnjheñ jyf eyfc-

ktljdfkf jn Dtkbrjåhbnfybb b rjnjhfz åskf drkñxtyf d tt Rjycnbnewbñ Ytpfdb-cbvjcnb. D 1999 ujle jyf ghbyzkf yjdeñrjycnbnewbñ, rjnjhfz ghtlecvfnhbdfkfghtpbltyncrjt ghfdktybt b gjkjébkf rj-ytw vyjujktnytve djtyyjve htébve. Njxyjnfr ét zdyj ghjcktébdftncz fvthbrfycrjtdkbzybt b d rjycnbnewbzö, ghbyznsö Rfyf-ljq b Ujylehfcjv d 1982 ujle, Cfkmdflj-hjv d 1983, Kbåthbtq d 1984, Udfntvfkjqd 1985 b Abkbggbyfvb d 1987 ujle.

GJYBVFYBT FVTHBRFYCRJUJDKBZYBZDct änj ghbdjlbn r djghjce: gjxtve

fvthbrfycrfz Rjycnbnewbz jrfpfkfcm cnjkmdkbzntkmyjq? Yfxytv c njuj, xnj änj åskfgthdfz rjycnbnewbz b, nfrbv jåhfpjv, jxt-dblysq ghtwtltyn lkz cjplfntktq dctö gj-cktleñobö. Åjkmibycndj fdnjhjd rjycnbne-wbq – ñhbcns, f ñhbcns ytghtvtyyj boenghtwtltyns. C cfvjuj yfxfkf rjvvtynfhbbgj fvthbrfycrjq Rjycnbnewbb geåkbrjdf-kbcm, bpexfkbcm b jåceélfkbcm rjkktufvb-ñhbcnfvb gj dctve vbhe.

Jnws-jcyjdfntkb Fvthbrb dthbkb drjycnbnewbjyyj juhfybxtyyeñ htcgeåkbre,b bv elfkjcm gjcnhjbnm htébv, rjnjhsq ec-nfyjdbk hfdyjdtcbt vtéle gjhzlrjv b cdj-åjljq. Änj ghbdtkj åjkmijt xbckj byj-cnhfywtd r yfibv åthtufv lkz bpextybzfvthbrfycrjq ajhvs ghfdktybz, b yf hj-lbye jyb djpdhfofkbcm gjåjhybrfvb jn-ltkmysö tt jcjåtyyjcntq. Dj vyjubö ckexf-zö änj cnfyjdbkjcm djpvjéysv åkfujlfhzcnbgtylbzv, ghtljcnfdkztvsv fvthbrfy-crbvb ajylfvb b eybdthcbntnfvb, b uhfy-nfv jn ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. R änjq rfntuj-hbb ytjåöjlbvj ljåfdbnm byjcnhfywtd, rj-njhst ghbtpéfkb cñlf c lheubvb wtkzvb bnjét djjleitdkzkbcm fvthbrfycrbv rjy-cnbnewbjyfkbpvjv. Änj yfxfkjcm c ahfywe-pf Kfafqtnf b gjkzrf Nflteif Rjcnñirj.Jåf ckeébkb jabwthfvb d fhvbb LéjhléfDfibyunjyf, f gjplytt djpukfdbkb åjhmåepf cdjåjle d cjåcndtyysö cnhfyfö.

Dkbzybt Rjycnbnewbb CIF nfrét hfc-ghjcnhfyzkjcm pf heåtéjv fvthbrfywfvb,

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rjnjhsö ghbdktrfkb r hfåjnt d rfxtcndtcjdtnybrjd ghb gjlujnjdrt rjycnbnewbqlheubö cnhfy. Fvthbrfyws gjvjukb hfphf-åjnfnm rjycnbnewbb Kbåthbb, Vtrcbrb,Uthvfybb, Zgjybb b Pbvåfådt. Fvthbrfy-crbt ärcgthns nfrét ghtlkfufkb bltb gjrjycnbnewbjyyjq htajhvt yf Abkbggbyfö(f d ytlfdytt dhtvz – d Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgtb yf Åkbéytv Djcnjrt).

Jlyfrj jcyjdyeñ ghbxbye dkbzybz ab-kfltkmabqcrjq Rjycnbnewbb pf heåtéjvvjéyj jåjåotyyj dshfpbnm jlybv ckjdjv –ecgtö. Fvthbrf – cfvfz åjufnfz, cfvfz cdj-åjlyfz b cfvfz cbkmyfz cnhfyf d vbht ccfvjq ljkujdtxyjq rjycnbnewbtq. Dnjhfzgj cnfhibycnde – åtkmubqcrfz, ltqcndeñ-ofz c 1831 ujlf, pf ytq bltn yjhdtécrfz –c 1841 ujlf. Kbim d xtnshtö lheubö cnhf-yfö rjycnbnewbb åskb yfgbcfys lj 20-ujdtrf: d Fhutynbyt (1853), Kñrctvåehut(1868), Idtqwfhbb (1878) b Rjkevåbb(1886). Tot ctvm rjycnbnewbq åskb cjplf-ys lj Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys.

Rjycnbnewbz CIF dslthéfkf ghjdth-re dhtvtytv. Gj rhfqytq vtht, d ltcznbcnhfyfö ghjdjlzncz cgtwbfkmyst bccktlj-dfybz rjycnbnewbb CIF c wtkmñ yfgbcf-ybz cdjbö yjdsö rjycnbnewbq.

Fkmåthn G. Åkjintqy åsk ghjatccjhjvñhbcgheltywbb yf ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmnt-nt eybdthcbntnf infnf Ymñ-Léthcb dHfnuthct. Tuj gthe ghbyflktéfn vyjuj-xbcktyyst yfexyst hfåjns gj rjycnbne-wbjyfkbpve, drkñxfz itcnbnjvysq nhelj Rjycnbnewbb CIF, jpfukfdktyysq≤Rjycnbnewbz pfdbcbvjcntq b jcjåsö cedthtybntnjd≥ (Constitution of Dependenciesand Special Sovereignties). Åkjintqy gjvjuhfphfåjnfnm åjktt 40 rjycnbnewbq gjdctve vbhe b gjåsdfk dj vyjubö bp änböcnhfy. D 1991 ujle jy gjvjufk d gjlujnjd-rt rjycnbnewbb Hjccbqcrjq htcgeåkbrb.Ghjatccjh Åkjintqy evth d 1994 ujle.

1 Kñlb, xtq drkfl d dféytqibt ljrevtyns (≤Pfgbcrb atlthfkbcnf≥, Ltrkfhfwbz ytpfdbcbvjcnb, Cnfnmb Rjyatlthfwbb b Rjycnbnewbz CIF) ghbdtk r cjplfybñCjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb, jcyjdfyysö yf bltfkföcdjåjls.

Vytybz, dshfétyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn njxre phtybz bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Ajnjuhfabz cltkfyf Vfwbtétv Åhjyfhcrbv, gtxfnftncz c hfphtitybz Rjhjktdcrjuj pfvrf d Dfhifdt

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12


Jcyjdyst äktvtyns rjycnbnewbb

Uthvfy Idfhw

Bpdtcnysq fdnjh b cgtwbfkbcn gj

rjycnbnewbzv Uthvfy Idfhw bccktletn

ghjåktvs, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz

hfphfåjnxbrb yjdtqibö rjycnbnewbq

d vbht. Idfhw gjlhjåyj öfhfrnthbpetn

jcyjdyst äktvtyns, rjnjhst ljkéys

exbnsdfnmcz ghb gjlujnjdrt rjycnbne-

wbq, d njv xbckt cnhernehe dkfcnb,

pfobne ghfd xtkjdtrf b ghjwtlehs

dytctybz gjghfdjr.

NT, RNJ CJCNFDKZÑN rjycnbnewbb lkzajhvbheñoböcz ltvjrhfnbq, cnfkrbdfñnczc åjkmibvb nhelyjcnzvb. Dj-gthdsö, jybljkéys gjlujnjdbnm ljrevtyn, gjpdjkzñ-obq jåotcnde vbhyj htifnm ckjéyst bcgjhyst djghjcs, xfcnj d nzétksö eckjdb-zö. D nj ét dhtvz jyb ljkéys jåtcgtxbnmltqcndtyyeñ pfobne ghfd xtkjdtrf, drkñ-xfz ghfdj vtymibycndf yt cjukfifnmcz.

Dj-dnjhsö, jåsxyj åscnhj djpybrfñnhfcrjks b rjyakbrns, b bö ghtjljktybtvjétn cjplfnm ljkujchjxyst ghjåktvs.Rjulf blen gthtujdjhs j nhfycajhvfwbb,rfr dj vyjubö cnhfyfö åsdituj cjdtncrjujåkjrf, ghjbuhfdibt gsnfñncz elthéfnm rfrvjéyj åjkmit dkfcnb. Tckb ét gthtvtysghtlgjkfufñn gjkyjt jncnhfytybt htébvf,rfr d Bhfrt, nj d åjhmåt pf dkfcnm cjgthyb-xfñn gjåtlbntkb. Rjvghjvbccs, htifñ-obt änb cgjhs, xfcnj drkñxfñncz d rjy-cnbnewbñ, xnj d ljkujchjxyjq gthcgtrnbdtvjétn ghbytcnb ytghbznyjcnb. Yfghbvth,rjvghjvbccs gj djghjce j hfåcndt d Rjy-cnbnewbb CIF gjpdjkbkb jåtcgtxbnm ghb-yznbt änjq rjycnbnewbb, yj, d rjytxyjvcxtnt, yt cnfkb åkfujv lkz cnhfys.


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Åjktt njuj, rjycnbnewbz gbitncz djghtltktyysq vjvtyn, jåsxyj rjulf jåot-cndj cnfkrbdftncz c jxtym ckjéysvb ärjyj-vbxtcrbvb, cjwbfkmysvb b lheubvb ghj-åktvfvb. Djpybrftn cjåkfpy, f pfxfcneñ bytjåöjlbvjcnm åscnhj htibnm änb ghjåkt-vs. Yj gjkjétybz, ghbpdfyyst åscnhjcghfdbnmcz c yfceoysvb ghjåktvfvb, vj-uen jrfpfnmcz ytfltrdfnysvb htitybzvb yfljkujchjxyeñ gthcgtrnbde.

Yfl dctvb ljrevtynfvb, cjcnfdkztvs-vb d rjyrhtnyjt dhtvz b d rjyrhtnyjv vtc-nt, ljdkttn njn afrn, xnj ytdjpvjéyj ghtl-crfpfnm åeleott, b dctulf åeleott jrfps-dftncz yt nfrbv, rfr jéblfkjcm. Gjänjvehfphfåjnxbrb rjycnbnewbq ljkéys jåtcgt-xbdfnm åeleobv ghfdbntkmcndfv ubårjcnm,gjpdjkzñoeñ htifnm ytghtlcrfpetvst bytghtldbltyyst ghjåktvs.

Jlby bp ehjrjd bp gjxnb dctjåotujjgsnf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj chfpe ét ytjåöj-lbvj äaatrnbdyj pfobnbnm ghfdf xtkjdtrf.Rjulf cdthuftncz fdnjhbnfhysq htébv, jå-otcndj ytbpåtéyj bcgsnsdftn xedcndj jc-djåjéltybz b éféle cdjåjls. Yj änj djp-åeéltybt lkbncz ytljkuj. Jgsn yjdsö bcnfhsö ltvjrhfnbq gjrfpsdftn: tckb ghfdfxtkjdtrf bpyfxfkmyj ytljcnfnjxyj pfobot-ys, cltkfnm änj gjnjv åeltn nhelyj.

GHTLDFHBNTKMYST CJJÅHFÉTYBZDj-gthdsö, rnj ljkéty ujnjdbnm rjycnb-

newbñ – jåsxysq pfrjyjlfntkmysq jhufybkb cgtwbfkmyjt rjycnbnewbjyyjt cjåhf-ybt? D gthdjv ckexft ltqcndeñobt pfrjyj-lfntkb vjuen yfgbcfnm rjycnbnewbñ, gjpdj-kzñoeñ bv jcnfnmcz e dkfcnb. Cgtwbfkmyjtrjycnbnewbjyyjt cjåhfybt, ghtlcnfdkzñ-ott rfr vjéyj åjkmit äktvtynjd jåotcndf,ghtlgjxnbntkmytt, öjnz jyj åsdftn åjkttuhjvjplrbv b ljhjujcnjzobv.

Tot jlyj ghtldfhbntkmyjt htitybt jnyjcbncz r dytctybñ bpvtytybq bkb gj-ghfdjr d rjycnbnewbñ gjckt tt ghbyznbz.Yeéyj, xnjås ltkfnm änj åskj ytkturj. Lj-revtyn ljkéty jnhféfnm ukeåjxfqibt wty-yjcnb jåotcndf b jcyjdjgjkfufñobt yjhvs

ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghjwtccf. Jyb ljkéysåsnm cnfåbkmys. C lheujq cnjhjys, gj-crjkmre ytrjnjhst gjkjétybz, gjhjélty-yst vjvtynjv – yfghzétybtv, rjyakbrnf-vb b jéblfybzvb gthdjyfxfkmyjuj gthbj-lf, vjuen jrfpfnmcz ytghbujlysvb d ljkuj-chjxyjq gthcgtrnbdt, nhelyjcnb, cdzpfyystc dytctybtv bpvtytybq, vjuen gjvtifnmåeleobv ghfdbntkmcndfv fltrdfnyj htifnmytghtldbltyyst ghjåktvs.

Gjänjve åskj ås hfpevyj gthtcvfnhb-dfnm cnhernehyst fcgtrns rjycnbnewbb gjghjitcndbb jghtltktyyjuj dhtvtyb. Jlbygjlöjl – ghtlecvjnhtnm cjplfybt ärcgth-nyjq rjvbccbb c bynthdfkjv d 10 bkb 20 ktn lkz jghtltktybz ytjåöjlbvjcnbdytctybz cnhernehysö bpvtytybq. Änj vj-étn åsnm jcjåtyyj gjktpysv d gthdst lt-cznm ktn, rjulf cnfyen jxtdblysvb, gjrhfqytq vtht, ytrjnjhst ghjåktvs, cj-plfyyst rjycnbnewbtq.

Jlyfrj änjn gthtcvjnh yt ljkéty jc-kfåkznm yjhvs j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, öjnz bvjétn djpybryenm nfrjq cjåkfpy. Rjulfgthdjyfxfkmyfz äqajhbz bcczrftn, f jéb-lftvst åscnhst ekexitybz d ehjdyt ébp-yb yt joeofñncz, j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf pfåj-nzncz vtymit. Herjdjlbntkb b lfét wtkstyfhjls vjuen bcgsnsdfnm cjåkfpy hfccvfn-hbdfnm ghfdf xtkjdtrf rfr hjcrjim, rfrxnj-nj dnjhbxyjt gj jnyjitybñ r nfrbv djghjcfv, rfr ärjyjvbxtcrfz cnfåbkmyjcnm,öjnz jgsn gjrfpsdftn, xnj ghfdf xtkjdtrfhtlrj vtifñn äaatrnbdyj htfubhjdfnm yfänb nhelyjcnb.

Cvtéysq ghtldfhbntkmysq djghjc pf-rkñxftncz d njv, rfrjq ljkéyf åsnm rjy-cnbnewbz – rjhjnrjq bkb lkbyyjq. Vyjubtd Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö gjkfufñn: gjcrjkm-re yfif Rjycnbnewbz ltqcndetn åjktt 200 ktn, rhfnrbt rjycnbnewbb – yfbkexibqdfhbfyn, lfét lkz pfhjélfñoböcz ltvjr-hfnbq. Z yt hfpltkzñ änjq njxrb phtybz.Rjycnbnewbjyyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj CIFyt cjlthébncz gjkyjcnmñ d 34 gthdjyf-xfkmysö cnfnmzö b gjghfdrfö. Tuj vjéyjyfqnb njkmrj d cjdjregyjcnb gjxnb 540 nj-vjd htitybq, ghbyznsö vjueotcndtyysv


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jhufyjv – Dthöjdysv celjv CIF – ghb-vthyj pf 215 ktn. Änb htitybz cajhvbhj-dfkb yfib jcyjdjgjkfufñobt rjycnbnewb-jyyst ghbywbgs b ghfdf. Kbim ytrjnjhstbp ybö vjéyj gjyznm ytgjchtlcndtyyj bpntrcnf Rjycnbnewbb CIF. Jlyfrj e yjdsöltvjrhfnbq ytn hjcrjib d dblt 215 ktn yfhfphfåjnre änbö ghfd, b jxtym ytvyjubt bpybö yfxbyfñn cdjt hfpdbnbt c cbkmyjq ce-ltåyjq cbcntvjq. Jyb vjuen b ljkéys jgb-hfnmcz yf fvthbrfycrbq b lheujq jgsn bdgbcsdfnm änb jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdf bghbywbgs d cdjb rjycnbnewbb, yt ljéblf-zcm celjd.

Hfpevttncz, änj yt jpyfxftn, xnj rjy-cnbnewbz ljkéyf åsnm jxtym ltnfkmyjq.Rjycnbnewbb, cjlthéfobt ckbirjv vyjujyjhv, vjuen åkjrbhjdfnm ytjåöjlbveñ ubå-rjcnm. Htibnm, xnj ljkéyj djqnb d rjycnb-newbñ, xnj cktletn jcnfdbnm pfrjyjlfntkm-yjq dkfcnb, f rfrbt vjvtyns djjåot yt yflj htuekbhjdfnm, – änj jlby bp cfvsöghbywbgbfkmysö b nhelysö gthdjyfxfkm-ysö djghjcjd.

JCYJDYST ÄKTVTYNSNfr yfpsdftvst ujhbpjynfkmyst b dth-

nbrfkmyst cnhernehyst djghjcs yfbåjkttnhelys, gjcrjkmre jyb cdzpfys c hfpltkt-ybtv dkfcnb. Jyb gjxnb dctulf htifñnczyf ajyt gjkbnbxtcrbö cgjhjd, ghbxtv dybö xfcnj ljvbybheñn rhfnrjchjxyst wt-kb, d xfcnyjcnb – rfr gjkexbnm b elthéfnmdkfcnm.

Gthdfz ghjåktvf – dsåjh vtéle ghtpb-ltyncrjq b gfhkfvtyncrjq cbcntvjq. Öjnze rféljq vyjuj hfpyjdblyjcntq, dct jybgjgflfñn d ldt uheggs. Ghtpbltyncrfzcbcntvf, yfbåjktt bpdtcnyfz d fvthbrfy-crjq dthcbb, jåsxyj ghtlgjkfuftn bpåhf-ybt ukfds bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb yfhjljv– kbåj yfghzveñ, kbåj, rfr d CjtlbytyysöInfnfö, jgjchtljdfyyj b yf abrcbhjdfy-ysq chjr. D fvthbrfycrjq vjltkb ghtpb-ltyn, rjnjhsq jlyjdhtvtyyj dsgjkyztn hj-kb ukfds ujcelfhcndf b ukfds ghfdbntkmcn-df, jghtltkztn dyenhtyyññ b dytiyññ gjkbnbre b gjlåbhftn vbybcnhjd lkz ghj-

dtltybz änjq gjkbnbrb. Vbybcnhs xfcnjljkéys endthélfnmcz pfrjyjlfntkmysv jh-ufyjv, yj, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, hfåjnfñn gjlherjdjlcndjv b rjynhjktv ghtpbltynf.

Pfrjyjlfntkmysq jhufy bpåbhftncz jn-ltkmyj, nfrét yf abrcbhjdfyysq chjr. Ybghtpbltyn, yb pfrjyjlfntkmysq jhufyjåsxyj yt vjuen åsnm jncnhfytys jn dkfc-nb lheujq cnjhjyjq. Änj gjhjélftn cbcntveldjqyjq ktubnbvyjcnb b xtnrj hfpltktyysögjkyjvjxbq.

Ghtpbltyncrfz cbcntvf ghtlkfuftn cnf-åbkmyjcnm, b d herfö cbkmyjuj ghtpbltynfvjétn jåtcgtxbnm äythubxyjt herjdjlcndj.Jlyfrj cnfåbkmyjcnm vjétn ghtdhfofnmcz djncencndbt ubårjcnb, gjcrjkmre ytgjgekzh-yjuj bkb ytlttcgjcjåyjuj ghtpbltynf yt-kturj jncnhfybnm jn dkfcnb lj bcntxtybzchjrf tuj gjkyjvjxbq. Åjktt njuj, tckb pf-rjyjlfntkmysq jhufy rjynhjkbhetncz lhe-ujq gjkbnbxtcrjq gfhnbtq, vjétn djpybr-yenm pfrjyjlfntkmysq negbr bkb gfnjdfzcbnefwbz. Tckb änjn hfcrjk åeltn ghjljk-éfnmcz, dkfcnm vjétn vyjubt ujls yt bvtnmdjpvjéyjcnb äaatrnbdyj aeyrwbjybhj-dfnm.

Ghb gfhkfvtyncrjq cbcntvt tlbycndty-ysv bcnjxybrjv dsåjhyjq ktubnbvyjcnbckeébn gfhkfvtyn. Jncencndetn hfpltktybtgjkyjvjxbq vtéle pfrjyjlfntkmyjq b bc-gjkybntkmyjq dkfcnmñ – celtåyfz dkfcnm,hfpevttncz, ytpfdbcbvf, yj jyf cnjbn dytpfrjyjlfntkmyjq caths, – gjcrjkmre bc-gjkybntkmyfz dkfcnm, jåsxyj yfpsdftvfzghfdbntkmcndjv b djpukfdkztvfz ghtvmth-vbybcnhjv, dsåbhftncz gfhnbtq, jåkflfñ-otq åjkmibycndjv d gfhkfvtynt, bkb rjf-kbwbtq, jnhféfñotq vytybt åjkmibycndfpfrjyjlfntktq. Ukfdjq ujcelfhcndf dscne-gftn ghtpbltyn, yfltktyysq ytåjkmibvbgjkyjvjxbzvb b jåsxyj bpåbhftvsq gfh-kfvtynjv. Ghtvmth-vbybcnh b ghfdbntkm-cndj gjljnxtnys gfhkfvtyne b vjuen åsnmjnghfdktys bv d jncnfdre. Dsåjhs vjuenyfpyfxfnmcz d kñåjt dhtvz, xnj jåtcgtxb-dftn ubårjcnm. Gjcrjkmre ytn ajhvfkmyjujhfpltktybz gjkyjvjxbq vtéle pfrjyjlf-ntkmyjq b bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnmñ, dthjzn-


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yjcnm pfqnb d negbr vfkf, nfr rfr ghfdb-ntkmcndj bkb ghtvmth-vbybcnh, rjnjhst en-hfxbdfñn ljdthbt gfhkfvtynf, vjuen åsnmjnghfdktys bv d jncnfdre.

Jlyfrj gfhkfvtyncrfz cbcntvf vjétngjhjélfnm xfcneñ cvtye ghfdbntkmcnd bcbkmyeñ ytcnfåbkmyjcnm. Jyf vjétn ghbdj-lbnm nfrét r dytpfgysv htprbv bpvtytyb-zv d gjkbnbrt, rjulf jggjpbwbz gjkexftnåjkmibycndj, xnj vjétn cjplfnm jcjåjuj hj-lf ytcnfåbkmyjcnm.

Yf djghjc j njv, rfrfz cbcntvf kexit,ytn jxtdblyjuj jndtnf. Dsåjh xfcnj pfdb-cbn jn bcnjhbxtcrbö jcjåtyyjcntq, nhtåj-dfybq vjvtynf b lheubö afrnjhjd. Dctcnhfys åsdituj cjdtncrjuj åkjrf pf ght-ltkfvb Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf, f nfrét åfknbq-crbt ujcelfhcndf ecnfyjdbkb gfhkfvtyn-crbt htébvs, dj vyjujv gjnjve, xnj jyböjntkb cnfnm xfcnmñ Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs, rj-njhfz gjxnb wtkbrjv gfhkfvtyncrfz. Jlyf-rj jcnfkmyst åsdibt htcgeåkbrb Cjdtn-crjuj Cjñpf dytlhbkb e ctåz ghtpbltyn-crbt cbcntvs.

Ytjåöjlbvj nfrét htibnm, rfrbv åeltnpfrjyjlfntkmysq jhufy – jlyjgfkfnysvbkb ldeögfkfnysv (c dthöytq b ybéytq gf-kfnjq). Tckb cnhjbncz atlthfnbdyjt ujce-lfhcndj c jnyjcbntkmyj fdnjyjvysvb rjv-gjytynfvb – nfrjt, rfr Cjtlbytyyst Inf-ns bkb Uthvfybz, – vjétn åsnm étkfntkm-ysv bvtnm dnjheñ (jåsxyj dthöyññ, rfrCtyfn CIF) pfrjyjlfntkmyeñ gfkfne,ghtlcnfdkzñoeñ bynthtcs ceåütrnjd at-lthfwbb. Dnjhfz gfkfnf byjulf juhfybxbdf-tncz jghtltktyysvb htitybzvb, d njvxbckt rfcfñobvbcz yfkjujd b celtåysöbkb lheubö yfpyfxtybq, kbåj djghjcfvb,ytgjchtlcndtyyj pfnhfubdfñobvb cfvböceåütrnjd atlthfwbb.

Dsåjh, cjplfdfnm kb dnjheñ gfkfne,cnfdbn ljgjkybntkmysq djghjc: yfcrjkmrjwtynhfkbpjdfyysv ljkéyj åsnm ujcelfhcn-dj? Rfrjq jåütv gjkyjvjxbq b fdnjyjvbbcktletn ltktubhjdfnm yf ybéybt ehjdybdkfcnb – d htubjys bkb yfwbjyfkmyst jå-hfpjdfybz? Crjkmrj cfvjcnjzntkmyjcnb ght-ljcnfdkznm ujhjlfv, gjctkrfv b lthtdyzv?

Lbfgfpjy djpvjéyjcntq ibhjr – jn cjdth-ityyj fdnjyjvysö tlbybw lj gjkyjuj wty-nhfkbpjdfyyjuj rjynhjkz. Tcnm dct jcyjdf-ybz ghtljcnfdkznm htubjyfkmysv b vtcn-ysv tlbybwfv cnjkmrj fdnjyjvbb, crjkmrjjyb cvjuen äaatrnbdyj bcgjkmpjdfnm, gj-crjkmre wtynhfkmyfz flvbybcnhfwbz xfcnjyt pyfrjvf c vtcnysvb eckjdbzvb b gj-nhtåyjcnzvb. Rhjvt njuj, exfcnbt d vtcn-yjq dkfcnb lftn kñlzv djpvjéyjcnm ytgjc-htlcndtyyj exfcndjdfnm d ghbyznbb vyjubörkñxtdsö htitybq, pfnhfubdfñobö böébpym, b vjétn cnfnm dféyjq cjcnfdkzñ-otq ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj cfvjeghfdktybz.

CELTÅYFZ CBCNTVFBcnjhbz cjplfkf gjnhtåyjcnm d ytpfdb-

cbvjq celtåyjq dkfcnb, cgjcjåyjq elthéb-dfnm lheubt dtndb jn dsöjlf pf rjycnbnewb-jyyst hfvrb, jcjåtyyj rjulf htxm bltn jåjcyjdysö ghfdfö xtkjdtrf. Änj vjétn åsnmkbåj htuekzhyfz celtåyfz cbcntvf, rfr dCjtlbytyysö Infnfö, kbåj cgtwbfkmysqnhbåeyfk, rjycnbnewbjyysq cel, juhfybxb-dfñobqcz htitybtv rjycnbnewbjyysö dj-ghjcjd b ytrjnjhsö lheubö ltk, rfr d Uth-vfybb. D gthdjv ckexft rjytxyjq bycnfy-wbtq dscnegftn dthöjdysq cel, cjcnjzobqbp celtq htuekzhysö celjd, rjnjhst yfpyf-xfñncz gjébpytyyj b jåsxyj hfccvfnhbdf-ñn fgtkkzwbb bp ybétcnjzobö celjd; jybhtifñn rjycnbnewbjyyst djghjcs njkmrjghb ytjåöjlbvjcnb ehtuekbhjdfnm rjyrhtn-ysq cgjh. D jnkbxbt jn änjuj, åjkmibycndjxktyjd rjycnbnewbjyysö celjd – ghjatccj-hf ñhbcgheltywbb b lheubt ñhbcns, rjnj-hst yfåbhfñncz yt bp htuekzhyjq celtåyjqcbcntvs b jåsxyj ckeéfn jlby, f byjulf bytcrjkmrj chjrjd gj 8–12 ktn. Jyb hfpht-ifñn rjycnbnewbjyyst djghjcs gj ghjcmåtdscjrjgjcnfdktyysö ghfdbntkmcndtyysöxbyjdybrjd, celjd, f dj vyjubö cnhfyfö bgj pfghjcfv xfcnysö uhfélfy, pfzdkzñobö,xnj bö ghfdf yfheitys. Åjkmibycndj ajh-vbheñoböcz ltvjrhfnbq ghtlgjxkj cjplfnmrjycnbnewbjyyst cels, jnxfcnb gjnjve, xnjceltåysq yflpjh, jceotcndkztvsq hzljds-vb celmzvb, yt d bö nhflbwbb, f jnxfcnb –


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gjnjve, xnj jyb yt ljdthzñn ceotcndeñ-otq celtåyjq cbcntvt.

Rfrfz ås cbcntvf yb åskf dsåhfyf,rjycnbnewbz ljkéyf xtnrj ecnfyfdkbdfnmghfdj celjd fyyekbhjdfnm pfrjys b lheubtyjhvs b frns, yt cjjndtncndeñobt rjycnb-newbb. Rjycnbnewbjyysq cel yt ljkétyjåhtvtyznmcz xeélsvb tve jåzpfyyjcnzvb.Tuj hfåjnf åeltn dj vyjujv ytjlyjpyfxyf,gjcrjkmre jlyjq bp ukfdysö tuj jåzpfyyjc-ntq, jcjåtyyj d gthdst ujls, cjcnjbn djghtltktybb rjycnbnewbjyysö uhfybw vté-le jhufyfvb dkfcnb. Rhjvt njuj, byjulftve ghbltncz ghbybvfnm htitybz ghjnbdghfdbntkmcndf gj ltkfv j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf.Dj dctö änbö ckexfzö jy xfcnj åeltn htprjrhbnbrjdfnmcz ghjbuhfditq cnjhjyjq. Rjy-cnbnewbz yt ljkéyf vyjébnm gjdjls lkznfrbö yfgfljr, djpkfufz yf rjycnbnewbjy-yst nhbåeyfks ytceltåyst bkb ytrjycnb-newbjyyst pflfxb, båj, gj rhfqytq vtht, dgthdst ujls bö ltzntkmyjcnb bv åeltn yt-ljcnfdfnm ghtcnbéf b jåotcndtyyjq gjl-lthérb, jn rjnjhsö pfdbcbn äaatrnbdyjcnmbö hfåjns.

Eghjxtybt ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjq dkfc-nb – tot jlyf ghbxbyf, gj rjnjhjq rjycnb-newbz yt ljkéyf åsnm ckbirjv rhfnrjq.Xtv rjyrhtnytt rjycnbnewbz, ntv ghjotåeltn celfv ccskfnmcz yf cjjndtncndeñobtajhvekbhjdrb d ljrevtynt, jåjcyjdsdfñ-otv bö yfbåjktt cgjhyst htitybz, b ntvvtymit åeltn jcyjdfybq cxbnfnm, xnj jybghbybvfñn htitybz, bcöjlz bp ceåütrnbd-ysö vytybq celtq.

Gjcrjkmre htitybz celjd åelen xfcnjyjcbnm gjkbnbxtcrb ltkbrfnysq öfhfrnth,bö ytpfdbcbvjcnm b åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnm ljkéys ufhfynbhjdfnmcz rjycnbnewbtq. Ce-ltåyfz cbcntvf ljkéyf åsnm ytpfdbcbvjqdtndmñ dkfcnb, f yt gjlxbyznmcz Vbybc-nthcnde ñcnbwbb. Celtåyfz dkfcnm ljkéyfeghfdkznm cdjbvb abyfycjdsvb b flvbyb-cnhfnbdysvb ltkfvb åtp dvtifntkmcndf bc-gjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb, öjnz d xfcnb åñlét-nf jåzpfntkmyj ljkéyf yföjlbnmcz gjl gjk-ysv rjynhjktv pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj jhufyf.

Rjycnbnewbz ljkéyf nfrét jåtcgtxb-dfnm, xnjås celmb ybétcnjzobö celjd jgb-hfkbcm yf rjycnbnewbñ ghb ghbyznbb ht-itybq. Dj vyjubö yjdsö ltvjrhfnbzö celmb,ghbybvfz htitybz, ckbirjv xfcnj buyjhb-heñn rjycnbnewbjyyst djghjcs.

PFOBNF GHFD XTKJDTRFD yfcnjzott dhtvz ecnfyjdktyj, xnj

rjycnbnewbz ljkéyf pfobofnm ghfdf xtkj-dtrf b xnj cels, jcjåtyyj cgtwbfkmystrjycnbnewbjyyst nhbåeyfks, ljkéys bu-hfnm dféyeñ hjkm d jåtcgtxtybb änjq pf-obns. Dthöjdysq cel CIF cnfk gthdjghj-öjlwtv yf änjv genb, yj ctqxfc äne jndtn-cndtyyjcnm åthen yf ctåz nhbåeyfks gjdctve vbhe. Rjulf ltkj cdzpfyj c vtéleyf-hjlysvb cjukfitybzvb gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-rf, hfnbabwbhjdfyysvb ghfdbntkmcndjvcnhfys, celmb cxbnfñn ctåz jåzpfyysvbcjåkñlfnm änb ljujdjhs. Jyb xfcnj cktle-ñn ghbvthe celjd d lheubö cnhfyfö ghb ht-itybb jåobö ghjåktv. D htpekmnfnt dctöänbö ghjwtccjd djpybrkj vtéleyfhjlyjtrjycnbnewbjyyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj gj ghf-dfv xtkjdtrf.

Rfélfz yjdfz rjycnbnewbz cjlthébnntgthm gjkjétybt jå jcyjdysö ghfdfö xt-kjdtrf. Änjuj ytljcnfnjxyj. Rjycnbnewbzljkéyf cjplfdfnm bycnbnens, jåtcgtxbdfñ-obt htfkbpfwbñ änbö ghfd. Rjycnbnewbzljkéyf cgtwbfkmyj jujdfhbdfnm, xnj kbwf,pfzdkzñobt, xnj bö ghfdf yfheitys, ljké-ys bvtnm åtcghtgzncndtyysq ljcneg r celeb xnj d ckexft nfrjuj yfheitybz gjnthgtd-ibq vjétn gjkexbnm ljcnfnjxyst chtlcndfceltåyjq pfobns. Vyjubt cnhfys cjxkb,xnj d änjv jnyjitybb gjktpty jvåelcvty(xfcnj hfccktleñobq éfkjås bkb dscne-gfñobq gjchtlybrjv ghb bö hfccvjnht-ybb). Vjétn åsnm gjktpyjq b cgtwbfkmyfzljkéyjcnm d ujcelfhcndtyyjq ghjrehfneht.


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Ébpytyyj dféyj lkz ltvjrhfnbb, xnj-ås uhfélfyt bvtkb djpvjéyjcnm epyfdfnm,ltqcndbntkmyj kb ghfdbntkmcndj yflktéf-obv jåhfpjv dsgjkyztn cdjb aeyrwbb bltqcndetn d kexibö bynthtcfö yfhjlf.Rjycnbnewbz ljkéyf cjlthéfnm yjhvs,jåtcgtxbdfñobt uhfélfyfv ytljhjujq båscnhsq ljcneg rj dctv vfnthbfkfv bpghfdbntkmcndtyysö fhöbdjd, pf bcrkñxtyb-tv ntö, hfpukfitybt rjnjhsö htfkmyj euhj-éftn yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, ytghb-rjcyjdtyyjcnb xfcnyjq ébpyb, bcgjkytybñpfrjyf bkb rfrbv-nj lheubv dféysv yfwbj-yfkmysv bynthtcfv. Ythfpevyj ghtljcnfd-kznm pfrjyjlfntkmyjve jhufye ghfdj htifnmdjghjc j ghbyznbb gjljåysö vth, gjcrjkm-re vyjubt ghfdbntkmcndf cjghjnbdkzñncznfrbv vthfv bkb gsnfñncz ceotcndtyyj böjckfåbnm. Vfkj rnj bp ujcelfhcndtyysö xb-yjdybrjd ujhbn étkfybtv gjcnfdbnm cdjñltzntkmyjcnm gjl jåotcndtyysq rjynhjkm.

GHBYZNBT RJYCNBNEWBBPfrkñxbntkmysq djghjc – rfr ljkéyf

ghbybvfnmcz rjycnbnewbz? Cgtwbfkmysvrjycnbnewbjyysv cjåhfybtv, j rjnjhjv uj-djhbkjcm dsit? Jåsxysv gfhkfvtynjv,rfr dj vyjubö tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfyfö? Yt-gjchtlcndtyyj yfctktybtv? Yf rfrjv änfgtljkéyf gjlrkñxfnmcz jåotcndtyyjcnm – ljbkb gjckt gjlujnjdrb ghjtrnf rjycnbne-wbb? Dj dnjhjv ckexft – rfr ljkéyj jåtc-gtxbdfnmcz exfcnbt jåotcndtyyjcnb? Yfänb b lheubt djghjcs lfñncz hfpyst jndt-ns, b öjnz vyjubt gjkbnjkjub cxbnfñn, xnjrjycnbnewbz ljkéyf endthélfnmcz yfhjljv,nfrjq gjlöjl yt cnfk dctjåobv.

Cjplfybt rjycnbnewbb – änj ärcgthb-vtyn, htpekmnfns rjnjhjuj dctulf åelen ce-otcndtyyj jnkbxfnmcz jn yfvthtybq b jéb-lfybq. Åjktt njuj, ecgtö rjycnbnewbbjåsxyj cnfyjdbncz htpekmnfnjv ltqcndbzdytiybö afrnjhjd – ärjyjvbrb, cjwbfkm-ysö cbk, ltqcndeñobö d jåotcndt, vtéle-yfhjlysö cdzptq cnhfys, cnböbqysö åtlcn-dbq b vyjubö lheubö afrnjhjd, ytgjldkfcn-ysö hfphfåjnxbrfv rjycnbnewbb.

Ytcvjnhz yf änb nhelyjcnb, yjdst rjy-cnbnewbb lkz ajhvbheñoböcz ltvjrhfnbqvjuen bpvtybnm cbnefwbñ. Jyb ghtljcnfd-kzñn htlreñ djpvjéyjcnm cjplfnm jåotcn-dj, d rjnjhjv kñlb vjuen ébnm d eckjdbzövbhf b cdjåjls. Bcnjhbz htlrj ghtlkfuftncnhfyt nfrbt vjvtyns, b rjulf jyb djpyb-rfñn, nhelyjcnb yflj ghtjljktdfnm, nfr rfryf rfhne gjcnfdktyj åeleott cnhfys.

Uthvfy Idfhw – ghjatccjh ñhbcgheltywbbÑhblbxtcrjuj rjkktléf ghb Fvthbrfycrjveybdthcbntnt d u. Dfibyunjyt, cgtwbf-kbcn gj rjycnbnewbjyyjve ghfde, uhfé-lfycrbv ghfdfv, fynbnhtcnjdcrjve pfrj-yjlfntkmcnde b htuekbhjdfybñ ltzntkmyjc-nb rjvgfybq, ghtljcnfdkzñobö rjvve-yfkmyst eckeub. Åsk xktyjv ltktufwbbCIF yf 50-q b 51-q ctccbzö RjvbccbbJJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf d 1994 b 1995 uj-lfö. Fdnjh vyjujxbcktyysö yfexysö hf-åjn, drkñxfz rybue ≤Åjhmåf pf rjycnbne-wbjyyjt ghfdjcelbt d gjcnrjvveybcnbxtc-rjq Tdhjgt≥ (The Struggle for ConstitutionalJustice in Post-Communist Europe, University of Chicago Press, 2000).

Vytybz, dshfétyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn njxre phtybz bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.



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Ghjatccjh ghfdf b ärcgthn gj ghjåktvfv

ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz Lbr Öjdfhl

dscnegbk yf ntve ≤Rjycnbnewbjyfkbpv,

ghfdf xtkjdtrf b dkfcnm pfrjyf d Bhfrt≥

yf ckeifybzö ctyfncrbö rjvbntnjd CIF

gj ñhblbxtcrbv djghjcfv b byjcnhfyysv

jnyjitybzv 25 bñyz 2003 ujlf. D cdjtv

dscnegktybb ghjatccjh Öjdfhl fyfkbpbhe-

tn ckjéyjcnb hfpdbnbz rjycnbnewbjyyj-

uj eghfdktybz d yfhjélfñoböcz ltvjrhf-

nbzö b dkbzybt yf ybö fvthbrfycrjq

Rjycnbnewbb. Gj vtht ldbétybz yfhjlf

Bhfrf r cfvjeghfdktybñ djghjcs j njv,

rfr bycnbnewbjyfkbpbhjdfnm ghbywbgs

ltvjrhfnbb, pfrhtgktyyst d ntrcnt

Rjycnbnewbb, jåhtnfñn gthdjjxthtlyjt

pyfxtybt.

D GJCKTLYBT UJLS z bvtk xtcnm ghb-cencndjdfnm yf pfctlfybzö cjplfntktq Rjy-cnbnewbq d cnhfyfö, cnhtvzoböcz pfkjébnmjcyjds rjycnbnewbjyfkmyjq kbåthfkmyjqltvjrhfnbb. D ghjikjv z ghbjåhtk jgsn dbcreccndt cjplfybz Rjycnbnewbb, exfcndezd hfphfåjnrt ysytiytq Rjycnbnewbb infnfDbhlébybb. Jlyfrj ybrfrjq jgsn yt vj-étn åsnm åjktt gjexbntkmysv, xtv yfåkñ-ltybt cnfyjdktybz Rjycnbnewbq d lheuböcnhfyfö b rekmnehfö.

Gjljåysq jgsn chfdybntkmyjuj rjycnb-newbjyfkbpvf gjåeélftn vtyz pflfnmcz dj-ghjcjv j njv, d rfrjq cntgtyb jlyf cnhfyfvjétn gjvjxm lheujq d hfpdbnbb rjycnbne-wbjyfkbpvf bkb dsyjcbnm ceéltybz j rjy-cnbnewbjyyjv genb lheujq cnhfys. Crjkmöjhjij gthtlfñncz bltb rjycnbnewbjyf-kbpvf, jcjåtyyj xthtp uhfybws hfpkbxysörekmneh bkb ghfdjdsö cbcntv? Tcnm kbeybdthcfkmyst wtyyjcnb, c gjvjomñ rjnj-hsö vjéyj bpvthbnm jnyjcbntkmysq ecgtönjq bkb byjq rjycnbnewbjyyjq cbcntvs?Bkb ét, rfr endthélfñn ytrjnjhst, rjy-cnbnewbjyyst cbcntvs ljkéys, d rjytxyjvcxtnt, eöjlbnm rjhyzvb d rekmnehe cnhfys,tt bcnjhbñ, nhflbwbb b eckjdbz? Lkz fvt-


R rjycnbnewbjyyjq ltvjrhfnbb

dj dctv vbht: fvthbrfycrbq dpukzl

Lbr Öjdfhl


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hbrfywtd ceotcndetn rjyrhtnysq djghjc:rfrjt pyfxtybt bvttn fvthbrfycrbq rjy-cnbnewbjyfkmysq jgsn lkz lheubö cnhfy?

JGSN WTYNHFKMYJQ B DJCNJXYJQ TDHJGSJgsn cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq

Tdhjgs cnfdbn änb djghjcs d tot åjktt jcnhjq ajhvt. Gjckt rhföf rjvveybpvfrfélfz bp änbö cnhfy pfyzkfcm yfgbcfybtvyjdjq rjycnbnewbb b cjplfybtv bycnbne-njd, ghbpdfyysö cjltqcndjdfnm rjycnbnewb-jyyjq kbåthfkmyjq ltvjrhfnbb. Hfphfåjn-xbrb d änbö cnhfyfö vjukb jgbhfnmcz yfytcrjkmrj bcnjxybrjd ghb cjplfybb änjujjcyjdjgjkfufñotuj ljrevtynf.

D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö jyb vjukb jukz-yenmcz yfpfl yf cdjq cjåcndtyysq jgsn.Yfghbvth, gjkzrb gjvyzn nhflbwbb rjycnb-newbjyfkbpvf, cdzpfyyst c gfvznyjq Rjy-cnbnewbtq jn 3 vfz 1791 ujlf. Dtyuhs bvt-ñn cbkmyeñ nhflbwbñ dkfcnb pfrjyf, rjnj-hfz eöjlbn cdjbvb rjhyzvb r dhtvtyfvöfhnbb ≤Pjkjnjuj åsrf≥ (1) 1222 ujlf. Jlyf-rj gjljåyst cjåsnbz xfcnj yjczn ahfuvty-nfhysq b jnlfktyysq öfhfrnth. Ytvyjubtcnhfys Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgsbvtkb crjkmrj-ybåelm jåibhysq jgsn rjy-cnbnewbjyfkbpvf, ltvjrhfnbb bkb dkfcnbpfrjyf lj 1989 ujlf. Dgjkyt ébpytcgjcjå-yfz ltvjrhfnbz d Xtöjckjdfrbb d gthbjlvtéle ldevz vbhjdsvb djqyfvb åskf zdysvbcrkñxtybtv.

Cnhfys Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhj-gs vjukb gjcvjnhtnm yf jgsn Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs. B vyjubt nfr b cltkfkb. D Pfgfl-yjq Tdhjgt åskf pfkjétyf bltjkjubxtcrfzjcyjdf cjdhtvtyyjq rjycnbnewbjyyjq lt-vjrhfnbb: ghbjhbntn xtkjdtxtcrjuj hfpevf,ghjdjpukfityysq abkjcjafvb Ghjcdtot-ybz, b vyjubt åfpjdst rjycnbnewbjyystghbywbgs, nfrbt, rfr yfghbvth, hfpltkt-ybt dkfcntq. Åjktt njuj, rjycnbnewbjyf-kbpv, ltvjrhfnbz b dkfcnm pfrjyf djpjåkf-lfkb nfr bkb byfxt d Pfgflyjq Tdhjgtgjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. Djccnfd bpgtgkf Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, Uthvfybzghjltvjycnhbhjdfkf ljcnjqysq djcöbot-

ybz ghbvth rjycnbnewbjyyjq ltvjrhfnbb.Ghtjljktd yfcktlbt lbrnfnjhf utythfkfAhfyrj, Bcgfybz dj dctö jnyjitybzö ght-dhfnbkfcm d cjdhtvtyyjt tdhjgtqcrjt ujce-lfhcndj. Bvtz gthtl cjåjq änb b lheubtghbvths, cjcnfdbntkb rjycnbnewbq d Wty-nhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt cjplfkb rjy-cnbnewbjyyst cbcntvs, rjnjhst dj vyjujvzdyj gjcnhjtys gj jåhfpwfv Pfgflyjq Tdhj-gs. Nfr, Rjycnbnewbjyysq cel Uthvfybbdljöyjdbk yf cjplfybt rjycnbnewbjyysöceljd d Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt.

Vtéleyfhjlyst yjhvs b ljrevtynsckeéfn dféysv bcnjxybrjv lkz ndjhwjdrjycnbnewbq d gjcnrjvveybcnbxtcrjq Td-hjgt, nfr ét rfr b d lheubö xfcnzö vbhf.Änj jcjåtyyj cghfdtlkbdj d jnyjitybbajhvekbhjdfybz gjkjétybq j ghfdfö xtkj-dtrf b pfobns ghfd xtkjdtrf. Gjänjve cj-cnfdbntkb rjycnbnewbq jåhfofñncz r nf-rbv vtéleyfhjlysv ljrevtynfv, rfr rjy-dtywbb JJY, b r htubjyfkmysv ljujdjhty-yjcnzv, nfrbv, rfr Tdhjgtqcrfz rjydtywbzgj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, Pfrkñxbntkmysq frnCjdtofybz gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxt-cnde d Tdhjgt b ljrevtyns lheubö cjdtof-ybq JÅCT d Ötkmcbyrb b Rjgtyufutyt.Rhjvt njuj, jåotq ntyltywbtq gjcnrjvve-ybcnbxtcrbö rjycnbnewbq cnfkf rjycnfnf-wbz njuj, xnj vtéleyfhjlyjt ghfdj b cj-ukfitybz ljkéys cnfnm dyenhtyybv pfrj-yjv cnhfys.

Vjéyj ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj cjcnfdbntkbrjycnbnewbq d Wtynhfkmyjq b DjcnjxyjqTdhjgt bpexfkb jgsn cdjbö åkbéfqibö cj-ctltq d htubjyt. Änj ghtlcnfdkztncz jcj-åtyyj gjktpysv, gjcrjkmre d änbö cnhfyföåskj vyjuj jåobö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvbcnfkrbdfkbcm dct cnhfys gjcnrjvveybcnb-xtcrjuj vbhf, nfrbö rfr hfpheitybt uhfé-lfycrjuj jåotcndf dj dhtvz rjvveybcnb-xtcrjq ähs, hfpheibntkmyst gjcktlcndbzrjvfylyjq ärjyjvbrb, f nfrét wbybxtcrjtjnyjitybt r jåotcndtyyjq ébpyb, gjhjé-ltyyjt cbnefwbtq ntö ktn. Jlyfrj e vtyzcjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj cjcnfdbntkbrjycnbnewbq d htubjyt yt ckbirjv byntht-cjdfkbcm jgsnjv cdjbö åkbéfqibö cjct-


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ltq. Änj vjétn åsnm xfcnbxyj cktlcndbtvjnyjitybq ytghbzpyb gj jnyjitybñ lheu rlheue, bcnjhbxtcrb ckjébdiböcz d änböcnhfyfö. Yj änj nfrét vjétn jnhféfnmvjoyjt ghbnzétybt, rjnjhjt bcgsnsdfkbcnhfys Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgsgj jnyjitybñ r pfgflysv vjltkzv, jcjåty-yj d cdtnt bö dctjödfnsdfñotuj étkfybz≤dyjdm dthyenmcz≥ d ctvmñ Tdhjgs, d xfcn-yjcnb, cnfnm xktyfvb Tdhjgtqcrjuj Cjñpf.

Jåhfofkcz kb gjcnrjvveybcnbxtcrbqvbh r fvthbrfycrjve jgsne b r fvthbrfy-crbv bltzv b vjltkzv? Gjdthöyjcnysqdpukzl, åhjityysq yf yjdst rjycnbnewbb dhtubjyt, vjétn cdbltntkmcndjdfnm, xnj fvt-hbrfycrjt dkbzybt åskj ckfåsv. Gjdcñled Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt vs db-lbv, yfghbvth, gfhkfvtyncrbt cbcntvs, fyt cbcntvs rjyuhtccf fvthbrfycrjuj nbgf,ghtpbltyncrbt cbcntvs, åjktt gjöjébt yfPfgflyeñ Tdhjge (yfghbvth, Ahfywbñ),ytétkb yf Cjtlbytyyst Infns, f nfrétrjycnbnewbjyyst cels, yfgjvbyfñobt yt-vtwrbq cel, f yt Dthöjdysq cel CIF. Jn-dtn yf djghjc jå fvthbrfycrjv dkbzybb –åelm-nj d gjcnrjvveybcnbxtcrjq Tdhjgtbkb d lheubö cnhfyfö (nfrbö, rfr Bhfr) –nhtåetn, jlyfrj, åjktt ukeåjrjuj fyfkbpf,xtv nfrjt gjdthöyjcnyjt chfdytybt.

DKBZYBT FVTHBRFYCRJUJ RJYCNBNEWBJYFKBPVF: BCNJHBXTCRFZ GTHCGTRNBDFGthbjl Fvthbrfycrjq htdjkñwbb åsk

dhtvtytv pfvtxfntkmysö yjdjddtltybq bljcnbétybq. Jcjpyfdfz cdjt jcjåjt vtcnj dbcnjhbb, jcyjdfntkb CIF ajhvbhjdfkbnfrbt bltb, rfr atlthfkbpv, hfpltktybtdkfcntq, celtåysq yflpjh b lheubt rjywtg-wbb, rjnjhst cnfkb åfpjdsvb ghbywbgfvbcjdhtvtyyjuj rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvf yt njkm-rj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb, yj b dlheubö cnhfyfö. Fvthbrfycrjt jåotcndjceotcndtyyj jnkbxfkjcm jn tdhjgtqcrjuj –nfv yt åskj vjyfhöbb b cjwbfkmyjuj gj-hzlrf, pfrhtgktyyjuj d pfrjyt. Ntv yt vt-ytt, tdhjgtqws cktlbkb rfr pfxfhjdfyystpf ädjkñwbtq fvthbrfycrjuj rjycnbnewbj-

yfkbpvf, yfxbyfz c Djqys pf ytpfdbcb-vjcnm, dgkjnm lj cjplfybz Rjycnbnewbb blfktt.

Yf ghjnzétybb åjktt ldeö dtrjd ghj-bcöjlbk jébdktyysq jåvty rjycnbnewbjy-ysvb bltzvb vtéle CIF b lheubvb cnhf-yfvb. Ghbvthfvb nfrbö jåvtyjd vjuenåsnm cktleñobt.

Ägjöf jcyjdfntktq dj Ahfywbb b Fvt-hbrt. D 1789 ujle ahfywepcrfz htdjkñwbzghbdktrkf ghbcnfkmyjt dybvfybt Ahfywbbr fvthbrfycrbv bltzv. Fvthbrfycrbq gj-kbnbxtcrbq ltzntkm Åtyléfvby Ahfyrkby,xhtpdsxfqyj gjgekzhysq d Gfhbét, pfyb-vfkcz hfcghjcnhfytybtv cdtltybq j njv,xnj ghjbcöjlbn d Fvthbrt. Äne kbybñ ghj-ljkébk b tuj ghttvybr Njvfc Létaathcjy(åeleobq ghtpbltyn). Ghbyznfz d infntDbhlébybz Ltrkfhfwbz ghfd (1776 ujl)jrfpfkf dkbzybt yf hfphfåjnre dj AhfywbbLtrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf b uhfélfybyf(1789 ujl). Rjulf Yfwbjyfkmyjt cjåhfybtAhfywbb jåceélfkj gthdeñ Rjycnbnewbñcnhfys, evthtyyst b hflbrfkmyst ahfr-wbb ccskfkbcm yf ghbvths, dpznst bp jgs-nf hfphfåjnrb rjycnbnewbq d jnltkmysöinfnfö, jcjåtyyj d infnfö Vfccfxectnc bGtycbkmdfybz.

Kbåthfkbpv d ltdznyflwfnjv dtrt. Dgthdst ltcznbktnbz 19 dtrf kbåthfkmysthtajhvfnjhs d Tdhjgt b Ñéyjq Fvthbrtccskfkbcm yf Cjtlbytyyst Infns rfr yfghbvth njuj, xnj kbåthfkmyfz ltvjrhfnbzcgjcjåyf dsébnm b ghjwdtnfnm. Rjulf htdj-kñwbb 1848 ujlf hfphfpbkbcm gj dctq Td-hjgt, cütpls, pfctlfdibt dj Ahfywbb bUthvfybb, xfcnj gjlhjåytqibv jåhfpjvfyfkbpbhjdfkb fvthbrfycrbt bycnbnens,gsnfzcm htibnm djghjc j njv, rfr vjétndsukzltnm kbåthfkmyfz rjycnbnewbz d Td-hjgt. R njve dhtvtyb ahfywepcrbq abkj-cja b bcnjhbr Fktrcbc Lt Njrdbkm, yfgb-cfdibq rybue ≤Ltvjrhfnbz d Fvthbrt≥,ghjåelbk bynthtc r fvthbrfycrjve jgsne,jcjåtyyj d xfcnb atlthfkbpvf b yflpjhf,jceotcndkztvjuj celtåyjq dkfcnmñ. Uth-vfycrfz Rjycnbnewbz Gfekmcrbhöt 1849ujlf, hfphfåjnfyyfz dj Ahfyraehnt, yt ås-


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kf ghtndjhtyf d ébpym, jlyfrj tt ghbywb-gs, xfcnbxyj jgbhfñobtcz yf fvthbrfy-crbt bltb (yfghbvth, atlthfkbpv b rjy-cnbnewbjyysq yflpjh), dyjdm gjzdbkbcm d≤Jcyjdyjv pfrjyt Uthvfybb≥ d 1949 ujle.D Ñéyjq Fvthbrt ägjöf Cbvjyf Åjkbdfhfghbytckf rjycnbnewbb, rjnjhst xfcnj dpyfxbntkmyjq vtht jgbhfkbcm yf Rjycnbne-wbñ Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd.

Gjkbnbxtcrbq tdfyutkbpv yfxfkf ldf-lwfnjuj dtrf. Rjulf Cjtlbytyyst Infnsghbjåhtkb Abkbggbys d htpekmnfnt bcgf-yj-fvthbrfycrjq djqys, Ghtpbltyn Vfr-Rbykb jöfhfrnthbpjdfk fvthbrfycreñ gj-kbnbre rfr ≤åkfujétkfntkmyeñ fccbvbkz-wbñ≥. Änb gkfys drkñxfkb d ctåz gjcnt-gtyyjt hfpdbnbt cfvjeghfdktybz, cjplfybtcbcntvs ujcelfhcndtyyjuj jåhfpjdfybz bjåextybt yfctktybz fvthbrfycrbv ghfdj-dsv ghtlcnfdktybzv. Rjycnbnewbz, ghbyz-nfz d 1935 ujle, jrfpfkfcm gjl pyfxbntkm-ysv fvthbrfycrbv dkbzybtv, jlyfrj djåhf-kf d ctåz nfrét b lheubt nhflbwbb. Abkbg-gbys jåhtkb ytpfdbcbvjcnm d 1946 ujle.

Cfvjq pyfvtybnjq gjgsnrjq ärcgjh-nbhjdfnm fvthbrfycrbt bltb d yfxfkt 20 dtrf, rjytxyj ét, zdbkfcm gjgsnrf Ght-pbltynf Delhj Dbkmcjyf – d htpekmnfnt gjåtls cjñpybrjd d Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqyt– ≤cltkfnm vbh åtpjgfcysv lkz ltvjrhf-nbb≥. Dbkmcjy yt hfccxbnsdfk, xnj lheubtcnhfys ghbven Rjycnbnewbñ yfgjljåbtfvthbrfycrjq, yj jy gjlxthrbdfk dféyjcnmghbywbgjd cfvjjghtltktybz, cdjåjlysödsåjhjd, dkfcnb pfrjyf, ghfd xtkjdtrf bytpfdbcbvjcnb celtåyjq dkfcnb. Yfbåjkttecgtiyjq ltvjrhfnbtq, djpybritq bp gtg-kf Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqys, åskf Xtöjckj-dfrbz, ukfdysq jcyjdfntkm rjnjhjq NjvfcVfpfhbr åsk d änjq dhtvz d CjtlbytyysöInfnfö, yterkjyyj cnfhfzcm gjdkbznm yffvthbrfycreñ gjkbnbre, yfgjvbyfz fvthb-rfywfv jå bö cjåcndtyyjq Ltrkfhfwbb yt-pfdbcbvjcnb.

Zgjybz b Uthvfybz gjckt Dnjhjq vb-hjdjq djqys. Gjckt rfgbnekzwbb Zgjybb d1945 ujle utythfk Leukfc Vfrfhneh ltqcn-djdfk åscnhj, xnjås jåtcgtxbnm hfphfåjnre

yjdjq rjycnbnewbb. Jgfcfzcm, xnj zgjycrfzäkbnf, ghtljcnfdktyyfz cfvjq ctåt, yt gjq-ltn yf ceotcndtyyst bpvtytybz cnfnec-rdj,Vfrfhneh lfk erfpfybz xktyfv cdjtq djty-yjq flvbybcnhfwbb hfphfåjnfnm rjycnbne-wbñ, xnj jyb b cltkfkb åerdfkmyj pf yt-crjkmrj lytq.

Rj dhtvtyb yfxfkf hfåjns yfl Jcyjd-ysv pfrjyjv Uthvfybb jn 1949 ujlf öjkjl-yfz djqyf yfxbyfkf ljvbybhjdfnm d fvthb-rfycrjq dytiytq gjkbnbrt. Jrregfwbjy-yst cjñpybxtcrbt lthéfds, rjytxyj, bvt-kb ghfdj ujkjcf d ajhvbhjdfybb gjcktdj-tyyjq gjkbnbrb Uthvfybb. Jlyfrj rjulffvthbrfyws b bö cjñpybrb yfxfkb hfc-cvfnhbdfnm Cjdtncrbq Cjñp rfr åjkttrhegyeñ euhjpe, ytvws gjkexbkb åjkmieñcdjåjle d cjcnfdktybb Jcyjdyjuj pfrjyf.Tcnm hzl dféysö jåkfcntq, d rjnjhsö Jc-yjdyjq pfrjy cjlthébn ghbywbgs, pyfrj-vst fvthbrfywfv, nfrbt rfr atlthfkbpv bceltåysq yflpjh. Jlyfrj ljrevtyn 1949ujlf vyjubv jåzpfy cjåcndtyyjq rjycnbne-wbjyyjq nhflbwbb Uthvfybb, drkñxfz Rjy-cnbnewbñ Gfekmcrbhöt.

Djkys ltvjrhfnbpfwbb d gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz ldflwfnjuj dtrf. Hfcghjcnhf-ytybt rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvf, ltvjrhfnbb bdkfcnb pfrjyf ghjbcöjlbkj djkyjjåhfpyj dgjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz 20 dtrf. D 70-t uj-ls fdnjrhfnbxtcrbt ghfdbntkmcndf ecnegf-kb cdjb gjpbwbb ltvjrhfnbb d chtlbptvyj-vjhcrbö cnhfyfö – Uhtwbb, Gjhneufkbb bBcgfybb. Rjycnbnewbz Bcgfybb 1978 ujlfbvttn jcjåeñ dféyjcnm rfr vjltkm lkz lhe-ubö gjcnfdnjhbnfhysö cnhfy. D 80-t ujlsajrec dybvfybz gthtvtcnbkcz d ÑéyeñFvthbre, d xfcnyjcnb, d Fhutynbye b Xbkb.1989-q ujl åsk gjbcnbyt pyfvtyfntkmysv.Änj åsk ujl, rjulf gfkf Åthkbycrfz cntyfb rjvveybpv gjnthgtk rhfö dj dctq Dj-cnjxyjq Tdhjgt. Elfhyfz djkyf gjhfpbkfnfrét Ñéyeñ Fahbre, ult gfk htébvfgfhntblf, b d 1997 ujle dcnegbkf d ltqcn-dbt yjdfz rjycnbnewbz.

Fvthbrfycrfz gjvjom d ltkt cjplfybzrjycnbnewbq b ltvjrhfnbpfwbb gjcnrjvve-ybcnbxtcrbö cnhfy jceotcndkzkfcm rfr uj-


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celfhcndtyysvb, nfr b xfcnysvb jhufybpf-wbzvb. Rfr ghfdbkj, gjvjom ghtljcnfdkz-kfcm d dblt ntöybxtcrjuj cjltqcndbz, nfrj-uj rfr gjvjom gfhkfvtynfv d jåyjdktybbcdjbö ghjwtleh, cjplfybt ytpfdbcbvjq ce-ltåyjq dkfcnb b gjvjom d hfphfåjnrt yjdsörjycnbnewbq b pfrjyjd. Jcjåtyyj äaatr-nbdyjq jrfpfkfcm Wtynhfkmyj-tdhjgtqcrfzb Tdhfpbqcrfz ghfdjdfz bybwbfnbdf Fvt-hbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb fldjrfnjd, d hfvrförjnjhjq cjnyb ärcgthnjd d jåkfcnb ghfdf ås-kb yfghfdktys yf hfåjne d ltcznrb cnhfy.

VTCNJ B PYFXTYBT FVTHBRFYCRJUJ RJYCNBNEWBJYYJUJ JGSNFRjycnbnewbjyfkbpv cktletn gjybvfnm

rfr rekmnehyjt zdktybt. Ytvyjubt åelencgjhbnm c nfrbv dscrfpsdfybtv, tckb jyjdsldbuftncz d rfxtcndt ytrjtq jujdjhrb, fbvtyyj – xnj cktletn dctulf ghbybvfnm dhfcxtn rekmnehe, rjulf vs levftv j rjy-cnbnewbzö b rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvt. Jlyfrjytrjnjhst yfåkñlfntkb blen lfkmit d änjqfhuevtynfwbb, endthélfz, xnj ytn ≤eybdth-cfkmysö≥ äktvtynjd rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvf.Yfghbvth, cjukfcyj änjq njxrt phtybz,

ghfdf jåotcndf bkb uheggs vjuen hfccvfn-hbdfnmcz rfr cnjzobt dsit bylbdblefkm-ysö ghfd.

Fvthbrfycrbq rjycnbnewbjyfkbpv – änjdjgkjotybt ecnfyjdjr Ghjcdtotybz, jrhf-ityysö åhbnfycrbv rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvjvb dbljbpvtytyysö fvthbrfycrjq bcnjhbtq.Ytrjnjhst endthélfñn gj änjq ghbxbyt,xnj extybt fvthbrfycrjuj rjycnbnewbjyf-kbpvf yt vjétn ärcgjhnbhjdfnmcz d lheubtrekmnehs. Nfrbt fhuevtyns xfcnj cjlthéfnccskrb yf ytelfxe ghjiksö kfnbyjfvthb-rfycrbö rjycnbnewbq, jcyjdfyysö yf fvt-hbrfycrjq vjltkb, b yf ytlfdybt ghjåkt-vs d nfrbö cnhfyfö, rfr Abkbggbys.

Lfét nt, rnj levftn, xnj fvthbrfycrbqjgsn dféty b gjktpty, jnvtxfñn juhfyb-xtyyjcnm Rjycnbnewbb Cjtlbytyysö Inf-njd d rfxtcndt vjltkb lkz rjycnbnewbq dpfheåtéysö cnhfyfö. Ljrevtyn åsk yfgb-cfy d 18 dtrt, jnhféftn dpukzls njq ägjöbb gjnhtåjdfk dytctybz gjghfdjr (d xfcn-

Xktys Ghfdzotuj cjdtnf Bhfrf yfåkñlfñn pf ntv, rfr Öfxbv Fkm-Öfcfyb, ghtlcnfdkzñobqxktyf Ghfdzotuj cjdtnf Veöcbyf Fålekf Öfvblf,gjlgbcsdftn yjdeñ ghjvtéenjxyeñ rjycnbnewbñBhfrf d Åfulflt 8 vfhnf 2004 ujlf.


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yjcnb, gjghfdjr gjckt Uhfélfycrjq djqys)b jåibhysö celtåysö njkrjdfybq. Rhjvtnjuj, Rjycnbnewbz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd dbpdtcnyjv jnyjitybb ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjqytgjkysq ljrevtyn d njv cvsckt, xnj tujcjcnfdbntkb bcöjlbkb bp ceotcndjdfybz baeyrwbjybhjdfybz infnjd b, cktljdfntkm-yj, rjycnbnewbq infnjd, rjnjhst dj vyjuböjnyjitybzö åjkmit gjöjéb yf rjycnbnewbbpfheåtéysö cnhfy.

Dct änb yfåkñltybz cktletn ghbyznm djdybvfybt, jcjåtyyj ghtélt xtv ljgecnbnm,xnj nj, xnj öjhjij hfåjnfkj d Fvthbrt, yf-dthyzrf åeltn hfåjnfnm b e lheubö yfhjljd.Jlyfrj ghjåktvs chfdybntkmyjuj rjycnbne-wbjyfkbpvf yt ljkéys ghtdhfofnmcz détcnrbt åfhmths. Gjktpyjcnm fvthbrfycrj-uj jgsnf pfrkñxftncz yt d cfvjv ntrcntRjycnbnewbb CIF. Jyf – d jåobö ghby-wbgfö, rjnjhst jnhfétys d fvthbrfycrjvrjycnbnewbjyfkbpvt, b lfktt d ghfrnbxtc-rjv jgsnt jåtcgtxtybz ltqcndtyyjcnb rjy-cnbnewbjyyjq ltvjrhfnbb.

Vyjubt bp cfvsö aeylfvtynfkmysöbltq fvthbrfycrjuj rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvfjnhféfñn yjhvs, rjnjhst, gj rhfqytq vt-ht, gjkfufñncz rfr wtyyjcnb d lheubö cnhf-yfö. Vjéyj ghbdtcnb cktleñobt ghbvths:

AAttlltthhffkkbbppvvAtlthfkbpv, jnhfétyysq d Rjycnbne-

wbb CIF, vjétn gjlöjlbnm bkb yt gjlöj-lbnm lheubv cnhfyfv. Atlthfkbpv, jlyfrj,ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cbcntve, bvtñoeñvyjuj dfhbfynjd b dcnhtxfñoeñcz d njvbkb byjv dblt dj dctv vbht. Atlthfkbpvb tuj ghjbpdjlyst, nfrbt rfr gthtlfxfdkfcnysö gjkyjvjxbq, fccjwbbheñncz cwtyyjcnzvb gkñhfkbpvf, vyjujjåhfpbz bdjpvjéyjcnmñ dsåjhf genb htitybz vtcn-ysö ghjåktv. Nfrjuj hjlf cnhernehs vjuenåsnm jcjåtyyj dféysvb, rjulf ytjåöjlbvjcvzuxbnm jcnhjne yfwbjyfkmysö bkb änyb-xtcrbö rjyakbrnjd.

HHffppllttkkttyybbtt ddkkffccnnttqqÄnjn ghbywbg, cajhvekbhjdfyysq

ahfywepcrbv abkjcjajv Vjyntcrmt b ecj-dthitycndjdfyysq Létqvcjv Välbcjyjv,cjlthébn cgjcjå juhfybxtybz dkfcnb b zd-kztncz, nfrbv jåhfpjv, dscitq ufhfynbtqbylbdblefkmysö ghfd. D öjlt bcnjhbb jyghbvtyzkcz lkz ghjnbdjcnjzybz ntyltywb-zv, cjlthéfdibvcz d cnherneht gjgekbcn-crjq dkfcnb bkb ghfrnbrt dthöjdtycndf pf-rjyjlfntkmyjuj jhufyf, ghtdhfofnmcz d dj-kñynfhbpv bkb nbhfybñ.

CCeellttååyyssqq yyffllppjjhhHfpkbxyst vtnjls bcgjkmpjdfkbcm lkz

njuj, xnjås jåtcgtxbnm dsgjkytybt gjkj-étybq rjycnbnewbb. Chtlb ybö b djkz yfhjlf, b hfpltktybt dkfcntq, b pfrjyjlf-ntkmcndj. Jlyfrj d cjdhtvtyyjv vbht rjy-cnbnewbb dct xfot jåhfofñncz r celtåyjveyflpjhe rfr r rkñxtdjve chtlcnde jåtcgt-xtybz rjycnbnewbjyysö yjhv. Bltb, bpkj-étyyst Ghtlctlfntktv Dthöjdyjuj celfCIF Léjyjv Vfhifkkjv d celtåyjv ltkt≤Vfhåthb ghjnbd Välbcjyf≥, cnfkb äkt-vtynjv rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvf d hfpysö xfcnzövbhf. Dgjkyt vjéyj endthélfnm, xnj änjcnfkj cfvsv dféysv fvthbrfycrbv drkfljvd rjycnbnewbjyfkbpv.

Änb bltb b ghbywbgs gjlrhtgkzñnczghfrnbxtcrbv jgsnjv jåtcgtxtybz äaatr-nbdyjcnb fvthbrfycrjq ltvjrhfnbb. Vyj-ubt cnhfys dcnegbkb d dtr rjycnbnewbjy-yjq ltvjrhfnbb, ghfrnbxtcrb yt bvtz jgs-nf bcgjkmpjdfybz nfrbö bltjkjubxtcrböjhelbq, rfr rjycnbnewbjyfkbpv, ltvjrhf-nbz b dkfcnm pfrjyf. Yfghbvth, d ntxtybtgjkedtrf cnhfys cjdtncrjuj åkjrf yt åskbpyfrjvs c änbvb bltzvb. Gjänjve fvthb-rfycrbt bkb lheubt byjcnhfyyst cjdtnyb-rb vjuen ghbdytcnb gkjls ghfrnbxtcrjujjgsnf d jhufybpfwbñ gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq,ghjdtltybt cdjåjlysö b cghfdtlkbdsö ds-åjhjd, hfpdbnbt cdjåjlyjq b jndtncndtyyjqghtccs, cjplfybt ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjqdkfcnb b dytlhtybt wtyyjcntq uhfélfycrj-uj jåotcndf c gjvjomñ hfpdbnbz uhfélfy-crjuj cfvjcjpyfybz.


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AFRNJHS, DKBZÑOBT YF GTHCGTRNBDS RJYCNBNEWBJYYJQ KBÅTHFKMYJQ LTVJRHFNBBLtvjrhfnbxtcrbq öfhfrnth jåotcndf

ytljcnfnjxty cfv gj ctåt. Jåotcndj nfrétljkéyj åsnm kbåthfkmysv b rjycnbnewbjy-ysv. Ltvjrhfnbz cnhtvbncz jåtcgtxbnm,xnjås ghfdbntkmcndj jgbhfkjcm yf cjukfcbtcj cnjhjys eghfdkztvsö b åskj gjljnxtnyjgthtl yfhjljv. Jlyfrj ltvjrhfnbb nfrétljkéys åsnm kbåthfkmysvb, bysvb ckjdf-vb, ghtlfyysvb ltke jåtcgtxtybz bylbdb-lefkmysö ghfd b cdjåjl – ghbywbgfv, ghj-djpukfityysv fyukbqcrbv abkjcjajvLéjyjv Kjrrjv, b cdjlzobvcz r njve, xnjujcelfhcndj pfdbcbn jn jnltkmyjuj xtkjdt-rf, f yt yfjåjhjn. Ltvjrhfnbb nfrét ljké-ys åsnm rjycnbnewbjyysvb, nj tcnm ljké-ys ceotcndjdfnm chtlcndf jåtcgtxtybz cj-åkñltybz rjycnbnewbjyysö yjhv, lfétrjulf änj jpyfxftn jnhbwfybt vytybz åjkm-ibycndf. Ybét gthtxbcktys afrnjhs,bvtñobt rkñxtdjt pyfxtybt lkz ecgtöfrjycnbnewbjyyjq kbåthfkmyjq ltvjrhfnbb.

Cnhfyf ljkéyf jåkflfnm ljcnfnjxyjqdjtyyjq cbkjq, f nfrét cjwbfkmyjq b ärj-yjvbxtcrjq cnfåbkmyjcnmñ, xnjås ghjnb-djcnjznm byjcnhfyyjq fuhtccbb b dyenhty-ytq gjlhsdyjq ltzntkmyjcnb bkb åtcgjhzl-rfv. Cbkf yt jåzpfntkmyj ljkéyf ghjbcnt-rfnm njkmrj bp cjåcndtyysö htcehcjd cnhf-ys. Cnhfyf vjétn yflktéfobv jåhfpjv jå-hfnbnmcz pf gjvjomñ r cdjbv cjñpybrfv.

Äythubxyfz rjycnbnewbjyyfz rekmnehfxfcnj cjctlcndetn c hfpdbnjq ärjyjvbrjq.Z yt endthélfñ, xnj åjufnst cnhfys dctu-lf bvtñn rjycnbnewbjyyeñ ltvjrhfnbñ.Jlyfrj, gj-dblbvjve, dthyj nj, xnj gkjöbtärjyjvbxtcrbt eckjdbz xfcnj gjlhsdfñnrfreñ-kbåj yfltéle yf rjycnbnewbjyyeñltvjrhfnbñ.

Ljkéyf ceotcndjdfnm gjkbnbxtcrfzrekmnehf – z ås yfpdfk änj rjycnbnewbj-yfkmyjq rekmnehjq – rjnjhfz gjjohztnwtyyjcnb rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvf, kbåthfkbp-vf, ltvjrhfnbb b dkfcnb pfrjyf. Änj ghtl-gjkfuftn dscjrbq ehjdtym uhfvjnyjcnb yf-

ctktybz. Jlyfrj änj nfrét ghtlgjkfuftnyfkbxbt fnvjcaths, d rjnjhjq uhfélfytcjåkñlfñn yjhvs cjnhelybxtcndf b nthgb-vjcnb, rjulf ghjbcöjlbn htprfz cvtyf cj-wbfkmysö b gjkbnbxtcrbö kjpeyujd, rfylb-lfnjd bkb gfhnbq. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj ghjbu-hfdibt yf dsåjhfö vbhyj gthtlfñn åhfplsghfdktybz d herb gjåtlbntktq. Änj jpyfxf-tn, xnj nt, xmz gjåtlf d pfrjyjlfntkmyjvghjwtcct ghbpyftncz celjv ytltqcndbntkm-yjq yf rjycnbnewbjyysö jcyjdfybzö, ghb-pyfñn ghbywbg rjycnbnewbjyysö juhfybxt-ybq, yfkfuftvsö yf jhufys eghfdktybz.

Jnrhsnjt jåotcndj, drkñxfñott cdj-åjlyeñ b jndtncndtyyeñ ghtcce b chtlcndfvfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, bltn herf jå here crjycnbnewbjyfkbpvjv b ltvjrhfnbtq. Lj-kéys ceotcndjdfnm chtlcndf lkz jnrhsnjqb äaatrnbdyjq rjvveybrfwbb chtlb kñltq,f nfrét vtéle ybvb b ghfdbntkmcndjv.

Ljkéyj ghjwdtnfnm uhfélfycrjt jåot-cndj. Xfcnyst jhufybpfwbb – gjkbnbxtcrbtgfhnbb, ghjacjñps, uheggs rjyrhtnysöbynthtcjd, rkeås b n.l. – cjplfñn dféysqåeath vtéle jnltkmysv xtkjdtrjv b ujce-lfhcndjv. Nfrbt jhufybpfwbb jåtcgtxbdfñnghbcnfybot lkz ntö, rnj cxbnftn, xnj gjkb-nbrf d lfyysq vjvtyn ghjdjlbncz yt d bögjkmpe. Exfcnbt d ybö hfpdbdftn rfxtcndf,ytjåöjlbvst lkz äaatrnbdyjq htfkbpfwbbghfd uhfélfy, b dtltn r ajhvbhjdfybñcdjtuj hjlf rjkktrnbdyjuj ujkjcf b ltqcn-dbq, rjnjhst ghtgzncndeñn hfpdbnbñ vjyj-gjkbb ujcelfhcndf yf dkfcnm.

Ujcelfhcndf ljkéys jgbhfnmcz yfuhfélfycrbq, f yt yf änybxtcrbq bkb yf-wbjyfkmysq ghbywbg. Bysvb ckjdfvb, dctuhfélfyt ljkéys bvtnm hfdysq cnfnec djåotcndt. D jåotcndt yt ljkéyj åsnm ≤by-cfqlthjd≥ b ≤fencfqlthjd≥. Tckb ujcelfh-cndj d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht ytjlyjhjlyj, cnjxrb phtybz htkbubb, zpsrf, änybxtcrjujcjcnfdf bkb rekmnehs, nj ytjåöjlbvj ibhj-rj hfpltkztvjt cnhtvktybt jöhfyznm ghfdfuhegg vtymibycnd. Lkz njuj xnjås rjycnb-newbjyyfz, kbåthfkmyfz ltvjrhfnbz hfåj-nfkf yf ghfrnbrt, kñlb ljkéys bvtnmjghtltktyysq ehjdtym dpfbvyjuj ljdthbz b


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cgjcjåyjcnm r cjnhelybxtcnde, f yt åsnmhfcrjkjnsvb yf kfuthz ytyfdbcnb b dhfé-ltåyjcnb.

D rjytxyjv cxtnt, bcnjhbz, rekmnehf brjyrhtnyst jåcnjzntkmcndf dj vyjujv jght-ltkzñn gthcgtrnbds hfpdbnbz rjycnbnewbj-yfkbpvf, ltvjrhfnbb b dkfcnb pfrjyf d njqbkb byjq cnhfyt. Nt, rnj yflttncz edbltnm,rfr änb wtyyjcnb ghjwdtnfñn dj dyjdm cj-plfyysö ltvjrhfnbzö, ljkéys gjybvfnm änbcnhfys – bö yfhjls, bcnjhbñ b rekmnehe.Ghbvth njve – hfcceéltybz j njv, d rfrjqcntgtyb bckfv cjdvtcnbv bkb yt cjdvtcnbvc rjycnbnewbjyyjq kbåthfkmyjq ltvjrhfnbtqd nfrjq cnhfyt, rfr Bhfr. Cjåcndtyyfz bcnj-hbz Bhfrf, yfghbvth, cnfdbn djghjc j njv,cjlthébn kb gfhkfvtyncrbq jgsn Öfitvbn-crjuj eghfdktybz d gthbjl lj 1958 ujlf rf-rjt-kbåj gjktpyjt yfcktlbt, bkb ét djghjcj njv, åsk kb chtlybq rkfcc ljcnfnjxyjcbkmysv, xnjås gthtébnm ujls htghtccbqCfllfvf. Ärcgthns gj Bhfre gjvjuen cjcnf-dbnm ghfdbkmyst ceéltybz. Jlyfrj nt, rnjöjntk ås ghtljghtltkbnm cjåsnbz d Bhfrt,ljkéys nfrét bvtnm d dble ehjrb gthtöjl-ysö gthbjljd jn njnfkbnfhysö bkb fdnjhb-nfhysö htébvjd d lheubö cnhfyfö vbhf. Lj-hjuf r rjycnbnewbjyfkbpve, ltvjrhfnbb bdkfcnb pfrjyf ghjktuftn xthtp vyjubt ptvkb.

Lbr Öjdfhl – ghjatccjh ghfdf Dbhlébycrjujeybdthcbntnf, bpdtcnysq cgtwbfkbcn gjghjåktvfv ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf,rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf, chfdybntkmyjujrjycnbnewbjyfkbpvf b Dthöjdyjuj celfCIF. Hfytt ghjatccjh Öjdfhl ldf ujlf hfåj-nfk ctrhtnfhtv xktyf Dthöjdyjuj celf CIFÖmñuj K. Åkärf. Öjdfhl ghtlcnfdkzk ltkf dcelfö infnjd b atlthfkmysö celfö, drkñxfzDthöjdysq cel Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Jyxfcnj rjycekmnbhetn hfphfåjnxbrjd rjy-cnbnewbjyysö ljrevtynjd d hfpkbxysöinfnfö CIF b pf heåtéjv, d njv xbckt dÅhfpbkbb, yf Abkbggbyfö, d Dtyuhbb, Gjkm-it b d Ñéyjq Fahbrt.

(1) Jnyjcbncz r öfhnbb, lfhjdfyyjq dtyuthcrbv rjhjktv Fylhttv ÈÈ d 1222 ujle, d rjnjhjq bpkfufkbcm jcyjdystghfdf b ghbdbktubb dtyuthcrjuj ldjhzycndf b cdzotyyjc-keébntktq, f nfrét jåjpyfxfkbcm ghtltks dkfcnb vjyfhöf.

Vytybz, bpkjétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnb-re ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Ajnjuhfabz cltkfyf Åhtyyfyjv Kbyckb lkz ≤Fccjibäqntl ghtcc≥/≤Lfåk-ñ-Lfåk-ñ-Gb≥



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Dféyjt pyfxtybt ghbywbgfytpfdbcbvjcnb celtåyjq dkfcnb

Dscnegktybt Cfylhs J’Rjyyjh, xktyf Dthöjdyjuj celf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, yf Fhfåcrjv celtåyjv ajhevt, Vfyfvf, Åföhtqy, 15 ctynzåhz 2003 ujlf

FKTRCFYLTH UFVBKMNJY, jlby bp cj-plfntktq fvthbrfycrjq Rjycnbnewbb, ds-cnegfk d ≤Pfgbcrfö atlthfkbcnf yjvth78≥ d pfobne hjkb celtåyjq dkfcnb d rjy-cnbnewbjyyjq cnherneht. Jy gbcfk: ≤Ytncdjåjls, tckb gjkyjvjxbz gj dsytctybñceltåyjuj htitybz yt jnltktys jn pfrjyj-lfntkmysö b bcgjkybntkmysö dtndtq dkfcnb.Cdjåjlt ytxtuj åjznmcz celtåyjq dkfcnbrfr nfrjdjq, yj e ytt åelen dct jcyjdfybzjgfcfnmcz cjñpf celtåyjq dkfcnb c rfrjq-kbåj lheujq dtndmñ dkfcnb≤. Änf ukeåjrfzvsckm Ufvbkmnjyf dsöjlbn pf hfvrb hfpkb-xbq vtéle celtåysvb cbcntvfvb cnhfy.Htfkmyjcnm b dblbvjcnm htdyjcnyjq ghb-dthétyyjcnb ghbywbge dthöjdtycndf pfrj-yf vjuen åsnm ufhfynbhjdfys yfhjle kbimghb yfkbxbb ytpfdbcbvjcnb celjd. Rfr gb-cfk Ghtpbltyn CIF Delhj Dbkmcjy, ghf-dbntkmcndj ≤dsgjkyztn cdjb jåtofybz bkbyt dsgjkyztn bö d cdjbö celfö. Lkz jnltkm-yjuj xtkjdtrf, cktljdfntkmyj, åjhmåf pfrjycnbnewbjyyjt ghfdbntkmcndj – änj yfltkt yt njkmrj åjhmåf pf öjhjibt pfrjys,yj tot b pf evyst, ytpfdbcbvst b åtcghb-cnhfcnyst cels≥. Ytjåöjlbvj gjvybnm, xnjlkz äaatrnbdyjuj aeyrwbjybhjdfybz ce-

ltåyjq dtndb dkfcnb yeéyf tt ytpfdbcb-vjcnm.

Ghbywbg, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve ytpfdbcb-vfz celtåyfz dkfcnm bvttn dféytqitt pyfxtybt lkz yflktéfotuj jnghfdktybzghfdjcelbz, ukeåjrj erjhtybkcz d fhfåcrböghfdjdsö bycnbnenfö. Afrnbxtcrb dct rjy-cnbnewbb fhfåcrbö cnhfy ufhfynbheñn yt-pfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnb. Yfghbvth,Rjycnbnewbz Rjhjktdcndf Åföhtqy d Cnfnmt104 ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj ≤xtcnm celtåyjqdkfcnb b xtcnyjcnm b åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnm ce-ltq cjcnfdkzñn jcyjde eghfdktybz b ufhfy-nbñ ghfd b cdjåjl. Ybrfrfz dkfcnm yt vj-étn djpjåkflfnm yfl gjcnfyjdktybtv celmb,b yb ghb rfrbö jåcnjzntkmcndfö ytkmpzdnjhufnmcz d ghjwtcc jnghfdktybz ghfdjce-lbz. Pfrjy ufhfynbhetn ytpfdbcbvjcnm ce-ltåyjq dkfcnb.≥ Cnfnmz 65 tubgtncrjq Rjy-cnbnewbb ukfcbn: ≤Ytpfdbcbvjcnm b bvve-ybntn celtåyjq dkfcnb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjqldt aeylfvtynfkmyst ufhfynbb jåtcgtxtybzghfd b cdjåjl≥. Bjhlfycrfz rjycnbnewbz dCnfnmt 97 ghjdjpukfiftn: ≤Celmb ytpfdbcb-vs, b ghb jceotcndktybb cdjbö celtåysöaeyrwbq jyb yt pfdbczn jn rfrjq-kbåjdkfcnb, rhjvt rfr jn dkfcnb pfrjyf≥.


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Vs dblbv nt ét cfvst ghtrhfcystrjywtgwbb, pfgtxfnktyyst d itcnb Åfyuf-kjhcrbö ghbywbgfö celtåyjuj gjdtltybz,hfphfåjnfyyst gjl äubljq JhufybpfwbbJåütlbytyysö Yfwbq lkz erhtgktybz xtcn-yjcnb b ytgjlregyjcnb celtåyjq dkfcnb.Cfvsq gthdsq ghbywbg ukfcbn: ≤Ytpfdb-cbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnb dscnegftn ghtl-dfhbntkmysv eckjdbtv dthöjdtycndf pfrjyfb aeylfvtynfkmyjq ufhfynbtq cghfdtlkb-djcnb ghjwtccf jnghfdktybz ghfdjcelbz.Gjänjve celmz ljkéty gjllthébdfnm b jkb-wtndjhznm ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnbrfr yf bylbdblefkmyjv, nfr b yf bycnbne-wbjyfkmyjv ehjdyzö≥. Rfbhcrfz ltrkfhf-wbz j ytpfdbcbvjcnb celtåyjq dkfcnb,cajhvekbhjdfyyfz yf Dnjhjq fhfåcrjqrjyathtywbb gj djghjcfv ghfdjcelbz datdhfkt 2003 ujlf, ≤cjukfcbkfcm c ntv, xnjytpfdbcbvfz celtåyfz dkfcnm dscnegftnukfdysv cnjkgjv, yf rjnjhjv pbélenczuhfélfycrbt cdjåjls, ghfdf xtkjdtrf, rjv-gktrcyst ghjwtccs hfpdbnbz, htajhvsnjhujdsö b bydtcnbwbjyysö htébvjd, ht-ubjyfkmyjt b vtéleyfhjlyjt ärjyjvbxtc-rjt cjnhelybxtcndj b cjplfybt ltvjrhfnb-xtcrbö bycnbnenjd≥.

Lfyysq ghbywbg nfrét ktébn d jcyjdtjghtltktybz vtcnf celtåyjq dkfcnb d Cj-tlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb. JcyjdfntkbCjtlbytyysö Infnjd ghbpyfdfkb, xnj lkzäaatrnbdyjuj aeyrwbjybhjdfybz celtåyjqdkfcnb nhtåetncz, xnjås jyf yt gjgfkf gjldkfcnm lheubö dtndtq ghfdbntkmcndf. Xnjåsljcnbxm änjq wtkb, Rjycnbnewbz CIF cj-plfkf ytpfdbcbveñ atlthfkmyeñ celtåyeñdkfcnm gjchtlcndjv jnltktybz ghfdjjåhf-peñotq aeyrwbb pfrjyjlfntkmyjq dtndb jnghfdjghbvtybntkmyjq hjkb celtåyjq dtndb.Nfrjt hfpltktybt pfrjyjlfntkmysö b celtå-ysö dkfcntq jrfpfkjcm dféysv lkz gjllth-éfybz dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf. Rjulf hjkb pfrjyjlfntkz b celmb buhfñn hfpyst ujce-lfhcndtyyst ltzntkb, nj jgfcyjcnm cfvjeg-hfdcndf cj cnjhjys ujcelfhcndf d pyfxb-ntkmyjq vtht evtymiftncz. Rjulf gjkyjvj-xbz pfrjyjndjhxtcndf jnltkzñncz jn dkfcnbnjkrjdfnm b ghbvtyznm änb pfrjys, nj erhtg-

kztncz cfv aeylfvtyn ghfdjgjhzlrf d ht-pekmnfnt njuj, xnj htitybz gj cgjhfv ghb-ybvfñncz yf jcyjdt hfytt ecnfyjdktyysöghfdbk.

Ytpfdbcbvfz celtåyfz dkfcnm nhtåetn,xnjås celmb åskb ytpfdbcbvs d jceotcn-dktybb cdjbö gjkyjvjxbq b cels d wtkjvåskb ytpfdbcbvs, f cathf bö gjkyjvjxbqjuhféltyf jn dkbzybz – jnrhsnjuj bkb gjl-cgelyjuj – lheubö ghfdbntkmcndtyysö ltz-ntktq b dtljvcnd. Cjukfcyj Åfyufkjhcrbvghbywbgfv, ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnbbvttn rfr ≤bylbdblefkmyst, nfr b bycnbne-wbjyfkmyst fcgtrns≥.

Jåtcgtxtybt ytpfdbcbvjcnb cfvbö ce-ltq cktletn jceotcndkznm gj ldev yfghfd-ktybzv: dj-gthdsö, celmb ljkéys åsnm ju-hféltys jn euhjps htghtccbq, xnjås cnhföyt herjdjlbk bvb ghb ghbyznbb htitybq.Dj-dnjhsö, vtnjl jnåjhf celtq b änbxtcrbtcnfylfhns, rjnjhsv jyb ljkéys jndtxfnm,ljkéys ghbvtyznmcz nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjåscdtcnb r vbybveve hbcr rjhhegwbb b dkbz-ybz bpdyt.

D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb pfob-nf jn htghtccbq ljcnbuftncz d gthdeñ jxt-htlm ntv, xnj ljkéyjcnm b pfhfåjnyfz gkf-nf celmb yt pfdbcbn jn dytiybö cbk. Rjy-cnbnewbz CIF ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj atlt-hfkmyst celmb jcnfñncz d ljkéyjcnb ≤yfytjghtltktyysq chjr ghb eckjdbb öjhjit-uj gjdtltybz≥. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj celmz pfybvftn cdjñ ljkéyjcnm gjébpytyyj, tckbjy yt ljgecrftn rfrbö-kbåj cthmtpysö yf-heitybq. Rjycnbnewbz nfrét ufhfynbhetn,xnj pfhfåjnyeñ gkfne atlthfkmyjuj celmbytkmpz evtymibnm, gjrf celmz pfybvftncdjñ ljkéyjcnm. Dpznst dvtcnt, änb ghby-wbgs lfñn celmzv djpvjéyjcnm jåtcgtxb-dfnm cjåkñltybt pfrjyf nfrbv jåhfpjv, rfrbv jyb cxbnfñn yeéysv. Ufhfynbhjdfy-yfz jgkfnf b ghtåsdfybt d ljkéyjcnb lfñn celmt cdjåjle dsyjcbnm plhfdst ñhblbxtc-rbt ceéltybz b cghfdtlkbdj b åtcghbcnhf-cnyj ghbvtyznm gjkjétybz pfrjyf d jnyj-itybb nzéeoböcz cnjhjy. RjhjktdcndjÅföhtqy bpåhfkj cöjébq gjlöjl, cjöhfyzzljkéyjcnb pf xktyfvb yjdjuj Rjycnbnewb-


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jyyjuj celf yf jcyjdfybb Cnfnmb 106 Rjy-cnbnewbb, rjnjhfz ukfcbn, xnj xktys Celf≤yt gjlktéfn edjkmytybñ≥ d gthbjl cdjtujghtåsdfybz d ljkéyjcnb.

Ljkéys åsnm nfrét ghtlghbyzns ifublkz njuj, xnjås celmb jceotcndkzkb cdjbgjkyjvjxbz åtcghbcnhfcnyj, dyt pfdbcb-vjcnb jn cdjbö kbxysö bynthtcjd bkbdkbzybz bpdyt. Celmb yt ljkéys bvtnmghbcnhfcnyjuj jnyjitybz d gjkmpe bkbghjnbd jnltkmysö nzéeoböcz cnjhjy bkbkbxyeñ pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm d bcöjlt ce-ltåyjuj ltkf. Celmb ybrjulf yt pfdjññnedfétybz b ljdthbz uhfélfy, tckb åelenecnegfnm rjhhevgbheñobv dkbzybzv. Rjulfcelmz ghbybvftn htitybt d wtkzö kbxyjqdsujls, d wtkzö ljåbnmcz xmtuj-nj hfcgjkj-étybz bkb dcktlcndbt kbxysö ghtlgjxnt-ybq, nfrjq frn jpyfxftn gjczufntkmcndj yfghbywbg dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf. Änj ljkéyj,d gthdeñ jxthtlm, exbnsdfnmcz ghb jnåjhtceltq b d änbxtcrbö ghbywbgfö, jght-ltkzñobö bö gjdtltybt.

Jnåjh celtq yf jcyjdt kbxysö rfxtcndrfylblfnjd, tcntcndtyyj, ckeébn rkñxjv rnjve, xnjås celmz ltqcndjdfk åtcghbcnhf-cnyj. Cjjåhfétybz byjuj gjhzlrf, ytétkbljcnjbycndf xtkjdtrf, yf jcyjdfybb rjnj-hsö gjkbnbxtcrbq ltzntkm yfpyfxftn celmñ(bkb ét bpåbhfntkb bpåbhfñn celmñ), crj-htq dctuj, åelen bvtyyj ntvb afrnjhfvb,rjnjhst yt lflen celmt ghbybvfnm htitybzcghfdtlkbdj b åtcghbcnhfcnyj. Ghbpyfdfz,xnj lkz änjuj kexit ghjbpdjlbnm jnåjh rfy-lblfnjd bp djpvjéyj åjkmituj xbckf lj-cnjqysö kbw, Åtqhencrfz ltrkfhfwbz Gth-djq fhfåcrjq rjyathtywbb gj djghjcfvghfdjcelbz htrjvtyletn, xnjås ≤bpåhfybtceltq åskj cdjåjlysv jn lbcrhbvbyfwbbgj hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, wdtne rjéb,gjke, dthjbcgjdtlfybñ, zpsre, yfwbjyfkm-yjve ghjbcöjéltybñ, cjwbfkmyjve cnfnece,hjéltybñ, cjåcndtyyjcnb, gjkbnbxtcrjqghbyflktéyjcnb b kñåsv lheubv cjjåhf-étybzv. D xfcnyjcnb, ghb bpåhfybb celtqcktletn bcöjlbnm bp ghbywbgf hfdysö djp-vjéyjcntq, xnjås ufhfynbhjdfnm, xnj dctrfylblfns yf pfyznbt celtåyjq ljkéyjcnb

åelen jwtytys cghfdtlkbdsv jåhfpjv≥. Dljgjkytybt r änjve ltrkfhfwbz htrjvtyle-tn, xnjås ≤yt ljgecrfkjcm ybrfrjq lbcrhb-vbyfwbb vtéle veéxbyfvb b étyobyfvbd jnyjitybb pfyznbz celtåyjq ljkéyjcnb≥.Cktljdfybt änbv htrjvtylfwbzv gjckeébnyt njkmrj pflfxt jnåjhf rféljuj rfylblfnfgj tuj ljcnjbycndfv, yj b ghtljndhfnbnkñåst bycnbnewbjyfkmyst ghbcnhfcnbz,rjnjhst vjuen djpybryenm, tckb celtåyfzdkfcnm åeltn cjdthityyj jlyjhjlyjq.

Cktljdfybt ghbywbgfv ytpfdbcbvjcnbceltåyjq dkfcnb cjghzétyj c nhelyjcnzvb.Jcjåtyyj ckjéysv djghjcjv zdkztncz nfyfghzétyyjcnm, rjnjhfz djpybrftn – rfrnjkmrj celmz yfpyfxty – vtéle ytpfdbcb-vjcnmñ jn gjkbnbxtcrjuj lfdktybz b ytpf-dbcbvjcnmñ jn cjjåhfétybq kbxyjuj bynt-htcf. Pfobnf jn dkbzybz cj cnjhjys lheubödtndtq dkfcnb b lfét cj cnjhjys lheuböceltåysö jhufyjd, d dblt gjébpytyyjujghtåsdfybz d ljkéyjcnb b ufhfynbhjdfy-yjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns, dktxtn pf cjåjq dpyfxbntkmyjq vtht b pfobne jn lbcwbgkb-yfhysö dpscrfybq. Åtpeckjdyj, tckb celmzyt cgjcjåty cktljdfnm cfvsv aeylfvty-nfkmysv nhtåjdfybzv ytpfdbcbvjcnb, yfghb-vth, åthtn dpznrb, tuj vjéyj cyznm c ljké-yjcnb. Jlyfrj, d jncencndbt nfrbö cthmtp-ysö yfheitybq, ghbyznbt lbcwbgkbyfhysövth pfnhelybntkmyj.

D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb gjl-lthéfybt cghfdtlkbdjq b ytpfdbcbvjq ce-ltåyjq dkfcnb åskj jåtcgtxtyj c gjhfpb-ntkmysv ecgtöjv c gjvjomñ änbxtcrbönhtåjdfybq, rjnjhst yfrkflsdfkb yf ctåzcfvb celmb. Gj ckjdfv åsdituj xktyf Dth-öjdyjuj celf Öfhkfyf Cnjeyf, ≤tlbycndty-ysv ghjnbdjdtcjv yfitve jceotcndktybñdkfcnysö gjkyjvjxbq dscnegftn yfit cj-åcndtyyjt cfvjjuhfybxtybt≥. Rfélsq infnCjtlbytyysö Infnjd b atlthfkmyfz ce-ltåyfz cbcntvf bvtñn rjltrc gjdtltybz,rjnjhsq cjltqcndetn cktljdfybñ cfvsvdscjrbv änbxtcrbv yjhvfv. D cfvjv gth-djv rfyjyt Rjltrcf gjdtltybz lkz atlt-hfkmysö celtq cjlthébncz ghbpsd r celmzv≤cjltqcndjdfnm xtcnyjcnb b ytpfdbcbvjcnb


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celtåyjq dkfcnb≥. D Rjltrct gjdtltybz cj-lthébncz hfpüzcytybt j njv, xnj ≤ytpfdb-cbvfz b edféftvfz celtåyfz dkfcnm ytjåöj-lbvf lkz jåtcgtxtybz ghfdjcelbz d yfitvjåotcndt≥.

D ljgjkytybt r ecnfyjdktybñ rjyrhtn-ysö juhfybxtybq yf gjdtltybt celtq, rfr,yfghbvth, pfghtnf lkz celtq exfcndjdfnm dhfccvjnhtybb ltkf, d rjnjhsö jyb vjuenbvtnm kbxysq bynthtc, Rjltrc gjdtltybzghbpyftn dféyjcnm dgtxfnktybz, ghjbpdj-lbvjuj celtåyjq dkfcnmñ. Dgtxfnktybtrjhhevgbhjdfyyjcnb, ghbcnhfcnyjcnb bkbbysö ghjzdktybq, ghj rjnjhst vjéyj crf-pfnm ≤ytänbxyj≥, vjétn gjlhsdfnm ljdthbtjåotcndf r cdjtq ghfdjdjq cbcntvt b edf-étybt r ghfdjgjhzlre, b vjétn nfrét dkb-znm yf htfkmyjt ceotcndjdfybt änbö xthn.Celmb ljkéys yt njkmrj bpåtufnm ytgj-ljåfñotuj gjdtltybz, yj b yt cjplfdfnmdblbvjcnb nfrjdjuj, xnjås cjöhfybnm jåot-cndtyyjt ljdthbt r celtåyjq dkfcnb. Gj-änjve Rjltrc gjdtltybz lkz celtq atlt-hfkmyjuj ehjdyz ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj ce-lmb ljkéys djplthébdfnmcz jn gjdtltybz,cjplfñotuj dgtxfnktybt njuj, xnj cgjcjå-yjcnb celmb jceotcndkznm tuj celtåystgjkyjvjxbz xtcnyj, åtcghbcnhfcnyj b rjv-gtntynyj yfytcty eothå. Yfcnfbdfz yfnjv, xnj celmb ljkéys ecnfyfdkbdfnm, gjl-lthébdfnm b jåtcgtxbdfnm cfvst dscjrbtcnfylfhns gjdtltybz, celtåyst rjltrcsänbrb yfghfdktys yf jåtcgtxtybt åtcghb-cnhfcnyjuj b cghfdtlkbdjuj hfpåbhfntkmcn-df rféljuj celtåyjuj ltkf.

D Rfbhcrjq ltrkfhfwbb cjlthébncz yf-cnjzntkmysq ghbpsd r ghfdbntkmcndfvfhfåcrbö cnhfy ≤ghbyznm ghjatccbjyfkm-ysq rjltrc änbrb, cjjndtncndeñobq åkf-ujhjlyjq vbccbb celtåyjq dkfcnb≥. Ghj-cnjq b ghbdktrfntkmysq cgjcjå ljcnbxmänjuj pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås ghbyznmÅfyufkjhcrbt ghbywbgs, ghtlcnfdkzñobtcjåjq öjhjij ghjlevfyysq rjvgktrc änb-xtcrbö yjhv. Änb ghbywbgs gjcnhjtys yfjcyjdt 6 jcyjdysö wtyyjcntq: ytpfdbcb-vjcnm, åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnm, xtcnyjcnm, gj-ljåfñott gjdtltybt, hfdtycndj b rjvgt-

ntynyjcnm. Rjyrhtnyst b gjlhjåystbycnherwbb ghblfñn ghfrnbxtcrjt cjlth-éfybt rféljq bp änbö wtyyjcntq. Z gjkf-ufñ, xnj änjn ljrevtyn åeltn buhfnm nfreñét hjkm, rfreñ csuhfkb hfpkbxyst Rjltr-cs gjdtltybz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvt-hbrb.

Lj cbö gjh z ujdjhbkf j vtöfybpvfö,jåtcgtxbdfñobö cgjcjåyjcnm jnltkmysöceltq dsgjkyznm cdjb aeyrwbb åtp dkbz-ybz bpdyt. Jlyfrj ytpfdbcbvfz celtåyfzdkfcnm nfrét yeélftncz d pfobnt jn åjkttcbcntvyjuj dkbzybz cj cnjhjys lheubö cj-cnfdysö xfcntq ghfdbntkmcndf. Aeylfvty-nfkmysq fcgtrn änjq bycnbnewbjyfkmyjqytpfdbcbvjcnb cjcnjbn d gjkextybb fltr-dfnyjuj abyfycbhjdfybz. D njq ét vtht, drfrjq pfobnf pfhfåjnyjq gkfns ytjåöjlbvflkz jåtcgtxtybz ytpfdbcbvjcnb jnltkmyjujcelmb, jåobt djghjcs abyfycbhjdfybz vj-uen dkbznm yf hfåjne celtåyjq dkfcnb d wt-kjv. D Åtqhencrjq ltrkfhfwbb cjlthéfnczhtrjvtylfwbb j njv, xnj ≤ujcelfhcndj åe-ltn ufhfynbhjdfnm ytpfdbcbvsq åñlétnlkz celtåyjq dkfcnb, drkñxfz dct tt dtndbb bycnbnens. Jy åeltn drkñxty d rfxtcndttlbyjq cnfnmb d ujcelfhcndtyysq åñlétn båeltn jghtltkznmcz yf jcyjdt vytybz ds-cibö celtåysö cjdtnjd d hfvrfö celtåyjqdkfcnb≥. D Rfbhcrjq ltrkfhfwbb cjlth-ébncz yfcnjzntkmysq ghbpsd r ghfdbntkm-cndfv ≤ufhfynbhjdfnm abyfycjdeñ ytpfdb-cbvjcnm jhufyjd celtåyjq dkfcnb≥. Jåtcgt-xtybt fltrdfnyjuj b åtpjujdjhjxyjuj ab-yfycbhjdfybz d cjjndtncndbb c htrjvtylf-wbzvb erfpfyysö Ltrkfhfwbq jpyfxftndféytqibq ifu d ltkt bpjkzwbb celtåyjqdkfcnb jn ytyflktéfotuj dkbzybz.

Åjktt ckjéty djghjc dpfbvjltqcndbzvtéle xbyjdybrfvb bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfc-nb b celtåyjq dtndmñ dkfcnb. Z egjvbyfkfhfytt j njq yfghzétyyjcnb, rjnjhfz ceot-cndetn vtéle ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ jn lheuböghfdbntkmcndtyysö dtljvcnd, c jlyjq cnj-hjys, b, c lheujq – jåtcgtxtybtv gjkjét-ybz, xnjås celmb yt cnfdbkb gjl euhjpecdjñ ytpfdbcbvjcnm, gjllfdfzcm kbxysvghbcnhfcnbzv bkb rjhhevgbheñotve dkbz-


30

ybñ. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb vsåjkmit åtcgjrjbvcz j gthdjq ghjåktvt, fgjcktlyññ, d jcyjdyjv, jcnfdkztv yf cfvj-htuekbheñobt änbxtcrbt ghbywbgs celtå-yjq dkfcnb. D lheubö cbnefwbzö vjuen, rj-ytxyj, gjnhtåjdfnmcz byst genb jåtcgtxt-ybz änjuj hfdyjdtcbz. Jlyfrj dctulf yfljpfåjnbnmcz j njv, xnjås ytpfdbcbvjcnm ce-ltåyjq dkfcnb yt gjcnhflfkf jn ltqcndbq,ghtlghbyznsö gjl ghtlkjujv ghbyznbzlbcwbgkbyfhysö vth d jnyjitybb cåbd-iböcz c genb celtq.

Ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnb yt cf-vjwtkm, f chtlcndj lkz ljcnbétybz wtkb.Jyf ktébn d jcyjdt ghbywbgf dthöjdtycn-df pfrjyf, lfdfz uhfélfyfv edthtyyjcnm dnjv, xnj pfrjys ghbvtyzñncz cghfdtlkbdjb jlbyfrjdj rj dctv. Änj jcjåtyyj dféyj dcdzpb c celtåyjq pfobnjq ghfd xtkjdtrf.Ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnb lftn djp-vjéyjcnm celmzv ghbybvfnm ytgjgekzhysthtitybz. Atlthfkmyst celmb d Cjtlbyty-ysö Infnfö Fvthbrb dhtvtyfvb dsyeélt-ys pfybvfnm ndthleñ gjpbwbñ ghjnbd djkbåjkmibycndf. Yfghbvth, htitybt Dthöjd-yjuj celf 1954 ujlf gj ltke ≤Åhfey ghjnbdCjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥, rjnjhjt ghbpyfdf-kj, xnj hfpltkmyst extåyst pfdtltybz lkzltntq hfpkbxysö hfc zdkzñncz gj ceotcndeythfdysvb, dspdfkj åehñ rhbnbrb d cnhf-yt. Änj htitybt, jlyfrj, cnfkj rhbnbxtc-rbv vjvtynjv d ghbpyfybb uhfélfycrbö bgjkbnbxtcrbö ghfd d Cjtlbytyysö InfnföFvthbrb.

Ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnb nfrétgjpdjkztn celmzv ghbybvfnm htitybz, vjue-obt blnb dhfphtp c bynthtcfvb lheubö dtn-dtq dkfcnb. Ghtpbltyns, vbybcnhs b pfrj-yjlfntkb dhtvtyfvb gjcgtiyj cnhtvznczyfqnb eljåyst htitybz ntreobö ghjåktv.Ytpfdbcbvfz celtåyfz dkfcnm pfybvftneybrfkmyjt gjkjétybt, gjpdjkzñott tqjwtybdfnm dkbzybt änbö htitybq yf ghfdfb cdjåjle, b ljkéyf ltqcndjdfnm nfrbv jå-hfpjv, xnjås änb wtyyjcnb yt gjlhsdfkbcm.Ytpfdbcbvjcnm ckeébn bcnjxybrjv veétcn-df, ytjåöjlbvjuj lkz jåtcgtxtybz dsgjk-ytybz aeyrwbb dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf.

Rfélfz cnhfyf yfrkflsdftn cdjq cjåcn-dtyysq jngtxfnjr yf cjplfdftveñ tñ ñhb-lbxtcreñ cbcntve, jlyfrj ytrjnjhst ghby-wbgs dsöjlzn pf hfvrb yfwbjyfkmysö hfp-kbxbq. Dféyjcnm cbkmyjq b ytpfdbcbvjqceltåyjq dkfcnb jnyjcbncz r nfrbv ghby-wbgfv. Öjnz ljcnfnjxyj kturj cjukfcbnmczc ntv, xnj ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnbdféyf lkz jåtcgtxtybz dthöjdtycndf pfrj-yf, ujhfplj ckjéytt ghtndjhbnm änb bltb débpym.

Cfylhf Ltq J’Rjyyjh åskf yfpyfxtyf xkt-yjv Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF GhtpbltynjvHjyfkmljv Htqufyjv. Jyf ghbcnegbkf r cdjbv jåzpfyyjcnzv 25 ctynzåhz 1981 ujlf.



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Gjlujnjdrf rjycnbnewbb d ÑFH åskf

jlyjq bp gthdsö gjlkbyyj jåotyfwbjyfkm-

ysö bybwbfnbd, d rjnjhjq exfcndjdfkb

dct ckjb hfpltktyyjuj jåotcndf. Fdnjh

eltkztn jcjåjt dybvfybt vtnjlfv b

ghjwtlehfv, gjchtlcndjv rjnjhsö

gjjohzkjcm exfcnbt, b chjrfv ljcnbét-

ybz cjukfcbz gj yjdjq rjycnbnewbb. Änf

cnfnmz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq dslthére bp

jgeåkbrjdfyyjuj Bycnbnenjv vbhf CIF

cgtwbfkmyjuj ljrkflf ≤Cjplfybt ltvjrhf-

nbxtcrjq rjycnbnewbb≥.

HFPDBDFÑOBTCZ CNHFYS d Fahbrtb d lheubö htubjyfö ärcgthbvtynbheñn cyjdsvb ajhvfvb exfcnbz yfctktybz, gsnf-zcm hfpdbdfnm jnrhsnsq ghjwtcc, rjnjhsqddthztn bybwbfnbde d herb uhfélfy b cj-plftn rjycnbnewbjyysq lbfkju. Dj vyjuböckexfzö dvtcnj njuj, xnjås ltqcndjdfnm dhfvrfö ceotcndeñobö ghjwtleh b ghtwt-ltynjd, änb cnhfys yfxbyfñn dct c yfxfkf.

Yfghbvth, jåotghbpyfyj, xnj Rjycnb-newbz ÑFH 1996 ujlf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjqjåhfpwjdsq ntrcn rjycnbnewbb. Tt yfgbcf-ybt b ghbyznbt cnfkb jlybv bp rkñxtdsöäktvtynjd ecgtiyjuj gthtöjlf jn euytnt-ybz ghb fgfhntblt r ltvjrhfnbxtcrjve jåotcnde. Ybétcktleñobt jcjåtyyjcnbrjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghjwtccf d ÑFH bkkñc-nhbheñn eckjdbz b ghjåktvs cjplfybz lt-vjrhfnbxtcrjq rjycnbnewbb, f nfrét cjlth-éfn rjyntrcn lkz jåotq jwtyrb änjuj ghj-wtccf.

CJUKFCJDFYBT GHJWTLEHD wtkjv lkz dshfåjnrb jrjyxfntkmyjuj

dfhbfynf Rjycnbnewbb gjnhtåjdfkjcm ctvmktn – c 1989 gj 1996 ujls. C vjvtynf gth-djq dcnhtxb kblthf Fahbrfycrjuj yfwbj-


Cjplfybt ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq

rjycnbnewbb

Jgsn ÑFH

Dbdmty Öfhn


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yfkmyjuj rjyuhtccf Ytkmcjyf Vfyltks cghtvmth-vbybcnhjv E. Åjnjq d 1989 ujlelj ljcnbétybz cjukfitybz j dhtvtyyjqRjycnbnewbb b ghjdtltybz gthdsö ythfcj-dsö dsåjhjd d 1994 ujle ghjikj gjxnbgznm ktn. D ntxtybt änbö ktn ghjwtcce ythfp euhjéfkb dcgsirb yfcbkbz.

Yf jlyjv bp rkñxtdsö änfgjd – c 1990gj 1994 ujl – yf ghbdfnysö b geåkbxysödcnhtxfö vtéle åsdibvb ghjnbdybrfvbåskb ljcnbuyens ljujdjhtyyjcnb. Jybdrkñxfkb d ctåz ljujdjhtyyjcnm j ghjdtlt-ybb gthtujdjhjd gj rjycnbnewbjyysv cj-ukfcjdfybzv, lkbntkmyst jåceéltybz yfl-ktéfotq ajhvs ghjwtccf cjplfybz rjycnb-newbb, cjukfitybz 1993 ujlf j ghjwtlehföb, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, cjukfitybt j ghjvt-éenjxyjq rjycnbnewbb, drkñxfz jåzpfntkm-yst ghbywbgs b ghjwtlehs pfrkñxbntkm-yjuj änfgf ghjwtccf rjycnbnewbjyyjuj yjh-vjndjhxtcndf.

D fghtkt 1994 ujlf åskb ghjdtltysgthdst ythfcjdst dsåjhs d gfhkfvtyn, zd-rf bpåbhfntktq yf rjnjhsö cjcnfdbkf ghb-vthyj 86fi D cktleñotv vtczwt yjdsqgfhkfvtyn ghjdtk cdjt gthdjt pfctlfybt drfxtcndt Rjycnbnewbjyyjuj cjåhfybz.

D cthtlbyt 1990-ö ujljd rjycnbnewbjy-ysq ghjwtcc d ÑFH dskbkcz d gjkyjvfc-infåyeñ ltvjycnhfwbñ exfcnbz yfctktybzd ghjwtcct gjlujnjdrb rjycnbnewbb. Lj nj-uj dhtvtyb jåotcndtyyjcnm yt buhfkf ghz-vjq hjkb d rjycnbnewbjyyjv yjhvjndjhxt-cndt. Ntgthm ét tt bpåhfyyst ghtlcnfdbnt-kb d Rjycnbnewbjyyjv cjåhfybb cnfkbghjcdtofnm yfctktybt b ghbukfifnm tujdshféfnm cdjb dpukzls. Ghjcdtnbntkmcrfzltzntkmyjcnm drkñxfkf d ctåz hfpdthyeneñd CVB rfvgfybñ c bcgjkmpjdfybtv ufptn,hflbj b ntktdbltybz, htrkfvysö obnjd båjhnjd fdnjåecjd, cjåcndtyyeñ ufptne Rjy-cnbnewbjyyjuj cjåhfybz c nbhféjv 160nsc. ärptvgkzhjd, vekmnabkmvs, dtå-cfqn,f nfrét cjåhfybz jåotcndtyyjcnb. Dct änbbybwbfnbds, dvtcnt dpznst, jödfnbkb ghb-vthyj 73fi yfctktybz. Pf gthbjl c 1994gj 1996 ujl Rjycnbnewbjyyjt cjåhfybt gjke-xbkj ldf vbkkbjyf htrjvtylfwbq b gjét-

kfybq jn uhfélfy, ghfdjpfobnysö uhegg,ghjatccbjyfkmysö jåütlbytybq b lheuböpfbynthtcjdfyysö kbw b jhufybpfwbq.

Yf pfrkñxbntkmyjv änfgt rjvbntnsRjycnbnewbjyyjuj cjåhfybz hfphfåjnfkbghjtrn yjdjq Rjycnbnewbb d cjjndtncndbbc gfhfvtnhfvb ghjvtéenjxyjq Rjycnbne-wbb 1994 ujlf. D yjzåht 1995 ujlf åskjgeåkbrjdfy gthdsq hfåjxbq ghjtrn, ghbänjv åskj yfvtxtyj lkz ljhfåjnrb 68 dj-ghjcjd. Yf cktleñobq ujl åsk hfphfåjnfygthtcvjnhtyysq dfhbfyn ghjtrnf, f d vft1996 ujlf – jrjyxfntkmysq. D gthbjl cbñkz gj ctynzåhm 1996 ujlf Rjycnbnewbjy-ysq cel hfccvjnhtk ntrcn, gjckt xtuj celdthyek ntrcn Rjycnbnewbjyyjve cjåhfybñlkz gjghfdjr, rjnjhst åskb dytctys d jrnzå-ht. D yjzåht Rjycnbnewbjyysq cel jrjyxf-ntkmyj endthlbk ghjtrn, f d ltrfåht Rjy-cnbnewbz åskf gjlgbcfyf GhtpbltynjvVfyltkjq b dcnegbkf d ltqcndbt.

ECNFYJDKTYBT LBFKJUF B ERHTGKTYBT LJDTHBZRjycnbnewbjyysq ghjwtcc d ÑFH gj-

nhtåjdfk jghtltktyyjuj dhtvtyb. Jy dtkczgjänfgyj. Jy bcgjkmpjdfk ghjvtéenjxyeñrjycnbnewbñ, xnj gjpdjkbkj ghjljkébnmlbfkju j gthtöjlysö ghjwtccfö. Uhfélfytåskb ghbukfitys exfcndjdfnm d änjv ghj-wtcct d cnhjuj jghtltktyysq vjvtyn dht-vtyb, f yt yf dctv tuj ghjnzétybb, f pfntvyf cjltqcndbt cthmtpyjve lbfkjue åskb≤åhjitys≥ ndjhxtcrbq gjntywbfk b ytjå-öjlbvst htcehcs. Edthtyyjcnm d njv, xnjrjytxysq htpekmnfn åeltn cjjndtncndjdfnmltvjrhfnbxtcrbv ghbywbgfv 1994 ujlf,jåtcgtxbdfkfcm ghjljkéfñobvcz lbfkjujvd gthbjl vtéle endthéltybtv celjv bghbyznbz ljrevtynf gfhkfvtynjv. Uheggsyfctktybz, drkñxfz étyoby b vtcnysö kb-lthjd, rjnjhsö yfctktybt nhflbwbjyyjcxbnfkj dkfcnmñ, jåhtkb ghfdj ujkjcf, lj-cnegf r ghjwtcce b djpvjéyjcnb extnf böbynthtcjd. Dféyj åskj b nj, xnj d ÑFHeét ceotcndjdfkj uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj,rjnjhjt vjéyj åskj bcgjkmpjdfnm d rfxtcn-dt ≤ghjnbdjdtcf≥ erhtgbditvecz hfcjdjve


33

b gfhnbqyjve hfpvtétdfybñ. Lheubvbdféysvb afrnjhfvb, rjnjhst jåtcgtxbdfkbänjn jabwbfkmysq ghjwtcc, åskb nthgtybt,jcjåtyyj gthtl kbwjv yfcbkbz, ujnjdyjcnmdctö pfbynthtcjdfyysö cnjhjy ghtlghbyznmhzl cvtksö ifujd, f nfrét cjxtnfybt ghj-djlbdiböcz ghb pfrhsnsö ldthzö gthtujdj-hjd gj ytrjnjhsv bp yfbåjktt nhelysö djghjcjd c åtcghtwtltynysv exfcnbtv djåceéltybzö jåotcndtyyjcnb.

Kbim pyfxbntkmyst pfnhfns dhtvtyb bhtcehcjd gjpdjkzñn cltkfnm djpvjéysv gj-lkbyyjt jåotcndtyyjt exfcnbt. Lfét tckbghbyznm pf jnghfdyeñ njxre lkz ÑFH vj-vtyn ljcnbétybz d 1991 ujle cjukfitybz jghjdtltybb gthtujdjhjd j rjycnbnewbjy-yjv ghjwtcct, yf yfgbcfybt rjycnbnewbb dänjv dtcmvf ecgtiyjv ckexft eikj rfr vb-ybvev gznm ktn. Vyjubt cxbnfñn, xnj rjy-cnbnewbjyysq ghjwtcc yfxfkcz, gj vtym-itq vtht, yf ldf ujlf hfymit – c njuj vj-vtynf, rfr kblths yfxfkb bcrfnm htitybtghjåktvs hfcjdjuj hfcrjkf. Ytcjvytyyj,xfcnmñ änjuj ghjwtccf cnfkj cjplfybt lj-cnfnjxyjuj ehjdyz ljdthbz vtéle äkbnjq bibhjrjq jåotcndtyyjcnmñ, xnj cjdthityyjytjåöjlbvj lkz dtltybz lbfkjuf j rjycnb-newbb.

Cgjcjås exfcnbz yfctktybz pyfxbntkm-yj hfpyzncz – yt ceotcndetn tlbyjq vjlt-kb, gjlöjlzotq lkz dctö cnhfy. D ÑFHåsk bpåhfy gfhkfvtyn, rjnjhsq ltqcndjdfkd rfxtcndt Rjycnbnewbjyyjuj cjåhfybz. DÑFH c gjvjomñ hfpkbxysö rfyfkjd bpexf-kjcm jåotcndtyyjt vytybt, bpjåhtnfntkmyjbcgjkmpjdfkbcm CVB b hfphfåfnsdfkbcmvfnthbfks lkz njuj, xnjås cltkfnm jåceé-ltybt rjycnbnewbjyysö djghjcjd ljcneg-ysv yf vyjubö zpsrfö.

Yj exfcnbt jåotcndtyyjcnb d rjycnbne-wbjyyjv ghjwtcct d ÑFH b lheubö cnhfyföyf dctö tuj änfgfö yt åskj jlbyfrjdsv.Öjnz ébntkb ÑFH vjukb cktlbnm pf öjljvgeåkbxysö gthtujdjhjd dgkjnm lj 1994 ujlf,ytrjnjhst fåcjkñnyj negbrjdst cbnefwbb,djpybrfñobt dj dhtvz änjuj ghjwtccf, ehtuekbhjdfkbcm yf pfrhsnsö pfctlfybzö.Ibhjrfz jåotcndtyyjcnm åskf dgthdstghbukfityf ghbyznm exfcnbt d dsåjhfö1994 ujlf – änj yfbåjktt jåsxyfz ajhvfexfcnbz. Yj lkz ÑFH, ult åjkmibycndj yf-ctktybz ghtélt åskj kbityj djpvjéyjcnbujkjcjdfnm gj hfcjdjve ghbpyfre, änj åskj

Ghtpbltyn ÑFH Ytkmcjy Vfyltkf (d wtynht) dvtcnt c ldevz cdjbvb pfvtcnbntkzvbNfåj Våtrb (cktdf) b A.E. Lt Rkthrjv (cghfdf) ghfplyeñn ghbyznbt yjdjq rjycnbnewbb 8 vfz 1996 ujlf.


34

dféysv ifujv. D dsåjhfö ghbyzkj exfcnbtjrjkj 86fi yfctktybz. Xbckj bpåbhfntktq,f nfrét gjnjr htrjvtylfwbq b gjétkfybq,gjcnegbdibö d Rjycnbnewbjyyjt cjåhfybt,gjlndthélfñn, xnj jåotcndtyyjcnm åeltnexfcndjdfnm d lbcreccbzö d njv ckexft, tc-kb cjxntn dféysvb dsytctyyst yf jåceé-ltybt djghjcs b bnjub jåceéltybq.

Dbdmty Öfhn – ghjatccjh eybdthcbntnfCfcctrc. Lj änjuj pfybvfkf gjcn lbhtrnj-hf cjplfyyjuj ghb änjv eybdthcbntntWtynhf gj bccktljdfybñ rjycnbnewbjyf-kbpvf b yfwbjyfkmyjq cfvjåsnyjcnb –vtéleyfhjlyjq bccktljdfntkmcrjq ctnb,jåütlbyzñotq extysö b frnbdbcnjd bp Dt-kbrjåhbnfybb, Tdhjgs, CIF, Rfyfls,ÑFH, Ihb-Kfyrb b Abléb. D yjzåht2003 ujlf dsikf d cdtn tt rybuf ≤Étyob-ys-ndjhws rjycnbnewbb≥ gjl htlfrwbtqFktrcfylhs Ljåhjdjkmcrjq. D 2002–2003ujlfö Öfhn hfåjnfkf cnfhibv yfexysvcjnhelybrjv d hfvrfö Ghjuhfvvs Léty-ybyucf Häyljkmaf gj bpextybñ ghjåktvvbhf ghb Bycnbnent vbhf CIF.

Vytybz, dshfétyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbreghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Ajnjuhfabz cltkfyf Ktjyjv Vñkkthjv lkz ≤Fccjibäqntlghtcc≥/≤Lfåk-ñ-Lfåk-ñ-Gb≥



35

D änjv bynthdmñ ghjatccjh ghfdf b

ärcgthn gj bckfve Yjf Atkmlvfy hfccrf-

psdftn j cdjtv jgsnt exfcnbz d ldeö

ytlfdybö rjycnbnewbjyysö ghjwtccfö

d vbht. Ghb hfphfåjnrt rjycnbnewbb

Faufybcnfyf jy åsk cjdtnybrjv Ujcelfh-

cndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF gj djghj-

cfv cdjåjls dthjbcgjdtlfybz. D Bhfrt c

cthtlbys fghtkz lj bñkz 2003 ujlf jy åsk

cnfhibv cjdtnybrjv Rjfkbwbjyyjuj

dhtvtyyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf gj djghjcfv

rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf. Ghjatccjh

Atkmlvfy ghjljkéftn rjycekmnbhjdfnm

xktyjd Ghfdzotuj cjdtnf Bhfrf. Jy nfr-

ét jrfpsdfk rjycekmnfwbjyyst eckeub ghb

gjlujnjdrt hzlf ghjvtéenjxysö rjycnb-

newbjyysö ljrevtynjd.

Djghjc: D cdjtq rybut ≤Gjckt léböf-lf: Fvthbrf b åjhmåf pf bckfvcreñ ltvjr-hfnbñ≥ ds endthélftnt, xnj bckfv b lt-vjrhfnbz yt zdkzñncz ytcjdvtcnbvsvb bxnj bckfvcrbt wtyyjcnb b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbtbltfks vjuen cjceotcndjdfnm d ecgtiyjvjåotcndt. Xnj ghbdtkj dfc r nfrjve dsdjle?

Atkmlvfy: Pltcm yf rfhne gjcnfdktyhzl djghjcjd. Dj-gthdsö, jxtym vyjubt kñlbd vecekmvfycrjv vbht geåkbxyj pfzdkzñn,xnj, gj bö vytybñ, ltvjrhfnbz b bckfv vj-uen ecgtiyj cjceotcndjdfnm. Hfpevttncz,tcnm bckfvcrbt cnhfys, ult ceotcndetn ltvjrhfnbz, b jyb jnyjcbntkmyj ecgtiyjceotcndeñn d eckjdbzö ltvjrhfnbb. Yfbåj-ktt jxtdblysq ghbvth – Nehwbz, yj Bylj-ytpbñ b Åfyukflti nfrét vjéyj ghbxbc-kbnm r yjdsv ltvjrhfnbzv, boeobv cdjqgenm. Rhjvt njuj, d wtkjv hzlt lheubö ve-cekmvfycrbö cnhfy ytlfdyj åskb ghjdtlt-ys ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt htajhvs, yfukzlysvghbvthjv rjnjhsö ckeébn yjdfz rjycnbne-wbz d Åföhtqyt.

Yf ghfrnbrt vs dblbv, xnj bckfvcrbtltvjrhfnbb vjuen ceotcndjdfnm b ceotcn-deñn, f yf ehjdyt ntjhbb dct åjkmit ext-ysö b ghjcnsö kñltq d vecekmvfycrjv vb-


Rjycnbnewbjyfkbpv d vecekmvfycrjv

vbht

Åtctlf c Yjf Atkmlvfyjv


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ht endthélfñn, xnj nhflbwbb bckfvf b lt-vjrhfnbz yt zdkzñncz ytcjdvtcnbvsvb bxnj vjéyj cltkfnm nfr, xnjås jyb hfåjnfkbdvtcnt.

Djghjc: Rjulf ghböjlbn dhtvz hfphf-åfnsdfnm ltvjrhfnbxtcreñ rjycnbnewbñ djlyjq bp bckfvcrbö cnhfy, rfrjds jcjåst cjjåhfétybz b rjyrhtnyst ghjåktvs?

Atkmlvfy: Dj-gthdsö, yf ehjdyt ntj-hbb. Kñlb ljkéys ghbqnb r gjybvfybñnjuj, xnj jåobt gjlöjls änbö ldeö bltjkj-ubq yt ytcjdvtcnbvs. Ytrjnjhst levfñn,xnj gjcrjkmre Åju d bckfvt – änj dthöjd-ysq ghfdbntkm, kñlb yt vjuen åsnm rjytx-ysvb dthibntkzvb celtå xthtp ujcelfhcn-dtyyjt eghfdktybt. Vjétn djpybryenmnhelyjcnm c hfpuhfybxtybtv gjkbnbxtcrjqdkfcnb yfhjlf b dthöjdyjq dkfcnb Åjuf.

Yj yf ehjdyt ntjhbb, levfñ, vjéyj jn-dtnbnm, xnj öjnz d bckfvt Åju – dthöjdysqghfdbntkm, Åjémb pfrjys dct hfdyj njkre-ñncz kñlmvb b gjdctlytdyjt eghfdktybtnfrét jceotcndkztncz kñlmvb, f yt Åjujv.R njve ét vs cxbnftv, xnj d ltvjrhfnbbceotcndetn hzl aeylfvtynfkmysö ghfd, rj-njhst cnjzn dsit njuj, xnj kñlb vjuen

cxbnfnm bkb yt cxbnfnm ghfdbkmysv d lfy-ysq rjyrhtnysq vjvtyn, nfrbt rfr ghfdjyf ébpym b cdjåjle.

Rhjvt njuj, ceotcndetn ghfrnbxtcrbqghjwtcc jghtltktybz njuj, rfrbt bycnbnensd hfvrfö rjycnbnewbb åelen dscnegfnm gj-chtlybrfvb vtéle bckfvcrbvb b ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbvb wtyyjcnzvb, rjulf jyb vjuen gj-rfpfnmcz dytiytve yfåkñlfntkñ ghjnbdj-htxfobvb lheu lheue.

FAUFYBCNFYDjghjc: C rfrbvb cnhernehysvb ghj-

åktvfvb cnjkryekbcm hfphfåjnxbrb yjdjqrjycnbnewbb d Faufybcnfyt?

Atkmlvfy: Nfrjuj hjlf djghjcs bvt-ñn åjkmijt pyfxtybt ghb yfgbcfybb kñåjqrjycnbnewbb. Jyb yt bvtñn ghzvjuj jnyj-itybz r djghjce dpfbvjjnyjitybq ltvjr-hfnbb b bckfvf. Bcgjkybntkmyfz dtndm ujce-lfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb d bckfvcrjq ltvjrhf-

Exfcnybrb faufycrjq kjqz-lébhub (åjkmijuj cjdtnf) ckeifñn dscnegktybz ltktufnjd yf dnjhjq ltym pfctlfybq, 15 ltrfåhz 2003 ujlf, d Rfåekt (Faufybcnfy). Faufycrbt cnfhtqibys cjåhfkbcm d Rfåekt, xnjås hfphfåjnfnm ghjtrnRjycnbnewbb cnhfys.


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nbb vjétn åsnm rfr cbkmyjq, nfr b ckfåjq.Änj jxtym dféyst djghjcs lkz kñåjq rjy-cnbnewbb kñåjq cnhfys.

Ukfdyfz ghjåktvf, rjnjheñ ghbikjcmhtifnm hfphfåjnxbrfv yjdjq rjycnbnewbb dFaufybcnfyt, pfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnj rjy-cnbnewbz ghjdjpukfiftn bckfv jabwbfkm-yjq ujcelfhcndtyyjq htkbubtq. Yj jyf nfr-ét jåüzdkztn, xnj d faufycrjv ujcelfhcndtåelen ghjdjlbnmcz dsåjhs b gjllthébdfnm-cz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt wtyyjcnb.

Bv ghbikjcm htifnm cnhernehysq dj-ghjc j njv, rjulf cktletn ghbvtyznm bckfv-crbq pfrjy. Jyb drkñxbkb d rjycnbnewbñgjkjétybt, rjnjhjt dgthdst gjzdbkjcm dghjtrnt Rjycnbnewbb Bhfyf 1906 ujlf,ghjdjpukfifñott, xnj ybrfrjq pfrjy, ghb-yznsq kñlmvb, yt ljkéty ghjnbdjhtxbnmbckfve.

Jyb nfrét cjplfkb Rjycnbnewbjyysqcel, rjnjhsq bvttn gjkyjvjxbt htifnm, yf-heiftn kb njn bkb byjq pfrjy wtyyjcnbBckfvf. Pltcm vs dblbv ghbvth gjkjét-ybz, d rjnjhjv jyb dszdbkb gjntywbfkm-ysq rjyakbrn b hfphtibkb tuj d celtåyjvgjhzlrt. Njxytt ujdjhz, jyb cjplfkb bycnb-nen lkz hfphtitybz lfyyjuj rjyakbrnf dceltåyjv gjhzlrt.

Djghjc: Yfcrjkmrj z gjybvfñ, d ds-cibq cel åelen döjlbnm rfr cdtncrbt, nfr bbckfvcrbt celmb. Ds cxbnftnt, xnj nfrjqcel åeltn hfåjnjcgjcjåysv?

Atkmlvfy: Änj ärcgthbvtyn. Jy vj-étn jrfpfnmcz hfåjnjcgjcjåysv, yj, hfpe-vttncz, ybrfrbö ufhfynbq yt ceotcndetn.Änj ärcgthbvtynfkmysq jhufy, rjnjhsqcvjétn dscnegfnm d hjkb gjchtlybrf vté-le ldevz hfpysvb yfåjhfvb wtyyjcntq bltkfnm änj nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås änj dsukz-ltkj pfrjyysv d ukfpfö dctuj faufycrjujyfhjlf.

Djghjc: Jndjlbncz kb ifhbfne (cdjlebckfvcrbö pfrjyjd) rfrfz-kbåj lheufz hjkmgj Rjycnbnewbb, tckb yt cxbnfnm dscitujcelf b njkmrj xnj egjvzyenjuj dfvb gjkj-étybz j njv, xnj yb jlby ghbyznsq pfrjyyt ljkéty ghjnbdjhtxbnm bckfve?

Atkmlvfy: Ceotcndetn ufhfynbz njuj,xnj d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf ghbvtyztncz if-hbfn, åeltn edféfnmcz rjyrhtnyfz irjkfifhbfnf, r rjnjhjq ghbyflktébn lfyyjtkbwj, nfr xnj ybrnj yt åeltn jåzpfy cktlj-dfnm ≤xeéjq≥ dtndb ifhbfnf.

Lfyyjt gjkjétybt ufhfynbhjdfyj Rjy-cnbnewbtq. Djpvjéyj, änj cfvjt pfvtnyjtvtcnj, d rjnjhjv ifhbfn buhftn jghtltkty-yeñ hjkm. Bynthtcyj, xnj yt ceotcndetngjkjétybz, rjnjhjt ghzvj jghtltkzkj ås,xnj ifhbfn dscnegftn jlybv bp bcnjxybrjdpfrjyjlfntkmcndf bkb tlbycndtyysv bcnjx-ybrjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf lkz lfyyjq Rjy-cnbnewbb.

Djghjc: Ceotcndeñn kb d Rjycnbne-wbb Faufybcnfyf ghtlyfvthtyyj hfpvsnstajhvekbhjdrb bkb åhtib? Yfghbvth, dj-ghjcs, rjnjhst yt vjuen åsnm htitys bkbgj rjnjhsv yt vjuen åsnm ljcnbuyens rjy-ctycec b cjukfcbt b htitybt rjnjhsö nfrbkb byfxt ljkéyj åsnm jnkjétyj yf åele-ott?

Atkmlvfy: Rjycnbnewbz ufhfynbhetnhfdtycndj étyoby, yj yt hfccvfnhbdftndjghjc j njv, xnj ghjbpjqltn, tckb bö hf-dtycndj åeltn ghbpyfyj ytcjdvtcnbvsv cntvb bkb bysvb rjyrhtnysvb gjkjétybz-vb bckfvcrjuj pfrjyf.

Djpvjéyj, Rjycnbnewbjyysq cel åeltnghjcnj bynthghtnbhjdfnm ifhbfn rfr äuf-kbnfhysq, b änj jlby bp djpvjéysö htpekm-nfnjd. Änjn djghjc yt htity d zdyjv dblt.Gjänjve lf, tckb eujlyj, vjéyj ujdjhbnm jnjv, xnj pltcm ceotcndetn cdjtuj hjlfåhtim. Cel ljkéty åeltn kbrdblbhjdfnm tt.

Djghjc: Étycrbt uheggs dshfpbkbjpfåjxtyyjcnm d cdzpb c ntv, xnj ufhfynbzghfd étyoby d Rjycnbnewbb ghjdjpukfit-yf yt cnjkm xtnrj bkb htibntkmyj, rfr bvöjntkjcm ås.

Atkmlvfy: Étyobyfv jndtltyj jght-ltktyyjt xbckj vtcn d dscitv pfrjyjlf-ntkmyjv jhufyt, f d Rjycnbnewbb ghzvjcajhvekbhjdfyf ufhfynbz hfdtycndf lkzétyoby. Ceotcndetn nfrét ufhfynbz njuj,xnj Faufybcnfy åeltn dsgjkyznm jåzpf-ntkmcndf gj vtéleyfhjlysv ljujdjhfv,


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drkñxfz Rjydtywbñ JJY j kbrdblfwbbdctö ajhv lbcrhbvbyfwbb d jnyjitybbétyoby.

Ghbvtxfntkmyj, xnj yb jlyf bp änbönhtö ljdjkmyj cbkmysö ufhfynbq yt egjvb-yftncz d Rjycnbnewbb CIF. D yfitv ds-citv pfrjyjlfntkmyjv jhufyt pf étyobyf-vb yt pfrhtgktyj jghtltktyyjt xbckjvtcn. D yfitq Rjycnbnewbb yt cjlthébnczghzvjuj egjvbyfybz j hfdtycndt étyoby,b vs lfét yt hfnbabwbhjdfkb RjydtywbñJJY j kbrdblfwbb dctö ajhv lbcrhbvbyf-wbb d jnyjitybb étyoby. Dctulf vjéyjcltkfnm xnj-nj kexit, yj z levfñ, xnj lkzFaufybcnfyf änj ytgkjöjt yfxfkj.

BHFRDjghjc: Lfdfqnt gthtqltv r Bhfre.

8 vfhnf Ghfdzobq cjdtn Bhfrf ghbyzk nfryfpsdftveñ ≤ghjvtéenjxyeñ rjycnbne-wbñ≥. Rfrbt wtkb jyf ghtcktletn, b rfrljkuj jyf åeltn ltqcndjdfnm?

Atkmlvfy: D ghbywbgt, jyf ltkftncktleñott – ecnfyfdkbdftn hfvrb lkz ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz, dyfxfkt d ntxtybt gthtöjlyjuj gthbjlf lj jåotyf-wbjyfkmysö dsåjhjd d zydfht 2005 ujlf, fnfrét ecnfyfdkbdftn hfvrb njuj, rfr åeltndsukzltnm ghfdbntkmcndj gjckt ghjdtltybzänbö dsåjhjd. D ltqcndbntkmyjcnb tot ytbpdtcnyj, dcnegbn kb Rjycnbnewbz d cbked njv dblt, d rjnjhjv jyf yfgbcfyf, bkbjyf åeltn gjldthuyenf bpvtytybzv. Yflfyysq vjvtyn xktys Ghfdzotuj cjdtnfcjukfcbkbcm cjåkñlfnm tt gjckt 30 bñyz.

Djghjc: Tcnm kb ghbpyfrb njuj, xnjåeltn jrfpfyj åjkmijt lfdktybt d gjllth-ére bpvtytybz ghjvtéenjxyjq rjycnbnewbb?

Atkmlvfy: Lfdktybt d gjllthéredytctybz d ytt bpvtytybq eét jrfpsdftn-cz. Ytgjchtlcndtyyj d ltym gjlgbcfybzRjycnbnewbb kblth ibbnjd fznjkkf Fkm-Cbcnfyb pfzdbk, xnj d ytq cjlthéfncz ytljcnfnrb. Lheubt ibbncrbt kblths, celzgj dctve, cjukfcbkbcm c ybv. D cdjtv ytlfdytv gbcmvt cgtwbfkmyjve ghtlcnfdb-ntkñ JJY Kfölfhe Åhföbvb fznjkkf Fkm-Cbcnfyb dshfpbk jpfåjxtyyjcnm d cdzpb c

ntv, xnj cjplfyysq gthtöjlyjq rjycnbne-wbtq herjdjlzobq cjdtn d cjcnfdt nhtö xtkjdtr ytljcnfnjxyj vféjhbnfhty. D tujgbcmvt dshféftncz yfltélf yf nj, xnj ht-pjkñwbz Cjdtnf Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY ytjljåhbn dtcm ljrevtyn d tuj ysytiytv dblt, f ghbpyftn, xnj Yfwbjyfkmyjt cjåhf-ybt jåkflftn gjkyjvjxbzvb lkz dytctybz dytuj gjghfdjr. D xfcnyjcnb, jy jnvtnbk,xnj öjntk ås dbltnm bpvtytybz d gjkjét-ybb j herjdjlzotv cjdtnt d cjcnfdt nhtöxtkjdtr.

Djghjc: Nj tcnm, cbcntvf ujcelfhcn-dtyyjuj eghfdktybz åeltn ghtpbltyncrjq, fyt gfhkfvtyncrjq?

Atkmlvfy: Ytn, afrnbxtcrb änj gfh-kfvtyncrfz cbcntvf c ghtvmth-vbybcnhjv,f, rhjvt njuj, ceotcndetn herjdjlzobq cjdtnd cjcnfdt nhtö xtkjdtr, rjnjhsq jåkflftnjghtltktyysvb htfkmysvb gjkyjvjxbzvb,jghtltktyysvb gjkyjvjxbzvb gj yfkjét-ybñ dtnj, yj rjnjhsq yt åeltn ukfdysv jhufyjv bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb.

Djghjc: Xnj ujdjhbncz d ghjvtéenjx-yjq rjycnbnewbb j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf b cdj-åjlt dthjbcgjdtlfybz?

Atkmlvfy: Jyf ufhfynbhetn cdjåjledthjbcgjdtlfybz, cdjåjle cjdtcnb b cdjåj-le vsckb, bcgjkmpez lkz änjuj ajhvekbhjd-rb, pfbvcndjdfyyst bp Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-wbb ghfd xtkjdtrf. Jyf nfrét cjlthébnjåütvbcnsq gthtxtym jcyjdysö ghfd xtkj-dtrf, pyfrjvsö yfv gj vtéleyfhjlysv ljrevtynfv j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, – ghfdf yfpfobne jn gsnjr, ghfdf uhfélfy yf hfdyeñpfobne, ghfdf yf yflktéfoeñ ghfdjdeñghjwtlehe b ghjxtt.

Djghjc: Nj tcnm, jyf åkbprf r njve,xnjås cnfnm pfrjyxtyysv Åbkktv j ghfdföxtkjdtrf?

Atkmlvfy: Z ås jöfhfrnthbpjdfk ttrfr bcxthgsdfñobq åbkkm j ghfdfö xtkj-dtrf. Jyf ufhfynbhetn hfdtycndj dctvbhfrwfv, åelm-nj veéxbys bkb étyobys,ytpfdbcbvj jn bö dthjbcgjdtlfybz, yfwbj-yfkmyjcnb b änybxtcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz.Änj ljcnfnjxyj gjkysq gthtxtym ghfd, pfvtxfntkmysq ljrevtyn d änjv jnyjitybb.


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Djghjc: Cjlthéfncz kb d ytv gjkjét-ybz, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobt exfcnbt étyobyd ujcelfhcndtyyjv eghfdktybb?

Atkmlvfy: Lf. Gthtöjlysq flvbyb-cnhfnbdysq pfrjy ukfcbn: ≤Yfwbjyfkmyjtcjåhfybt ajhvbhetncz c nfrbv hfcxtnjv,xnjås 25fi ltktufnjd Yfwbjyfkmyjuj cjåhf-ybz cjcnfdkzkb étyobys≥. Ctqxfc dtlenczytrjnjhst cgjhs gj djghjce j njv, åeltnkb änj cnhjujq rdjnjq bkb wtkmñ, r ljcnb-étybñ rjnjhjq yeéyj cnhtvbnmcz. Ajhve-kbhjdrf cjcnfdktyf nfr, xnj ljgecrftnldjzrjt njkrjdfybt, yj vyt rfétncz, xnjjyf dct ét åkbét r ghzvj dshfétyyjvenhtåjdfybñ j njv, xnj yt vtytt 25fi ltge-nfnjd Yfwbjyfkmyjuj cjåhfybz ljkéys cjcnfdkznm étyobys.

Djghjc: Jéblftnt kb ds ibhjrbögeåkbxysö ltåfnjd gj änjve ljrevtyne?

Atkmlvfy: Lf, jéblfñ. Ghjtrn änjujljrevtynf åsk gjlujnjdkty åtp ibhjrjujexfcnbz jåotcndtyyjcnb. Änj ytljcnfnjr,ghbpyfdftvsq dctvb. Ctqxfc, ghtélt dct-uj, åelen ghjdjlbnmcz ltåfns j öfhfrnthtcfvjuj gthtöjlyjuj pfrjyf. Z jéblfñjébdktyysö lbcreccbq gj änjve djghjce.B, rhjvt njuj, z jéblfñ lfkmytqibö lbc-reccbq gj djghjce j njv, rfrbt fcgtrnslfyyjuj ljrevtynf ljkéys åsnm bpvtytysbkb jcnfdktys åtp bpvtytybz d gjcktleñ-otq gjcnjzyyj ltqcndeñotq Rjycnbnewbb,rjnjhfz ljkéyf åsnm gjlujnjdktyf b hfnb-abwbhjdfyf Yfwbjyfkmysv cjåhfybtv.

Djghjc: D gkfyt gjkbnbxtcrjq frnbd-yjcnb, pfghtoftn kb gthtöjlyfz rjycnbne-wbz Bhfrf, gjljåyj Rjycnbnewbb Faufybc-nfyf, jhufybpjdsdfnm gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbbyf jcyjdt htubjyfkmysö bkb änybxtcrböuhegg?

Atkmlvfy: Ytn, jyf änjuj yt pfghtof-tn, lf änjuj b ytkmpz åskj ås cltkfnm, ytdcnegfz d rjyakbrn c gjkbnbxtcrbvb jhuf-ybpfwbzvb, cdzpfyysvb c rehlcrbvb gfh-nbzvb. B Rehlcrfz ltvjrhfnbxtcrfz gfhnbz,b Gfnhbjnbxtcrbq cjñp cajhvbhjdfys dj-rheu rehlcrjuj djghjcf b åfpbheñncz dRehlbcnfyt.

Djghjc: Tckb rjycnbnewbb d Bhfrt (d rjytxyjv cxtnt) b d Faufybcnfyt åelengjkmpjdfnmcz ytrjnjhsv ecgtöjv b erhtg-kznm cnfåbkmyjcnm b ufhfynbhjdfnm yjdstcdjåjls cdjbv uhfélfyfv, rfrjt dkbzybt,gj dfitve vytybñ, änj jrfétn yf jcnfkm-yeñ xfcnm htubjyf?

Atkmlvfy: Levfñ, änj ekexibn cbnef-wbñ d jnyjitybb cdjåjls b ltvjrhfnbb dytrjnjhsö bp cjctlybö cnhfy. Bhfy jceot-cndkzk hzl dtcmvf vyjujjåtofñobö ltvjr-hfnbxtcrbö gthtvty, rjnjhst ctqxfc, celzgj dctve, pfåkjrbhjdfys, b tckb d Bhfrtibbncrbt cdzotyyjckeébntkb ghbpsdfñn rjnrhsnsv b cdjåjlysv dsåjhfv, f d Bhfyt– r juhfybxtyysv dsåjhfv, änj åeltn jrf-psdfnm dkbzybt yf Bhfy, gjnjve xnj bhfy-ws tot åjktt xtnrj, xtv ctqxfc, jcjpyfñn,yfcrjkmrj gjhjxyjq cnfkf bö cbcntvf.

Fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv d CfeljdcrjqFhfdbb kñlb åelen yfåkñlfnm gj cgenyb-rjdjve ntktdbltybñ pf geåkbxysvb ltåf-nfvb gj dféysv rjycnbnewbjyysv djghjcfvb gjqven, xnj gjljåyst ltåfns yt jåzpf-ntkmyj dtlen r hfpheitybñ dctö jcyjd, bänj edtkbxbn lfdktybt nfv d gjllthére jn-rhsnjcnb b kbåthfkbpfwbb.

D Cbhbb, levfñ, nfrét åeltn hfcnbjcjpyfybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb ghjdtltybz åjkttrhegysö htajhv, xtv nt, rjnjhst ghjdjlb-kbcm lj änjuj. Levfñ, änj åeltn jrfpsdfnmgjpbnbdyjt dkbzybt gjdcñle d htubjyt.

Tckb ltvjrhfnbz d Bhfrt gjnthgbn yt-elfxe, jyj jrfétn ytufnbdyjt dkbzybt yfdtcm htubjy. Dct åjkmit kñltq, rjnjhstctqxfc dscnegfñn pf kbåthfkbpfwbñ b lt-vjrhfnbpfwbñ, åelen ghböjlbnm r vsckb,xnj ltvjrhfnbz d cnhfyfö c vecekmvfycrbvåjkmibycndjv yfctktybz jrfpsdftncz yt-ébpytcgjcjåyjq cbcntvjq ujcelfhcndtyyjujeghfdktybz. Änj åskj ås ghjcnj eéfcyj.

Djghjc: Vyjétcndj kñltq pflfñn dj-ghjc: ≤Xnj ghjbpjqltn, tckb d htpekmnfntltvjrhfnbxtcrbö dsåjhjd r dkfcnb ghblenbckfvcrbt ärcnhtvbcns?≥ D dfitq rybutghbdjlbncz nhtdjéysq ghbvth Fkébhf.


40

Atkmlvfy: Cxbnfñ ytjåöjlbvsv clt-kfnm jlyj dféyjt gjzcytybt d jnyjitybbFkébhf: djghtrb hfcöjétve vytybñ, yfcfvjv ltkt djdct yt bckfvbcns ddthukbcnhfye d uhfélfycreñ djqye. Bckfvbcnsyt ujdjhbkb, xnj cjåbhfñncz jnvtybnm lt-vjrhfnbñ. Yfghjnbd, jyb ujdjhbkb, xnj uj-njds exfcndjdfnm d ujcelfhcndtyyjv eghfd-ktybb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv gentv. Jlyfrj bvnfr b yt ghtlcnfdbkfcm djpvjéyjcnm ljrf-pfnm, xnj jyb ujdjhzn ghfdle, gjnjve xnjdjtyyst dkfcnb jnvtnbkb dsåjhs – bvtyyjjyb b ghbdtkb r enhfnt cdjåjls d cnhfyt.

Yf vjq dpukzl, dsåjhs gjdcñle d ve-cekmvfycrjv vbht, ult d gjcktlybt ujlsjyb åskb jnxfcnb cdjåjlysvb, ekexibkbgjkjétybt bckfvcrbö gfhnbq. Levfñ, njét cfvjt ghjbpjqltn b d Bhfrt, lf b d Fa-ufybcnfyt.

Änj jåofz ntyltywbz, rjnjhfz dctvjxtdblyf. Änj yt jpyfxftn, xnj änb gfhnbbjåzpfntkmyj åelen ltqcndjdfnm ytltvjrhf-nbxtcrbv gentv. Nehwbz – ghbvth cnhfys,d rjnjhjq e dkfcnb yföjlbncz evthtyyj bc-kfvcrfz gfhnbz, öjnz jyf nfr b yt yfpsdf-tncz. Jabwbfkmysq ctrekzhbpv d Nehwbbpfghtoftn änj, yj gj ceotcnde änj nfr. Bänf gfhnbz ghfdbn dtcmvf ltvjrhfnbxyj.

Djghjc: Nj tcnm, gjckt njuj rfr jybghbikb r dkfcnb, jyb cnfkb ghjdjlbnm åjkttevthtyyeñ gjkbnbre?

Atkmlvfy: D Nehwbb, rfylblfns yfujcelfhcndtyyst ljkéyjcnb pfybvfkb evt-htyyst gjpbwbb tot dj dhtvz bpåbhfntkm-yjq rfvgfybb. Levfñ, htfkmyjcnm ceotcn-djdfybz ghb ltvjrhfnbb nfrjdf, xnj ghböj-lbncz levfnm j gthtbpåhfybb. Rjulf kñltqljkéys gthtbpåhfnm, nj ytdjpvjéyj ghf-dbnm nfr, xnjås änj dspsdfkj jnxeéltybtvyjujxbcktyysö uhegg yfctktybz. Yfghj-nbd, d Bhfyt, ult ysytiybt ghfdbntkbghbikb r dkfcnb d htpekmnfnt htdjkñwbb,jyb vjuen åtpyfrfpfyyj ghbybvfnm htghtc-cbdyst vths, öjnz yfhjl frnbdyj jndthuftnbö. Jxtdblyj, ceotcndetn åjkmifz hfpybwfvtéle ghböjljv r dkfcnb pfrjyysv gentvb ghböjljv r dkfcnb cbkjq.

Yjf Atkmlvfy – ghjatccjh Ñhblbxtcrjujafrekmntnf Ymñ-Qjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf.Hfytt hfåjnfk ctrhtnfhtv Dthöjdyjuj celf; gjkexbk ljrnjhcreñ extyeñ cntgtym d jåkfcnb bckfvcrjq abkjcjabb d Jrc-ajhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt d Fyukbb, åelexbcnbgtylbfnjv Hjlcf. Fdnjh rybub ≤Gjcktléböflf: Fvthbrf b åjhmåf pf bckfvcreñltvjrhfnbñ≥. Bynthdmñ e ytuj dpzkf Ktckb Öfq.

Vytybz, dshfétyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbreghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Ajnjuhfabz cltkfyf Å.R. Åfyufitv lkz ≤Fccjibäqntl ghtcc≥/≤Lfåk-ñ-Lfåk-ñ-Gb≥



41

Bailyn, Bernard.To Begin the World Anew:The Genius and Ambiguities of the American Founders.New York:Alfred K. Knopf, 2003.

Belz, Herman.A Living Constitution or Fundamental Law? AmericanConstitutionalism in Historic Perspective.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998.

Berggren, Niclas, et. al., eds.Why Constitutions Matter. New Brunswick,New Jersey:Transaction Publishers, 2002.

Billias, Goerge Athan, ed.American Constitutionalism Abroad: Selected Essays in Comparative Constitutional History.New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.

Blaustein,Albert P., ed.Constitutions That Made History.New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1988.

Chemerinsky, Erwin.Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies.New York:Aspen Law & Business, 2002.

Faigman, David L.Laboratory of Justice. New York:Times Books: Henry Holt, 2004.

Feldman, Noah.After Jihad:America and the Struggle for IslamicDemocracy. New York: Farrar, Straus,& Giroux, 2003.

Ferejohn, John et al., eds.Constitutional Culture and Democratic Rule.Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Finer, S.E. (Samuel Edward), et. al. eds.Comparing Constitutions. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York : Oxford University Press, 1995.

Hassen, Ebrahim.The Soul of a Nation: Constitution-Making in South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Henkin, Louis et. al., eds.Constitutionalism and Rights: The Influence of the United States Constitution Abroad.New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.

Hoffman, Daniel N.Our Elusive Constitution: Silences, Paradoxes,Priorities. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

Å b å k b j u h f a b z

Xnj tot gjxbnfnm j rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvt


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Howard,A.E. Dick.Democracy’s Dawn:A Directory of American Initiatives on Constitutionalism, Democracy,and the Rule of Law in Central and Eastern Europe. Charlottesville,Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1991.

Jackson,Vicki C., et al. eds.Defining the Field of Comparative Constitutional Law.Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2002.

Kaplin,William A.American Constitutional Law:An Overview,Analysis, and Synthesis. Durham, North Carolina:Carolina Academic Press, 2004.

Knock,Thomas, J.To End All Wars:Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1992.

Levin, Daniel Lessard.Representing Popular Sovereignty:The Constitution inAmerican Political Culture. Albany: State Universityof New York Press, 1999.

McHugh, James T.Comparative Constitutional Traditions.New York: Lang, Peter Publishing, 2002.

McNelly,Theodore.The Origins of Japan’s Democratic Constitution.Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America,2000.

Powell, Jefferson.A.Community Built on Words:The Constitution in History and Politics. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2002.

Quinn, Frederick.Democracy At Dawn: Notes From Poland and PointsEast. College Station,Texas:Texas A&M UniversityPress, 1998.

Schwartz, Herman.The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Seidman, Louis Michael.Our Unsettled Constitution:A New Defense of Constitutionalism and Judicial Review. New Haven,Connecticut:Yale University Press, 2001.

Siegan, Bernard H.Drafting a Constitution for a Nation or RepublicEmerging Into Freedom, 2nd edition. Fairfax,Virginia: George Mason University Press, 1994.

Sunstein, Cass R.Designing Democracy:What Constitutions Do.New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Teitel, Ruti G.Transitional Justice. Oxford ; New York:Oxford University Press, 2000.



43

Ghbdjlbncz cgbcjr cjjndtncndeñobö htcehcjd Bynthytnf gj cjcnjzybñ yf vfhn 2003 ujlf. Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf djpvjéyjt bpvtytybt flhtcjddtå-cfqnjd b (bkb) geåkbrfwbñ yf dtå-cfqnfö ytgjljåfñobö vfnthbfkjd.

Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz ñhbcnjd:Wtynhfkmyjtdhjgtqcrfz b tdhfpbqcrfz ghfdjdfz bybwbfnbdfhttp://www.abanet.org/ceeli/home.html

Geåkbxysq ghjtrn Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb ñhbcnjd,ghbpdfyysq cjltqcndjdfnm ecnfyjdktybñ dkfcnb pfrjyf gentv gjllthérb ghjwtccf ghfdjdsö htajhvd Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt b yjdsö ytpfdbcbvsö ujcelfh-cndfö åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf.

Öfhnbb cdjåjlshttp://www.archives.gov/national_archives_experience/constitution.html

Jhufybpjdfyyfz Yfwbjyfkmysv fhöbdjv CIF jykfqyjdfz dscnfdrf, gjcdzotyyfz Rjycnbnewbb CIF.Chfdybntkmysq gentdjlbntkm gj rjycnbnewbjyyjveghfdehttp://www.ll.georgetown.edu/intl/guides/compcon/print.html

Cjplfy Ñhblbxtcrjq åbåkbjntrjq Léjhlénfeycrjujeybdthcbntnf.

Chfdytybt rjycnbnewbq b yjhv vtéleyfhjlyjuj rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf (extåybr lkz yfxbyfñobö)http://www.oeare.unibe.ch/law/icl/compcons.html

Gjbcrjdfz cbcntvf gj rjycnbnewbzv hfpkbxysö cnhfyhttp://confinder.richmond.edu/

Ccskrb yf rjycnbnewbb åjkmibycndf ujcelfhcnd yf fyukbqcrjv b vyjubö lheubö zpsrfö.

Rjycnbnewbz CIFhttp://www.law.emory.edu/FEDERAL/usconst.html http://www.thisnation.com/constitution.html

Rjycnbnewbjyyjt ghfdj: jåpjhhttp://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/constitutional.html

Jgbcfntkmysq jxthr yf ntve rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdfcj ccskrfvb yf pfrjys CIF b lheubt bcnjxybrb.

Bycnbnen rjycnbnewbjyyjq b ghfdjdjq gjkbnbrb(COLPI)http://www.osi.hu/colpi/indexe.htm

COLPI gjllthébdftn ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghfdjdst htajhvs d cnhfyfö Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, WtynhfkmyjqFpbb b Vjyujkbb.

Vtéleyfhjlysq éehyfk rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdfhttp://www3.oup.co.uk/onls/list/ioclaw/default.html

Exhtélty d 2003 ujle. Geåkbretn byajhvfwbñ j cnbgtylbzö lkz cneltynjd ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjddepjd, ghtljcnfdkztvsö vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv.

Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh Rjycnbnewbb d Abkfltkmabbhttp://www.constitutioncenter.org

Yjdsq veptq d Abkfltkmabb, hfccrfpsdfñobq j Rjycnbnewbb, gjjohztn exfcnbt uhfélfy b ghtljcnfdkztn jåhfpjdfntkmyst htcehcs.Bpextybt rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf d Bynthytnthttp://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/conlaw.html

C f q n s d B y n t h y t n t

Cfqns d Bynthytnt , gjcdzotyyst

rjycnbnewbjyfkbpve


44

Dctjåütvkñofz åbåkbjuhfabz, gjcdzotyyfz htcehcfv Bynthytnf.Rjycnbnewbz CIF d Bynthytnthttp://www.usconstitution.net/

Htcehc, ghtlyfpyfxtyysq lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz d ltåf-nfö, ghjdjlbvsö exfobvbcz chtlybö irjk.Bycnbnen vbhf CIF: ccskrb yf htcehcs Bynthytnf,gjcdzotyyst gjlujnjdrt rjycnbnewbqhttp://www.usip.org/library/topics/constitution.html

Änb ccskrb ljgjkyzñn ghjuhfvve ≤Dkfcnm pfrjyf≥ bghjtrn ≤Rjycnbnewbjyyjt yjhvjndjhxtcndj, vbhjndjh-xtcndj b yfwbjyfkmyjt cjukfcbt≥ Bycnbnenf vbhfCIF.

Ytrjnjhst deps CIF, d rjnjhsö tcnm ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntnsRjkevåbqcrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.law.columbia.edu

Rjhytkkcrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.lawschool.cornell.edu

Ufhdfhlcrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.law.harvard.edu

Ymñ-Qjhrcrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.law.nyu.edu

Cnäyajhlcrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.law.stanford.edu

Xbrfucrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.law.uchicago.edu

Vbxbufycrbq eybdthcbntn (Fyy Fhåjh)http://www.law.umich.edu/

Gtycbkmdfycrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.law.upenn.edu

Dbhlébycrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.law.virginia.edu

Qtkmcrbq eybdthcbntnhttp://www.law.yale.edu



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