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The 2nd IEEE Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy

ICPERE 2014

Secondary Arc Modeling using ATPDraw

Study Case Tasikmalaya-Depok

Extra High Voltage OverheadlinesMuhammad Nurdin

School of Electrical Engineering

and Informatics

Institut Teknologi Bandung

Bandung, Indonesia

[email protected]

Nanang Hariyanto


and Informatics


Bandung, Indonesia

[email protected]

Arifin Wijaya


and Informatics


Bandung, Indonesia

[email protected]

Abstract — Single line to ground faults is a problem that most

often occurs in extra high voltage overhead lines, and generally

temporary. This type of disturbance can be quickly eliminated by

using a single phase auto reclosures, but a secondary arc

phenomenon often makes single phase auto reclosures in the

extra high voltage overhead lines failed to work. This research

aims to obtain a proper modeling of the secondary arc using

ATPDraw. Secondary arc modeling has been successfully

obtained and implemented in the Tasikmalaya-Depok extra high

voltage overhead lines.

Keywords- auto reclosures; modeling; secondary arc;

ATPDraw; Tasikmalaya-Depok

I.

I NTRODUCTION

Extra high voltage overhead lines is used to transferelectricity for long distances. Single line to ground faults onextra high voltage overhead lines reaches ninety percent of the

total disturbance, and most of them are temporary which can beswitched off by single phase auto reclosures [1]. Single phaseauto reclosures is used to improve system stability, powertransfer, reliability, and availability of a transmission lineduring a single line to ground fault [2].

Thus, the success of single phase auto reclosures, which isstrongly determined by relations between dead time settings,secondary arc extinction, and reignition voltage [3].Appropriate mechanism, after the single line to ground fault isdetected, the relay will command the circuit breaker on bothsides of the disturbed line to open and during that event, theother two healthy phases still working and trasnfer the power.

During this dead time, there is inductive and capacitivecoupling between the faulty phase and the healthy phases, aswell as between other conductors of parallel circuits [2]. Theresult, a small current will continue to flow along the arc paththat relies heavily on the recovery voltage and temperature willaffect the dielectric strength of the insulation [3], this flow iscalled the secondary arc.

Taking the typical EHV transmission line in Finland forexample, a model of secondary arc is bulid using Fortran

Statement in the TACS field of ATPDraw. Using that parameters, a secondary arc model will be applied at theTasikmalaya-Depok overhead lines in a further effort to obtainminimization of the secondary arc. Modeling and simulationswill be made using ATPDraw software.

II.

BASIC THEORY

A. Single Phase Auto Reclosure

Single line to ground faults on extra high voltage overheadlines reaches ninety percent of the total disturbance, and mostof them are temporary which can be switched off by single phase auto reclosures [1].

When a ground fault is isolated by single pole switching,the faulty phase remains coupled to the healthy phase and a

relatively small current continues to flow through the arc [5].Two other healthy phases will still work, and continue to bringabout 50% of the power before the disturbance [6]. Thestability of the power system can be disrupted when thedisturbance is permanent because the poles will be open. Nevertheless, if the disturbance is dissapear and a single polereclosing is success, then the system will remain stable.

Single phase auto reclosure is used to improve systemstability, power transfer, reliability, and availability of atransmission line during a single line to ground fault [2]. Thus,the success of single phase auto reclosures, which is stronglydetermined by relations between dead time settings, secondaryarc extinction, and reignition voltage [3].

Typically, single phase auto reclosure dead time settings is

about half second until one second [7], but for the extra highvoltage system in Jawa-Madura-Bali, dead time is set for ninehundred milliseconds. Single pole auto reclosure also have thereclaim time that must be set to provide a power circuit breakeran opportunity to prepare the next open-close-open (OCO)cycles. Typical reclaim time is set for 40 seconds [7].

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B. Arc Modeling

Arc modeling itself can be divided into primary arc, whenfault occurs, and a secondary arc, when fault was isolated [8].In this paper, secondary arc model based upon the Kizilcaymodel. The mathematical model of the arc was derived as [9]:

dg/dt = 1/ (G-g) (1) (1)

Where: is the arc time constant; g is the time varying arcconductance, G is the stationary arc conductance.

The value of the stationary arc conductance can be obtainedthrough the following equation [5]:

G = |i|/ust = |i|/(u0+R|i|)l (2) (1)

Where u0 is the voltage parameter of the arc per unit length(voltage gradient); R is the resistive component of the arc perunit length; i is the instantaneous arc current; l is the timedependent arc length.

The arc time constant can be derived as [9]:

= 0 (larc/l0 )^ (3) (1)

Where: 0 is the initial time constant; l 0 is the initial arclength; l arc is the instantaneous arc length; is the coeficient inthe range -0.1 to -0.6.

There are two main methods of constructing arc models inthe ATPDraw software: ‘black-box’ models and ‘white-box’ models. Black-box models are models that constructed in asingle TACS block and programmed using Models. A white- box model is one that is constructed in the TACS field usingFortran statements.

C. Secondary Arc

Secondary arc is the current flowing in the arc after a single

pole switching is done. When a ground fault is isolated bysingle pole switching, the faulty phase remains coupled to thehealthy phase and a relatively small current continues to flowthrough the arc [5]. This small and long current is often causethe single phase auto reclosure failed to work. Therefore, proper modeling of the arc is very important to do simulationdisturbances in electric power transmission systems.

The secondary arc is an unconstrained long low current arcthat is influenced by a variety of factors, including theatmospheric conditions [1]. Secondary arc will be extinguished permanently when the arc reignition voltage exceeds thevoltage impressed across the discharge path.

III.

PRIMARY ARC MODELING

Power systems are used for this simulation consists of two400 kV active power networks connected by a 100 km longoverhead transmission line. U_A and U_B represent active power networks at each end of the line, T_A and T_B representthe equivalent transformer models, L represents the lineimpedance up to the fault, and D-L represents the lineimpedance from the fault to T_B where D represents the total

line length. R(t) represents the dynamic resistance of the faultarc, and Rf is the resistance of the fault and the pylon tower toground - which will be henceforth termed the fault resistance –and i_f is the fault current. SW is a time operated switchrepresenting the short circuit fault from the transmission line tothe pylon.

Figure 1 shows a primary arc model connected to a powersystem in ATPDraw. Using that circuit, the value of the arcvariable will be obtained during the simulation period. The parameters of the active networks are shown in Table 1.

Figure 1. Power system and dynamic arc model in ATPDraw

TABLE I. NETWORKS PARAMETERS [9]

ParameterNetworks

A B

ULL,RMS (kV) 416 400

1 (°) 0 -20

R () 1.0185892 0.6366183

L (H) 0.0509295 0.0318309

R 0 () 2.0371785 1.2732366

L0 (H) 0.1018589 0.0636618

TABLE II. TRANSPOSED LINE PARAMETERS [9]

Parameter p-sequence 0-sequence

Resistance (/km) 0.02021 0.1024

Inductance (mH/km) 1.07 3.82737

Capacitance (nF/km) 10.938 7.815

Transposed line is selected in the modeling of the primaryarc. The transposed line parameters can be seen in Table 2using the 400 kV transmission line topology in Finland wherethe authors obtained parameters and the geometrical

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configuration of the line completely. The line mode used is aJmarti line model, and the geometrical configuration of theline model is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Jmarti distributed-parameter transmission line model configuration

[9]

The arc voltage comprised of two main components: U 0,and R|i|. In this study case, the voltage gradient has been agiven value of 14 V/cm, as found by Strom [12]. l is the lengthof the arc, in this case assumed to be static at 100 cm [9]. Therest of the arc voltage is made up of the R|i| component.

A single line to ground fault was simulated on the model power system from Figure 1. The fault was initiated at 0.02s.The fault was simulated occurs at a distance of 80 km fromnetwork A. The parameters of the arc were set at: U 0 = 14V/cm, R = 0.8 m/cm, T = 1 ms, l = 100 cm.

By using the above parameters, the simulation has been performed with primary arc model connected and the resultsare as follows:

Figure 3. Arc voltage and arc current

Figure 3 shows the arc voltage and current waveforms. Thearc voltage is not purely sinusoidal similar tp that seen in thereal arc, while the arc current retains a sinusoidal waveformsthroughout its duration. Due to the voltage and currentamplitude are relatively constant, the arc resistance andconductance amplitudes remain constant too as shown in thefigure 4:

Figure 4. Arc resistance

Figure 5. Arc conductance

From the simulation results above it can be concluded thatthe primary arc modeling has been successfully obtained. Inthis case, the model does not use limiters circuit as in [9]. It can be seen that the arc current is still in sinusoidal waveforms, butthere was a distortion of the voltage and current waveforms dueto the capacitance of the line. Fault voltage and current are alsostill in-phase. Due to the arc length and constant voltagemagnitude, the arc resistance and conductance will be constanttoo.

IV.

SECONDARY ARC MODELING

As explained previously that the secondary arc willelongates throughout its duration, so the modeling of thesecondary arc is done by adding a series of TACS to show theeffect of arc elongation. In addition, the secondary arc model

has been further extended to include the variable time constantfrom (3).

When the arc is initiated, the switch SW2 is open as the primary arc has a static length and thus does not need theelongation function. After a certain period of time, circuit breakers CB_A and CB_B open to isolate the faulted phase(phase A) thus simulating single pole switching, while at thesame time the switch SW2 is closed. The arc is then maintained by the coupling between the healthy phases are still inoperation and the faulted phase.

= 0 e^( ln(larc/l0)) (4)

A single line to ground fault was simulated by using the

modeling power system as shown in Figure 6 where thetransmission line was set at 100 km long. With a towerresistance, Rf = 1, a single line to ground fault was simulatedat 30 km along the line from terminal A. The fault was initiatedat 0.02 s, at the same time both circuit breaker CB_A and CB_B were set to open phase A. The parameters of the arc were set

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at: U 0 = 14 V/cm, R = 0.8 m/cm, T = 1 ms, l = 100 cm, Tp =0.8 ms, = -0.5.

Figure 6. Power system with primary and secondary arc model connected

Figure 7. Primary and secondary arc voltage and current

By using the parameters mentioned above, the arc voltage

and current is shown in Figure 7. It is obvious that the arc goesthrough two distinct periods: the primary arc and the secondaryarc. Primary arc has a relatively low voltage compared to thesecondary arc voltage that increases until the arc extinguishes just after 1 s.

Figure 8. Primary and secondary arc voltage and current

Figure 8 gives a closer view of the primary arc voltage. Asalready mentioned earlier that when the secondary arc period,there will be an arc elongation that can be seen in Figure 9 below:

Figure 9. Secondary arc current

The primary and secondary arc conductance are shown inFigure 10. The conductance of the low voltage high current primary arc is relatively high, and the conductance of the highvoltage low current secondary arc is much lower. A closerview of the secondary arc conductance is given in Figure 11.

Figure 10. Primary and secondary arc conductance

Figure 11. Secondary arc conductance

The resistance of the arc is shown in Figure 12, it can beseen that the primary arc resistance is very low comparisonwith the secondary arc resistance, which grows exponentiallyuntil the arc is finally extinguished. Figure 13 shows a closerview of the primary arc resistance.

Figure 12. Primary and secondary arc resistance

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Figure 13. Primary arc resistance

The time constant of the primary arc was set at 0.8 ms, inaccordance with [6]. When it enters the secondary arc period,the value of the time constant will be smaller due to thesecondary arc time constant that was determined using (3). Thevalue of the time constant is presented in Figure 14.

Figure 14. Arc time constant

V.

TASIKMALAYA-DEPOK OVERHEAD LINES STUDY CASE

In this section the model of the secondary arc will beapplied at Tasikmalaya-Depok overhead lines. Tasikmalaya-Depok overhead lines is one of the important part of the 500kV Jawa-Madura-Bali interconnection system. Electrical poweris transmitted from Tasikmalaya to Depok through 500 kVextra high voltage overhead line, single tower, double circuit.The line are transposed twice at tower 220 and 445, with totalof 666 towers and a total length of 278.53 km [7].

TABLE III. NETWORKS PARAMETERS [9]

ParameterNetworks

Tasikmalaya Depok

ULL,RMS (kV) 500 500

1 (°) 40 0

R () 10 6

X () 62.8 47.1

Table 3 shows the Tasikmalaya-Depok network parameters.

The conductors of Tasikmalaya-Depok overhead line are using bare wire conductor ACSR Dove type while the ground wire isusing single conductor steel 50.

A single line to ground fault was simulated at 139 km alongthe line from Tasikmalaya terminal. The fault was initiated at0.05 s and single pole switching was occurred in phase C of the

second circuit. The tower footing resistance for this simulationwas set at 20 .

TABLE IV. TRANSPOSED LINE PARAMETERS [9]

Parameter Primary Arc Secondary Arc

u0 (V/cm) 9.6 … 13.5 9.6 … 13.5

R (m/cm) 1.6 … 1.0 1.6 … 1.0

(ms) 0.8 … 1.11.3 … 0.3

continously decreasing

l (cm) 350350 … 2800

continously increasing

The arc parameters used for this simulation were takenfrom Table 4. Monte Carlo simulation with 1% of error is usedto obtain the values of the arc parameters. Here are the resultsof Monte Carlo simulation parameters used in this modeling:U 0 = 11.5 V/cm, R = 1.4 m/cm, Gain (k) = 15.1, l 0 = 350 cm,Tp = 0.8 ms, = -0.5.

Figure 15. Tasikmalaya-Depok overhead lines system and dynamic arc modelin ATPDraw

By using the parameters mentioned above, the secondaryarc current value is increased due to the effect of arcelongation. Arc modeling has been successfully obtained andapplied in Tasikmalaya SUTET-Depok. With the single phaseauto reclosures dead time settings on the Jawa-Madura-Baliinterconnection system is set at 900 ms, it can be seen from theresults that after 900 ms secondary arc current still flowing.That secondary arc current will cause the single phase autoreclosures failed to work, so it needs effort to minimize the

secondary arc current using a shunt reactor.

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Figure 16. Secondary arc current in Tasikmalaya-Depok overhead lines

VI.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, a primary arc model and secondary arc modelare obtained and validated with the references in ATPDrawsoftware. Arc modeling is obtained by using ‘white-boxmodels’ using Fortran Statements. The proposed model is based upon Kizilcay model and it is successfully applied at theTasikmalaya-Depok overhead line. After implementation, itcan be seen that after single phase auto reclosures dead timesettings which is 900 ms, the secondary arc is still continues toflow that will led the single phase auto reclosures failed towork.

R EFERENCES

[1] Yu Liu, Jun Wen, "Simulation Analysis of Single-Phase Adaptive Auto-Reclose on UHV Transmission Lines with Shunt Reactors," International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology(ICEET '09), vol.2, pp.279-282, 16-18 Oktober, 2009.

[2] Johnson Thomai, et al., “Single Phase Auto Reclosing and SecondaryArc Considerations,” DAR Engineering , Maret 2011.

[3] T. Lobos, P. Schegner, T. Sikorski, "Assessment of transientdisturbances in HV systems with single-phase autoreclosures," XV International Symposium on Theoretical Engineering (ISTET), pp.1-4,22-24 Juni 2009.

[4] Grainger and Stevenson, Power System Analysis. New York, Mc Graw-Hill, 1992, pp. 482-485.

[5] M. Kizilcay, T. Pniok, “Digital Simulation of Fault Arcs in Power

Systems,” European Transaction on Electrical Power (ETEP), vol. I,no. 1, pp. 55-59, Januari/Februari 1991.

[6] L. Prikler, M. Kizilcay, G. Ban, P. Handl, “Improved Secondary ArcModels Based on Identification of Arc Parameters from Staged FaultTest Records,” 14th PSCC, pp.1-6, 24-28 Juni, 2002.

[7] Didik F. Dakhlan, et al., Studi Kegagalan Single Pole Autoreclose(SPAR) pada SUTET Tasikmalaya-Depok , PT PLN (Persero) PusatPenelitian dan Pengembangan Ketenagalistrikan, 2012.

[8] Kevin Marojahan, “Karakteristik Secondary Arc Pada Transmisi 500KV dan Usaha Meminimalkannya Untuk Keperluan Penutupan BalikKutub Tunggal,” Tugas Akhir, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Mei, 2013.

[9] G.M. Preston, “The Location And Analysis Of Arcing Faults OnOverhead Transmission Lines Using Synchronised MeasurementTechnology,” Disertation, The University of Manchester, 2011.

[10] Sudarmono Sasmono, et.al., “EP4050 Manajemen Projek Sistem Kelistrikan”, slide presentasi, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 2014.

[11] V. Terzija, N. Elkalashy, G. Preston, V. Stanojevic, G. Strbac.“Detection of Arcing Faults: Modelling, Simulation, Testing andAlgorithms Aspects”. IEEE Power Tech. Conference Lausanne, pp.1147 – 1152, 2007.

[12] A.P. Strom “Long 60-cycle arcs in air”. Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Eng , pp.113-117, 1946.

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