copyright © 2012 the mcgraw-hill companies. all rights reserved. chapter 13 substance use and abuse

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 13Substance Use and Abuse

Coming Up in this Chapter

□Learn about addictive behavior.□Find out about drug abuse and

dependence.□Learn about major types of

psychoactive drugs.□What are the effects of alcohol?□What are the effects of tobacco?



What are drugs?

□A drug is any substance with the potential to alter the structure and function of a living organism

Why do we use drugs?

□People use drugs for many reasons, including: □medicinal□ recreational□ religious or spiritual reasons□ to produce altered states and special

sensations□due to rebellion and alienation□ peer pressure□curiosity


Addictive Behaviors

□An addictive behavior is one that is out of control and has a serious effect on a person’s life.□Preoccupation□Loss of control□Craving or compulsion□Reinforcement□Negative consequences


Developing Addiction

□Genes and biology□Exposure (early and frequent)

□Environment (home life, peer groups)

□Nature of behavior or substance


Drug Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence

□Tolerance□Withdrawal□Difficulty with limits on drug use□Inability to cut down drug use□Time and focus on drug use□Activities given up due to drug use□Continued use despite problems


Drug classifications

Classified by:□ How they are sold (over-the-counter or prescription)

□Regulated (Controlled Substance Act (Schedules I–V)

□Effects


Psychoactive Drugs

□Drugs that alter mental functioning□May be legal or illegal□Men are more likely to use

psychoactive drugs than women are.


Table 13-1 Use of psychoactive drugs in the United States


Caffeine

□Mild central nervous system stimulant

□The effect of caffeine on performance is variable.

□Is it addictive?□What is the top source of caffeine?


Table 13-2 Common sources of caffeine


Caffeine effects

□Increases heart rate□Disrupts normal sleep patterns□Acts as a diuretic□Increases stomach acid production□Constricts blood vessels□Mild central nervous stimulant


Marijuana

□Of the 400 known chemicals in marijuana, more than 60 are cannabinoids

□THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) appears to be the chemical responsible for the effects

of marijuana


Marijuana

□Causes intoxication□Affects the areas of the brain

involving:MemoryThinkingConcentrationCoordinationSensory and time perception


Marijuana

□Effects of cognitive functioningImpaired judgmentReduced attention capacityReduced ability to form new

memoriesDaily use may cause user to operate

with reduced mental capacity In other words you can’t think straight


Ecstasy (MDMA) (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

□Associated with raves and dance clubs

□Has properties of both stimulants and hallucinogens


Ecstasy

□Effects include:□Feelings of emotional warmth□Nausea and muscle cramps□Blurred vision□Increased heart rate and blood

pressure□hyperthermia


Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs

□Remains a problem, in part, because of the accessibility of the drugs□Vicodin□OxyContin

□Deaths due to overdose are 33% of all poisoning deaths each year


Alcohol

□Used for relaxation, unwinding, and decreasing inhibitions

□Is widely accepted at social gatherings

□People ages 12-20 consume 20 percent of alcohol in the United States


Alcohol

□What counts as a drink?□12 oz of beer□5 oz of table wine□1.5 oz of 80 proof distilled liquor□Proof is the alcohol content of hard

liquor = to 2 times the % alcohol( 80 proof = 40%)



BAC□BAC: blood alcohol concentration

□BAC = 0.08 is DWI

□2-3 drinks can result in a BAC of 0.10

□10+ drinks can result in a BAC of 0.3+ which can result in death

Table 13-3 Effects of different levels of blood alcohol concentration


Drinking and Driving

□How bad is drinking and driving?□Carries significant legal penalties□Carries significant financial costs


Fig 13-7 Risk of motor vehicle crashes by

sex, age, and blood alcohol concentration


Alcohol effects

□Increase risk of injury□Engage in sexual activity□Missed classes/ or work□Arguing


Alcohol and pregnancy

□Do not drink□Drinking increases the risk of

miscarriage and premature delivery□Can cause lifelong disorders in

infantsVariety of abnormalities including abnormal

facial features, shorter height and low IQ


Long-Term Health Effects

□Fatty liver□Hepatitis□Cirrhosis


Tobacco

□The leading cause of preventable death in the United States

□Approximately twenty percent of adults in the United States use tobacco

□Quitting is one of the most difficult health behavior changes


Tobacco and Nicotine

□Nicotine □A naturally occurring chemical that is

both poisonous and addictive

□Cigarettes □Contains over 4,000 chemicals and 50

known cancer-causing compounds



Radioactivepolonium

Effects of Smoking

□Responsible for 80 percent of all lung cancer deaths

□Compared to nonsmokers, smokers are 2-4 times more likely to have CHD or a stroke

□90% of COPD deaths□Leads to wrinkling of the skin



Chest X-ray = 10 millirems

Background radiation = 300 millirems/year

Smoking 1.5 packs/day = 3000 millirems/year

Now do you really want to have 300Chest X-rays a year?Scientific America Jan. 2011

Smoking and Sports

□Lowers maximal oxygen consumption

□Reduces lung function□Chewing tobacco is not better than

smoking


Other Forms of Tobacco Use

□Light or low-tar cigarettes□Water pipes□Smokeless tobacco□Cigars□Secondhand smoke



Health benefits of quitting smoking

Small Benefits of Quitting

□Breath, clothes, and hair will smell better

□Sense of smell will return□Fingers and fingernails will slowly

appear less yellow□Kids will be less likely to start smoking□You will have more money


Most Effective Methods of Quitting

□Behavioral strategies□Counseling□Talking with a doctor□Medications


Behavioral strategies

□Recognize the need to quit□Set goals□Plan techniques to overcome urges


Counseling

□Talk with a doctor (medications:Zyban,Chantix)

□Individual or group counseling□1-800-quit-now□Smookefree.govhttp://www.smokefree.gov


copyright © 2012 the mcgraw-hill companies. all rights reserved. chapter 13 substance use and abuse

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