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Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Mangrove Resources Management in Bohol,

Philippines: Implications to Community Development

Josefina T. Dizon, Leni D. Camacho, Margaret M. Calderon and Lucrecio L. Rebugio

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS

INTRODUCTION

• AKECOP• Regional Research on Participatory

Assessment and Evaluation of Mangrove Forest Restoration Benefits

• July 2005 to June 2008• Component research: Development of C & I

for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves

INTRODUCTION

Objectives of the study:1) To review the existing C & I for

sustainable forest management; 1) To assess C & I for mangrove forests;

and 3) To validate the C & I on Banacon Island,

Getafe, Bohol.

INTRODUCTION

Mangrove forest – a type of forest occurring on tidal flats along the sea coast, extending along streams where the water is brackish (PD 705). It is a community of intertidal plants including all species of trees, shrubs, vines and herbs found therein. It is pre-dominated by species from the Rhizophoraceae family.

METHODOLOGY

The Study Site:

BANACON ISLAND, GETAFE, BOHOL

Map of Bohol Province, Philippines

Bohol – 10th largest island province

Area - 394,816 ha

Agricultural area -16,9678 ha

Mangrove area –15,320 ha

Main livelihoods:1) Farming2) Fishing

Pop’n - 1,230,110

Bohol – Tourist destination

LOBOC RIVER

CHOCOLATE HILLS

TARSIERBACLAYON CHURCH

MUNICIPALITY OF GETAFE

MUNICIPALITY OF GETAFE

Located in the northern tip of Bohol Province

92 km from Tagbilaran City

Boundaries:

South: Municipality of Buenavista

East: Municipality of Talibon

Income Classification : 3rd ClassTotal Land Area

Timberland : 4,036.95 haA & D : 13,880.05 ha

Political Subdivision & DemographyNo. of Barangays : 24

Upland : 5Coastal : 19 ( 9 islands)

Total Population : 28,135Ave. Growth Rate : 2.5%

BANACON ISLAND

Origin of name : Banak or mullet(Mugil cephalous)

Location : Approximately 5.8km from GetafeAccessibility : 30-minute pumpboat ride from the

town’s wharf Area : 1,775 haUse : Wilderness area (Presidential Proclamation

No. 2151, dated 2/21/81)Marine sanctuary (2004)

BANACON ISLAND

DemographyNo. of Households : 325

Main Source of Livelihood: FishingSecondary sources : Carpentry, tailoring/

dressmaking, furniture making, store keeping

Major problems : Illegal fishing, unemployment

Existing PO : Banacon Fisherfolks and Mangrove Planters Association (BAFMAPA)

BANACON ISLAND

METHODOLOGY

1. Review of Existing C & I for Sustainable Forest Management• Patterned after ITTO C & I• Formulated by FMB-DENR• 7 Criteria and 56 Indicators

ITTO CRITERIA AND INDICATORS

Criterion #1Enabling Conditions

For Sustainable ForestManagement

Sustainable Management

of Natural TropicalForests

Criterion #7Economic and

Cultural Aspects

Criterion #6Soil and Water

Criterion #2Forest Resource

Security

Criterion #3Forest Ecosystem

Health and Condition

Criterion #4Flow of Forest

Produce

Criterion #5BiologicalDiversity

PHILIPPINE SET OF CRITERIA AND INDICATORS

Criterion #1Enabling Conditions

For Sustainable ForestManagement

Sustainable Forest

Management

Criterion #7Economic, Social &

Cultural Aspects

Criterion #6Soil and Water

Criterion #2Extent and Condition

of Forests

Criterion #3Forest Ecosystems

Health and Condition

Criterion #4Forest Production

Criterion #5BiologicalDiversity

METHODOLOGY

2. Assessment of Existing C & I for applicability for mangrove forests

• Assessed 35 indicators under 7 criteria to be applicable to mangrove forests

CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS

Criterion 1. Enabling conditions for sustainable mangrove forest management

Policy, legal and governance framework

1.1 Existence and implementation of policies, laws and regulations to govern mangrove management

1.2 Forest tenure and ownership1.3 Amount of funding in forest management,

administration, research, and human resource development1.4 Existence and implementation of economic instruments and

other incentives to encourage sustainable mangrove management



Policy, legal and governance framework1.5 Structure and staffing of institutions responsible for

sustainable mangrove management1.6 Number of professional and technical personnel to

perform and support mangrove management1.7 Existence of communication strategies and feedback

mechanism to increase awareness about sustainable mangrove management

1.8 Existence of and ability to apply appropriate technology to practice sustainable mangrove management and the efficient utilization and marketing of mangrove products



Policy, legal and governance framework

1.9 Capacity and mechanism for planning sustainable mangrove forest management and for periodic monitoring, evaluation and feedback on progress

1.10 Public participation in mangrove forest management planning, decision making, data collection, monitoring and assessment

1.11 Existence of mangrove management plans


Criterion 2. Extent and conditions of mangrove forests

2.1. Extent of mangrove forests committed to production and protection

2.2 Changes in mangrove forest area2.3 Forest condition


Criterion 3. Mangrove ecosystem health

3.1 Extent and nature of mangrove encroachment, degradation, and disturbance caused by humans and the control procedures applied

3.2 Extent and nature of mangrove degradation and disturbance due to natural causes and the control procedures applied


Criterion 4. Forest production

4.1 Actual and sustainable harvest of wood and non-wood forest products

4.2 Composition of harvest4.3 Existence and implementation of

harvesting/operational plans and other harvesting permits


Criterion 4. Forest production

4.4 Existence of control mechanisms4.5 Long-term projections, strategies and

plans for mangrove production4.6 Availability of historical records on the

extent, nature and management of mangroves


Criterion 5. Biological diversity

5.1 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify and protect endangered, rare and threatened species of mangrove flora and fauna

5.2 Number of endangered, rare and threatened mangrove dependent species

5.3 Extent and percentage of mangrove forest which has been set aside for biodiversity conservation


Criterion 6. Coastal resources protection

6.1 Extent and percentage of total mangrove forest area managed exclusively for the protection of habitat of fishes and other beneficial aquatic flora and fauna

6.2 Procedure for conservation of buffer strips along coastal areas


Criterion 7. Economic, social and cultural

7.1 Existence and implementation of mechanism for the equitable sharing of costs and benefits

7.2 Existence and implementation of conflict resolution mechanisms for resolving disputes among/between stakeholders



7.3 Number of people depending on the mangroves for their livelihoods

7.4 Training, capacity building and manpower development programs

7.5 Area of mangroves which people are dependent for subsistence uses and traditional and customary life styles



7.6 Extent to which tenure and other rights of communities over publicly-owned mangrove forests are recognized and practices

7.7 Extent to which indigenous knowledge is used on mangrove management planning and implementation

7.8 Extent of involvement of local communities in mangrove capacity building, consultation process, decision making and implementation

CRITERIAPhilippine C & I for Sustainable Forest

Management

C & I for Sustainable Mangrove Resources

Management

1. Enabling conditions forsustainable forest/ mangrove management

11 11

2. Forest resource security/Extent and conditions of mangrove forest

6 3

3. Forest/Mangrove ecosystem health and condition

2 2

4. Flow of forest produce/ Forest production

12 6

5. Biological diversity 7 36. Soil and water/Coastalresources protection

5 2

7. Economic and cultural 14 8Total 56 35

• Focus Group Discussion

METHODOLOGY

• Interview with key personnel at the local DENR office

METHODOLOGY

• Validation of the C&I at the community level

METHODOLOGY

PO’s Perspective• All indicators were considered important or

very important by the group, and none was recommended for deletion.

• Of the 35 indicators, 25 were considered very important while 10 were considered important.

RESULTS

DENR’s Perspective• OIC-CENRO, three foresters (I – III), Protected Area

Superintendent (PASU), and the Community Development Assistant (CDA).

• The respondents rated 12 of the 35 indicators as VI and the rest (23 indicators) were IM.

• Six indicators got one point each for not being a suitable indicator as far as the PASU is concerned.

RESULTS

Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management

Policy, legal and governance framework- Governed by national laws (PD 705)- BAFMAPA has its own set of policies

RESULTS


Economic framework- No regular funds for mangrove forest

management- Relies on voluntary work of members- Economic benefits from marine

products

RESULTS

SEAWEED

SEA CUCUMBER

CLAMS

BLUE CRABS

FISH, SQUID, EEL

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS


Institutional framework- Organized PO (BOD, committees)- CBFMA as tenure instrument

RESULTS


Planning framework- No Community Resource Management

Framework (CRMF)

RESULTS

Criterion 2. Extent and Condition of Mangrove Forests

RESULTS

Land Use Area (ha)

Wildlife refuge 50.0

Recreational zone 63.33

Strict protection zone 10.66

Sustainable use zone 25.00

Multiple use zone•Plantation•Residential•Gleaning ground•Vacant

484.8411.01

1,149.0016.40

Criterion 3. Mangrove Ecosystem Health - 40 ha (5%) has been destroyed due to illegal cutting

- Incidences reported to CENRO- PO has difficulty in apprehending offenders- 40 trees were scorched by lightning

RESULTS

Criterion 4. Mangrove Forest Production

- Most common mangrove species Bakawang Bato (Rhizophora stylosa)Bakawang Lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata)Bakawang Babae (Rhizophora mucronata), Malatangal (Ceriops spp.)

RESULTS

Criterion 5. Biological Diversity Criterion 6. Coastal Resources Protection

- Among the mangrove species that can be found in the area, none is considered an endangered, rare or threatened species.

RESULTS

Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic- 325 households are dependent on the mangrove

resources- Fishing is the major occupation- Timber for house construction, fence posts,

firewood

RESULTS

Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic- Average annual revenue (pesos) per HH :

• crabs – 58,000• shrimps – 31,000• mollusks – 24,000• fish – 12,000

RESULTS

Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic- Ecotourism (boat ride including 1 lunch and 1

snack); charge = PhP300/person- About 30-40 members are involved in the

ecotourism activity

RESULTS

Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Social and Cultural - Man-made mangroves of Banacon Island

declared as an ecotourism site- Plantations have multi-layered canopy with ages

ranging from 2 to 45 years composed of 18 mangrove and associated species

RESULTS

Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Social and Cultural - People are proud of their accomplishments in

establishing the largest man-made mangrove forest in Asia

- “Likas Yaman Award” for Mr. Eugenio Paden (1980)- Philippine Wetland Conservation Award (2004) - Model PO in Wetland Conservation and Mgt

(2005)

RESULTS

AWARDS RECEIVED

Community development - a “process in which a community is strengthened in order to creatively help meet its own needs: physical, spiritual, mental, psychological, social, economic and political” (Palmer 2004).

IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Community development -“process of developing and enhancing the ability to act collectively for community improvement in any or all realms; physical, environmental, cultural, social, political, economic, etc” (Phillips and Pittman, 2009).


Three Fields of CD (Luna 1997)1. Community organizing

- BAFMAPA- Organized in 1996 under the Coastal Environment Program

- Member of the PAMB and MFARMC


Three Fields of CD 2. Community Resource Management

- CBFMA -Manages 484 ha of mangrove forests

-But no CRMF yet


Three Fields of CD 3. Community Education

- Community value formation, skills development for collective action, and conscientization


Addressing Poverty - Diversity and productivity of marine

ecosystem will redound to increased income.


Addressing Food Security - Diversity and productivity of marine

ecosystem will provide abundant food for the residents of Banacon.


Policy Implication - RA No. 7161 amending some

sections of PD 705- Bans cutting of mangroves- Quite ironical: people plant

mangroves but cannot harvest


Policy Implication - Need to amend existing policies - Pending bill on sustainable forest

management which allows mangrove harvesting in production forest

- Great contribution to CD and to the future generation.


1. The FGD participants and the CENRO representatives perceived that the identified C & I were generally very important and applicable for the mangrove forest management in the Banacon Island. To institutionalize the C & I for mangroves, the CENRO and the LGU may issue a joint administrative order adopting the C & I for mangroves on the Island.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

2. The BAFMAPA has its CBFMA which grants it the power and responsibility to manage the mangrove resources within its area of coverage. However, it has yet to formulate its CRMF, which will serve as guide for its Sustainable management of the resource. Hence, the CENRO should initiate the formulation of the CRMF with maximum participation from the PO.


3. The economic benefits from mangroves are tremendous and offer a great opportunity for increasing the income of the local people, thereby addressing the problems of poverty and unemployment in the community. The policies on resource utilization should be spelled out in the CRMF.


4. The mangrove project has contributed to the community development of the barangay on the aspects of community organizing, resource management, and community education. There is a need for sustainability mechanisms to enable the PO continue managing the resource for its productive and protective functions which will redound to thesustainability of the community.


Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) for providing Dr. Josefina T. Dizon, the senior author, a travel grant to enable her participate and present this paper during the 2011 ECHO Asia Agriculture and Community Development Conference in Chiang Mai, Thailand.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH!

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