cost accounting tutorial - · pdf filejob costing •job costings are ... overhead example...
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COST ACCOUNTING
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WHAT IS COST ACCOUNTING
• This is to look at the way that a business will put it's job costings together.
• A cost object can be defined as anything in a business that generates costs
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DIRECT VS INDIRECT COSTS
• A direct cost can be linked to a particular product or cost object. An example of this would be the materials used to make a particular product.
• An indirect cost generally has a more wide scope across a business and can't be easily linked to one product. An example of this would be a factory supervisor who oversees the production of a number of products.
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PRODUCT VS PERIOD COSTS
•Product costs deal with the manufacture or purchase of a particular product while period costs can't be allocated to a single product, similar to direct vs indirect costs.
•Product costs can be broken up into 3 different categories which are direct material, direct labour and factory overheads
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DIRECT MATERIALS
•Examples of direct material costs could be as follows:
•Wood
•Metal
•Materials such as cloth for fashion or bricks for bricklaying
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DIRECT LABOUR
•This is the cost of the wages of the employees who either manufacture the product or provide the service to customers
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FACTORY OVERHEADS
• Factory overhead is all other factory costs and can include some of the following:
• Rent
• Electricity
• Depreciation
• Repairs
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RELEVANT COSTS
• These are future costs linked to a particular project
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SUNK COSTS
• Sunk costs are those which have occurred in the past and will not be changed in the future regardless of whether the project goes ahead or not.
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JOB COSTING
• Job costings are done by businesses that manufacture small identical types of products.
• It can also be used by businesses that provide services as well
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EXAMPLE 1
• Albany Bibs and Bobs have decided to make clothes for young babies. They have signed a new contract with a major retailer for their clothes and need to calculate the cost price of the clothes.
• The direct material to make the clothes is $7.50
• The direct labour paid to make the clothes is $16.00.
• The business has estimated that its factory overheads for the next 12 months will be $15,000. The business believes that it will have 6,000 direct labour hours over the time period and aims to have a profit margin of 30%.
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EXAMPLE 1 SOLUTION
Cost Driver Figures
Calculating OverheadsCalculating Overheads
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EXAMPLE 1 SOLUTION
Cost Driver Figures
Direct Materials $7.50
Direct Labour $16
Factory Overheads $2.50
Cost $26.00
Profit Margin $7.80
Final Cost $33.80
Calculating Overheads15,000
$2.50Calculating Overheads6,000
$2.50
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PRACTICE QUESTION 1
• Albany Bibs and Bobs have decided to make hats for young teenagers. They have signed a new contract with a major retailer for their hats and need to calculate the cost price of the clothes.
• The direct material to make the clothes is $12.00
• The direct labour paid to make the clothes is $9.00.
• The business has estimated that its factory overheads for the next 12 months will be $12,000. The business believes that it will have 4,000 direct labour hours over the time period and aims to have a profit margin of 30%.
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PRACTICE QUESTION 1 SOLUTION
Cost Driver Figures
Direct Materials $12.00
Direct Labour $9.00
Factory Overheads $3.00
Cost $24.00
Profit Margin $7.20
Final Cost $31.20
Calculating Overheads12,000
$3.00Calculating Overheads4,000
$3.00
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DEPARTMENTAL OVERHEADS•There are times when a job has to be allocated to a number of departments depending on the type of job that needs to be completed.
•If this is the case, then the overheads will be allocated to each department separately to ensure that the costs are allocated accurately and the business doesn’t lose money.
•They can be allocated via labour hours or machine hours.
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DEPT. OVERHEAD EXAMPLEMt Barker Surfboards make custom surfboards for clients all over the world. Each client can custom make their board using their own design.The materials required to make a standard board cost $80 and the labour costs to make the standard board amounts to 5 hours of shaping at $60 per hour per board.Mt Barker Surfboards has given the following information to calculate its overheads for a standard board:
Item Design Shaping
Estimated Overheads for each area 36,000 52,000
Estimated Direct Labour Hours 1,440 2,600
Estimated Direct Machine Hours 2,000 1,625
The boards require 3 hours of design work using labour hours and the boards are calculated using 5 machine hours
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DEPT. OVERHEAD SOLUTIONDesign OverheadsDesign Overheads
36,000$25 x 3 hours = $75
1,440$25 x 3 hours = $75
Shaping OverheadsShaping Overheads
52,000$32 x 5 hours = $160
1,625$32 x 5 hours = $160
Overall CostOverall Cost
Direct Labour $300
Direct Materials $80
Design Overheads $75
Shaping Overheads $160
Total Cost $615
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PRACTICE EXAMPLE 2Geraldton Surfboards make custom skateboards for clients all over the world. Each client can custom make their board using their own design.The materials required to make a standard board cost $50 and the labour costs to make the standard board amounts to 2 hours of shaping at $80 per hour per board.Geraldton Surfboards has given the following information to calculate its overheads for a standard board:
Item Design Shaping
Estimated Overheads for each area 17,920 18,000
Estimated Direct Labour Hours 560 400
Estimated Direct Machine Hours 2,000 1,625
The boards require 3 hours of design work using labour hours and the boards shaping are calculated using 4 machine hours
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PRACTICE EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTIONDesign OverheadsDesign Overheads
17,920$32
560$32
Shaping OverheadsShaping Overheads
18,000$11.08
1,600$11.08
Overall CostOverall Cost
Direct Labour $50
Direct Materials $80 x 2 = $160
Design Overheads $32 x 3 = $96
Shaping Overheads $11.08 x 4 = $44.32
Total Cost $350.32
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SERVICE BUSINESS EXAMPLENot every type of service business will use direct materials such as accountants but others will such as painters.
Walpole Bookkeeping Services has just opened and has been asked to prepare a quote to maintain a businesses books for them over the next 6 months. It is estimated that it will take 8 hours each month to maintain the books.The business is looking to charge its clients $40 per hour, along with 20% profit and has the following overhead costs:
Secretary Wages 40,000
Rent 12,000
Insurance 1,200
Advertising 2,400
Telephone 820
The business expects to have 1,820 direct labour hours this year. What is the monthly charge?
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SERVICE BUSINESS SOLUTION
Cost Driver Figures
Direct Labour
Factory Overheads
Cost
Profit Margin
Final Cost
Calculating OverheadsCalculating Overheads
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SERVICE BUSINESS SOLUTION
Cost Driver Figures
Direct Labour $320
Factory Overheads $248
Cost $568
Profit Margin $113.60
Final Cost $681.60
Calculating Overheads56,420
$31Calculating Overheads1,820
$31
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PRACTICE EXAMPLE 3Walpole Timber Supplies have started to polish timber floors to expand their business with a 20% profit margin and take 8 hours to finish the job. The business will have the following expenses directly related to the job:
Secretary Wages 20,000
Van Expenses 6,000
Insurance 500
Advertising 1,200
Telephone 1,500
The business expects to have 1,600 direct labour hours this year. What is the cost per job?
Glue and Oil $120
Direct Labour $300
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PRACTICE EXAMPLE 3 SOLUTION
Cost Driver Figures
Direct Labour
Direct Materials
Factory Overheads
Cost
Profit Margin
Final Cost
Calculating OverheadsCalculating Overheads
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PRACTICE EXAMPLE 3 SOLUTION
Cost Driver Figures
Direct Labour $300
Direct Materials $120
Factory Overheads $146
Cost $566
Profit Margin $113.20
Final Cost $679.20
Calculating Overheads29,200
$18.25Calculating Overheads1,600
$18.25
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Example 4: Calculating a Job Cost
COST ITEM COST
Direct Materials:Spare Part ASpare Part BSpare Part C
$50$25$10
Direct Labour - per hour $20
Overheads - per hour $12
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COST ITEM COSTDirect Materials:
Spare Part ASpare Part BSpare Part C
$50$25$10
Direct Labour - per hour $20
Overheads - per hour $12
Mr Maile brings in his motor vehicle for a repair and the following is recorded on his job card.
Item Quantity
Spare Part A 1
Spare Part B 2
Direct Labour 3 hours
Calculate the cost of the job if themarkup on the total cost is 20%.
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COST ITEM COST
Direct Materials:Spare Part ASpare Part BSpare Part C
$50$25$10
Direct Labour - per hour $20
Overheads - per hour $12
Item Quantity
Spare Part A 1
Spare Part B 2
Direct Labour 3 hours
ITEM CALCULATION TOTAL COST
Spare Part A
Spare Part B
Direct Labour
Overheads
Total Cost
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SO WHAT IS THE SELLING PRICE?
ITEM CALCULATION TOTAL COST
Spare Part A
Spare Part B
Direct Labour
Overheads
Cost
Profit Margin
Total Cost
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COST ITEM COSTDirect Materials:
Spare Part ASpare Part BSpare Part C
$50$25$10
Direct Labour - per hour $20
Overheads - per hour $12
Item Quantity
Spare Part A 1
Spare Part B 2
Direct Labour 3 hours
ITEM CALCULATION TOTAL COST
Spare Part A 1 @ $50 50
Spare Part B 2 @ $25 50
Direct Labour 3 @ $20 60
Overheads 3 @ $12 36
Total Cost $196
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SO WHAT IS THE SELLING PRICE?
ITEM CALCULATION TOTAL COST
Spare Part A 1 @ $50 50
Spare Part B 2 @ $25 2050
Direct Labour 3 @ $20 60
Overheads 3 @ $12 36
Cost 196
Profit Margin 39.20
Total Cost $235.20