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Context-aware design and interaction in computer systems
By T.Selker, W.Burleson
IBM SYSTEMS JOURNAL, Vol 39, NOS 3&4, 2000
발표자 : 정 병희 (EECS, 20005846)
Contents
Introduction Framework
Task model User model System model
Design prototypes of context-aware systems Noncomputational models Context-aware computer systems
Sensor-based systems Multifunction systems Proactive model-based systems
Conclusion
Introduction (1/2)
The fields of design and computer science are beginning to merge
Macintosh vs. iMac Aesthetics, ergonomics and cognitive science are important
factor in user interface design
Traditional design paradigm is broadening the structured design process for human computer interfaces
Engineering design paradigm Break the problems down into parts and apply the standard
solutions Traditional design paradigm
Promote aesthetics, ergonomics, and their relationships to functions
Introduction (2/2)
Issues of contextual interaction and knowledge about people’s desired activities and actions affect the design process
Contextual information can be used to reduce the amount of explicit input a person is required to give a computer
What and where the user task is
What the user knows
What the system capabilities are
New technologies open possibilities for context-aware systems
Development of new and sophisticated sensors
Recognition technology
Framework
Task model The acts that a person performs to accomplish a task with a
system Ex) task at the threshold ~ open a door, See if someone is inside
User model Task-relevant background information about the user User comfort and user congruency depends on his habit, self-
image, and even issues of motivation
System model Refer to the capabilities of the computer system – its structure
and ability to accomplish an existing task
Design prototypes of context-aware systems (1/6)
Noncomputational models
Out-Of-Box Experience Task model
- The person is setting up a notebook computer
User model
- A novice opening a computer for the first time
System model
- The paper instructions are near the components they describe and are revealed as the person opens the computer
Design prototypes of context-aware systems (2/6)
Sensor-based systems (1)
Flexor Task model
- Recognized contextual communication through arm motion
User model
- Arm movement System model
- Arm-bending sensor to evaluate motions made by arm
1) dancing – flashes a varying sequence of lights & sounds
2) exercising – counts how many repetitions have been completed
Design prototypes of context-aware systems (3/6)
Sensor-based systems (2) Digital Threshold
Task model
- Two-way interaction with the office task model and office occupant model
1) bringing someone in
2) rescheduling a meeting
3) leaving a message User model
- Walks by in order to find out if a colleague is in his office
System model
- Relies on two switches(inside & outside)
- Coupling to voice recognition & Microsoft Office
Design prototypes of context-aware systems (4/6)
Multifunction systems (1)
IBM ThinkPad 755CV
Task model
- Work differently for two diverse situations
1) for a standard notebook computer
2) used as a LCD panel for an overhead projector
System model
- A person could remove the plastic back cover from the LCD panel
- Place the laptop computer screen on an overhead projector
- The user could place a finger on the LCD panel like a transparency
Design prototypes of context-aware systems (5/6)
Multifunction systems (2) Electronic Wallet
Task model
- Reduces the physical materials in a person’s pocket (paper, money, credit card, etc)
- Improve the ability to identify carrier, record the financial transactions, etc
System model
- Deliver and record important documents
- Communicate wirelessly
- Display information
- Leather wallet design
Design prototypes of context-aware systems (6/6)
Proactive model-based systems The system drives or trades off control with the user
COACH Task model
- A software agent that creates a dynamic user model by observing user interactions with respect to frequency, duration, and efficiency of use
Separates the task, user, system model for learnable things - Novice, intermediate,
professional and expert
Music Ball Task model
- The ball-user collaboration creates a language of sounds and associated motions
System model
- Uses AI strategies for music teaching & structure
- Communicates with an enunciator and a motion sensor
Conclusion
The context-aware design framework focuses on design that accounts for contextual information or settings
Why ) Reduces communication barriers by analyzing What can be known about a user How to support that information with task, use and system
models
This paper has shown how context can be embodied in the form and material of design, in the internal models and in computer reactions
For diverse contexts At different levels of complexity