cs2302 cn 2 marks

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

1/80

CS2302- COMPUTER NETWORKS

UNIT II

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

2/80

Department of Computer Scence an! En"neern"CS 2302- COMPUTER NETWORKS

Question Bank

UNIT I

PART A(2 a!ks"#$ W%at are t%e t&o t'pe( of )ne conf"uraton*

2$ W%at !o 'ou mean +' error contro)*

3$ Defne f)o& contro)*,$ W%at ( re!un!anc'#$ Wrte (%ort note( on error correcton*

.$ Menton t%e t'pe( of error correctn" met%o!($

/$ W%at are t%e (tep( fo))o&e! n c%ec(um "enerator*

1$ Defne c%ec(um$$ Wrte (%ort note( on CRC c%ecer$

#0$ Wrte (%ort note( on RC$##$ (t out t%e a4a)a+)e !etecton met%o!($#2$ Menton t%e t'pe( of error( an! !efne t%e term(*

#3$ D(tn"u(% +et&een peer-to-peer re)aton(%p an! a prmar'-(econ!ar'

re)aton(%p$#,$ W%at are t%e &a'( to a!!re(( t%e framn" pro+)em*

#$ W%at are t%e re(pon(+)te( of !ata )n )a'er*

#.$ W%at are t%e functon( of Application layer*#/$ Defne 5t (tuffn"$#1$ W%at are t%e feature( pro4!e! +' )a'ern"*

#$ W%at are %ea!er an! tra)er( an! %o& !o t%e' "et a!!e! an! remo4e!*

20$ 6roup t%e OSI )a'er( +' functon*

PART B($% a!ks"#$ E7p)an n !eta) t%e error !etecton an! error correcton($ 8#.9

2$ Wt% a neat !a"ram e7p)an n !eta) a+out t%e Network architecture$8#.93$ D(cu(( n !eta) a+out :DC$ 8#.9

,$ W%at ( t%e !fference +et&een Internet arc%tecture an! OSI arc%tecture* 8195. D(cu(( a+out t%e )n( operate! on t%e p%'(ca) me!a n !eta)$ 8#.9

6. E7p)an t%e !fferent approac%e( of framn" n !eta)$ 8#.97. D(cu(( n !eta) a+out Internet ;rc%tecture$ 8#.9

UNIT IIPART A(2 a!ks"#$ W%at ( CSM;*

2$ E7p)an CSM;

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

3/80

,$ W%at ( t%e ro)e of =CI*

$ W%at !o 'ou mean +' error contro)*

.$ W%at are t%e functon( of +r!"e(*/$ W%at ( t%e (>e of Et%ernet a!!re((*

1$ W%at ( t%e a!4anta"e of ?DDI o4er a +a(c toen rn"*

$ (t an' t&o functon( &%c% a +r!"e cannot perform*#0$ Menton t%e functon of %u+$

##$ Menton !fferent ran!om acce(( tec%n@ue(*

#2$ (t t%e t&o t'pe( of !ata frame( n ?DDI#3$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of t%e N;=*

#,$ Name t%e four t'pe( of S frame($

#$ W%at ( t%e acce(( met%o! u(e! +' &re)e(( ;N(*

PART B($% a!ks"#$ E7p)an t%e CSM;

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

4/80

#0$ W%at ( t%e !fference +et&een +oun!ar' )e4e) ma(n" an! non-+oun!ar' )e4e)

ma(n"$

##$ W%at ( t%e functon of router*#2$ :o& !oe( a router !ffer from a +r!"e*

#3$ ?n! t%e c)a(( of eac% a!!re((e($

#,$ W%' ( a!apt4e routn" (uperor to non a!apt4e routn"*#$ W%at are t%e t%ree man e)ement( of !(tance 4ector a)"ort%m($

#.$ W%at ( a!!re(( re(o)uton*

#/$ W%at are t%e +eneft( of (u+nettn" a net&or*#1$ W%at are t%e metrc( u(e! +' routn" protoco)(*

PART B($% a!ks"#$ E7p)an (%orte(t pat% a)"ort%m &t% a (uta+)e ))u(traton$ 8#.9

2$ E7p)an t%e !(tance 4ector routn" a)"ort%m$ 8#.9

3$ Menton t%e )mtaton( of !(tance 4ector routn" a)"ort%m$ 819

,$ E7p)an t%e +u)!n" an! !(tr+uton of )n (tate pacet( n )n (tate routn" a)"ort%m$ 819

$ Menton t%e )mtaton( of )n (tate routn" a)"ort%m$ 819

.$ E7p)an )n (tate routn" an! !(cu(( t( a!4anta"e( o4er !(tance 4ector routn"$ 819

/$ E7p)an n !eta)( pacet (&tc%n"$ 8#.9

1$ E7p)an n !eta)( Data"ram approac%$ 8#.9$ E7p)an n !eta)( IP a!!re((n" met%o!($ 8#.9

#0$ $ In c)a((fu) a!!re((n" %o& ( an IP a!!re(( n c)a(( ;B C)a(( 5 an! C)a(( C

!4!e!* 8,9

$ 64en t%e a!!re(( 23$.$/$# an! t%e !efau)t c)a(( ; ma(B fn! t%e

+e"nnn" a!!re(( 8net&or a!!re((9$ 8.9$ 64en t%e a!!re(( 20#$#10$.$ an! t%e !efau)t c)a(( C ma(B fn! t%e e"nnn" a!!re((

8net&or a!!re((9$ 8.9

UNIT 'PART A(2 a!ks"#$ W%at are t%e (er4ce( pro4!e! +' tran(port )a'er protoco)*2$ W%at ( t%e !fference +et&een net&or (er4ce an! tran(port (er4ce*

3$ (t (ome of t%e ua)t' of (er4ce parameter( of tran(port )a'er

,$ W%at are t%e functon( of tran(port )a'er(*$ W%at ( tran(port entt'*

.$ W%at ( (e"mentaton*

/$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of (e@uence contro)*

1$ :o& tran(port )a'er perform( Dup)caton contro)*$ W%at are t%e (er4ce prmt4e( n (mp)e tran(port protoco)*

#0$ W%at ( t%e met%o!( to mpro4e o(*

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

5/80

##$ W%at ( traffc (%apn"* Name t&o met%o!( of (%ape traffc*

#2$ W%at ( t%e u(e of (e@uence num+er(*

PART B($% a!ks"

#$ E7p)an a con"e(ton contro) a)"ort%m$ 8#.92$ E7p)an t%e !ute( of Tran(port )a'er$ 8#.93$ E7p)an t%e TCP tran(m((on po)c'B Con"e(ton contro)$ 819

$ E7p)an t%e TCP %ea!er an! &orn" of t%e TCP protoco)$ 8#.9

.$ E7p)an t%e 4arou( fe)!( of TCP %ea!er &t% t%e %e)p of a neat !a"ram$ 8#.9/$ E7p)an t%e 4arou( (tep( t%at are fo))o&e! n re)ea(n" a TCP connecton$ 8#.9

1$ E7p)an t%e t%ree &a' %an!(%ae protoco) to e(ta+)(% t%e tran(port )e4e)

connecton$ 819$ D(cu(( a+out con"e(ton contro) n frame re)a'$ 8#.9

#0$ D(cu(( t%e 4arou( ((ue( of tran(port )a'er n !eta)($ 8#.9

UNIT PART A(2 a!ks"#$ D(cu(( t%e t%ree man !4(on( of t%e DNS$2$ W%at ro)e !oe( t%e DNS re(o)4er p)a' n t%e DNS ('(tem*

3$ :o& !oe( a DNS Re(o)4er +oot(trap t%e !oman name )ooup proce((*

,$ Defne SMTP$$ Defne t%e term !oman$

.$ W%at are t%e t&o part( of a!!re((n" ('(tem n SMTP*

/$ D(cu(( MIME$1$ W%at are t%e (er4ce( pro4!e! +' u(er a"ent*

$ W%at are t%e four properte( of :TTP*

#0$ W%at are t%e four "roup( of :TTP %ea!er*##$ W%at are cate"ore( of &e+ !ocument(*

#2$ W%at are +a(c functon( of ema) ('(tem*

#3$ W%at ( WWW*

#,$ W%at ( t%e &e+ +ro&(er*#$ W%at ( a po(t offce protoco)*

#.$ Compare t%e :TTP an! ?TP$

#/$ W%at ( ma)n" )(t*#1$ W%at are t%e t&o man cate"ore( of DNS me((a"e(*

#$ Defne cr'pto"rap%'$

20$ W%at are t%e t&o cate"ore( of cr'pto"rap%' met%o!(* W%at ( t%e man!fference +et&een t%e cate"ore(*

2#$ W%at are t%e a!4anta"e( of pu+)c e' encr'pton

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

6/80

PART B($% a!ks"#$ E7p)an DNS &t% reference to t( component( an! &orn"$ 8#.9

2$ E7p)an t%e me((a"e tran(fer u(n" (mp)e ma) tran(fer protoco)$ 819

3$ E7p)an t%e fna) !e)4er' of ema) to t%e en! u(er u(n" pop3$ 819

,$ Wrte (%ort note( on ema) (er4ce( of t%e app)caton )a'er$ 819$ E7p)an n !eta)( WWW$ 819

.$ E7p)an t%e arc%tecture an! (er4ce( of e-ma)n" ('(tem$ 8#.9

/$ W%at are t%e t&o cate"ore( of encr'pton

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

7/80

Unit I

PART A

#$ Defne t%e term Computer Net&or$

; Computer net&or ( a num+er of computer( nterconnecte! +' one or more

tran(m((on pat%($ T%e tran(m((on pat% often ( t%e te)ep%one )neB !ue to t(con4enence an! un4er(a) pre(er4e$

2$ Defne Data Communcaton$

Data communcaton ( t%e e7c%an"e of !ata 8n t%e form of 0( an! #(9 +et&een t&o!e4ce( 4a (ome form of tran(m((on me!um 8(uc% a( a &re ca+)e9$

3$ W%at ( t%e fun!amenta) purpo(e +e%n! !ata communcaton*T%e purpo(e of !ata communcaton ( to e7c%an"e nformaton +et&een t&o a"ent($

,$ (t out t%e t'pe( of !ata communcaton$Data communcaton ( con(!ere!

oca) f t%e communcatn" !e4ce are n t%e (ame +u)!n"$Remote f t%e !e4ce are fart%er apart$

$ Defne t%e term( !ata an! nformaton$

Data ( a repre(entaton of fact(B concept( an! n(tructon( pre(ente! n a forma)>e!

manner (uta+)e for communcatonB nterpretaton or proce((n" +' %uman +en"( or +'automatc mean($

Informaton ( current)' a(("ne! to !ata +' mean( +' t%e con4enton( app)e! to t%o(e

!ata$

.$ W%at are t%e fun!amenta) c%aracter(tc( on &%c% t%e effect4ene(( of !ata

communcaton !epen!( on*T%e effect4ene(( of a !ata communcaton ('(tem !epen!( on t%ree c%aracter(tc($

#$ De)4er' T%e ('(tem mu(t !e)4er !ata to t%e correct !e(tnaton$

2$ ;ccurac' T%e ('(tem mu(t !e)4er !ata accurate)'$

3$ Tme)ne(( T%e ('(tem mu(t !e)4er !ata n a tme)' manner$

/$ 64e t%e component( of !ata communcaton$

#$ Me((a"e t%e me((a"e ( t%e nformaton to +e communcate!$2$ Sen!er t%e (en!er ( t%e !e4ce t%at (en!( t%e !ata me((a"e$

3$ Rece4er t%e rece4er ( t%e !e4ce t%at rece4e( t%e me((a"e$

,$ Me!um t%e tran(m((on me!um ( t%e p%'(ca) pat% +' &%c% a me((a"e tra4e)(

from (en!er to rece4er$$ Protoco) ; protoco) ( a (et of ru)e( t%at "o4ern !ata communcaton$

1$ Defne Net&or$; net&or ( a (et of !e4ce( 8no!e(9 connecte! +' me!a )n($ ; no!e can +e a

computerB prnterB or an' ot%er !e4ce( capa+)e of (en!n" an! < or rece4n" !ata

"enerate! +' ot%er no!e( on t%e net&or$

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

8/80

$ W%at are t%e a!4anta"e of !(tr+ute! proce((n"*

#$ Securt' < Encap(u)aton

2$ D(tr+ute! !ata+a(e

3$ ?a(ter pro+)em (o)4n"

,$ Securt' t%rou"% re!un!anc'$ Co))a+orat4e proce((n"$

#0$ W%at are t%e t%ree crtera nece((ar' for an effect4e an! effcent net&or*#$ Performance

2$ Re)a+)t'

3$ Securt'$

##$ Name t%e factor( t%at affect t%e performance of a net&or$

- Performance of a net&or !epen!( on a num+er of factor(B

#$ Num+er of u(er(2$ T'pe of tran(m((on me!um

3$ Capa+)te( of t%e connecte! %ar!&are

,$ Effcenc' of (oft&are$

#2$ Name t%e factor( t%at affect t%e re)a+)t' of a net&or$

#$ ?re@uenc' of fa)ure$2$ Reco4er' tme of a net&or after a fa)ure$

3$ Cata(trop%e$

#3$ Name t%e factor( t%at affect t%e (ecurt' of a net&or$

Net&or (ecurt' ((ue( nc)u!e protectn" !ata from unaut%or>e! acce(( an! 4ru(e($

#,$ Defne PROTOCO$; protoco) ( a (et of ru)e( 8con4enton(9 t%at "o4ern a)) a(pect( of !ata communcaton$

#$ 64e t%e e' e)ement( of protoco)$ S'nta7 refer( to t%e (tructure or format of t%e !ataB meann" t%e or!er n &%c% t%e'

are pre(ente!$

Semantc( refer( to t%e meann" of eac% (ecton of +t($ Tmn" refer( to t&o c%aracter(tc($

#$ &%en !ata (%ou)! +e (ent an!

2$ %o& fa(t t%e' can +e (ent$

#.$ Defne Stan!ar!$

; (tan!ar! pro4!e( a mo!e) for !e4e)opment t%at mae( t po((+)e for a pro!uct to &or

re"ar!)e(( of t%e n!4!ua) manufacturer$

#/$ W%' are (tan!ar! nee!e!* Stan!ar!( are e((enta) n creatn" an! mantann" an open an! compett4e maret

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

9/80

for e@upment manufacture( an! n "uaranteen" natona) an! nternatona)

nteropera+)t' of !ata an! te)ecommuncaton( tec%no)o"' an! proce((e($

Stan!ar!( are nece((ar' to en(ure t%at pro!uct( from !fferent manufacture( can&or to"et%er a( e7pecte!$

#1$ Defne De facto an! De Fure (tan!ar!($De facto (tan!ar!(

De facto 8+' fact9 (tan!ar!( are often e(ta+)(%e! or"na))' +' manufacture( (een" to

!efne t%e functona)t' of a ne& pro!uct or tec%no)o"'$De Fure (tan!ar!(

De Fure 8+' )a&9 (tan!ar!( %a4e +een )e"()ate! +' an offca))' reco"n>e! +o!'$

#$ Defne )ne conf"uraton an! "4e t( t'pe($- ne conf"uraton refer( to t%e &a' t&o or more

communcaton !e4ce( attac% to a )n$

- T%ere are t&o po((+)e )ne conf"uraton($ Pont to pont an!

$ Mu)tpont$

20$ Defne topo)o"' an! menton t%e t'pe( of topo)o"e($Topo)o"' !efne( t%e p%'(ca) or )o"ca) arran"ement of )n( n a net&or

T'pe( of topo)o"'

- Me(%- Star

- Tree

- 5u(- Rn"

2#$ T%e uc' Duc' corporaton %a( a fu))' connecte! me(% net&or con((tn" of e"%t

!e4ce($ Ca)cu)ate t%e tota) num+er of ca+)e )n( nee!e! an! t%e num+er of port( for eac%!e4ce$

So)uton

T%e formu)a for t%e num+er of )n( for a fu))' connecte! me(% ( n8n #9 < 2B &%ere n (t%e num+er of !e4ce($

Num+er of )n( G n8n #9 < 2

G 181 #9 < 2 G 21$Num+er of port( per !e4ce G n #

G 1 # G /$

22$ Defne :u+$

In a (tar topo)o"'B eac% !e4ce %a( a !e!cate! pont to pont )n on)' to a centra)

contro))er u(ua))' ca))e! a %u+$

23$ 64e an a!4anta"e for eac% t'pe of net&or topo)o"'$

#$ Me(% topo)o"'

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

10/80

U(e of !e!cate! )n( "uarantee( t%at eac% connecton can carr' t( o&n !ata )oa!B

t%u( e)mnatn" traffc pro+)em($

Ro+u(t an! pr4ac' < (ecurt'$2$ Star topo)o"'

e(( e7pen(4e t%an me(%$

Nee!( on)' one )n an! one nput an! output port to connect t an' num+er ofot%er($

Ro+u(tne(($

3$ Tree topo)o"' (ame a( t%o(e of a (tar$

,$ 5u( topo)o"'

Ea(e of n(ta))aton$

U(e( )e(( ca+)n" t%an me(%B (tar or tree topo)o"e($$ Rn" topo)o"'

; rn" ( re)at4e)' ea(' to n(ta)) an! reconf"ure$

Eac% !e4ce ( )ne! on)' to t( mme!ate ne"%+or($

?au)t (o)aton ( (mp)fe!$

2,$ Defne tran(m((on mo!e an! t( t'pe($Tran(m((on mo!e !efne( t%e !recton of ("na) f)o& +et&een t&o )ne! !e4ce($

Tran(m((on mo!e( are of t%ree t'pe($

- Smp)e7

- :a)f !up)e7- ?u)) !up)e7$

2$ W%at ( ;N*

oca) ;rea Net&or 8;N9 ( a net&or t%at u(e( tec%no)o"' !e("ne! to (pan a (ma))

"eo"rap%ca) area$ ?or e$"$ an Et%ernet ( a ;N tec%no)o"' (uta+)e for u(e n a (n")e

+u)!n"$

2.$ W%at ( W;N*

W!e ;rea Net&or 8W;N9 ( a net&or t%at u(e( tec%no)o"' !e("ne! to (pan a )ar"e"eo"rap%ca) area$ ?or e$"$ a (ate))te net&or ( a W;N +ecau(e a (ate))te can re)a'

communcaton acro(( an entre contnent$ W;N( %a4e %"%er propa"aton !e)a' t%an

;N($

2/$ W%at ( M;N*

; Metropo)tan ;rea Net&or 8M;N9 ( a net&or t%at u(e( tec%no)o"' !e("ne! toe7ten! o4er an entre ct'$

?or e$"$ a compan' can u(e a M;N to connect t%e ;N( n a)) t( offce( t%rou"%out

a ct'$

21$ Defne Peer to peer proce((e($

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

11/80

T%e proce((e( on eac% mac%ne t%at communcate at a "4en )a'er are ca))e! peer to peer

proce((e($

2$ W%at ( %a)f !up)e7 mo!e*

; tran(m((on mo!e n &%c% eac% (taton can +ot% tran(mt an! rece4eB +ut not at t%e

(ame tme$

30$ W%at ( fu)) !up)e7 mo!e*

; tran(m((on mo!e n &%c% +ot% (taton( can tran(mt an! rece4e (mu)taneou()'$

3#$ W%at ( nternet*

W%en t&o or more net&or( are connecte! t%e' +ecome an nternet&or or nternet$

T%e mo(t nota+)e nternet ( ca))e! t%e Internet$

32$ W%at ( Internet *

T%e Internet ( a communcaton ('(tem t%at %a( +rou"%t a &ea)t% of nformaton to out

fn"ertp( an! or"an>e! t for our u(e$Internet Wor)!&!e net&or$

33$ (t t%e )a'er( of OSI mo!e)$

- P%'(ca)

- Data n- Net&or

- Tran(port

- Se((on

- Pre(entaton- ;pp)caton$

3,$ Defne OSI mo!e)$T%e open ('(tem Interconnecton mo!e) ( a )a'ere! frame&or for t%e !e("n of net&or ('(tem

t%at a))o&( for communcaton acro(( a)) t'pe( of computer ('(tem($

3$ W%c% OSI )a'er( are t%e net&or (upport )a'er(*

- P%'(ca)

- Data )n

- Net&or )a'er($

3.$ W%c% OSI )a'er( are t%e u(er (upport )a'er(*

- Se((on- Pre(entaton

- ;pp)caton$

3/$ W%at are t%e re(pon(+)te( of p%'(ca) )a'erB !ata )n )a'erB net&or )a'erBtran(port )a'erB (e((on )a'erB pre(entaton )a'erB app)caton )a'er$

89 P%'(ca) )a'er Re(pon(+)e for tran(mttn" n!4!ua) +t( from one no!e to t%e

ne7t$

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

12/80

89 Data )n )a'er Re(pon(+)e for tran(mttn" frame( from one no!e to t%e ne7t$

89 Net&or )a'er Re(pon(+)e for t%e !e)4er' of pacet( from t%e or"na) (ource to

t%e fna) !e(tnaton$849 Tran(port )a'er Re(pon(+)e for !e)4er' of a me((a"e from one proce(( to

anot%er$

849 Se((on )a'er To e(ta+)(%B mana"e an! termnate (e((on($849 Pre(entaton )a'er Re(pon(+)e to tran()ateB encr'pt an! compre(( !ata$

849 ;pp)caton )a'er Re(pon(+)e for pro4!n" (er4ce( to t%e u(er$ To a))o& acce((

to net&or re(ource($

31$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of !a)o" contro))er*

T%e (e((on )a'er ( t%e net&or !a)o" contro))er$ It e(ta+)(%e(B mantan( an!

('nc%ron>e( t%e nteracton +et&een communcatn" ('(tem($

3$ Name (ome (er4ce( pro4!e! +' t%e app)caton )a'er$

Specfc (er4ce( pro4!e! +' t%e app)caton )a'er nc)u!e t%e fo))o&n"$

- Net&or 4rtua) termna)$- ?)e tran(ferB acce(( an! mana"ement 8?T;M9$

- Ma) (er4ce($- Drector' (er4ce($

,0$ Defne Net&or =rtua) Termna)$Net&or =rtua) Termna) OSI remote )o"n protoco)$ It ( an ma"nar' termna) &t% a

(et of (tan!ar! c%aracter(tc( t%at e4er' %o(t un!er(tan!($

,#$ Defne t%e term tran(m((on me!um$T%e tran(m((on me!um ( t%e p%'(ca) pat% +et&een tran(mtter an! rece4er n a !ata

tran(m((on ('(tem$ T%e c%aracter(tc( an! @ua)t' of !ata tran(m((on are !etermne! +ot% t%e

nature of ("na) an! nature of t%e me!um$

,2$ W%at are t%e t'pe( of tran(m((on me!a*

Tran(m((on me!a are !4!e! nto t&o cate"ore($ T%e' are a( fo))o&(89 6u!e! tran(m((on me!a

89 Un"u!e! tran(m((on me!a

,3$ :o& !o "u!e! me!a !ffer from un"u!e! me!a*; "u!e! me!a ( contane! &t%n p%'(ca) +oun!are(B &%)e an un"u!e! me!um (

+oun!)e(($

,,$ W%at are t%e t%ree maFor c)a((e( of "u!e! me!a*

Cate"ore( of "u!e! me!a$

#$ T&(te! par ca+)e$Coa7a) ca+)e$

?+er optc ca+)e$

,$ W%at ( a coa7a) ca+)e*

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; t'pe of ca+)e u(e! for computer net&or a( &e)) a( ca+)e te)e4(on$ T%e name ar(e(

from t%e (tructure n &%c% a meta) (%e)! (urroun!( a center &re$ T%e (%e)! protect( t%e ("na)

on t%e nner &re from e)ectrca) nterference$#$ ; )"%t +eam tra4e)( to a )e(( !en(e me!um$ W%at %appen( to t%e +eam n eac% of

t%e fo))o&n" ca(e(

#$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( )e(( t%an t%e crtca) an")e$2$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( e@ua) to t%e crtca) an")e$

3$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( "reater t%an t%e crtca) an")e$

#$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( )e(( t%an t%e crtca) an")e$t%e ra' refract( an! mo4e( c)o(er to t%e (urface$

#$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( e@ua) to t%e crtca) an")e$

t%e )"%t +en!( a)on" t%e nterface$

#$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( "reater t%an t%e crtca) an")e$t%e ra' ref)ect( an! tra4e)( a"an n t%e !en(er (u+(tance$

,.$ W%at ( ref)ecton*

W%en t%e an")e of nc!ent +ecome( "reater t%an t%e crtca) an"e)B a ne& p%enomenonoccur( ca))e! ref)ecton$

,/$ D(cu(( t%e mo!e( for propa"aton )"%t a)on" optca) c%anne)($

T%ere are t&o mo!e( for propa"atn" )"%t a)on" optca) c%anne)($

Sn")e mo!e an! mu)tmo!e$Mu)tmo!e can +e mp)emente! n t&o form( (tep n!e7 or "ra!e! n!e7$

,1$W%at ( t%e purpo(e of c)a!!n" n an optca) f+er*

,$D(cu(( t( !en(t' re)at4e to t%e core$

; ")a(( or p)a(tc ( (urroun!e! +' a c)a!!n" of )e(( !en(e ")a(( or p)a(tc$

T%e !fference n !en(t' of t%e t&o matera)( mu(t +e (uc% t%at a +eam of )"%t mo4n"t%rou"% t%e core ( ref)ecte! off t%e c)a!!n" n(tea! of +en" refracte! nto t$

0$ Name t%e a!4anta"e of optca) f+er o4er t&(te! par an! coa7a) ca+)e$:"%er +an!&!t%$

e(( ("na) attenuaton$

Immunt' to e)ectroma"netc nterference$

Re((tance to corro(4e matera)($More mmune to tappn"$

"%t &e"%t$

#$ W%at ( t%e !(a!4anta"e of optca) f+er a( a tran(m((on me!um*

In(ta))aton < Mantenance$

Un!rectona)$Co(t More e7pen(4e t%an t%o(e of ot%er "u!e! me!a$

2$ W%at mp)ementaton of EI; 232 ( a4a)a+)e*

D5 2 mp)ementaton$D5 mp)ementaton$

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3$ W%at !oe( t%e term mo!em (tan!( for *

Mo!em (tan!( for mo!u)ator < !emo!u)ator$,$ W%at ( t%e functon of a mo!u)ator*

; mo!u)ator con4ert( a !"ta) ("na) nto an ana)o" ("na) u(n" ;SKB ?SKB PSK or

;M$

$ W%at ( t%e functon of a !emo!u)ator*

; !e mo!u)ator con4ert( an ana)o" ("na) nto a !"ta) ("na)$

.$ W%at ( an Inte))"ent mo!em(*

Inte))"ent mo!em( contan (oft&are to (upport a num+er of a!!tona) functon( (uc% a(

automatc an(&ern" an! !a)n"$

/$ W%at are t%e factor t%at affect t%e !ata rate of a )n*

T%e !ata rate of a )n !epen!( on t%e t'pe of enco!n" u(e! an! t%e +an!&!t% of t%eme!um$

1$ Defne ne co!n"$

ne co!n" ( t%e proce(( of con4ertn" +nar' !ataB a (e@uence of +t(B to a !"ta)("na)$

$ ?or n !e4ce( n a net&orB &%at ( t%e num+er of ca+)e )n( nece((ar' for me(%Brn"B +u( an! (tar net&or($

Num+er of )n( for me(% topo)o"' n 8n #9 < 2$

Num+er of )n( for rn" topo)o"' n #$Num+er of )n( for +u( topo)o"' one +ac+one an! n !rop )ne($

Num+er of )n( for (tar topo)o"' n$

.0$ Wrte t%e !e("n ((ue( of !ata)n )a'er*#9 Ser4ce( pro4!e! to net&or )a'er$

29 ?ramn"

39 Error contro),9 ?)o& contro)

.#$ W%at ( !ata)n*W%en a !ata)n contro) protoco) ( u(e! t%e tran(m((on me!um +et&een ('(tem( (

referre! to a( a !ata)n$

.2$ W%at ( t%e man functon of !ata)n )a'er*

T%e !ata)n )a'er tran(form( t%e p%'(ca) )a'erB a ra& tran(m((on fac)t' to a re)a+)e

)n an! ( re(pon(+)e for no!e to no!e !e)4er'$

.3$ W%at ( a !ata)n protoco)*

Data)n protoco) ( a )a'er of contro) pre(ent n eac% communcatn" !e4ce t%at

pro4!e( functon( (uc% a( f)o& contro)B error !etecton an! error contro)$

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.,$ W%at ( meant +' f)o& contro)*

?)o& contro) ( a (et of proce!ure( u(e! to re(trct t%e amount of !ata t%at t%e (en!er can (en!

+efore &atn" for an acno&)e!"ement$

.$ :o& ( error contro))e! n !ata)n contro))e! protoco)*

In a !ata)n contro) protoco)B error contro) ( act4ate! +' retran(m((on of !ama"e!frame t%at %a4e not +een acno&)e!"e! +' ot%er (!e &%c% re@ue(t( a retran(m((on$

..$ D(cu(( t%e concept of re!un!anc' n error !etecton$

Error !etecton u(e( t%e concept of re!un!anc'B &%c%mean( a!!n" e7tra +t( for !etectn" error( at t%e

!e(tnaton$

./$ W%at are t%e t%ree t'pe( of re!un!anc' c%ec( u(e! n !ata communcaton(*- =ertca) Re!un!anc' C%ec 8=RC9

- on"tu!na) Re!un!anc' C%ec 8RC9- C'c)c Re!un!anc' C%ec 8CRC9

.1$ :o& can t%e part' +t !etect a !ama"e! !ata unt*

In part' c%ecB 8a re!un!ant +t9 a part' +t ( a!!e! to e4er' !ata unt (o t%at t%e tota)

num+er of #( ( e4en for e4en part' c%ecn" functon 8or o!! for o!! part'9$

.$ :o& can &e u(e t%e :ammn" co!e to correct a +ur(t error*

5' rearran"n" t%e or!er of +t tran(m((on of t%e !ata unt(B t%e :ammn" co!e cancorrect +ur(t error($

/0$ 5ref)' !(cu(( Stop an! Wat met%o! of f)o& contro)*

In Stop an! Wat of f)o& contro)B t%e (en!er (en!( one frame an! &at( for anacno&)e!"ement +efore (en!n" t%e ne7t frame$

/#$ In t%e :ammn" co!e for a !ata unt of m +t( %o& !o 'ou compute t%e num+er ofre!un!ant +t( HrA nee!e!*

In t%e :ammn" co!eB for a !ata unt of m +t(B u(e t%e formu)a 2r G m J r J # to

!etermne rB t%e num+er of re!un!ant +t( nee!e!$

/2$ W%at are t%ree popu)ar ;R mec%an(m(*

- Stop an! &at ;RB- 6o 5ac N ;R an!

- Se)ect4e Report ;R$

/3$ :o& !oe( ;R correct an error*;n'tme an error ( !etecte! n an e7c%an"eB a ne"at4e acno&)e!"ment 8N;K9 (

returne! an! t%e (pecfe! frame( are retran(mtte!$

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/$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of t%e tmer at t%e (en!er (te n ('(tem( u(n" ;R*

T%e (en!er (tart( a tmer &%en t (en!( a frame$ If an acno&)e!"ment ( not rece4e!

&t%n an a))otte! tme pero!B t%e (en!er a((ume( t%at t%e frame &a( )o(t or !ama"e! an!re(en!( t$

/.$ W%at ( !ama"e! frame*; !ama"e! frame ( reco"n>a+)e frame t%at !oe( arr4eB +ut (ome of t%e +t( are n error 8%a4e

+een a)tere! !urn" tran(m((on9

//$ W%at ( :DC*

:DC ( a +t orente! !ata)n protoco) !e("ne! to (upport +ot% %a)f-!up)e7 an! fu))

!up)e7 communcaton o4er pont to pont an! mu)tport )n$

/1$ 64e !ata tran(fer mo!e( of :DC*

#$ NRM Norma) Re(pon(e Mo!e

2$ ;RM ;('nc%ronou( Re(pon(e Mo!e

3$ ;5M - ;('nc%ronou( 5a)ance! Mo!e

/$ :o& man' t'pe( of frame( :DC u(e(*#$ U-?rame(

2$ I-?rame(

3$ S-?rame

10$ State p%a(e( n4o)4e! n t%e operaton of :DC*

#$ Inta)>aton

2$ Data tran(fer3$ D(connect

1#$ Defne p""'+acn"*T%e nc)u(on of an acno&)e!"ment to a pre4ou()' rece4e! pacet n an out"on" !ata

pacet ( no&n a( p""'+acn"$

12$ W%at ( t%e meann" of ;CK frame*

;CK frame ( an n!caton t%at a (taton %a( rece4e! (omet%n" from anot%er$

Part B

#$ De(cr+e t%e functon( of t%e )a'er( n t%e OSI reference mo!e)$

2$ E7p)an t%e feature( of t%e 4arou( un"u!e! tran(m((on me!a n term( of

fre@uenc' +an!B mo!u)aton (c%eme u(e!B no(e mmunt'B +an!&!t% an! !ata rate$3$ E7p)an t%e 4arou( topo)o"e($

,$ De(cr+e t%e cate"ore( of net&or$

$ E7p)an n !eta) t%e mo!em (tan!ar!( an! t( tran(m((on rate($

.$ Wt% reference to tran(m((on me!aB !e(cr+e t%e re)at4e mert( of optca) f+er(an! copper$

/$ E7p)an t%e prncp)e( n4o)4e! n t%e tran(m((on of !ata t%rou"% optca) f+er($

1$ E7p)an t%e (tructure of f+er ca+)e( &t% neat !a"ram$

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$ (t an! !(cu(( t%e component( n an optca) tran(m((on ('(tem$

#0$ ; net&or %a( n !e4ce($ Determne t%e num+er of ca+)e )n( re@ure! for a me(%B

rn"B +u( an! (tar topo)o"'$

Unt 2

Data n a'erP;RT - ;

#$ Wrte t%e !e("n ((ue( of !ata)n )a'er*

#9 Ser4ce( pro4!e! to net&or )a'er$29 ?ramn"

39 Error contro)

,9 ?)o& contro)

2$ W%at ( !ata)n*

W%en a !ata)n contro) protoco) ( u(e! t%e tran(m((on me!um +et&een ('(tem( (


3$ W%at ( t%e man functon of !ata)n )a'er*

T%e !ata)n )a'er tran(form( t%e p%'(ca) )a'erB a ra& tran(m((on fac)t' to a re)a+)e)n an! ( re(pon(+)e for no!e to no!e !e)4er'$

,$ W%at ( a !ata)n protoco)*Data)n protoco) ( a )a'er of contro) pre(ent n eac% communcatn" !e4ce t%at


$ W%at ( meant +' f)o& contro)*?)o& contro) ( a (et of proce!ure( u(e! to re(trct t%e amount of !ata t%at t%e (en!er can (en!

+efore &atn" for an acno&)e!"ement$


In a !ata)n contro) protoco)B error contro) ( act4ate! +' retran(m((on of !ama"e!

frame t%at %a4e not +een acno&)e!"e! +' ot%er (!e &%c% re@ue(t( a retran(m((on$

/$ D(cu(( t%e concept of re!un!anc' n error !etecton$

Error !etecton u(e( t%e concept of re!un!anc'B &%c%

mean( a!!n" e7tra +t( for !etectn" error( at t%e !e(tnaton$

1$ W%at are t%e t%ree t'pe( of re!un!anc' c%ec( u(e! n !ata communcaton(*

- =ertca) Re!un!anc' C%ec 8=RC9- on"tu!na) Re!un!anc' C%ec 8RC9

- C'c)c Re!un!anc' C%ec 8CRC9

$ :o& can t%e part' +t !etect a !ama"e! !ata unt*

In part' c%ecB 8a re!un!ant +t9 a part' +t ( a!!e! to e4er' !ata unt (o t%at t%e tota)num+er of #( ( e4en for e4en part' c%ecn" functon 8or o!! for o!! part'9$

#0$ :o& can &e u(e t%e :ammn" co!e to correct a +ur(t error*

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3$ D(connect

2#$ Defne p""'+acn"*T%e nc)u(on of an acno&)e!"ment to a pre4ou()' rece4e! pacet n an out"on" !ata

pacet ( no&n a( p""'+acn"$



23$ W%at ( CSM;*Carrer Sen(e Mu)tp)e ;cce(( ( a protoco) u(e! to (en(e &%et%er a me!um ( +u('

+efore attemptn" to tran(mt$

2,$ E7p)an CSM;

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3#$ W%at ( +t (tuffn" an! &%' t ( nee!e! n :DC*

5t (tuffn" ( t%e proce(( of a!!n" one e7tra 0 &%ene4er t%ere are f4e con(ecut4e #( n t%e

!ata (o t%at t%e rece4er !oe( not m(tae t%e !ata for a f)a"$ 5t (tuffn" ( nee!e! to %an!)e !atatran(parenc'$

32$ W%at ( t%e u(e of p

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3$ Inte))"ent %u+

,3$ Menton t%e functon of %u+$#$ ?ac)tate a!!n"

2$ E7ten! t%e )en"t% of net&or

3$ It pro4!e( centra)>e mana"ement (er4ce(,$ Pro4!e( mu)tp)e nterface($

,,$ W%at ( t%e man functon of "ate&a'$; "ate&a' ( a protoco) con4erter

,$ ; "ate&a' operate( at &%c% )a'er$

6ate&a' operate( at a)) (e4en )a'er( of OSI mo!e)$

,.$ W%c% factor( a "ate&a' %an!)e(*

Data rateB !ata (>eB !ata format

,/$ W%at ( meant +' act4e %u+*

; centra) %u+ n a net&or t%at retran(mt( t%e !ata t rece4e($

,1$ W%at ( t%e functon of ;CK tmer*

;CK tmer ( u(e! n f)o& contro) protoco)( to !etermne &%en to (en! a (eparateacno&)e!"ment n t%e a+(ence of out"on" frame$

,$ W%c% t'pe of routn" can re(pon! to t%e c%an"e( n net&or$

;!apt4e routn"

0$ T%e n(erton of an e7tra +t to a4o! a )on" run of (ame +t ( ca))e! a( $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

5t (tuffn"

#$ W%at are t%e t'pe( of +r!"e(*

#$ Tran(parent +r!"e2$ Source Routn" +r!"e

Tran(parent +r!"e - Tran(parent +r!"e eep a (uta+)e of a!!re((e( n memor' to

!etermne &%ere to (en! !ata Source Routn" +r!"e - Source Routn" +r!"e re@ure( t%e entre

routn" ta+)e to +e nc)u!e! n t%e tran(m((on an! !o not route pacet nte))"ent)'$

2$ W%at ( SI?S*

S%ort Inter ?rame Spacn" ( u(e! to a))o& t%e parte( n

a (n")e !a)o" t%e c%ance to "o fr(t$

3$ W%at are tran(rece4er(*

Tran(rece4er( are com+naton of tran(mtter an! rece4er$ Tran(rece4er( are a)(o ca))e! a(me!um attac%ment unt 8M;U9

,$ W%at ( t%e functon of NIC*NIC ( u(e! to a))o& t%e computer to communcate on t%e net&or$ It (upport(

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tran(mttn"B rece4n" an! contro))n" traffc &t% ot%er computer( on net&or$

$ Menton !fferent ran!om acce(( tec%n@ue(*#$ ;O:;

2$ CSM;

3$ CSM; to 2$,1, 6:>

#$ Pa((4e %u+

2$ ;ct4e %u+

#$ Inte))"ent %u+

/$ (t t%e t&o t'pe( of !ata frame( n ?DDI

- S'nc%ronou( 8S frame9

- ;('nc%ronou( 8; frame9

1$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of t%e N;=*T%e net&or a))ocaton 4ector 8N;=9 ( a tmer for co))(on a4o!ance$

$ Name t%e four t'pe( of S frame($- Rece4e rea!'8RR9

- Rece4e not rea!' 8RNR9

- ReFect 8REI9

- Se)ect4e reFect 8SREL9

.0$ W%at are t%e four SONET )a'er(*

SONET !efne( four )a'er($ T%e p%otonc )a'er ( t%e )o&e(t an! perform( p%'(ca) )a'eract4te($ T%e (ectonB )ne an! pat% )a'er( corre(pon! to t%e OSI mo!e)A( !ata )n )a'er$

.#$ W%at ( a 4rtua) tr+utar'*; 4rtua) tr+utar' ( a parta) pa')oa! t%at can +e n(erte! nto an STS-# an! com+ne!

&t% ot%er parta) pa')oa!( to f)) out t%e frame$

.2$ W%at ( t%e acce(( met%o! u(e! +' &re)e(( ;N(*T%e &re)e(( ;N acce(( met%o! ( CSM;

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%o& t%e t%rt' t&o +t +)oc ( tran(mtte! to t%e

rece4er u(n" on"tu!na) Re!un!anc' C%ec$ 8.9

2$ Con(!er a 32 +t +)oc of !ata ###00### ##0###0#00###00# #0#0#00# t%at %a( to +e tran(mtte!$ I?

on"tu!na) Re!un!anc' C%ec ( u(e! &%at ( t%e

tran(mtte! +t (tream$ 8,93$ In t%e :ammn" co!e for a !ata unt of m +t( %o&

!o 'ou compute t%e num+er of re!un!ant +t( HrA

nee!e!$ 839,$ W%at n!( of error( can 4ertca) Re!un!anc' c%ec

!etermne* W%at n!( of error( t cannot !etermne*839

.$ $ (t t%e t%ree man functon( preforme! +' t%e !ata)n )a'er of t%e ISO OSI mo!e)$ 839

$ E7p)an t%e &orn" of carrer (en(e mu)tp)e acce((

protoco)$ 839

$ :o& !oe( a Toen Rn" ;N operate(* D(cu(($ 8.94$ (t an! +ref)' !(cu(( t%e t&o !fferent +a(c

tran(m((on tec%no)o"e( t%at can +e u(e! to (et up&re)e(( ;NA($ 8,9

/$ E7p)an :ammn" Co!e$

1$ E7p)an n !eta)( SONET an! SONET ?rame$$ E7p)an t%e frame formatB operaton an! rn" mantenance feature of IEEE 102$

M;C protoco)$

#0$ $ E7p)an t%e !ata)n )a'er n t%e Internet$

$ If t%e frame ( ##0#0##0## an! "enerator ( #00##&%at &ou)! +e t%e tran(mtte! frame*

##$ $ W%at ( t%e reman!er o+tane! +' !4!n" 7/J7J#

+' t%e "enerator po)'noma) 73J#$$ ; +t (tream #00###0# ( tran(mtte! u(n" t%e

(tan!ar! CRC met%o!$ T%e "enerator po)'noma) (

73J# (%o& t%e actua) +t (trn" tran(mtte!$ Suppo(et%e t%r! +t from )eft ( n4erte! !urn" tran(m((on

(%o& t%at t%( error ( !etecte! at rece4erA( en!$

$ ; +t (trn" 0####0#####0######0B nee!( to +e

tran(mtte! at t%e !ata)n )a'er$ W%at ( t%e (trn"actua))' tran(mtte! after +t (tuffn"$

#2$ 5ref)' !efne e' re@urement( for &re)e(( ;N($

#3$ De(cr+e t%e ?DDI frame format an! e7p)an$#,$ D(cu(( t%e M;C )a'er functon( of IEEE 102$##$

#$ E7p)an n !eta)( t%e t'pe( of +r!"e($

UNIT III

P;RT ;

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#$ W%at ( mean +' nternet&or(*

W%en t&o or more net&or( are connecte!B t%e' +ecome nternet&or or nternet$

2$ W%at are t%e met%o!( of pacet (&tc%n"*

=rtua) Crcut approac%$

Data"ram approac%

3$ W%at ( an Internet Protoco) 8IP9*

T%e protoco) t%at !efne( +ot% t%e format of pacet( u(e! on a TCP

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net&or$

$ W%at ( a %o(t! an! net!*Net! T%e porton of t%e IP a!!re(( t%at !entfe( t%e net&or ca))e! t%e net!$

:o(t! T%e porton of t%e IP a!!re(( t%at !entfe( t%e %o(t or router on t%e net&or (

ca))e! t%e %o(t!$

#0$ :o& !oe( a net! !ffer from a net&or a!!re((*

; net&or a!!re(( %a( +ot% net! an! %o(t! &t% 0A( for t%e %o(t!$

##$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of (u+nettn"*

W%en &e !4!e a net&or nto (e4era) (u+net(B &e %a4e t%ree )e4e)( of %erarc%'

T%e net! ( t%e fr(t )e4e)B !efne( t%e (te$T%e (u+net! ( t%e 2n! )e4e)B !efne( t%e p%'(ca) (u+net&or$ T%e %o(t! ( t%e 3r! )e4e) !efne(

t%e connecton of t%e %o(t to t%e (u+net&or$

#2$ Defne Ma(n"$Ma(n" ( a proce(( t%at e7tract( t%e a!!re(( of t%e p%'(ca) net&or from an IP a!!re(($

#3$ W%at ( t%e !fference +et&een +oun!ar' )e4e) ma(n" an! non-+oun!ar' )e4e)

ma(n"$

5oun!ar' )e4e) Ma(n"If t%e ma(n" ( at t%e +oun!ar' )e4e)B t%e ma( num+er( are et%er 2 or 0B fn!n" t%e

(u+net&or a!!re(( ( 4er' ea('$

Non 5oun!ar' )e4e) Ma(n"

If t%e ma(n" ( not at t%e +oun!ar' )e4e)B t%e ma( num+er( are not Fu(t 2 or 0Bfn!n" t%e (u+net&or a!!re(( n4o)4e( u(n" t%e +t&(e ;ND operator($

#,$ W%at ( t%e functon of router*Router( re)a' pacet( amon" mu)tp)e nterconnecte! net&or($ T%e' route pacet( from one

net&or to an' num+er of potenta) !e(tnaton net&or( on an nternet$

#$ :o& !oe( a router !ffer from a +r!"e*

Router( pro4!e )n( +et&een t&o (eparate +ut (ame t'pe ;N( an! are mo(t act4e at

t%e net&or )a'er$ W%erea( +r!"e( ut)>e a!!re((n" protoco)( an! can affect t%e f)o&

contro) of a (n")e ;N mo(t act4e at t%e !ata )n )a'er$

#.$ W%at ( t%e c)a(( of eac% of t%e fo))o&n" a!!re((e(*

a$ #00###0# #000#### #####00# #00#### C)a(( 5+$ ##0###0# #000#### ######00 ##00#### C)a(( C

c$ 0####0## #000#### ######00 ##00#### C)a(( ;

!$ ###0#0## #000#### ######00 ##00#### C)a(( De$ ####0#0# #000#### ######00 ##00#### C)a(( E

/$ ?n! t%e c)a(( of eac% a!!re((e($

a$ ,$23$#,$0 C)a(( ;

+$ 22/$3,$/1$/ C)a(( Dc$ 2,.$/$3$1 C)a(( E

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

26/80

!$ 2$.$1$, C)a(( ;

e$ #1$/.$$23 C)a(( C

#1$ In routn" &%at !oe( t%e term S:ORTEST mean*

T%e term S%orte(t mean t%e com+naton of man' factor( nc)u!n" (%orte(tB c%eape(t B

fa(te(t mo(t re)a+)e an! (o on$

#$ W%' ( a!apt4e routn" (uperor to non a!apt4e routn"*

;!apt4e routn" ( (uperor to non a!apt4e routn" +ecau(e a!apt4e routn" ma' (e)ect a ne&route for eac% pacet n re(pon(e to c%an"e n con!ton an! topo)o"' of t%e net&or($

20$ W%at ( t%e routerA( ro)e n contro))n" t%e pacet )fetme*

;( pacet ( "enerate!B eac% pacet ( maret &t% a )fetmeB u(ua))' t%e num+er of %op( t%at area))o&e! +efore a pacet ( con(!ere! )o(t an!B accor!n")' !e(tro'e!$ ;( eac% router encounter(

t%e pacet (u+tract( # from t%e tota) +efore pa((n" t on$ W%en t%e )fetme tota) reac%e( 0B t%e

pacet ( !e(tro'e!$

2#$ W%at are t%e mo(t popu)ar routn" a)"ort%m(*

a$ D(tance =ector routn"+$ n State routn"

22$ W%at are t%e t%ree man e)ement( of !(tance 4ector a)"ort%m($a$ Kno&)e!"e a+out t%e entre autonomou( ('(tem$

+$ Routn" on)' to ne"%+our(

c$ Informaton (%arn" at re"u)ar nter4a)(

23$ W%at ( Supernettn"*

Supernettn" com+ne( (e4era) net&or( nto one )a"er one$

2,$ Defne f)oo!n"*

?)oo!n" mean( t%at a router (en!( t( nformaton to a)) of t( ne"%+our( an! a)) of t(

output port($

2$ W%at are t%e (er4ce( offere! +' net&or )a'er*

a$ o"ca) a!!re((n"

+$ Routn"

2.$ D(tn"u(% +et&een a!apt4e an! non a!apt4e routn" a)"ort%m($

Non a!apt4e Routn"Once a pat%&a' to a !e(tnaton %a( +een (e)ecte! t%e

router (en!( a)) pacet( for t%at !e(tnaton a)on" t%at

one route$T%e routn" !ec(on( are not +a(e! on t%e con!ton or

topo)o"' of t%e net&or($

;!apt4e Routn"

Router ma' (e)ect a ne& route for eac% pacet$8e4en pacet( +e)on"n" to t%e (ametran(m((on9

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

27/80

T%e routn" !ec(on( are +a(e! on t%e con!ton or topo)o"' of t%e net&or($

2/$ I!entf' t%e c)a(( an! !efau)t (u+net ma( of t%e IP a!!re(( 2#/$.$#0$/$It +e)on"( to c)a(( C$

Defau)t (u+net ma( 2$2$2$#2

21$ W%at are t%e fe)!( pre(ent n IP a!!re((*

Net! an! :o(t!$

Net! porton of t%e p a!!re(( t%at !entfe( t%e net&or$:o(t! porton of t%e p a!!re(( t%at !entfe( t%e %o(t or router on t%e net&or($

2$ W%at are t%e t%ree man e)ement( of n (tate routn"*

#$ Kno&)e!"e a+out t%e ne"%+or%oo!$2$ S%arn" &t% e4er' ot%er net&or$

3$ Informaton (%arn" &%en t%ere ( a c%an"e$

30$ W%at a)"ort%m !oe( )n (tate routn" u(e to ca)cu)ate t%e routn" ta+)e($DF(tra a)"ort%m ( u(e! to ca)cu)ate t%e routn" ta+)e$

3#$ W%at are t%e a!4anta"e( of f)oo!n"*

- Smp)e

- Nee!( no net&or nformaton or routn" ta+)e(- Ro+u(t for fa)ure prone net&or($

- S%orte(t pat% ( a)&a'( foun!$

32$ W%at ( f)o& contro)*

:o& to eep a fa(t (en!er from (&ampn" a ()o& rece4er &t% !ata ( ca))e! f)o&contro)$

33$ Dfferentate 4rtua) crcut an! !ata"ramA($

=C ( connecton orente! an! !ata"ram ( connecton)e(($

3,$ W%at ( a!apt4e routn" a)"ort%m*

;!apt4e routn" a)"ort%m( c%an"e t%er routn" !ec(on( to ref)ect c%an"e( n t%etopo)o"' an! u(ua))' t%e traffc a( &e))$ D(tance 4ector an! )n (tate are e7amp)e( of

t%($

3$ W%at ( t%e tme to )4e fe)! n IP %ea!er*

Tme to )4e fe)! ( counter u(e! to )mt pacet )fetme( count( n (econ! an! !efau)t

4a)ue ( 2 (ec$

3.$ W%at are t%e man !(a!4anta"e( of !(tance 4ector routn"*

Sp)t %or>onCount to nfnt' pro+)em

3/$ I!entf' t%e c)a(( an! !efau)t (u+net ma( of t%e IP a!!re(( 2#/$.$#0$/

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

28/80

IP a!!re(( 2#/$.$#0$/ +e)on"( to c)a(( C a!!re(( an! !efau)t (u+net ma( (

2$2$2$0$

31$ W%at ( meant +' 4rtua) pat%*

=rtua) pat% ( a (et of connecton( +et&een t&o (&tc%e($

3$ W%at ( a!!re(( re(o)uton*

;!!re(( re(o)uton ( a proce(( of o+tann" t%e p%'(ca) a!!re(( of a computer +a(e! on t( IP

a!!re((B n or!er to +e a+)e to fna))' actua))' tran(mt t%e frame or !ata"ram( o4er t%e net&orto &%c% t%e no!e +e)on"($

,0$ W%' ( t t%at n a +roa!ca(t net&orB t%e net&or )a'er ( often t%n or e4en non

e7(tent*Net&or )a'er ( re(pon(+)e for %o(t to %o(t !e)4er' an! for routn" t%e pacet( t%rou"%

t%e router( or (&tc%e($ In +roa!ca(t t%ere ( no nee! of a!!re((n" t%e pacet(B routn"

an! a!!re(( 4erfcaton$

,#$ W%at are t%e +eneft( of (u+nettn" a net&or*

#$ Re!uce! net&or traffc2$ Optm>e! net&or performance

3$ Smp)fe! net&or mana"ement

,$ ?ac)te( (pannn" )ar"e "eo"rap%ca) !(tance$

,2$ W%at ( meant +' routn" a)"ort%m*

T%e a)"ort%m t%at mana"e( routn" ta+)e( an! mae( t%e routn" !ec(on( ( ca))e!

routn" a)"ort%m$

,3$ W%at are t%e !e(ra+)e properte( of a routn" a)"ort%m(*

#$ Correctne((2$ Smp)ct'

3$ Ro+u(tne((

,$ Sta+)t'$ ?arne((

.$ Optma)t'

,,$ W%at are t%e t'pe( of routn" a)"ort%m(*#$ Non a!apt4e routn" a)"ort%m

2$ ;!apt4e routn" a)"ort%m

,$ W%at are t%e metrc( u(e! +' routn" protoco)(*

Pat% )en"t%B re)a+)t'B !e)a'B +an!&!t%B )oa! an! communcaton co(t$

P;RT 5

#$ E7p)an t%e net&or )a'er n t%e Internet an! IP a!!re((n"2$ Wrte a note on 4arou( nternet&orn" !e4ce(

3$ Compare 5r!"e( an! router(

,$ E7p)an (%orte(t pat% a)"ort%m &t% a (uta+)e ))u(traton

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

29/80

#$ E7p)an t%e !(tance 4ector routn" a)"ort%m$

2$ Menton t%e )mtaton( of !(tance 4ector routn"

a)"ort%m$3$ E7p)an t%e +u)!n" an! !(tr+uton of )n (tate pacet( n )n (tate routn"

a)"ort%m$

,$ Menton t%e )mtaton( of )n (tate routn" a)"ort%m$.$ E7p)an )n (tate routn" an! !(cu(( t( a!4anta"e( o4er !(tance 4ector routn"$

/$ E7p)an n !eta)( pacet (&tc%n"$

1$ E7p)an n !eta)( Data"ram approac%$$ E7p)an n !eta)( IP a!!re((n" met%o!($

#0$ $ State &%c% )a'er( of t%e ISO OSI mo!e) !oe( t%e

fo))o&n" nterconnectn" !e4ce( operate$

a$ Repeater(+$ 5r!"e(

c$ Router(

!$ 6ate&a'(

$ State t%e maFor !fference +et&een D(tance =ectorRoutn" an! n (tate Routn"$ D(cu(( %o& t%e(e

routn" tec%n@ue( &or$##$ $ W%at ( (u+nettn"* D(cu(($ ;)(o (tate &%c%

c)a((e( of IP a!!re(( can +e (u+nette!$

$ W%at ( (u+net ma(n"* D(cu(($ :o& can &e pro4e t%at &e %a4e 2B#,/B,13B.,1

a!!re((e( n c)a(( ;*

4$ W%at ( t%e (u+net&or a!!re(( f t%e !e(tnaton

a!!re(( ( 200$,$3,$. an! t%e (u+net ma( (2$2$2,0$0

#2$ $ In c)a((fu) a!!re((n" %o& ( an IP a!!re(( n c)a((

;B C)a(( 5 an! C)a(( C !4!e!* D(cu(($ 64en t%e a!!re(( 23$.$/$# an! t%e !efau)t c)a((

; ma(B fn! t%e +e"nnn" a!!re(( 8net&or

a!!re((9$ 64en t%e a!!re(( 20#$#10$.$ an! t%e !efau)t c)a((

C ma(B fn! t%e +e"nnn" a!!re(( 8net&or

a!!re((9$

#3$ ?or t%e net&or (%o&n n f"ure &t% t%e "4en )n co(tB u(e DF(traA( a)"ort%m to!etermne t%e (%orte(t pat% from ; to a)) ot%er no!e($ S%o& a)) 'our &orn" an! (%o&

'our re(u)t a( a (pannn" tree8(9 route! at ;$

UNIT ,

P;RT ;#$ W%at are t%e (er4ce( pro4!e! +' tran(port )a'er protoco)*

a$ En! to En! !e)4er'

+$ ;!!re((n"

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

30/80

c$ Re)a+)e !e)4er'

!$ ?)o& contro)

e$ Mu)tp)e7n"2$ W%at ( t%e !fference +et&een net&or (er4ce an! tran(port (er4ce*

Net&or (er4ce( ( "enera))' unre)a+)e &%erea( tran(port (er4ce ( re)a+)e$ T%e

net&or (er4ce ( on)' u(e! +' t%e tran(port entte( an! tran(port (er4ce mu(t +econ4enent an! ea(' to u(e$

3$ (t (ome of t%e ua)t' of (er4ce parameter( of tran(port )a'er

a$ Error an! )o(( )e4e)(+$ De(re! a4era"e an! ma7mum !e)a'

c$ T%rou"%put

!$ Prort' )e4e)

e$ Re()ence$,$ W%at are t%e functon( of tran(port )a'er(*

T%e tran(port )a'er ( re(pon(+)e for re)a+)e !ata !e)4er'$ ?uncton( of tran(port )a'er

$ Tran(port )a'er +rea( me((a"e( nto pacet(

$ It perform( error reco4er' f t%e )o&er )a'er( are not a!e@uate)' error free$$ ?uncton of f)o& contro) f not !one a!e@uate)' at t%e net&or )a'er$

4$ ?uncton of mu)tp)e7n" an! !emu)tp)e7n" (e((on( to"et%er$4$ T%( )a'er can +e re(pon(+)e for (ettn" up an! re)ea(n" connecton( acro(( t%e

net&or$

$ W%at ( tran(port entt'*T%e man "oa) of t%e tran(port )a'er ( to pro4!e effcentB re)a+)e an! co(t effect4e

(er4ce to t( u(er(B norma))' proce((e( n t%e app)caton )a'er$ T%e %ar!&are an!

(oft&are &t%n t%e tran(port )a'er t%at !oe( t%e &or ( ca))e! t%e tran(port entt'$

.$ W%at ( (e"mentaton*W%en t%e (>e of t%e !ata unt rece4e! from t%e upper )a'er ( too )on" for t%e net&or

)a'er !ata"ram( or !ata)n frame to %an!)eB t%e tran(port protoco) !4!e( t n to (ma))erB

u(ua+)e +)oc($ T%e !4!n" proce(( ( ca))e! (e"mentaton$/$ W%at ( concatenaton*

W%en t%e (>e of t%e !ata unt( +e)on"n" to a (n")e (e((on are (o (ma)) t%at (e4era) can

ft to"et%er nto a (n")e !ata"ram or frameB t%e tran(port protoco) com+ne( t%em nto a(n")e !ata unt$ T%e com+nn" proce(( ( ca))e! concatenaton$

1$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of (e@uence contro)*

a$ If a )on"er !ata unt %a( +een (e"mente! t%e num+er( n!cate t%e or!er of

rea((em+)'$+$ If (e4era) (%orter unt( %a4e +een concatenate! t%e num+er( n!cate t%e en! of eac%

(u+unt an! a))o& t%em to +e (eparate! accurate)' at t%e !e(tnaton$

$ :o& tran(port )a'er perform( Dup)caton contro)*Se@uence num+er a))o& t%e rece4er to !entt' an! !(car! !up)cate (e"ment($

#0$ Defne Mu)tp)e7n"$

Man' to one re)aton(%p

T%e proce(( of acceptn" me((a"e( from !fferent proce((e(B !fferentate! +' t%era(("ne! port num+er$ ;fter a!!n" t%e %ea!erB t%e tran(port )a'er pa((e( t%e pacet to t%e

net&or )a'er$

##$ W%at are t%e t&o &a'( of mu)tp)e7n" !one at t%e tran(port )a'er*

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

31/80

Mu)tp)e7n" occur( at t%e tran(port )a'er n 2 &a'(

$ Up&ar! Mu)tp)e7n"

T%e mu)tp)e tran(port )a'er connecton u(e( t%e (ame net&or connecton($$ Do&n&ar! Mu)tp)e7n"

T%e tran(port )a'er connecton u(e( t%e mu)tp)e net&or connecton($

#2$ W%at are t%e (er4ce prmt4e( n (mp)e tran(port protoco)*T%e parameter( of t%e (er4ce prmt4e an! )+rar' proce!ure( are fo))o&$

$ ISTEN

$ CONNECT$ SEND

4$ RECEI=E

4$ DISCONNECT

#3$ W%at ( t%e functon of tran(m((on tmer*T%e man functon ( to retran(mt acno&)e!"e! (e"ment$

#,$ W%at ( meant +' &e)) no&n port* W%at ( t%e num+er(*

We)) no&n port mean( t%e' are re(er4e! for u(e +' &e)) no&n app)caton protoco)(

(uc% a( :TTP an! ?TP$ T%e port num+er ran"n" from 0 to #023 are &e)) no&n portnum+er($

#$ W%at are t%e t%ree (tep( n4o)4e! n e(ta+)(%n" a connecton*Connecton e(ta+)(%ment n4o)4e( t%e fo))o&n"

$ :o(t ; (en!( a pacet to announce t( &(% for connecton an! nc)u!e( t(

nta)>aton nformaton a+out traffc from ; to 5$$ :o(t 5 (en!( a pacet to acno&)e!"e 8confrm9 t%e re@ue(t of ;$

$ :o(t 5 (en!( a pacet t%at nc)u!e( t( nta)>aton nformaton a+out traffc

from 5 to ;$

4$ :o(t ; (en!( a pacet to acno&)e!"e 8confrm9 t%e re@ue(t of 5$#.$ W%at are t%e (tep( n4o)4e! &%)e termnatn" a connecton*

, acton( are nee!e! to c)o(e t%e connecton( n +ot% !recton($

$ :o(t ; (en!( a pacet announcn" t( &(% for connecton termnaton$$ :o(t 5 (en!( a (e"ment acno&)e!"n" t%e re@ue(t of ;$ ;fter t%(B t%e

connecton ( c)o(e! n one !rectonB +ut not n t%e ot%er$

$ W%en %o(t 5 %a( fn(%e! (en!n" t( o&n !ataB t (en!( a (e"ment to n!cate t%att &ant( to c)o(e t%e connecton$

4$ :o(t ; acno&)e!"e 8confrm9 t%e re@ue(t of 5$

#/$ W%en ( up&ar! mu)tp)e7n" u(e!*

Up&ar! mu)tp)e7n" ( u(e! &%en co(t ( t%e man crtera to +e con(!ere!$#1$ W%at ( Tran(port Contro) Protoco) 8TCP9*

T%e TCP

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

32/80

20$ W%at ( UDP*

U(er Data"ram Protoco) ( t%e TCPero cre!t9 a per((t tmer ( u(e! +'t%e (ource to pero!ca))' pro+e t%e !e(tnaton %o(t to (ee f t%e &n!o& %a( actua))'

+een c%an"e!$ T%e purpo(e ( to pre4ent

!ea!)oc (tuaton( &%ere a cre!t to open t%e &n!o& %a( +een )o(t$

8c9 T%e eep a)4e tmer ( an optona) feature n (ome TCP mp)ementaton($ It ( u(e!to pre4ent a )on" !)e connecton +et&een t&o TCPA(

8!9 Tme &ate! tmer ( u(e! !urn" connecton termnaton$

2/$ W%at ( an ())' &n!o& ('n!rome*

W%en et%er t%e (en!n" app)caton pro"ram create( !ata ()o&)' or t%e rece4n"app)caton pro"ram con(ume( !ata ()o&)' or +ot%$ T%( pro+)em ( ca))e! t%e ())'

&n!o& ('n!rome$

21$ (t t%e f)a" u(e! n TCP %ea!er*

8/13/2019 Cs2302 Cn 2 Marks

33/80

TCP %ea!er contan( (7 f)a"($

T%e' are UR6B ;CKB PS:B RSTB SN an! ?IN$

2$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of ur"ent ponter n t%e TCP %ea!er*

In certan crcum(tance(B t ma' +e nece((ar' for a TCP (en!er to notf' t%e rece4er of

ur"ent !ata t%at (%ou)! +e proce((e! +' t%e rece4n" app)caton a( (oon a( po((+)e$T%( #. +t fe)! te))( t%e rece4er &%en t%e )a(t +'te of ur"ent !ata n t%e (e"ment en!($

30$ W%at ( t%e (e"ment*T%e unt of !ata tran(fer +et&een t&o !e4ce( u(n" TCP ( a (e"ment$

3#$ W%at ( a port*

;pp)caton( runnn" on !fferent %o(t( communcate &t% TCP &t% t%e %e)p of aconcept ca))e! a( port($ ; port ( a #. +t un@ue num+er a))ocate! to a partcu)ar

app)caton$

32$ W%at ( Socet*T%e communcaton (tructure nee!e! for (ocet pro"rammn" ( ca))e! (ocet$

; port !entfe( a (n")e app)caton on a (n")e computer$Socet G IP a!!re(( J Port num+er

33$ :o& TCP !ffer from t%e ()!n" &n!o& protoco)($TCP !ffer( from t%e ()!n" &n!o& protoco)( n t%e fo))o&n" &a'(

#$ W%en u(n" TCPB app)caton( treat t%e !ata (ent an! rece4e! a( an ar+trar' +'te

(tream$ T%e (en!n"

- TCP mo!u)e !4!e( t%e +'te (tream nto a (et of pacet( ca))e! (e"ment(B an! (en!(n!4!ua) (e"ment( &t%n an IP !ata"ram$

- TCP !ec!e( &%ere (e"ment +oun!are( (tart an! en!$

2$ T%e TCP ()!n" &n!o& operate( at t%e +'te )e4e) rat%er t%an t%e pacet 8or (e"ment9)e4e)$ T%e )eft an! r"%t &n!o& e!"e( are +'te ponter($

3$ Se"ment +oun!are( ma' c%an"e at an' tme$ TCP ( free to retran(mt t&o a!Facent

(e"ment( eac% contann" 200 +'te( of !ata a( a (n")e (e"ment of ,00 +'te$,$ T%e (>e of t%e (en! an! rece4e &n!o& c%an"e !'namca))'$

3,$ E7p)an %o& t%e TCP pro4!e( t%e re)a+)t'*

; num+er of mec%an(m( pro4!e t%e re)a+)t'$

#$ C%ec(um2$ Dup)cate !ata !etecton

3$ Retran(m((on

,$ Se@uencn"$ Tmer(

3$ W%at ( a !ata"ram (ocet*

; (tructure !e("ne! to +e u(e! &t% connecton)e(( protoco)( (uc% a( UDP$3.$ TCP (oft&are ( mp)emente! a( a fnte (tate mac%ne($ D(cu(($

To eep trac of a)) t%e !fferent e4ent( %appenn" !urn" connecton e(ta+)(%ment B

connecton termnaton an! !ata tran(fer$

3/$ W%at ( (tream (ocet*; (tructure !e("ne! to +e u(e! &t% a connecton orente! protoco) (uc% a( TCP

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31$ 64e t%e (trate"e( TCP u(e( to a4o! con"e(ton$

#$ S)o& (tart an! a!!t4e ncrea(e

2$ Mu)tp)cat4e !ecrea(e3$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of c%oe pacet$

It ( pacet (ent +' router to t%e (ource to nform t of con"e(ton$

,0$ 64e t%e (tructure of UDP %ea!er,#$ State an' 2 (ocet prmt4e( for TCP an! (tate t%er functon$

#$ (ten

a$ nt )(ten 8nt (! B nt +ac)o"92$ C)o(e

a$ nt c)o(e 8nt (!9

,2$ 64e (ome e7amp)e( of app)caton &%ere UDP ( preferre! o4er TCP$

#$ In mu)tca(tn"2$ Route up!ate protoco) n RIP

,3$ W%at ( con"e(ton*

W%en )oa! on net&or ( "reater t%an t( capct'B t%ere ( con"e(ton of !ata pacet($

Con"e(ton occur( +ecau(e router( an! (&tc%e( %a4e @ueue( or +uffer($,,$ W%at ( meant +' ()o& (tart n TCP*

;t t%e +e"nnn" of a connectonB TCP (et( t%e con"e(ton &n!o& (>e to t%e ma7mum(e"ment (>e$

?or eac% (e"ment t%at ( acno&)e!"e!B TCP ncrea(e( t%e (>e of t%e con"e(ton &n!o&

+' one ma7mum (e"ment (>e unt) t reac%e( a t%re(%o)! of one %a)f of t%e a))o&a+)e&n!o& (>e$

T%( ( ca))e! S)o& Start t ( u(e! &t% a!!t4e ncrea(e$

,$ W%at are t%e t'pe( of con"e(ton contro) a)"ort%m(*

Con"e(ton contro) a)"ort%m( are !4!e! nto 2 t'pe($ T%e' are a( fo))o&(Open )oop a)"ort%m(

C)o(e! )oop a)"ort%m(

,.$ Defne t%e term Ltter$Ltter ( t%e 4araton n !e)a' for pacet( +e)on"n" to t%e (ame f)o&$

,/$ W%at are t%e (c%e!u)n" tec%n@ue( !e("ne! to mpro4e t%e @ua)t' of (er4ce(*

#$ ?I?O @ueun"2$ Prort' @ueun"

3$ We"%te! far @ueun"

,1$ Defne Traffc S%apn"$

It ( a mec%an(m to contro) t%e amount an! rate of t%e traffc (ent to t%e net&or$ T&otec%n@ue( can (%ape traffc$

$ ea' +ucet

$ Toen +ucet,$ Defne Re(ource Re(er4aton$

; f)o& of !ata nee!( re(ource( (uc% a( a +ufferB +an!&!t%B CPU tme an! (o on$ T%e

@ua)t' of (er4ce ( mpro4e! f t%e(e re(ource are re(er4e! +efore%an!$0$ DNS can u(e t%e (er4ce( of UDP or TCP u(n" port 3$ D(cu(( &%en UDP ( u(e!

an! &%en TCP ( u(e!$

UDP ( u(e! &%en t%e (>e of t%e re(pon(e me((a"e ( )e(( t%an #2 +'te($ TCP ( u(e!

&%en t%e (>e of t%e re(pon(e me((a"e ( "reater t%an #2 +'te($

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P;RT 5

#$ E7p)an a con"e(ton contro) a)"ort%m$

2$ E7p)an t%e !ute( of Tran(port )a'er$3$ E7p)an t%e TCP tran(m((on po)c'B Con"e(ton contro)$

,$ E7p)an t%e fo))o&n" ((ue( of tran(port protoco)

a$ E(ta+)(%n" a connecton+$ Termnatn" a connecton

$ E7p)an t%e TCP %ea!er an! &orn" of t%e TCP protoco)$

.$ E7p)an t%e 4arou( fe)!( of TCP %ea!er &t% t%e %e)p of a neat !a"ram$/$ E7p)an t%e 4arou( (tep( t%at are fo))o&e! n re)ea(n" a TCP connecton$

1$ E7p)an t%e t%ree &a' %an!(%ae protoco) to e(ta+)(% t%e tran(port )e4e) connecton$

$ D(cu(( a+out con"e(ton contro) n frame re)a'$

#0$ D(cu(( t%e 4arou( ((ue( of tran(port )a'er n !eta)($##$ $ (t an! !(cu(( t%e 4arou( prmt4e( for a (mp)e

tran(port (er4ce(

$ DNS can u(e t%e (er4ce of UDP or TCP u(n"

port 3 D(cu(( &%en UDP ( u(e! an! &%en TCP( u(e!$

$ :"%)"%t t%e feature( of UDP an! +ref)' !(cu((t%e (ame$

#2$ $ D(cu(( connecton e(ta+)(%ment an! connecton

re)ea(e n TCP$ D(cu(( %o& TCP pro4!e( re)a+)t' u(n" error

contro)$

$ D(cu(( t%e (trate"e( TCP u(e( to a4o! con"e(ton$

UNIT P;RT ;

#$ W%at ( t%e Doman Name S'(tem re(pon(+)e for*

T%e Doman NameS'(tem con4ert( !oman name( 8of t%e form&&&$c%aru)at%apu+)caton$com9 nto IP num+er($

2$ D(cu(( t%e t%ree man !4(on( of t%e DNS$

6enerc !oman(Countr' !oman(

In4er(e !oman(

3$ W%at ro)e !oe( t%e DNS re(o)4er p)a' n t%e DNS ('(tem*

; DNS re(o)4er ( re(pon(+)e for mo4n" re@ue(t( of t%e )oca) DNS (er4er on +e%a)f ofc)ent($

,$ :o& !oe( a DNS Re(o)4er +oot(trap t%e !oman name )ooup proce((*

; DNS re(o)4er mu(t no& t%e IP a!!re(( of at )ea(t one DNS (er4er$ IT u(e( t%(a!!re(( to (tart t%e DNS )ooup proce(($

$ Defne SMTP$

T%e protoco) t%at (upport( ema) on t%e Internet ( ca))e! Smp)e Ma) Tran(fer Protoco)$SMTP ( par tof t%e TCPaton( %a4e name( re"(tere! un!er t%e com !oman$

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/$ W%at are t%e t&o part( of a!!re((n" ('(tem n SMTP*

T%e a!!re((n" ('(tem u(e! +' SMTP con((t( of t&o part(

; )oca) part an! a !oman name (eparate! +' an Q ("noca) Part Q Doman Name

1$ D(cu(( MIME$

Mu)tpurpo(e Internet Ma) E7ten(on ( an e7ten(on of SMTP t%at a))o&( t%e tran(fer ofmu)tme!a an! ot%er non ;SCII me((a"e($

$ W%at are t%e (er4ce( pro4!e! +' u(er a"ent*

Compo(n" Me((a"e(Rea!n" Me((a"e(

Rep)'n" to Me((a"e(

?or&ar!n" Me((a"e

:an!)n" ma) +o7e(#0$ W%at are t%e four properte( of :TTP*

a$ 6)o+a) unform re(ource !entfer

+$ Re@ue(t re(pon(e e7c%an"e

c$ State)e((ne((!$ Re(ource meta !ata

##$ De(cr+e &%' :TTP ( !e("ne! a( a (tate)e(( protoco)*Mantann" (tate acro(( re@ue(t re(pon(e connecton( ("nfcant)' ncrea(e( t%e nta)

nteracton( n a connecton (nce t%e !entt' of eac% part' nee!( to +e e(ta+)(%e! an!

an' (a4e! (tate mu(t +e retre4e!$ :TTP ( t%erefore (tate)e(( to en(ure t%at t%e Internet ((ca)a+)e (nce (tate ( not contane! n t%e :TTP re@ue(t

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Unform Re(ource ocator ( a (tan!ar! for (pecf'n" an' n! of nformaton on t%e

Internet$

UR ( a ('ntantc form u(e! to !entf' a pa"e of nformaton on t%e &or)! &!e &e+$; t'pca) UR ( %ttpe ( +"$ Run

)en"t% enco!n" met%o! ( u(e! for compre((on$

2$ Compare t%e :TTP an! ?TP?TP

?TP tran(fer( t%e f)e from c)ent to (er4er an! (er4er to

c)ent$

It u(e( t&o !fferent port connecton$ 8$e$B port 20 an!

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port 2#9

U(e( TCP protoco)

:TTP:TTP tran(fer t%e f)e from (er4er to c)ent 8e &e+ pa"e9

:TTP u(e on)' one port connecton 8e port 109

It a)(o u(e TCP protoco)$2.$ W%at ( ma)n" )(t*

Ma)n" )(t contan( t%e a!!re(( of !e(tnaton u(er($

2/$ W%at ( t%e app)caton )a'er protoco) &or)! &!e &e+*Wor)! &!e &e+ ( a repo(tor' of nformaton of (prea! a)) o4er t%e &or)! an! )ne!

to"et%er$

21$ W%at ( t%e u(e of Ma) tran(fer a"ent*

Ma) tran(fer a"ent 8MT;9 tran(fer( t%e ema) acro(( t%e Internet$2$ W%at are t%e t&o man cate"ore( of DNS me((a"e(*

DNS %a( t&o t'pe( of me((a"e( uer' an! re(pon(e$

30$ W%' &a( t%ere a nee! for DNS*

In DNSB &%en t%ere ( a c%an"eB (uc% a( a!!n" a ne& %o(tB remo4n" a %o(t or c%an"n"an IP a!!re((B t%e c%an"e mu(t +e ma!e to t%e DNS ma(ter f)e$ T%e !'namc !oman

name ('(tem 8DDNS9 %a( +een !e4(e! to re(pon! to t%( nee!$3#$ W%at are t%e t&o t'pe( of u(er ;"ent(*

a$ Comman! !r4en an!

+$ 6UI +a(e!$32$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of ?TP*

To cop' a f)e from one %o(t to anot%er on t%e Internet$

33$ W%at !oe( C6I (tan! for an! &%at ( t( functon*

C6I (tan!( for Common 6ate&a' Interface$ C6I ( a tec%no)o"' t%at create( an! %an!)e(!'namc !ocument($

3,$ W%at ( a %omepa"e*

; unt of %'perte7t or %'perme!a a4a)a+)e on t%e &e+ ( ca))e! a pa"e$ T%e man pa"efor an or"an>aton or an n!4!ua) ( no&n a( a %omepa"e$

3$ Defne cr'pto"rap%'$

Cr'pto"rap%' ( t%e (cence an! art of tran(formn" me((a"e( to mae t%em (ecure an!mmune to attac$

3.$ W%at ( Cp%erte7t*

T%e encr'pte! me((a"e ( ca))e! Cp%erte7t$

3/$ Defne Pa((4e an! ;ct4e attac$Pa((4e Pa((4e attac are n t%e nature of ea4e(!roppn" on or montorn" of

tran(m((on($

;ct4e It n4o)4e( (ome mo!fcaton of t%e !ata (tream or t%e creaton of a fa)(e (tream$31$ W%at are t%e t&o cate"ore( of cr'pto"rap%' met%o!(* W%at ( t%e man !fference

+et&een t%e cate"ore(*

T&o cate"ore( are$ Secret 8('mmetrc9 e' cr'pto"rap%' an!

$ Pu+)c e' 8a('mmetrc9 e' cr'pto"rap%'$

- In ('mmetrc e' cr'pto"rap%'B t%e (ame e' ( u(e! +' t%e (en!er 8for encr'pton9

an! t%e rece4er 8 for !ecr'pton9$ T%e e' ( (%are!$

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- In pu+)c e' cr'pto"rap%'B t%e pu+)c e' t%at ( u(e! for encr'pton ( !fferent

from t%e pr4ate e' t%at ( u(e! for !ecr'pton$

3$ State &%c% )a'er of t%e TCP

!oman name$ 64e re)e4ant

e7amp)e$ 8.9

$ (t t%e 4arou( r(( face! +' me((a"e( t%at are tran(mtte! o4er t%e nternet$

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40/80

8,9

#,$ $ D(cu(( %o& (mp)e ma) tran(fer protoco) 8SMTP9

&or(* Can mu)tme!a me((a"e( +e tran(mtte! u(n" SMTP* D(cu(($ 8#09$ I( common "ate&a' nterface a )an"ua"e($ D(cu(($ 8.9

Unt I

Data CommuncatonP;RT ;#$ Defne t%e term Computer Net&or$

; Computer net&or ( a num+er of computer( nterconnecte! +' one or more

tran(m((on pat%($ T%e tran(m((on pat% often ( t%e te)ep%one )neB !ue to t(con4enence an! un4er(a) pre(er4e$

2$ Defne Data Communcaton$

Data communcaton ( t%e e7c%an"e of !ata 8n t%e form of 0( an! #(9 +et&een t&o

!e4ce( 4a (ome form of tran(m((on me!um 8(uc% a( a &re ca+)e9$3$ W%at ( t%e fun!amenta) purpo(e +e%n! !ata communcaton*

T%e purpo(e of !ata communcaton ( to e7c%an"e nformaton +et&een t&o a"ent($

,$ (t out t%e t'pe( of !ata communcaton$

Data communcaton ( con(!ere!oca) f t%e communcatn" !e4ce are n t%e (ame +u)!n"$

Remote f t%e !e4ce are fart%er apart$$ Defne t%e term( !ata an! nformaton$

Data ( a repre(entaton of fact(B concept( an! n(tructon( pre(ente! n a forma)>e!

manner (uta+)e for communcatonB nterpretaton or proce((n" +' %uman +en"( or +'automatc mean($

Informaton ( current)' a(("ne! to !ata +' mean( +' t%e con4enton( app)e! to t%o(e

!ata$

.$ W%at are t%e fun!amenta) c%aracter(tc( on &%c% t%e effect4ene(( of !atacommuncaton !epen!( on*

T%e effect4ene(( of a !ata communcaton ('(tem !epen!( on t%ree c%aracter(tc($

#$ De)4er' T%e ('(tem mu(t !e)4er !ata to t%e correct !e(tnaton$2$ ;ccurac' T%e ('(tem mu(t !e)4er !ata accurate)'$

3$ Tme)ne(( T%e ('(tem mu(t !e)4er !ata n a tme)' manner$

/$ 64e t%e component( of !ata communcaton$#$ Me((a"e t%e me((a"e ( t%e nformaton to +e communcate!$

2$ Sen!er t%e (en!er ( t%e !e4ce t%at (en!( t%e !ata me((a"e$

3$ Rece4er t%e rece4er ( t%e !e4ce t%at rece4e( t%e me((a"e$

,$ Me!um t%e tran(m((on me!um ( t%e p%'(ca) pat% +' &%c% a me((a"e tra4e)(from (en!er to rece4er$

$ Protoco) ; protoco) ( a (et of ru)e( t%at "o4ern !ata communcaton$

1$ Defne Net&or$; net&or ( a (et of !e4ce( 8no!e(9 connecte! +' me!a )n($ ; no!e can +e a

computerB prnterB or an' ot%er !e4ce( capa+)e of (en!n" an! < or rece4n" !ata

"enerate! +' ot%er no!e( on t%e net&or$$ W%at are t%e a!4anta"e of !(tr+ute! proce((n"*

#$ Securt' < Encap(u)aton

2$ D(tr+ute! !ata+a(e

3$ ?a(ter pro+)em (o)4n"

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,$ Securt' t%rou"% re!un!anc'

$ Co))a+orat4e proce((n"$

#0$ W%at are t%e t%ree crtera nece((ar' for an effect4e an! effcent net&or*#$ Performance

2$ Re)a+)t'

3$ Securt'$##$ Name t%e factor( t%at affect t%e performance of a net&or$

- Performance of a net&or !epen!( on a num+er of factor(B

#$ Num+er of u(er(2$ T'pe of tran(m((on me!um

3$ Capa+)te( of t%e connecte! %ar!&are

,$ Effcenc' of (oft&are$

#2$ Name t%e factor( t%at affect t%e re)a+)t' of a net&or$#$ ?re@uenc' of fa)ure$

2$ Reco4er' tme of a net&or after a fa)ure$

3$ Cata(trop%e$

#3$ Name t%e factor( t%at affect t%e (ecurt' of a net&or$Net&or (ecurt' ((ue( nc)u!e protectn" !ata from unaut%or>e! acce(( an! 4ru(e($

#,$ Defne PROTOCO$; protoco) ( a (et of ru)e( 8con4enton(9 t%at "o4ern a)) a(pect( of !ata communcaton$

#$ 64e t%e e' e)ement( of protoco)$

S'nta7 refer( to t%e (tructure or format of t%e !ataB meann" t%e or!er n &%c% t%e'are pre(ente!$ Semantc( refer( to t%e meann" of eac% (ecton of +t($ Tmn"

refer( to t&o c%aracter(tc($

#$ &%en !ata (%ou)! +e (ent an!

2$ %o& fa(t t%e' can +e (ent$#.$ Defne Stan!ar!$

; (tan!ar! pro4!e( a mo!e) for !e4e)opment t%at mae( t po((+)e for a pro!uct to &or

re"ar!)e(( of t%e n!4!ua) manufacturer$#/$ W%' are (tan!ar! nee!e!*

Stan!ar!( are e((enta) n creatn" an! mantann" an open an! compett4e maret

for e@upment manufacture( an! n "uaranteen" natona) an! nternatona)nteropera+)t' of !ata an! te)ecommuncaton( tec%no)o"' an! proce((e($ Stan!ar!(

are nece((ar' to en(ure t%at pro!uct( from !fferent manufacture( can &or to"et%er a(

e7pecte!$

#1$ Defne De facto an! De Fure (tan!ar!($De facto (tan!ar!(

De facto 8+' fact9 (tan!ar!( are often e(ta+)(%e! or"na))' +' manufacture( (een" to

!efne t%e functona)t' of a ne& pro!uct or tec%no)o"'$De Fure (tan!ar!(

De Fure 8+' )a&9 (tan!ar!( %a4e +een )e"()ate! +' an offca))' reco"n>e! +o!'$

#$ Defne )ne conf"uraton an! "4e t( t'pe($- ne conf"uraton refer( to t%e &a' t&o or more

communcaton !e4ce( attac% to a )n$

- T%ere are t&o po((+)e )ne conf"uraton(

$ Pont to pont an!

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2.$ W%at ( W;N*

W!e ;rea Net&or 8W;N9 ( a net&or t%at u(e( tec%no)o"' !e("ne! to (pan a )ar"e

"eo"rap%ca) area$ ?or e$"$ a (ate))te net&or ( a W;N +ecau(e a (ate))te can re)a'communcaton acro(( an entre contnent$ W;N( %a4e %"%er propa"aton !e)a' t%an

;N($

2/$ W%at ( M;N* ; Metropo)tan ;rea Net&or 8M;N9 ( a net&or t%at u(e( tec%no)o"' !e("ne! to

e7ten! o4er an entre ct'$ ?or e$"$ a compan' can u(e a M;N to connect t%e ;N( n

a)) t( offce( t%rou"%out a ct'$21$ Defne Peer to peer proce((e($

T%e proce((e( on eac% mac%ne t%at communcate at a "4en )a'er are ca))e! peer to peer

proce((e($

2$ W%at ( %a)f !up)e7 mo!e*; tran(m((on mo!e n &%c% eac% (taton can +ot% tran(mt an! rece4eB +ut not at t%e

(ame tme$

30$ W%at ( fu)) !up)e7 mo!e*

; tran(m((on mo!e n &%c% +ot% (taton( can tran(mt an! rece4e (mu)taneou()'$3#$ W%at ( nternet*

W%en t&o or more net&or( are connecte! t%e' +ecome an nternet&or or nternet$ T%e mo(t nota+)e nternet ( ca))e! t%e Internet$

32$ W%at ( Internet *

T%e Internet ( a communcaton ('(tem t%at %a( +rou"%t a &ea)t% of nformaton to outfn"ertp( an! or"an>e! t for our u(e$

Internet Wor)!&!e net&or$

33$ (t t%e )a'er( of OSI mo!e)$

- P%'(ca)- Data n

- Net&or

- Tran(port- Se((on

- Pre(entaton

- ;pp)caton$3,$ Defne OSI mo!e)$

T%e open ('(tem Interconnecton mo!e) ( a )a'ere! frame&or for t%e !e("n of net&or

('(tem t%at a))o&( for communcaton acro(( a)) t'pe( of computer ('(tem($

3$ W%c% OSI )a'er( are t%e net&or (upport )a'er(*- P%'(ca)

- Data )n

- Net&or )a'er($3.$ W%c% OSI )a'er( are t%e u(er (upport )a'er(*

- Se((on

- Pre(entaton- ;pp)caton$

3/$ W%at are t%e re(pon(+)te( of p%'(ca) )a'erB !ata )n )a'erB net&or )a'erB

tran(port )a'erB (e((on )a'erB pre(entaton )a'erB app)caton )a'er$

89 P%'(ca) )a'er Re(pon(+)e for tran(mttn" n!4!ua) +t( from one no!e to t%e

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ne7t$

89 Data )n )a'er Re(pon(+)e for tran(mttn" frame( from one no!e to t%e ne7t$

89 Net&or )a'er Re(pon(+)e for t%e !e)4er' of pacet( from t%e or"na) (ource tot%e fna) !e(tnaton$

849 Tran(port )a'er Re(pon(+)e for !e)4er' of a me((a"e from one proce(( to

anot%er$849 Se((on )a'er To e(ta+)(%B mana"e an! termnate (e((on($

849 Pre(entaton )a'er Re(pon(+)e to tran()ateB encr'pt an! compre(( !ata$

849 ;pp)caton )a'er Re(pon(+)e for pro4!n" (er4ce( to t%e u(er$ To a))o& acce((to net&or re(ource($

31$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of !a)o" contro))er*

T%e (e((on )a'er ( t%e net&or !a)o" contro))er$ It e(ta+)(%e(B mantan( an!

('nc%ron>e( t%e nteracton +et&een communcatn" ('(tem($3$ Name (ome (er4ce( pro4!e! +' t%e app)caton )a'er$

Specfc (er4ce( pro4!e! +' t%e app)caton )a'er nc)u!e t%e fo))o&n"$

- Net&or 4rtua) termna)$

- ?)e tran(ferB acce(( an! mana"ement 8?T;M9$- Ma) (er4ce($

- Drector' (er4ce($,0$ Defne Net&or =rtua) Termna)$

Net&or =rtua) Termna) OSI remote )o"n protoco)$ It ( an ma"nar' termna) &t% a

(et of (tan!ar! c%aracter(tc( t%at e4er' %o(t un!er(tan!($,#$ Defne t%e term tran(m((on me!um$

T%e tran(m((on me!um ( t%e p%'(ca) pat% +et&een tran(mtter an! rece4er n a !ata

tran(m((on ('(tem$ T%e c%aracter(tc( an! @ua)t' of !ata tran(m((on are !etermne!

+ot% t%e nature of ("na) an! nature of t%e me!um$,2$ W%at are t%e t'pe( of tran(m((on me!a*

Tran(m((on me!a are !4!e! nto t&o cate"ore($ T%e' are a( fo))o&(

89 6u!e! tran(m((on me!a89 Un"u!e! tran(m((on me!a

#$ :o& !o "u!e! me!a !ffer from un"u!e! me!a*

#$ ; "u!e! me!a ( contane! &t%n p%'(ca) +oun!are(B &%)e an un"u!e! me!um( +oun!)e(($

#$ W%at are t%e t%ree maFor c)a((e( of "u!e! me!a*

Cate"ore( of "u!e! me!a$

#$ #$ T&(te! par ca+)e$Coa7a) ca+)e$

?+er optc ca+)e$

#$ W%at ( a coa7a) ca+)e*; t'pe of ca+)e u(e! for computer net&or a( &e)) a( ca+)e te)e4(on$ T%e name ar(e(

from t%e (tructure n &%c% a meta) (%e)! (urroun!( a center &re$ T%e (%e)! protect( t%e

("na) on t%e nner &re from e)ectrca) nterference$#$ ; )"%t +eam tra4e)( to a )e(( !en(e me!um$ W%at %appen( to t%e +eam n eac% of

t%e fo))o&n" ca(e( #$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( )e(( t%an t%e crtca) an")e$ 2$ T%e

nc!ent an")e ( e@ua) to t%e crtca) an")e$ 3$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( "reater t%an t%e

crtca) an")e$

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#$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( )e(( t%an t%e crtca) an")e$

t%e ra' refract( an! mo4e( c)o(er to t%e (urface$

#$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( e@ua) to t%e crtca) an")e$t%e )"%t +en!( a)on" t%e nterface$

#$ T%e nc!ent an")e ( "reater t%an t%e crtca) an")e$

t%e ra' ref)ect( an! tra4e)( a"an n t%e !en(er (u+(tance$#$ W%at ( ref)ecton*

W%en t%e an")e of nc!ent +ecome( "reater t%an t%e crtca) an"e)B a ne& p%enomenon

occur( ca))e! ref)ecton$#$ D(cu(( t%e mo!e( for propa"aton )"%t a)on" optca) c%anne)($

T%ere are t&o mo!e( for propa"atn" )"%t a)on" optca) c%anne)($

Sn")e mo!e an! mu)tmo!e$

Mu)tmo!e can +e mp)emente! n t&o form( (tep n!e7 or "ra!e! n!e7$#$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of c)a!!n" n an optca) f+er* D(cu(( t( !en(t' re)at4e to t%e

core$

; ")a(( or p)a(tc ( (urroun!e! +' a c)a!!n" of )e(( !en(e ")a(( or p)a(tc$

T%e !fference n !en(t' of t%e t&o matera)( mu(t +e (uc% t%at a +eam of )"%t mo4n"t%rou"% t%e core ( ref)ecte! off t%e c)a!!n" n(tea! of +en" refracte! nto t$

0$ Name t%e a!4anta"e of optca) f+er o4er t&(te! par an! coa7a) ca+)e$:"%er +an!&!t%$

e(( ("na) attenuaton$

Immunt' to e)ectroma"netc nterference$Re((tance to corro(4e matera)($

More mmune to tappn"$

"%t &e"%t$

#$ W%at ( t%e !(a!4anta"e of optca) f+er a( a tran(m((on me!um*In(ta))aton < Mantenance$

Un!rectona)$

Co(t More e7pen(4e t%an t%o(e of ot%er "u!e! me!a$#$ W%at mp)ementaton of EI; 232 ( a4a)a+)e*

D5 2 mp)ementaton$

D5 mp)ementaton$#$ W%at !oe( t%e term mo!em (tan!( for *

Mo!em (tan!( for mo!u)ator < !emo!u)ator$

#$ W%at ( t%e functon of a mo!u)ator* 2$ W%at ( t%e functon of a !emo!u)ator*

; mo!u)ator con4ert( a !"ta) ("na) nto an ana)o" ("na) u(n" ;SKB ?SKB PSK or;M$

; !e mo!u)ator con4ert( an ana)o" ("na) nto a !"ta) ("na)$

#$ W%at ( an Inte))"ent mo!em(*Inte))"ent mo!em( contan (oft&are to (upport a num+er of a!!tona) functon( (uc% a(

automatc an(&ern" an! !a)n"$

#$ W%at are t%e factor t%at affect t%e !ata rate of a )n*T%e !ata rate of a )n !epen!( on t%e t'pe of enco!n" u(e! an! t%e +an!&!t% of t%e

me!um$

#$ Defne ne co!n"$

ne co!n" ( t%e proce(( of con4ertn" +nar' !ataB a (e@uence of +t(B to a !"ta)

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("na)$

#$ ?or n !e4ce( n a net&orB &%at ( t%e num+er of ca+)e )n( nece((ar' for me(%B

rn"B +u( an! (tar net&or($Num+er of )n( for me(% topo)o"' n 8n #9 < 2$

Num+er of )n( for rn" topo)o"' n #$

Num+er of )n( for +u( topo)o"' one +ac+one an! n !rop )ne($Num+er of )n( for (tar topo)o"' n$

.0$ Wrte t%e !e("n ((ue( of !ata)n )a'er*

#9 Ser4ce( pro4!e! to net&or )a'er$29 ?ramn"

39 Error contro)

,9 ?)o& contro)

.#$ W%at ( !ata)n*W%en a !ata)n contro) protoco) ( u(e! t%e tran(m((on me!um +et&een ('(tem( (


.2$ W%at ( t%e man functon of !ata)n )a'er*


.3$ W%at ( a !ata)n protoco)*Data)n protoco) ( a )a'er of contro) pre(ent n eac% communcatn" !e4ce t%at


.,$ W%at ( meant +' f)o& contro)*?)o& contro) ( a (et of proce!ure( u(e! to re(trct t%e amount of !ata t%at t%e (en!er can

(en! +efore &atn" for an acno&)e!"ement$



..$ D(cu(( t%e concept of re!un!anc' n error !etecton$

Error !etecton u(e( t%e concept of re!un!anc'B &%c% mean( a!!n" e7tra +t( for!etectn" error( at t%e !e(tnaton$

./$ W%at are t%e t%ree t'pe( of re!un!anc' c%ec( u(e! n !ata communcaton(*

- =ertca) Re!un!anc' C%ec 8=RC9- on"tu!na) Re!un!anc' C%ec 8RC9

- C'c)c Re!un!anc' C%ec 8CRC9

.1$ :o& can t%e part' +t !etect a !ama"e! !ata unt*


.$ :o& can &e u(e t%e :ammn" co!e to correct a +ur(t error*

5' rearran"n" t%e or!er of +t tran(m((on of t%e !ata unt(B t%e :ammn" co!e cancorrect +ur(t error($

/0$ 5ref)' !(cu(( Stop an! Wat met%o! of f)o& contro)*

In Stop an! Wat of f)o& contro)B t%e (en!er (en!( one frame an! &at( for anacno&)e!"ement +efore (en!n" t%e ne7t frame$

/#$ In t%e :ammn" co!e for a !ata unt of m +t( %o& !o 'ou compute t%e num+er of

re!un!ant +t( HrA nee!e!*


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!etermne rB t%e num+er of re!un!ant +t( nee!e!$

/2$ W%at are t%ree popu)ar ;R mec%an(m(*

- Stop an! &at ;RB- 6o 5ac N ;R an!


/3$ :o& !oe( ;R correct an error*;n'tme an error ( !etecte! n an e7c%an"eB a ne"at4e acno&)e!"ment 8N;K9 (

returne! an! t%e (pecfe! frame( are retran(mtte!$

/$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of t%e tmer at t%e (en!er (te n ('(tem( u(n" ;R*T%e (en!er (tart( a tmer &%en t (en!( a frame$ If an acno&)e!"ment ( not rece4e!

&t%n an a))otte! tme pero!B t%e (en!er a((ume( t%at t%e frame &a( )o(t or !ama"e! an!

re(en!( t$

/.$ W%at ( !ama"e! frame*; !ama"e! frame ( reco"n>a+)e frame t%at !oe( arr4eB +ut (ome of t%e +t( are n error

8%a4e +een a)tere! !urn" tran(m((on9

//$ W%at ( :DC*

:DC ( a +t orente! !ata)n protoco) !e("ne! to (upport +ot% %a)f-!up)e7 an! fu))!up)e7 communcaton o4er pont to pont an! mu)tport )n$

/1$ 64e !ata tran(fer mo!e( of :DC*#$ NRM Norma) Re(pon(e Mo!e

2$ ;RM ;('nc%ronou( Re(pon(e Mo!e

3$ ;5M - ;('nc%ronou( 5a)ance! Mo!e/$ :o& man' t'pe( of frame( :DC u(e(*

#$ U-?rame(

2$ I-?rame(

3$ S-?rame10$ State p%a(e( n4o)4e! n t%e operaton of :DC*

#$ Inta)>aton

2$ Data tran(fer3$ D(connect

1#$ Defne p""'+acn"*

T%e nc)u(on of an acno&)e!"ment to a pre4ou()' rece4e! pacet n an out"on" !atapacet ( no&n a( p""'+acn"$



.0$ Part 5#$ De(cr+e t%e functon( of t%e )a'er( n t%e OSI reference mo!e)$ 2$ E7p)an t%e

feature( of t%e 4arou( un"u!e! tran(m((on me!a n term( of fre@uenc' +an!B

mo!u)aton (c%eme u(e!B no(e mmunt'B +an!&!t% an! !ata rate$ 3$ E7p)an t%e4arou( topo)o"e($ ,$ De(cr+e t%e cate"ore( of net&or$ $ E7p)an n !eta) t%e

mo!em (tan!ar!( an! t( tran(m((on rate($ .$ Wt% reference to tran(m((on me!aB

!e(cr+e t%e re)at4e mert( of optca) f+er( an! copper$ /$ E7p)an t%e prncp)e(

n4o)4e! n t%e tran(m((on of !ata t%rou"% optca) f+er($ 1$ E7p)an t%e (tructure off+er ca+)e( &t% neat !a"ram$ $ (t an! !(cu(( t%e component( n an optca)

tran(m((on ('(tem$ #0$ ; net&or %a( n !e4ce($ Determne t%e num+er of ca+)e )n(

re@ure! for a me(%B rn"B +u( an! (tar topo)o"'$

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Unt 2

Data n a'er

P;RT - ;#$ Wrte t%e !e("n ((ue( of !ata)n )a'er*

#9 Ser4ce( pro4!e! to net&or )a'er$

29 ?ramn"39 Error contro)

,9 ?)o& contro)

2$ W%at ( !ata)n*W%en a !ata)n contro) protoco) ( u(e! t%e tran(m((on me!um +et&een ('(tem( (


3$ W%at ( t%e man functon of !ata)n )a'er*


,$ W%at ( a !ata)n protoco)*

Data)n protoco) ( a )a'er of contro) pre(ent n eac% communcatn" !e4ce t%at

pro4!e( functon( (uc% a( f)o& contro)B error !etecton an! error contro)$$ W%at ( meant +' f)o& contro)*

?)o& contro) ( a (et of proce!ure( u(e! to re(trct t%e amount of !ata t%at t%e (en!er can(en! +efore &atn" for an acno&)e!"ement$



/$ D(cu(( t%e concept of re!un!anc' n error !etecton$

Error !etecton u(e( t%e concept of re!un!anc'B &%c% mean( a!!n" e7tra +t( for

!etectn" error( at t%e !e(tnaton$1$ W%at are t%e t%ree t'pe( of re!un!anc' c%ec( u(e! n !ata communcaton(*

- =ertca) Re!un!anc' C%ec 8=RC9

- on"tu!na) Re!un!anc' C%ec 8RC9- C'c)c Re!un!anc' C%ec 8CRC9

$ :o& can t%e part' +t !etect a !ama"e! !ata unt*


#0$ :o& can &e u(e t%e :ammn" co!e to correct a +ur(t error*

5' rearran"n" t%e or!er of +t tran(m((on of t%e !ata unt(B t%e :ammn" co!e can

correct +ur(t error($

##$ 5ref)' !(cu(( Stop an! Wat met%o! of f)o& contro)*

In Stop an! Wat of f)o& contro)B t%e (en!er (en!( one frame an! &at( for an

acno&)e!"ement +efore (en!n" t%e ne7t frame$#2$ In t%e :ammn" co!e for a !ata unt of m +t( %o& !o 'ou compute t%e num+er of

re!un!ant +t( HrA nee!e!*


!etermne rB t%e num+er of re!un!ant +t( nee!e!$#3$ W%at are t%ree popu)ar ;R mec%an(m(*

- Stop an! &at ;RB

- 6o 5ac N ;R an!

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#,$ :o& !oe( ;R correct an error*

;n'tme an error ( !etecte! n an e7c%an"eB a ne"at4e acno&)e!"ment 8N;K9 (returne! an! t%e (pecfe! frame( are retran(mtte!$

#$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of t%e tmer at t%e (en!er (te n ('(tem( u(n" ;R*

T%e (en!er (tart( a tmer &%en t (en!( a frame$ If an acno&)e!"ment ( not rece4e!&t%n an a))otte! tme pero!B t%e (en!er a((ume( t%at t%e frame &a( )o(t or !ama"e! an!

re(en!( t$

#.$ W%at ( !ama"e! frame*; !ama"e! frame ( reco"n>a+)e frame t%at !oe( arr4eB +ut (ome of t%e +t( are n error

8%a4e +een a)tere! !urn" tran(m((on9

#/$ W%at ( :DC*

:DC ( a +t orente! !ata)n protoco) !e("ne! to (upport +ot% %a)f-!up)e7 an! fu))!up)e7 communcaton o4er pont to pont an! mu)tport )n$

#1$ 64e !ata tran(fer mo!e( of :DC*

#$ NRM Norma) Re(pon(e Mo!e

2$ ;RM ;('nc%ronou( Re(pon(e Mo!e3$ ;5M - ;('nc%ronou( 5a)ance! Mo!e

#$ :o& man' t'pe( of frame( :DC u(e(*#$ U-?rame(

2$ I-?rame(

3$ S-?rame20$ State p%a(e( n4o)4e! n t%e operaton of :DC*

#$ Inta)>aton

2$ Data tran(fer

3$ D(connect2#$ Defne p""'+acn"*

T%e nc)u(on of an acno&)e!"ment to a pre4ou()' rece4e! pacet n an out"on" !ata

pacet ( no&n a( p""'+acn"$22$ W%at ( t%e meann" of ;CK frame*


23$ W%at ( CSM;*Carrer Sen(e Mu)tp)e ;cce(( ( a protoco) u(e! to (en(e &%et%er a me!um ( +u('

+efore attemptn" to tran(mt$

2,$ E7p)an CSM;

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#$ Ine7pen(4e

2$ Ea(' to n(ta))

3$ Support( 4arou( &rn" tec%no)o"e($21$ W%at ( t%e meann" of #05;SE2*

102$3 Et%ernet ( t%n co a7a) ca+)e$ T%e #0 (pecfe( a 5an!&!t% of #0 M+p(B t%e 5a(e

(pecfe( t%at t( a +a(e+an! tran(m((onB an! t%e 2 n!cate( a ma7mum (e"ment )en"t%for t%( ca+)e t'pe of 200 meter($

2$ W%at ( fa(t Et%ernet*

It ( t%e %"% (pee! 4er(on of Et%ernet t%at (upport( !ata tran(fer rate( of #00 M+p($30$ State !fferent ca+)e (tan!ar!( for ?a(t Et%ernet ca+)n"*

#$ #00 5;SET,

2$ #00 5;SET

3$ #00 5;SE?3#$ W%at ( +t (tuffn" an! &%' t ( nee!e! n :DC*

5t (tuffn" ( t%e proce(( of a!!n" one e7tra 0 &%ene4er t%ere are f4e con(ecut4e #( n

t%e !ata (o t%at t%e rece4er !oe( not m(tae t%e !ata for a f)a"$ 5t (tuffn" ( nee!e! to

%an!)e !ata tran(parenc'$32$ W%at ( t%e u(e of p

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,2$ State mportant t'pe( of %u+($

#$ Pa((4e %u+

2$ ;ct4e %u+3$ Inte))"ent %u+

,3$ Menton t%e functon of %u+$

#$ ?ac)tate a!!n"

,$ Pro4!e( mu)tp)e nterface($,,$ W%at ( t%e man functon of "ate&a'$

; "ate&a' ( a protoco) con4erter

,$ ; "ate&a' operate( at &%c% )a'er$

6ate&a' operate( at a)) (e4en )a'er( of OSI mo!e)$,.$ W%c% factor( a "ate&a' %an!)e(*

Data rateB !ata (>eB !ata format

,/$ W%at ( meant +' act4e %u+*

; centra) %u+ n a net&or t%at retran(mt( t%e !ata t rece4e($,1$ W%at ( t%e functon of ;CK tmer*

;CK tmer ( u(e! n f)o& contro) protoco)( to !etermne &%en to (en! a (eparateacno&)e!"ment n t%e a+(ence of out"on" frame$

,$ W%c% t'pe of routn" can re(pon! to t%e c%an"e( n net&or$

;!apt4e routn"0$ T%e n(erton of an e7tra +t to a4o! a )on" run of (ame +t ( ca))e! a( $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

5t (tuffn"

#$ W%at are t%e t'pe( of +r!"e(*

#$ Tran(parent +r!"e2$ Source Routn" +r!"e

Tran(parent +r!"e - Tran(parent +r!"e eep a (uta+)e of a!!re((e( n memor' to

!etermne &%ere to (en! !ataSource Routn" +r!"e - Source Routn" +r!"e re@ure( t%e entre routn" ta+)e to +e

nc)u!e! n t%e tran(m((on an! !o not route pacet nte))"ent)'$

2$ W%at ( SI?S*S%ort Inter ?rame Spacn" ( u(e! to a))o& t%e parte( n a (n")e !a)o" t%e c%ance to

"o fr(t$

3$ W%at are tran(rece4er(*

Tran(rece4er( are com+naton of tran(mtter an! rece4er$ Tran(rece4er( are a)(o ca))e! a(me!um attac%ment unt 8M;U9

,$ W%at ( t%e functon of NIC*

NIC ( u(e! to a))o& t%e computer to communcate on t%e net&or$ It (upport(tran(mttn"B rece4n" an! contro))n" traffc &t% ot%er computer( on net&or$

$ Menton !fferent ran!om acce(( tec%n@ue(*

#$ ;O:;2$ CSM;

3$ CSM; to 2$,1, 6:>

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#$ Pa((4e %u+

2$ ;ct4e %u+

#$ Inte))"ent %u+/$ (t t%e t&o t'pe( of !ata frame( n ?DDI

- S'nc%ronou( 8S frame9

- ;('nc%ronou( 8; frame91$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of t%e N;=*

T%e net&or a))ocaton 4ector 8N;=9 ( a tmer for co))(on a4o!ance$

$ Name t%e four t'pe( of S frame($- Rece4e rea!'8RR9

- Rece4e not rea!' 8RNR9

- ReFect 8REI9

- Se)ect4e reFect 8SREL9.0$ W%at are t%e four SONET )a'er(*

SONET !efne( four )a'er($ T%e p%otonc )a'er ( t%e )o&e(t an! perform( p%'(ca) )a'er

act4te($ T%e (ectonB )ne an! pat% )a'er( corre(pon! to t%e OSI mo!e)A( !ata )n )a'er$

.#$ W%at ( a 4rtua) tr+utar'*; 4rtua) tr+utar' ( a parta) pa')oa! t%at can +e n(erte! nto an STS-# an! com+ne!

&t% ot%er parta) pa')oa!( to f)) out t%e frame$.2$ W%at ( t%e acce(( met%o! u(e! +' &re)e(( ;N(*

T%e &re)e(( ;N acce(( met%o! ( CSM;

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1$ E7p)an n !eta)( SONET an! SONET ?rame$

$ E7p)an t%e frame formatB operaton an! rn" mantenance feature of IEEE 102$

M;C protoco)$#0$ $ E7p)an t%e !ata)n )a'er n t%e Internet$

$ If t%e frame ( ##0#0##0## an! "enerator ( #00## &%at &ou)! +e t%e

tran(mtte! frame*##$ $ W%at ( t%e reman!er o+tane! +' !4!n" 7/J7J# +' t%e "enerator

po)'noma) 73J#$

$ ; +t (tream #00###0# ( tran(mtte! u(n" t%e (tan!ar! CRC met%o!$ T%e"enerator po)'noma) ( 73J# (%o& t%e actua) +t (trn" tran(mtte!$ Suppo(e t%e

t%r! +t from )eft ( n4erte! !urn" tran(m((on (%o& t%at t%( error ( !etecte! at

rece4erA( en!$

$ ; +t (trn" 0####0#####0######0B nee!( to +e tran(mtte! at t%e !ata)n)a'er$ W%at ( t%e (trn" actua))' tran(mtte! after +t (tuffn"$

#2$ 5ref)' !efne e' re@urement( for &re)e(( ;N($

#3$ De(cr+e t%e ?DDI frame format an! e7p)an$

#,$ D(cu(( t%e M;C )a'er functon( of IEEE 102$##$#$ E7p)an n !eta)( t%e t'pe( of +r!"e($

UNIT IIIP;RT - ;

#$ W%at ( mean +' nternet&or(*

W%en t&o or more net&or( are connecte!B t%e' +ecome nternet&or or nternet$2$ W%at are t%e met%o!( of pacet (&tc%n"*

=rtua) Crcut approac%$

Data"ram approac%

3$ W%at ( an Internet Protoco) 8IP9*T%e protoco) t%at !efne( +ot% t%e format of pacet( u(e! on a TCP

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C)a(( D - ###0

C)a(( E - ####

W%en t%e a!!re(( ( "4en n !otte! !ecma) notatonB t%en )oo at t%e fr(t +'te to!etermne t%e c)a(( of t%e a!!re(($$

C)a(( ; - 0 to #2/

C)a(( 5 #21 to ##C)a(( C #2 to 223

C)a(( D 22, to 23

C)a(( E 2,0 to 2/$ E7p)an Mu)tca(tn"$

; form of a!!re((n" n &%c% a (et of computer ( a(("ne! one a!!re((B a cop' of an'

!ata"ram (ent to t%e a!!re(( ( !e)4ere! to eac% of t%e computer( n t%e (et$

1$ Defne t%e term +roa! ca(tn"$; form of !e)4er' n &%c% one cop' of a pacet ( !e)4ere! to eac% computer on a

net&or$

$ W%at ( a %o(t! an! net!*

Net! T%e porton of t%e IP a!!re(( t%at !entfe( t%e net&or ca))e! t%e net!$:o(t! T%e porton of t%e IP a!!re(( t%at !entfe( t%e %o(t or router on t%e net&or (

ca))e! t%e %o(t!$#0$ :o& !oe( a net! !ffer from a net&or a!!re((*

; net&or a!!re(( %a( +ot% net! an! %o(t! &t% 0A( for t%e %o(t!$

##$ W%at ( t%e purpo(e of (u+nettn"*W%en &e !4!e a net&or nto (e4era) (u+net(B &e %a4e t%ree )e4e)( of %erarc%'

T%e net! ( t%e fr(t )e4e)B !efne( t%e (te$

T%e (u+net! ( t%e 2n! )e4e)B !efne( t%e p%'(ca) (u+net&or$ T%e %o(t! ( t%e 3r! )e4e)

!efne( t%e connecton of t%e %o(t to t%e (u+net&or$#2$ Defne Ma(n"$

Ma(n" ( a proce(( t%at e7tract( t%e a!!re(( of t%e p%'(ca) net&or from an IP a!!re(($

#3$ W%at ( t%e !fference +et&een +oun!ar' )e4e) ma(n" an! non-+oun!ar' )e4e) ma(n"$

5oun!ar' )e4e) Ma(n"If t%e ma(n" ( at t%e +oun!ar' )e4e)B t%e ma( num+er( are et%er 2 or 0B fn!n" t%e

(u+net&or a!!re(( ( 4er' ea('$

Non 5oun!ar' )e4e) Ma(n"If t%e ma(n" ( not at t%e +oun!ar' )e4e)B t%e ma( num+er( are not Fu(t 2 or 0B

fn!n" t%e (u+net&or a!!re(( n4o)4e( u(n" t%e +t&(e ;ND operator($

#,$ W%at ( t%e functon of router*Router( re)a' pacet( amon" mu)tp)e nterconnecte! net&or($ T%e' route pacet( from

one net&or to an' num+er of potenta) !e(tnaton net&or( on an nternet$

#$ :o& !oe( a router !ffer from a +r!"e*Router( pro4!e )n( +et&een t&o (eparate +ut (ame t'pe ;N( an! are mo(t act4e at

t%e net&or )a'er$ W%erea( +r!"e( ut)>e a!!re((n" protoco)( an! can affect t%e f)o&

contro) of a (n")e ;N m

cs2302 cn 2 marks

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