contenidos pra cticos traduccio n de textos informaticos in-es 27 de mayo

7/26/2019 Contenidos Pra Cticos Traduccio n de Textos Informaticos in-es 27 de Mayo

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LA TRADUCCIÓN DE TEXTOS

INFORMÁTICOS (INGLÉS-ESPAÑOL)

TRANSLATION SAMPLES, OBLIGATORY TEXTS AND OPTIONAL TEXTS

In what follows, you will find a variety of English computer-related texts with their

suggested translation and some comments on their translation. The comments aim at

drawing your attention to some important translation points, especially these related

to computer-related texts.

SAMPLE ONE

The World Wide Web is a collection of electronic files linked together like a spider web.

These files are stored on computers called servers located around the world. The Web

has evolved into a global electronic publishing medium and a medium for conducting

electronic commerce.

TRANSLATION

La World Wide Web es una colección de documentos electrónicos que están vinculados

entre sí, como una telaraña. Estos documentos están almacenados en computadoras

llamadas servidores situados en todas partes del mundo. La Web ha evolucionado

hasta ser un medio de publicación electrónica global, y, de forma creciente, un medio

que sirve de soporte al comercio electrónico.

COMMENTS

It is interesting that the English simile in line 1 in the English text “like a spider Web”

is translated verbatim as “como una telaraña ” since it is a metaphor that exists in both



languages. One has to be careful with metaphoric language since it tends to be more

language-specific than universal. Note the passive structure in line 2 of the English

text and how it is translated using the equivalent structure in Spanish (are stored -

están almacenados ). The complex preposition into is translated as hasta ser which is

a totally different form. However, it perfectly captures the sense conveyed in theEnglish text. Also note the use of the phrase “de forma creciente ” which does not have

a parallel in the English text, but its meaning is dictated by context.

SAMPLE TWO

Web pages are stored on web servers located around the globe. Entering the Uniform

Resource Locator or URL of a web page in your web browser or clicking a link sends a

request to the server that hosts the content. The server transmits the web page data to

your computer and your web browser assembles it on your screen.

TRANSLATION

Las páginas Web están almacenadas en servidores web situados por todo el mundo. Al

introducir en el explorador de web la URL (siglas del inglés Uniform Resource Locator,

en español un Localizador Uniforme de Recursos) de una página web, o al hacer clic

en un vínculo, una petición es enviada al servidor que alberga la página. El servidor

envía la página web a su ordenador y su explorador de web la muestra en su pantalla.

COMMENTS

The treatment of the technical abbreviation in line 2 of the English text (URL) is worth

highlighting. The translator states first what the abbreviation stands for in English,

then he or she provides the equivalent words in Spanish. In this respect, the

translator helps the reader even understand English terminology. The Spanish text

uses the formal polite pronoun “su” although this does not have a direct lexical

equivalent in the English text. The translator has decided that the English “your”

should be matched with Spanish “su” rather than “tu.” This indicates that the

translator feels that the formal pronoun is the default one in Spanish computer-

related texts, especially that the reference of the pronoun is not specific. It is also

known that English in general tends to be more on the informal side. Note also the

difference in word order between the English and the Spanish texts.



SAMPLE THREE

A web page (such as the one you are looking at now) is an electronic document written

in a computer language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). Web pages can

contain text, graphics, audio, video, and animation, as well as interactive features,such as data entry forms and games. Each page has a unique address known as a

URL (Uniform Resource Locator), which identifies its location on the network. Web

pages usually contain hyperlinks to other web pages or resources. Hyperlinks are text

and images that reference the addresses of other web pages.

TRANSLATION

Una página web (como la que está viendo ahora) es un documento electrónico escrito

en un lenguaje de computador llamado HTML (siglas del inglés Hypertext Markup

Language, o Lenguaje de Marcación de Hipertexto, en español). Las páginas Web

pueden contener texto, gráficos, vídeo, animaciones, y sonido, así como elementos

interactivos, como formularios de entrada de datos. Cada página tiene una dirección

única que se denomina una URL (del inglés Uniform Resource Locator, en español

Localizador Uniforme de Recursos), que identifica su ubicación en el servidor. Las

páginas Web contienen generalmente hipervínculos a otras páginas web. Los

hipervínculos son textos e imágenes que hacen referencia a URLs de otras páginas

web.

COMMENTS

The English linking phrase “as well as ” in line 3 is appropriately matched with the

Spanish “así como ” while the item “ such as ” is provided with the translation “como ”

which is also fitting here. It is quite interesting that the word “addresses ” towards the

end of the English text is translated as “URLs ” in Spanish. This demonstrates that the

translator has IT and computer knowledge. In some other texts or due to lack of such

knowledge, the word would have been translated as “domicilios.” Note how the

translator has used the Spanish word “contienen ” to translate the English word

“contain ” in line 5 of the English text. The translator could have used “ tienen .” He or

she has to decide about the best equivalent, and the more synonyms there are, the

more difficult his or her job becomes.

SAMPLE FOUR

A website consists of one or more web pages that relate to a common theme, such as a

person, business, organization, or a subject, such as news or sports.

The first page is called the home page, which acts like an index, indicating the



content on the site. From the home page, you can click links to access other pages on

the site or other resources on the Web

TRANSLATION

Un sitio web se compone de una o más páginas web referidas a un asunto común,como a una persona, un negocio, una organización o a un tema, tal como el deporte.

La primera página se llama la página de inicio, y hace las funciones de un índice,

indicando el contenido del sitio. En la página de inicio puede hacer clic en los

hipervínculos para acceder a otras páginas web.

COMMENTS

Note how the translator has used the word “asunto” to translate “theme” in line 1 of

the English text. Falling into the trap of “ false friends.” Some other translator would

have used the word “tema ” , which is correctly used to translate the word “subject ” in

line 2 of the English text. Note how the English “such as ” in line 2 is translated here

as “tal como ” and NOT as “como ” as we see in SAMPLE THREE. This shows

how the context is of utmost importance. Now, interestingly, the

translator has NOT translated the word “news ” in line 2. Perhaps, since it is simply a

list of examples, the translator has felt that dropping one word would not hurt.

However, one can argue that this would mean that one is not totally faithful to the

source text where the word “news ” DOES exist indeed. This is definitely a question to

debate.

SAMPLE FIVE

Electronic mail, or e-mail, is the most frequently used service on the Internet for many

reasons:

- Send a message anytime, anywhere and the recipient can read it at his or her

convenience. Send the same message to multiple recipients.

- Forward information to people without retyping it.

- E-mail is fast, usually taking no more than a few seconds to be received.

- Attach digital files to your messages, including electronic documents, video

clips, music and photos.

Send messages around the world as easily as to someone down the block.



TRANSLATION

El correo electrónico, o e-mail, es el servicio utilizado con más frecuencia en Internet,

por muchas razones:

- Puede enviar un mensaje en cualquier momento, a cualquier lugar y el

destinatario puede leerlo cuando le venga mejor.

- Puede enviar el mismo mensaje a muchas personas al mismo tiempo.

- Puede reenviar información a compañeros de trabajo sin tener que reescribirla.

- Puede ahorrar tiempo. El correo electrónico es rápido, no tardando,

generalmente, más de unos minutos en ser recibido.

- Puede enviar documentos por correo electrónico y los destinatarios pueden

editarlos y devolverle versiones revisadas.

- Puede enviar mensajes a cualquier parte del mundo tan fácilmente como a

compañeros de trabajo de la oficina de al lado.

COMMENTS

The English adverbial phrase “most frequently ” in line 1 is translated using the

Spanish prepositional phrase “con más frecuencia,” which shows how the priority of

the translator is to convey the meaning of the source text using the same grammatical

structure or a different one. Grammar for the translator is a means to achieve an end,

and not the end itself. Grammar is at the service of the translator to find the best wayto express the semantic content of the source text. Furthermore,

The metaphoric expression “down the block ” at the end of the English text has

been translated using a different item. What the English expression means is

essentially “closeness or nearness.” The translator has decided to express this

meaning using the scenario “como a compañeros de trabajo de la oficina de al lado ,”

which expresses the meaning intended in the source text.

SAMPLE SIX

There is no guarantee of e-mail privacy. A message can be intercepted and read as it

makes its way over the Internet to its final destination. Consider e-mail as you would a

postcard. The safest way to send sensitive or confidential information via e-mail is by

using encryption software. Some companies consider e-mail to be the same as paper

mail and reserve the right to archive and review all electronic correspondence. When

you delete a message from your computer, a copy of the message may still remain on

the mail server and can be retrieved.



TRANSLATION

No hay garantías de privacidad del correo electrónico. Un mensaje puede ser

interceptado y leído mientras va camino de su destino final a través de Internet.

Considere el correo electrónico como si fuera una postal. Para enviar informacióndelicada o confidencial vía correo electrónico, utilice software de cifrado o encriptación.

Algunas compañías consideran el correo electrónico equivalente al correo en papel, y

se reservan el derecho a archivar y revisar su correspondencia electrónica. Cuando

borra un mensaje de su ordenador, una copia de éste aún puede permanecer en el

servidor de correo.

SAMPLE SEVEN

To improve the impact of your messages and avoid trouble, there are a few unwritten

rules, called netiquette (networking etiquette) you should be aware of:

- Clearly summarize your message in the subject line.

Keep your messages short and focused. Recipients tend to ignore long messages

- Don't write in all CAPITAL LETTERS. Capital letters are used for emphasis, and

are considered equivalent to SHOUTING. IT'S ALSO DIFFICULT TO READ.

- Don't write anything you wouldn't say in public. It's easy for recipients to

forward messages to others, which could leave you in an embarrassing positionif you divulge personal or confidential information.

- Include your name at the bottom of a message.

TRANSLATION

Para mejorar la impresión causada por sus mensajes, y evitar problemas, hay algunas

reglas no escritas, denominadas de netiqueta (net + etiqueta; "net" es "red" en inglés)

que debe conocer:

- En la línea de asunto, resuma su mensaje claramente.

- En sus mensajes sea breve y centrado. Los destinatarios tienden a ignorar los

mensajes largos.

- No escriba todo en LETRAS MAYÚSCULAS. Las mayúsculas se utilizan para

dar énfasis, y se consideran el equivalente a GRITAR.

- No escriba nada que no diría en público. Es fácil para los destinatarios reenviar

sus mensajes a otros, lo que puede dejarle en una posición incómoda en caso

de que divulgara en ellos información personal o confidencial.

- Incluya su nombre al final del mensaje.



SAMPLE EIGHT

Like a postal address, an e-mail address specifies the destination of an electronic

message.

An Internet e-mail address looks like this: user name@domain name The user name is a unique name that identifies the recipient.

The domain name is the address. Many people can share the same domain

name.

TRANSLATION

Igual que una dirección postal, una dirección de correo electrónico especifica el

destino de un mensaje electrónico.

Una dirección de correo electrónico de Internet tiene este aspecto: nombre de

usuario@nombre de dominio

El nombre de usuario es un nombre único que identifica al destinatario.

El nombre de dominio es la dirección. Mucha gente puede compartir el mismo

nombre de dominio.

SAMPLE NINE

In addition to sending text messages, most e-mail programs allow you to attach word

processing documents, spreadsheets, graphics, audio, video, and other electronic files

to your message. To attach a file:

Click the Attachment or Include File icon, often represented by a paper clip.

This feature is often located on the toolbar or on a pull-down menu.

Locate the file on your computer's hard drive or other storage device from the

window that opens requesting the name of the file.

Select the file you want from the file attachment window. An icon representing

the file may appear in the body of your message, or the name of the file

appears in the Attachment line of your message window.

TRANSLATION

Además de enviar mensajes de texto, muchos programas de correo electrónico le

permiten adjuntar a sus mensajes documentos de procesadores de texto, hojas de

cálculo, gráficos, audio, vídeo y otros archivos electrónicos. Para adjuntar un archivo:



Haga clic en el icono Adjuntar o Incluir Archivo, a menudo representado por

un clip o sujetapapeles. Esta función a menudo está situada en la barra de

herramientas o en un menú desplegable.

Desde la ventana que generalmente se abre para solicitar el nombre delarchivo, localice el archivo en el disco duro de su ordenador o en otro

dispositivo de almacenamiento.

Desde la ventana de adjuntar archivos, seleccione el archivo que quiera. Un

icono que representa al archivo puede aparecer en el cuerpo de su mensaje, o

puede que aparezca el nombre del archivo en el campo Adjuntos de la ventana

de su mensaje.

SAMPLE TEN

The most useful buttons on your browser toolbar include:

- Back -- Returns you to the previous page.

- Forward -- Returns you to the page you have backed up from.

- Home -- Takes you to the start page specified in the browser preferences.

- Reload or Refresh -- Downloads the web page from the server again.

- Stop -- Stops the browser from loading the current page.

- Print -- Lets you make a hard copy of the current page displayed in your

browser.

TRANSLATION

Entre los botones más útiles de la barra de herramientas de su explorador están:

- Atrás -- Vuelve a la página anterior.

- Adelante -- Regresa a la siguiente página, desde una página a la que hubiera

vuelto atrás.

- Inicio -- Le lleva a la página de inicio especificada en las preferencias del

explorador.

- Recargar o Actualizar -- Descargan la página web de nuevo desde el servidor.

- Detener -- Detiene la carga de la página actual por el explorador.

- Imprimir -- Le permite sacar una copia impresa del documento o marco

actualmente cargado en su explorador.



Textos Obligatorios

TEXT ONE

Obligatory-Obligatorio

LAPTOP OR DESKTOP

Choosing between a laptop and desktop can be a difficult decision. The bottom linecomes down to portability. If you will need or use the portability of a laptop, then itcan be a powerful tool for you and worth the extra money. However, if the laptop will

simply act as a desktop with very occasional need for portability, a desktop is also an

excellent choice and far less expensive.

Laptops have a great advantage in terms of their portability. If you carry a laptop with you, your applications and documents are always immediately available. With a

wireless card, your laptop can also access the Internet while on the go, so you havemore places to do research, check your email, and be more productive.

Desktops offer other advantages. Although laptop prices have come down andperformance has increased, most desktops offer a better price-to-performance ratio.Desktops also still hold some ergonomic advantages over laptops. Bear in mind that,

aside from small footprint desktops like the iMac or Studio One, they take up more

space in an apartment or residence hall.

A typical laptop weighs between 4.5 and 8 pounds. Alternatively, the economy and

cost-oriented option - the netbook- focuses primarily on mobility and are oftenWindows or Linux-based. Netbooks are most commonly equipped with an Intel Atom -

a series of microprocessor that focuses less on performance and more on basicfunctionality in tandem with low power consumption.

Adapted from http://helpdesk.wisc.edu/showroom/page.php?id=3044



TEXTO TWO


HOW TO INSTALL RAM

1. Determine what kind of RAM you need, and whether your computer has enoughopen slots to hold it. The new RAM should match the existing RAM's

specifications and configuration.2.

Shut down the computer and leave it plugged into the surge suppressor.

3.

Disconnect all peripheral devices, such as the monitor, from the computer.4.

Remove the computer cover.5.

Ground yourself to the computer with professional grounding equipment like an

anti-static wristband or hold a metal part of the chassis.6. Remove any cards or internal components necessary to give yourself

unobstructed access to RAM sockets.

7.

Pick up your SIMM (single in-line memory module) or DIMM (dual in-linememory module) by the ends without touching pins or chips.8.

If adding a SIMM, find the notched end and turn the SIMM so that it is parallel

to the existing RAM card(s). Insert the SIMM into the socket at a 30-degreeangle.

9.

Use slight pressure to keep a SIMM from backing out while rotating the moduleto an upright position perpendicular to the motherboard.

10.

Make sure the small holes on each side of a SIMM fit into holders.

Adapted from: http://www.ehow.com/how_895_install-ram.html



TEXT THREE


WHAT IS A VIRUS

In computers, a virus is a program that replicates by being copied or initiating itscopying to another program or document. Viruses can be transmitted as attachments

to an e-mail note or in a downloaded file, or be present on a diskette or CD. Theimmediate source of the e-mail note, downloaded file, or diskette you have received is

usually unaware that it contains a virus. Some viruses wreak their effect as soon astheir code is executed; other viruses lie dormant until circumstances cause their code

to be executed by the computer. Some viruses are benign or playful in intent andeffect while some can be quite harmful, erasing data or causing your hard disk to

require reformatting. A virus that replicates itself by resending itself as an e-mail

attachment is known as worm.

Generally, there are three main classes of viruses. The first is the File infectors. Somefile infector viruses attach themselves to program files. Some can infect any programfor which execution is requested. When the program is loaded, the virus is loaded aswell. Other file infector viruses arrive as wholly-contained programs or scripts sent asan attachment to an e-mail note.

The second is System or boot-record infectors. These viruses infect executable codefound in certain system areas on a disk. A typical scenario is to receive a diskette froman innocent source that contains a boot disk virus. When your operating system is

running, files on the diskette can be read without triggering the boot disk virus.However, if you leave the diskette in the drive, and then turn the computer off orreload the operating system, the computer will look first in your A drive, find the

diskette with its boot disk virus, load it, and make it temporarily impossible to use your hard disk.

Adapted from

http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213306,00.html



TEXT FOUR


PERSONAL COMPUTERS

A personal computer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an

individual user. All are based on the microprocessor technology that enablesmanufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers

for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet anddatabase management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal

computers is for playing games.

Personal computers first appeared in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popularpersonal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. During

the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competing operating systems seemedto appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM entered the fray with its first personal computer,known as the IBM PC . The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice,

and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the wayside. One of the fewcompanies to survive IBM's onslaught was Apple Computer, which remains a major

player in the personal computer marketplace.

Other companies adjusted to IBM's dominance by building IBM clones, computersthat were internally almost the same as the IBM PC, but that cost less. Because IBM

clones used the same microprocessors as IBM PCs, they were capable of running thesame software. Over the years, IBM has lost much of its influence in directing the

evolution of PCs. Many of its innovations, such as the MCA expansion bus and theOS/2 operating system, have not been accepted by the industry or the marketplace.

Adapted fromhttp://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/personal_computer.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/computer.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/user.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/microprocessor.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/CPU.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/chip.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/word_processing.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/desktop_publishing.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/run.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/spreadsheet.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/database_management_system_DBMS.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/application.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/Apple_Computer.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/operating_system.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/IBM.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/IBM_PC.html



http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/clone.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/software.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/PC.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/expansion_bus.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/OS_2.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/OS_2.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/expansion_bus.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/PC.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/software.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/clone.html


http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/IBM.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/operating_system.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/Apple_Computer.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/application.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/database_management_system_DBMS.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/spreadsheet.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/run.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/desktop_publishing.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/word_processing.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/chip.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/CPU.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/microprocessor.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/user.html

http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/P/computer.html



TEXT FIVE


THE INTERNET

The Internet, in simplest terms, is the large group of millions of computers around the

world that are all connected to one another. These computers are connected by phonelines, fiber optic lines, cable, satellites, and wireless connections.

When you log on to the Internet you are given access to many of the other computers

that are connected around the world. Some common ways of connecting to theInternet include are Internet service provider (ISP) by modem, Internet ready cable,

digital subscriber line (DSL), and simply turning on your computer which is on a

network at work or school connected to the Internet

The Internet works a lot like a postal or parcel delivery system, except it is much,

much faster. Say, for example, you are in California and want to send an e-mail to afriend in London. After you press the send button, your e-mail goes to your mailserver. The mail server will attempt to contact your friend's mail server in London. But

chances are your mail server doesn't have a direct line connecting it to your friend'smail server in London. Your mail server may have to "talk" to a computer in Chicago,which then takes to a computer in Washington, D.C., which contacts the London

server via satellite.

Adapted from: http://www.davesite.com/webstation/inet101/net01.shtml



TEXT SIX


SPAM

Spam is flooding the Internet with many copies of the same message in an attempt to

force the message on people who would not otherwise choose to receive it. Most spamis commercial advertising, often for dubious products, get-rich-quick schemes, or

quasi-legal services. Spam costs the sender very little to send -- most of the costs arepaid for by the recipient or the carriers rather than by the sender.

There are two main types of spam, and they have different effects on Internet users.

Cancellable Usenet spam is a single message sent to 20 or more Usenet newsgroups.

(Through long experience, Usenet users have found that any message posted to somany newsgroups is often not relevant to most or all of them.) Usenet spam is aimedat "lurkers", people who read newsgroups but rarely or never post and give their

address away. Usenet spam robs users of the utility of the newsgroups byoverwhelming them with a barrage of advertising or other irrelevant posts.

Furthermore, Usenet spam subverts the ability of system administrators and ownersto manage the topics they accept on their systems.

Email spam targets individual users with direct mail messages. Email spam lists are

often created by scanning Usenet postings, stealing Internet mailing lists, or searchingthe Web for addresses. Email spams typically cost users money out-of-pocket to

receive. Many people - anyone with measured phone service - read or receive theirmail while the meter is running, so to speak.

Adapted fromhttp://spam.abuse.net/overview/whatisspam.shtml



TEXT SEVEN


SPEED: CPU AND MEMORY

The CPU is the brain of the computer. Its job is to take information from the variousinput devices, the operating system, and software and execute the instructions that it

has been given. A CPU executes a certain amount of instructions within a groupingcalled a cycle. The speed of the CPU is measured in how many cycles it can perform in

a given second. A speed of one cycle per second is called a hertz. Therefore, a CPU thathas a frequency of 1 million cycles per second has the speed of a Megahertz, and a

CPU that has a frequency of 1 billion cycles per second is a Gigahertz.

Just as important to the speed of the CPU is the amount of memory you have in yourcomputer. Memory is the temporary storage place for your computers information.When a computer is manipulating some sort of information, it is placed in the memory

to be retrieved or manipulated later. If all your usable memory gets filled up, thecomputer will then start storing temporary data on to your hard drive in somethingcalled a swap file. When the CPU is ready to use that information it will then read itback from your hard drive and place it into memory where it can be used.

As you can see when you use a swap file, and the CPU needs to access the data. Itbecomes a two-step process in retrieving that data from the hard drive and memory,instead of a one step process of reading the data directly from memory.

Adapted fromhttp://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/tutorial30.html



TEXT EIGHT


INSTRUCTIONS TO INSTALL THE WINDOWS 7 BETA

1- Install the Beta only on a dedicated test computer

2- Make frequent backups while testing the Beta. You can back up files to an external

hard disk, a DVD or CD, or a network folder.

3- Prepare a recovery disc. A recovery disc restores your computer to its out-of-the-box

state. Most computers come with one. If yours didn’t, contact your PC maker.

4- Update your antivirus program, run it, and then disable it before installing theBeta. After you install the Beta, remember to re-enable the antivirus program.

5- Connect to the Internet after you install the Beta. Being connected helps make sure

you get useful security and hardware updates. (If you don't have an Internetconnection, you can still install the Beta.)

6- Don’t install the Beta if you’re uncomfortable troubleshooting your own PC

problems. Microsoft does not provide technical support for the Windows 7 Beta.

Adapted from

http://www.microsoft.com/australia/windows/windows-7/beta-installation-instructions.aspx



TEXT NINE


NEW GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

Scientists have developed a new generation of hardware and software based on the

simpler designs of the 1950s. Clock-free systems promise extra speed, safety, andsecurity. The new designs work well in the laboratory and are only awaiting the

development of software tools so that they can be produced commercially.

Because computers of the 1950s were relatively simple, they could function withoutclocks. Since the advent of faster and more complex systems in the 1960s, all

hardware design has been based on the principle of the clock — a microelectroniccrystal which emits rapid pulses of electricity to synchronize the flow of data. In

modern PCs, this is at the heart of the Pentium Processor.

But computer systems are now so complex that clocks are imposing limitations onperformance. The electrical pulses, travelling at the speed of light, are not fast enough

to keep accurate time as they visit tens of millions of transistors on a single chip. Theresult is that errors begin to occur in data. This is a fundamental and insoluble

problem which is causing increasing difficulty for designers who have to balance thedemand for speed and complexity of systems with the need for reliability.

Such systems rely on a protocol of data transmission and acknowledgement which is

not regulated by time. This can happen locally within a computer or globally between

computers. Before data is exchanged, there must first be a ‘handshake’, or agreementon the mutually acceptable protocol.

Adapted from http://www.innovations report.de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-8982.html

http://www.innovations/






TEXT TEN


NEWSGROUPS

A newsgroup is a discussion about a particular subject consisting of notes written to acentral Internet site and redistributed through Usenet, a worldwide network of news

discussion groups. Usenet uses the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP).

Newsgroups are organized into subject hierarchies, with the first few letters of thenewsgroup name indicating the major subject category and sub-categories represented

by a subtopic name. Many subjects have multiple levels of subtopics. Some majorsubject categories are: news, rec (recreation), soc (society), sci (science), comp(computers), and so forth (there are many more). Users can post to existing

newsgroups, respond to previous posts, and create new newsgroups.

Newcomers to newsgroups are requested to learn basic Usenet netiquette and to getfamiliar with a newsgroup before posting to it. A frequently-asked questions is

provided. The rules can be found when you start to enter the Usenet through yourbrowser or an online service. You can subscribe to the postings on a particular

newsgroup.

Some newsgroups are moderated by a designated person who decides which postingsto allow or to remove. Most newsgroups are unmoderated.

Adapted from

http://searchexchange.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid43_gci212650,00.html

http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci213262,00.html


http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci212635,00.html

http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213954,00.html

http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213954,00.html






Textos "Opcionales"

FIREWALL SOptional-Opcional

A firewall is a protective system that lies, in essence, between your computer networkand the Internet. When used correctly, a firewall prevents unauthorized use and

access to your network. The job of a firewall is to carefully analyze data entering andexiting the network based on your configuration. It ignores information that comes

from an unsecured, unknown or suspicious locations. A firewall plays an importantrole on any network as it provides a protective barrier against most forms of attack

coming from the outside world.

Firewalls can be either hardware or software. The ideal firewall configuration willconsist of both. In addition to limiting access to you computer and network, a firewall

is also useful for allowing remote access to a private network through secureauthentication certificates and logins.

While many people do not completely understand the importance and necessity of afirewall, or consider it to be a product for businesses only, if your network or

computer has access to the outside world via the Internet then you need have afirewall to protect your network, individual computer and data therein.

Adapted from

http://www.webopedia.com/didyouknow/hardware_software/2004/firewall_types.asp

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/f/firewall.html


http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/n/network.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet.html


http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/d/data.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/h/hardware.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/s/software.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/r/remote_access.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/r/remote_access.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/s/software.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/h/hardware.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/d/data.html


http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/n/network.html





FLASH MEMORYOptional-Opcional

Flash memory (sometimes called "flash RAM") is a type of constantly-powered

nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory calledblocks . It is a variation of electrically erasable programmable read-only memory

(EEPROM) which, unlike flash memory, is erased and rewritten at the byte level,which is slower than flash memory updating. Flash memory is often used to hold

control code such as the basic input/output system (BIOS) in a personal computer.When BIOS needs to be changed (rewritten), the flash memory can be written to in

block (rather than byte) sizes, making it easy to update. On the other hand, flashmemory is not useful as random access memory (RAM) because RAM needs to be

addressable at the byte (not the block) level.

Flash memory gets its name because the microchip is organized so that a section of

memory cells are erased in a single action or "flash." The erasure is caused by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling in which electrons pierce through a thin dielectric material toremove an electronic charge from a floating gate associated with each memory cell.

Intel offers a form of flash memory that holds two bits (rather than one) in each

memory cell, thus doubling the capacity of memory without a corresponding increasein price.

Flash memory is used in digital cellular phones, digital cameras, LAN switches, PC

Cards for notebook computers, digital set-up boxes, embedded controllers, and otherdevices.

Adapted fromhttp://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci212130,00.html

http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci212668,00.html


http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213814,00.html

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci214255,00.html







http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci214255,00.html



http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci212668,00.html



TOUCHSCREENS

Optional-Opcional

A touchscreen is a computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch, allowinga user to interact with the computer by touching an active area, target or control such

as pictures or words on the screen. As touchscreens become more common it isessential that they are designed for ease of use by everyone, including disabled and

elderly people.

Touchscreens are activated by the insertion or removal of the fingertip or by pressing

the controls, active areas or targets with a mouthstick, headstick, or other similardevice (stylus). Some touchscreens support stylus input and others do not. Thedifference is in the device's touch sensor technology

The touchscreen interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty using otherinput devices such as a mouse or keyboard. When used in conjunction with software

such as on-screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can help makecomputing resources more available to people that have difficulty using computers.

Information kiosks, tourism displays, trade show displays and other electronicdisplays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. Theuser-friendly touchscreen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use than

other input devices, especially for novice users. A touchscreen can help makeinformation more easily accessible by allowing users to navigate by simply touching

the display screen.

Adapted from: http://www.tiresias.org/research/guidelines/touch.htm

http://www.tiresias.org/research/guidelines/controls.htm

http://www.tiresias.org/research/guidelines/controls.htm

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