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Cryogenics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For cryopreservation/resuscitation, seeCryonics.For the band, seeCryogenic (band).

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Liquid nitrogen

Inphysics,cryogenicsis the study of the production and behaviour of materials at very lowtemperatures

(below 150C, 238F or 123 K). A person who studies elements that have been subjected to extremely

cold temperatures is called a cryogenicist. Rather than the relative temperature scales of Celsius and

Fahrenheit, cryogenicists use the absolute temperature scales. These areKelvin(SI units) orRankine scale

(Imperial Units and The term cryogenics is often mistakenly used in fiction and popular culture to refer to

the very differentcryonics.

Contents

1 Definitions and distinctions

2 Etymology

3 Industrial applications

o 3.1 Cryogenic processing

o

3.2 Fuels 4 Other applications

5 Production

6 Detectors

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

Definitions and distinctions

Cryogenics

The branches of physics and engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures, how to

produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures.

Cryobiology
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The branch ofbiologyinvolving the study of the effects of low temperatures onorganisms(most

often for the purpose of achievingcryopreservation).

Cryosurgery

The branch of surgery applying very low temperatures (down to -196 C) to destroy malignant tissue,

e.g. cancer cells.

Cryonics

The emergingmedical technologyofcryopreservinghumans and animals with the intention of future

revival. Researchers in the field seek to apply the results of manysciences,including cryobiology,

cryogenics,rheology,emergency medicine,etc. "Cryogenics" is sometimes erroneously used to

mean "Cryonics" inpopular cultureand the press.[1]

Cryoelectronics

The field of research regardingsuperconductivityat low temperatures.

Cryotronics

The practical application of cryoelectronics.

Cryoethics

The study of the ethical implications surrounding cryonics. Focuses on the reasoning behind which

one would want to preserve their body at below freezing temperatures due to life-threatening

conditions that may be cured or prevented in the future.[2]

Etymology

The word cryogenicsstems fromGreekand means "the production of freezing cold"; however, the term is

used today as asynonymfor the low-temperature state. It is not well-defined at what point on the

temperature scalerefrigerationends and cryogenics begins, but most scientists[3]assume it starts at or below

150C(123K;238F). TheNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyatBoulder, Coloradohas

chosen to consider the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below 180C or 292.00F or

93.15 K. This is a logical dividing line, since the normalboiling pointsof the so-called permanentgases

(such ashelium,hydrogen,neon,nitrogen,oxygen,and normalair)lie below 180C while theFreon

refrigerants,hydrogen sulfide,and other common refrigerants have boiling points above 180C.

Industrial applications

Cryogenic valve

Further information:Timeline of low-temperature technology

Liquefied gases,such asliquid nitrogenandliquid helium,are used in many cryogenic applications. Liquid

nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world.

Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the lowest attainable temperatures to be reached.

These liquids may be stored inDewar flasks,which are double-walled containers with a high vacuum

between the walls to reduce heat transfer into the liquid. Typical laboratory Dewar flasks are spherical, made

of glass and protected in a metal outer container. Dewar flasks for extremely cold liquids such as liquid
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helium have another double-walled container filled with liquid nitrogen. Dewar flasks are named after their

inventor,James Dewar,the man who first liquefiedhydrogen."Thermos" bottles are smallervacuum

flasksfitted in a protective casing.

Cryogenic barcode labels are used to mark dewar flasks containing these liquids, and will not frost over

down to -195 degrees Celsius.[4]

Cryogenic transfer pumps are the pumps used onLNG piersto transferliquefied natural gasfromLNG

carrierstoLNG storage tanks,as are cryogenic valves.

Cryogenic processing

The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found that metals frozen to low

temperatures showed more resistance to wear. Based on this theory ofcryogenic hardening,the commercial

cryogenic processingindustry was founded in 1966 by Ed Busch. With a background in theheat treating

industry, Busch founded a company inDetroitcalledCryoTechin 1966 which merged with 300 Below in

1999 to become the world's largest and oldest commercial cryogenic processing company.[citation needed]Busch

originally experimented with the possibility of increasing the life of metal tools to anywhere between 200%-

400% of the original life expectancy usingcryogenic temperinginstead of heat treating. This evolved in thelate 1990s into the treatment of other parts.

Cryogens, such as liquidnitrogen,are further used for specialty chilling and freezing applications. Some

chemical reactions, like those used to produce the active ingredients for the popularstatindrugs, must occur

at low temperatures of approximately 100C (148F). Special cryogenicchemical reactorsare used to

remove reaction heat and provide a low temperature environment. The freezing of foods and biotechnology

products, likevaccines,requires nitrogen in blast freezing or immersion freezing systems. Certain soft or

elastic materials become hard andbrittleat very low temperatures, which makes cryogenicmilling

(cryomilling)an option for some materials that cannot easily be milled at higher temperatures.

Cryogenic processing is not a substitute for heat treatment, but rather an extension of the heating -quenching - tempering cycle. Normally, when an item is quenched, the final temperature is ambient. The

only reason for this is that most heat treaters do not have cooling equipment. There is nothing

metallurgically significant about ambient temperature. The cryogenic process continues this action from

ambient temperature down to 320F(140R;78K;196C). In most instances the cryogenic cycle is

followed by a heat tempering procedure. As all alloys do not have the same chemical constituents, the

tempering procedure varies according to the material's chemical composition, thermal history and/or a tool's

particular service application.

The entire process takes 34 days.

Fuels

Another use of cryogenics iscryogenic fuelsfor rockets withliquid hydrogenas the most widely used

example.Liquid oxygen(LOX) is even more widely used but as anoxidizer,not a fuel.NASA's workhorse

space shuttleused cryogenic hydrogen/oxygen propellant as its primary means of getting intoorbit.LOX is

also widely used withRP-1kerosene, a non-cryogenic hydrocarbon, such as in the rockets built for the

Soviet space programbySergei Korolev.

Russian aircraft manufacturerTupolevdeveloped a version of its popular designTu-154with a cryogenic

fuel system, known as theTu-155.The plane uses a fuel referred to asliquefied natural gasor LNG, and

made its first flight in 1989.

Other applications
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p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-155http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-154http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Korolevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_shuttlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryomillinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_%28grinding%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittlenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_temperinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CryoTech&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_hardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_pierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_flaskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_flaskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewar


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Some applications of cryogenics:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy(NMR)

NMR is one of the most common methods to determine the physical and chemical properties of

atoms by detecting the radio frequency absorbed and subsequent relaxation of nuclei in a magnetic

field. This is one of the most commonly used characterization techniques and has applications in

numerous fields. Primarily, the strong magnetic fields are generated by supercooling electromagnets,

although there arespectrometersthat do not require cryogens. In traditional superconducting

solenoids, liquid helium is used to cool the inner coils because it has a boiling point of around 4 K at

ambient pressure. Cheap metallic superconductors can be used for the coil wiring. So-called high-

temperature superconducting compounds can be made to super conduct with the use of liquid

nitrogen which boils at around 77 K.

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)

MRI is a complex application of NMR where the geometry of the resonances is deconvoluted and

used to image objects by detecting the relaxation of protons that have been perturbed by a radio-

frequency pulse in the strong magnetic field. This is mostly commonly used in health applications.

Electric power transmissionin big citiesIt is difficult to transmit power by overhead cables in big cities, so underground cables are used. But

underground cables get heated and the resistance of the wire increases leading to waste of power.

Superconductors could be used to increase power throughput, although they would require cryogenic

liquids such as nitrogen or helium to cool special alloy-containing cables to increase power

transmission. Several feasibility studies have been performed and the field is the subject of an

agreement within the International Energy Agency.

Cryogenic gases delivery truck at a supermarket,Ypsilanti, Michigan

Frozen food

Cryogenic gases are used in transportation of large masses of frozen food. When very large

quantities of food must be transported to regions like war zones, earthquake hit regions, etc., they

must be stored for a long time, so cryogenic food freezing is used. Cryogenic food freezing is also

helpful for large scale food processing industries.

Forward looking infrared(FLIR)

Many infra-red cameras require their detectors to be cryogenically cooled.

Blood banking

Certain rare blood groups are stored at low temperatures, such as 165C.

Special effects

Cryogenics technology usingliquid nitrogenand CO2has been built intonightclubeffect systems by

Kryogenifexto create a chilling effect and white fog that can be illuminated with colored lights.

Production

Cryogenic cooling of devices and material is usually achieved via the use ofliquid nitrogen,liquid helium,or a cryocompressor (which uses high pressure helium lines). Newer devices such aspulse cryocoolersand

Stirling cryocoolershave been devised. The most recent development in cryogenics is the use of magnets as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchtop_NMR_spectrometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchtop_NMR_spectrometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchtop_NMR_spectrometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypsilanti,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypsilanti,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypsilanti,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_looking_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_looking_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryogenifexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryogenifexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine#Stirling_cryocoolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine#Stirling_cryocoolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cryogenic_Gases_Delivery_Truck_Ypsilanti_Michigan.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine#Stirling_cryocoolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryogenifexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_looking_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypsilanti,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchtop_NMR_spectrometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance


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regenerators as well as refrigerators. These devices work on the principle known as themagnetocaloric

effect.

Detectors

Cryogenic temperatures, usually well below 77 K (196C) are required to operatecryogenic detectors.

See also

Absolute zero

Cells Alive Systemfreezers

Coldest temperature recorded on Earth

Cryocoolers

Cryogenic deburring

Cryogenic deflashing

Cryogenic treatment

Cryonics

Ex-situ conservation

Frozen zoo

Industrial gas

Lambda point refrigerator

Linear compressor

Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Quantum hydrodynamics

Superfluidity

Superconducting RF

Timeline of low-temperature technology

References

1. "Cryonics is NOT the Same as Cryogenics".Retrieved 5 March 2013.

2. Shaw, David (2009). Cryoethics: Seeking Life After Death. Bioethics. ISSN 0269-9702(print); 1467-

8519 (online). 23:9, 515-521.

3. Bilstein, Roger E. (1996).Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch

Vehicles (NASA SP-4206) (The NASA History Series).NASA History Office. pp. 8991.ISBN0-

7881-8186-6.

4. Thermal, Timmy."Cryogenic Labels".MidcomData. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

Further reading

Haselden, G. G. (1971) Cryogenic fundamentalsAcademic Press, New York,ISBN 0-12-330550-0

External links

300 Below - Founder of Commercial Cryogenic Industry (Since 1966)

Technical Description of Cryogenic process to produce LNG

An Introduction to Cryogenics

Cryogenics for English Majors: An introduction for non-scientistsNational High Magnetic Field

Laboratory Cryogenics, Key to Advanced Science and Technology

Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. (CSA)

Tupolev's pages regarding Cryogenic airliners

Lancaster University, Ultra Low Temperature Physics- ULT research group homepage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_detectorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_detectorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_detectorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_Alive_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_Alive_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldest_temperature_recorded_on_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldest_temperature_recorded_on_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryocoolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryocoolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_deburringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_deburringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_point_refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_point_refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28temperature%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28temperature%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_RFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_RFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_low-temperature_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_low-temperature_technologyhttp://www.cryogenicsociety.org/cryonics/http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/cryonics/http://books.google.pl/books?id=JnoZTbVLx0MC&pg=PA89&dq=cryogenic+propellant+liquefied&cd=1#v=onepage&q=cryogenic&f=falsehttp://books.google.pl/books?id=JnoZTbVLx0MC&pg=PA89&dq=cryogenic+propellant+liquefied&cd=1#v=onepage&q=cryogenic&f=falsehttp://books.google.pl/books?id=JnoZTbVLx0MC&pg=PA89&dq=cryogenic+propellant+liquefied&cd=1#v=onepage&q=cryogenic&f=falsehttp://books.google.pl/books?id=JnoZTbVLx0MC&pg=PA89&dq=cryogenic+propellant+liquefied&cd=1#v=onepage&q=cryogenic&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-8186-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-8186-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-8186-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-8186-6http://www.midcomdata.com/cryogenic-labels/http://www.midcomdata.com/cryogenic-labels/http://www.midcomdata.com/cryogenic-labels/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123305500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123305500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123305500http://www.300below.com/http://www.300below.com/http://articles.compressionjobs.com/articles/oilfield-101/1855-refrigeration-cryogenics-liquefied-natural-gas-lng-gas-treatment-unit?start=6http://articles.compressionjobs.com/articles/oilfield-101/1855-refrigeration-cryogenics-liquefied-natural-gas-lng-gas-treatment-unit?start=6http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/at/at-2007-001.pdfhttp://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/at/at-2007-001.pdfhttp://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/cryogenics/http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/cryogenics/http://www.iifiir.org/en/doc/1052.pdfhttp://www.iifiir.org/en/doc/1052.pdfhttp://www.cryogenicsociety.org/http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=82http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=82http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/research/condmatt/ult/index.htmlhttp://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/research/condmatt/ult/index.htmlhttp://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/research/condmatt/ult/index.htmlhttp://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=82http://www.cryogenicsociety.org/http://www.iifiir.org/en/doc/1052.pdfhttp://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/cryogenics/http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/at/at-2007-001.pdfhttp://articles.compressionjobs.com/articles/oilfield-101/1855-refrigeration-cryogenics-liquefied-natural-gas-lng-gas-treatment-unit?start=6http://www.300below.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123305500http://www.midcomdata.com/cryogenic-labels/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-8186-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-8186-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.pl/books?id=JnoZTbVLx0MC&pg=PA89&dq=cryogenic+propellant+liquefied&cd=1#v=onepage&q=cryogenic&f=falsehttp://books.google.pl/books?id=JnoZTbVLx0MC&pg=PA89&dq=cryogenic+propellant+liquefied&cd=1#v=onepage&q=cryogenic&f=falsehttp://www.cryogenicsociety.org/cryonics/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_low-temperature_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_RFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_hydrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28temperature%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_point_refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_zoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-situ_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_deburringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryocoolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldest_temperature_recorded_on_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_Alive_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_detectorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration


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IEA superconductivity agreement

[show]

v

t

e

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Categories:

Cryogenics

Cooling technology

Industrial gases
http://www.superconductivityiea.org/http://www.superconductivityiea.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryogenicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryogenicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cooling_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cooling_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industrial_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industrial_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industrial_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cooling_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryogenicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenicshttp://www.superconductivityiea.org/

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