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THE STATUS OF THE AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN ZIMBABWE WITHPARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES

Norman Mhazo 1, Brighton M. Mvumi 2, Raymond M. Nazare 2 and Elijah Nyakudya 2

1Development Te hnology !entre, "niver#ity o$ %im&a&'e, (. ). Bo* M( 1+ , Mt. (lea#ant -arare,Email mhazo1/02 yahoo. o.uk , %im&a&'e

2

Department o$ oil ien e and 3gri ultural Engineering, "niver#ity o$ %im&a&'e, (. ). Bo* M( 1+ , Mt.(lea#ant,-arare, %im&a&'e.Email# B. M. Mvumi 4mvumi&m agri .uz.a .z' 56 R. M. Nazare 4 rnazare2//7 yahoo. om 56 E. Nyakudya

elijahnyakudya agri .uz.a .z'

Abstract

The o&je tive# o$ thi# #tudy 'ere to develop and pre#ent a detailed and lear pi ture o$ 'hat #mall andmedium agro8pro e##ing #y#tem# re9uire to e$$e tively manu$a ture and market pro e##ed produ t#6 and torevie' agro8pro e##ing #ervi e provi#ion, re#ear h and e*ten#ion linkage# in %im&a&'e. The #tudy 'a#implemented through a de#k8revie' o$ literature $o u#ing on ommodity8#pe i$i a#e# o$ agro8pro e##ingenterpri#e#. :n$ormal di# u##ion# 'ith key player# in agro8pro e##ing 'ere al#o ondu ted.

(rior to %im&a&'e;# independen e in 10

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1. I tr!"#ct$!

)ne o$ the major poli ie# o$ the Aovernment o$ %im&a&'e =Ao%> at independen e in 10.Though the ne' lo al $armer# are urrently &attling to rai#e produ tion amid la k o$ $unding,agri ultural input# and ommer ial $arming #kill#, given enough time there #hould &e an in rea#e inprodu tivity. Re#ear h ha# e#ta&li#hed that produ tivity in rea#e# e*ponentially 'ith de rea#e in$arm #ize in all natural region# o$ %im&a&'e =Eli h, 2//I>.

3# in rea#ed agri ultural produ tion i# envi#aged, there i# need to have proportionateimprovement in the agro8pro e##ing indu#try. 3gro8pro e##ing indu#trie# re$er to tho#e a tivitie#that tran#$orm agri ultural ommoditie# into di$$erent $orm# that add value to the produ t. 3gro8pro e##ing indu#trie#, e#pe ially $ood manu$a turing, to&a o and te*tile pro e##ing dominate the

ommer ial indu#trial #e tor o$ %im&a&'e. The#e are mainly o'ned &y multinational onglomerateompanie# 'ith intere#t in $arm produ e #upplied &y large8# ale ommer ial $armer#. or e*ample,

!airn# ood# !ompany i# the large#t $ood pro e##ing ompany in %im&a&'e. The ompanyre9uire# a minimum o$ 1// tonne# o$ groundnut# per year $or peanut &utter pro e##ing and a #mallproportion o$ that i# produ ed &y #mall8# ale $armer#. The ompany;# demand $or potatoe# and$ruit# =guava, pineapple, mangoe# et > i# largely met &y large8# ale ommer ial gro'er# =3 9uah,

100 >. 3t pre#ent, the #mall8# ale $armer# are not organi#ed or prepared to produ e $or #u h large8# ale pro e##ing ompanie#. -o'ever, they are $or other ommoditie# #u h a# otton through the!otton !ompany o$ %im&a&'e =!ott!o>.

mall8# ale $arming in %im&a&'e rarely provide# #u$$i ient mean# o$ #urvival in many rural area#. :ti# there$ore imperative to e*plore alternative in ome generating opportunitie# to #upport poor $amilie# 'ho an no longer $end $or them#elve# $rom the land8&a#ed a tivitie# alone. Re entre#ear h demon#trate# that rural hou#ehold# depend on a diver#e port$olio o$ a tivitie# and in ome#our e#. ome hou#ehold# are looking to'ard# a tivitie# #u h a# $ood pro e##ing a# a mean# toenhan e the livelihood they an a hieve $rom a limited area o$ land = imalenga, 100+>.

mall8# ale $ood pro e##ing a tivitie# repre#ent a potential #our e o$ livelihood $or many poor people in u&8 aharan 3$ri a. The overall potential o$ agro8pro e##ing i# huge a# it an

:n rea#e the value o$ rop# o$ poor $armer# and thu# yield higher return#6 E*pand marketing opportunitie#6 :mprove livelihood# o$ people6 E*tend #hel$8li$e o$ ommoditie#6 :mprove palata&ility o$ ommoditie#6 Enhan e $ood #e urity6 )ver ome #ea#onality and peri#ha&ility on#traint#6 and Empo'er 'omen 'ho are o$ten involved in agro8pro e##ing.

1 The 31 model ha# plot# 'ith I8+ he tare# ara&le and in e* e## o$ + he tare# $or grazing.2 The 32 model ha# $arm# ranging $rom 1I to I/ he tare# in the peri8ur&an area#, 1I to 2I/ he tare# in

3gro8e ologi al region 1 and 7I/ to 2/// he tare# in 3gro8e ologi al region J.2

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:n u& aharan 3$ri a, it i# e#timated that +/F o$ the la&our $or e $ind part o$ it# 'ork in #mall8# ale $ood pro e##ing enterpri#e# and the majority are 'omen =:TDA, 2//I>. The greate#tpotential gro'th in #mall8# ale agro8indu#trie# i# in $ruit and vegeta&le pro e##ing a# manyhorti ultural produ er# e*perien e pro&lem# in marketing o$ $re#h produ e #u h a# la k o$ readilyavaila&le marketing in$ormation and la k o$ market integration, la k o$ data on #upply and demandtrend# and pri e#, relian e on #pot or road8#ide market#, tran#port on#traint# and #poilage=Mhazo et al. , 2//7, Boyd et. al, 100 >. 3doption o$ improved and validated $ood pro e##ingte hnologie#, en$or ement o$ good #tandard# o$ 9uality and hygiene and regulatory in#trument#may a##i#t lo al #mall8 and medium8# ale agro8indu#trie# to ompete $avoura&ly in the marketpla e. mall to medium # ale enterpri#e# are tho#e organi#ation# 'ith a total $i*ed apital &a#e,e* luding land, that doe# not e* eed $ive &illion %im&a&'e Dollar# =e9uivalent to " K++ ++ > andemploy not more than I permanent employee# =(er#onal ommuni ation6 mall Enterpri#eDevelopment !orporation, %im&a&'e>.

-o'ever, re#ear h ha# #ho'n that a num&er o$ $a tor# may on#train the a&ility o$ #mall8 andmedium8# ale agro8&a#ed enterpri#e# to e$$e tively manu$a ture and market pro e##ed $oodprodu t#.

)n a ma ro level, many poli ie# implemented &y government# have #erved to hinder the

development o$ #mall8# ale indu#trie# =Da'#on, 100G6 imalenga, 100+>. 3t the $irm level, limited a e## to redit =!hak'era, 100+>6 limited a e## to $oreignurren y =Nazare, 2//I>6 la k o$ appropriate te hnologie# =M (her#on, 100+6 Mugova,

100+>6 la k o$ te hnologi al apa&ility6 the unrelia&le #upply o$ ra' material# =Mo#ha,106 la k o$ management #kill# =)dun$a, 100I>6 poor produ t 9uality ontrol =La$$ee,1007>6 and poor market#, among#t other thing#, have on#trained the development o$ #mall8# ale indu#trie#.

The#e pro&lem# apply to many developing ountrie# and are parti ularly appli a&le to %im&a&'e.

The purpo#e o$ the urrent #tudy i# to develop and pre#ent a detailed &ut lear pi ture o$ 'hat thepre#ent agro8pro e##ing #y#tem# =#mall, medium and large 'ith empha#i# on the medium8# ale>re9uire to e$$e tively manu$a ture and market pro e##ed $ood produ t#. The main area# o$ intere#tin luded on#idering the #ervi e provi#ion, linkage# 'ith re#ear h and e*ten#ion, demand8led#ervi e#, agro8pro e##ing te hnologie#, $armer empo'erment, poli y implementation, gender i##ue# and government vi#ion.

%. A&r!-'r!c(ss$ & D()$ $t$! s

3gro8pro e##ing a tivitie# ompri#e t'o major ategorie#6 primary and #e ondary operation#.Primary processing operations involve a tivitie# #u h a# rop drying, #hellingHthre#hing, leaning,grading, and pa kaging. The#e a tivitie# are mainly arried out at the $arm and only tran#$orm the

ommodity into a #lightly di$$erent $orm prior to #torage, marketing or $urther pro e##ing.Secondary processing operations entail in rea#ing nutritional or market value o$ the ommodityand the phy#i al $orm or appearan e o$ the ommodity i# o$ten totally hanged $rom the original.

ome e*ample# o$ #e ondary pro e##ing are milling grain into $lour, grinding groundnut# intopeanut &utter, pre##ing oil out o$ vegeta&le #eed#, pre##ing jui e out o$ $ruit, making hee#e out o$ milk and manu$a turing o$ min e meat. Depending on type o$ ommodity, e9uipment needed $or primary pro e##ing i# ompletely di$$erent $rom that u#ed in #e ondary pro e##ing or major adju#tment#Hmodi$i ation# need to &e done to #uit either.

*. A&r!-'r!c(ss$ & E+#$',( t S#'' C/a$

-i#tori ally, $ormal manu$a turing, di#tri&ution and #ale# o$ agro8pro e##ing e9uipment have &een

a pre#erve o$ onglomerate ompanie# #u h a# (re i#ion Arinder#, A. North and on =(vt> @tdand %implo' @imited. (ro e##ing #y#tem# 'ere #plit into manual tool# and ma hine# $or #mall8# ale u#er# =mainly $or ommunal $armer#> and motori#ed e9uipment $or large8# ale pro e##or#.

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in e the mid 100/#, many ne' #mall8 to medium8# ale $ormal and in$ormal manu$a turer#entered the market re#ulting in a dramati in rea#e in medium8# ale motori#ed #y#tem# $or pro e##ing $ood rop#. :t i# no' po##i&le at medium8# ale level to pro e## ereal# into variou#$lour# and #to k $eed#, groundnut# into peanut &utter, #un$lo'er, otton and #oy&ean# into edi&leoil and $ruit# and vegeta&le# into jam#, pulp#, jui e#, pa#te#, #au e#, pi kle#, and on$e tioneryprodu t#.

ome o$ the major manu$a turer# o$ primary pro e##ing e9uipment in %im&a&'e are pre#ented inTa&le 1. The range o$ pro e##ing e9uipment i# limited to manual and motori#ed #heller#Hthre#her#$or ereal# and pul#e#. Mo#t o$ the manu$a turing a tivitie# are lo ated in -arare, Norton andBula'ayo 'ith di#tri&ution net'ork# in the major itie#, to'n# and Aro'th (oint# or Rural ervi e!entre# =R !#>. The lo al indu#trie# have the apa ity to manu$a ture omplete#heller#Hthre#her#. -o'ever, $or motori#ed e9uipment, the #our e# o$ po'er =ele tri motor# andengine#> have to &e imported $rom outh 3$ri a andHor 3#ia. Thi# o&viou#ly ha# a negative &earingon the availa&ility and $inal o#t o$ motori#ed e9uipment a# $oreign urren y #upplie# in the ountryare limited. The major on#umer# o$ primary pro e##ing e9uipment are individual $armer# or $armer group# and private ontra tor#.

Ta&le 1 The major manu$a turer# and di#tri&utor# o$ primary pro e##ing e9uipment in %im&a&'e.

C!,'a L!cat$! R(ta$ !#t (ts Pr!"#ct ra &( a "P!0(r s!#rc(

Pr!"#cts!#rc$ &

(ra ti al 3 tion -arare -arare,Bula'ayo,Mutare

Manual and motori#ed#heller#, thre#her#

:n8hou#emanu$a turing

A. North and on -arare -arare Manual and motori#ed#heller#, thre#her#6'inno'er#

:n8hou#emanu$a turing

Tanroy Engineering -arare -arare, Mutare,Bula'ayo

Motori#ed multi8 rop#heller# and thre#her#

:n8hou#emanu$a turing

%im&a&'e )il (re##

(roje t =%)((>

-arare -arare, Ru#ape,

Mutare

Manual groundnut

#heller#

u& ontra ting

the in$ormalmanu$a turer#-a#tt %im&a&'e Norton -arare, Norton Tra tor (T)8driven rop

#heller# and thre#her#:n8hou#emanu$a turing

(re i#ion Arinder# -arare -arare Motori#edH(T)8drivenmulti8 rop thre#her#,manual #heller#.

:n8hou#emanu$a turingand importation

%implo' @td. Bula'ayo -arare,Bula'ayo

Manual groundnut#heller#

:n8hou#emanu$a turing

:n#titute o$ 3gri ulturalEngineering, Mini#try o$

3gri ulture

-arare -arare Multi8 rop thre#her#,Manual groundnut#heller#

:n8hou#emanu$a turing

$ormerly :ntermediate Te hnology Development Aroup =:TDA>

The gro'th o$ #e ondary agro8pro e##ing in %im&a&'e i# 9uite evident in the rapid ri#e in num&er#o$ e9uipment manu$a turing ompanie#, dramati in rea#e in pro e##ing enterpri#e# and the'ide#pread availa&ility o$ variou# pro e##ed $ood# on &oth the $ormal and in$ormal market. Aro'thha# &een greater in the #mall8 and medium8# ale enterpri#e# than the large8# ale #e tor6 $or e*ample there ha# &een a huge in rea#e in miller# o$ maize and other ereal#, pro e##or# o$ peanut &utter, manu$a turer# o$ live#to k $eed# and #oy&ean produ t#. ive o$ the #even major manu$a turer# o$ #e ondary pro e##ing e9uipment li#ted in Ta&le 2 'ere e#ta&li#hed in the la#tde ade.

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Ta&le 2 The major manu$a turer# and di#tri&utor# o$ #e ondary pro e##ing e9uipment in%im&a&'e.

C!,'a L!cat$! R(ta$ !#t (ts Pr!"#ct ra &(Reno* -arare -arare Jegeta&le oil mill#, ereal grinding mill#,

dehuller#, peanut &utter mill#:ntermediate

Te hnology

-arare -arare,

Bula'ayo,Mutare

Jegeta&le oil mill#, ereal grinding mill#,

Manual and motori#ed peanut &utter mill#

3ppropriate Te hnology 3$ri a

-arare -arare, Mutare Jegeta&le oil mill#, ereal grinding mill#,dehuller#, manual and motori#ed peanut&utter mill#, motori#ed jui e e*tra tor

Tanroy Engineering -arare -arare, Mutare,Bula'ayo

Jegeta&le oil mill#, ereal grinding mill#,dehuller#, groundnut roa#ter#, Manualand motori#ed peanut &utter mill#,

a##ava and #'eet potato hipper#.%im&a&'e )il (re##(roje t =%)((>

-arare -arare, Ru#ape,Mutare

Jegeta&le oil mill#, groundnut roa#ter#,Manual and motori#ed peanut &utter mill#

(re i#ion Arinder# -arare -arare !ereal grinding mill#, dehuller#, Manualand motori#ed peanut &utter mill#, mi*er#

:n#titute o$ 3gri ulturalEngineering, Mini#try o$

3gri ulture

-arare -arare !ereal grinding mill#, dehuller#,Motori#ed peanut &utter mill#,

tainle## teel(rodu t#.

-arare -arare,Bula'ayo

:ndu#trial pot#, #team pot#, pa#teurizer#,meat min er#, #au#age maker#,&lender#, &akery oven#, potato hipper#and peeler#, mi*er#

There i# lear eviden e o$ 'ide#pread a tivitie# in manu$a turing o$ ereal $lour, peanut &utter andanimal $eed# a# indi ated &y the in rea#ed num&er o$ manu$a turer# o$ related e9uipment. Thi#development #hould in theory lead to a 'ider hoi e o$ e9uipment and a level o$ ompetition that

'ould &ene$it the on#umer# =Nazare, 2//I>. :t i# ho'ever, important to point out that 'hile thereare many player# in the manu$a turing #e tor6 variety in e9uipment de#ign i# very limited. Mo#t o$ the manu$a turer# rely heavily on pro uring e9uipment andHor omponent# o$ e9uipment $rom 3#iaa# 'ell a# the lo al $ormal and in$ormal outlet#. Thi# approa h may re#ult in poor e9uipment 9uality

ontrol and ertainly re#ult# in limited on#umer hoi e. "ltimately, there are al#o o#t# a##o iated'ith $i*ing poor 9uality ma hine# 'hen they &reak do'n. Nonethele##, the po#itive #ide o$ it i# thatit redu e# the o#t o$ tooling $or individual manu$a turer#, may guarantee inter8 hangea&ility o$ #pare# among e9uipment $rom di$$erent manu$a turer# and reate# employment $or the lo al#.

. R(s(arc/ a " D(2( !',( t

Development o$ agro8pro e##ing e9uipment ha# not re eived the level o$ re#ear h #upport itde#erve#. There are limited and i#olated re#ear h e$$ort# in the private #e tor. :n the pu&li #e tor,&udget# $or Re#ear h and Development have &een ut do'n dra#ti ally and $urthermore there i# a

riti al #hortage o$ 9uali$ied re#ear h #ta$$ to arry out the 'ork. -o'ever, on#idera&le re#ear h inthe development o$ rop #heller#, thre#her#, vegeta&le oil mill#, peanut &utter mill# and rop dryer#ha# &een ondu ted &y the Mini#try o$ 3gri ulture =Mo3> through the :n#titute o$ 3gri ulturalEngineering, the "niver#ity o$ %im&a&'e ="%> and END3 %im&a&'e #in e 100/. "#e$ul re#ear hre#ult# have &een generated &ut e*ten#ion o$ the re#ult# to the private #e tor =manu$a turer#> and$armer# ha# generally &een poor.

"% u#ually 'ork# in partner#hip 'ith the private #e tor in e9uipment manu$a turing. Tran#$er o$ te hnologie# to end8u#er# i# $a ilitated &y the linkage# that e*i#t &et'een the univer#ity and thepu&li #e tor and NA)#. :nvolvement o$ #tudent# in variou# re#ear h a tivitie# al#o help# in thedi##emination o$ re#ear h re#ult#. The development and e*ten#ion o$ the peanut &utter te hnologyha# &een a major #u e## #tory $or the Development Te hnology !entre =DT!> at the "%.

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Te hnology manu$a turing and marketing i# no' $ully market8driven. -o'ever, there are i##ue##urrounding intelle tual property right# and patenting 'hi h are not in pla e. Many a time,te hnology generated &y a ademi or pu&li #e tor re#ear h organi#ation# end# up &eing u#ed $or

ommer ial purpo#e# 'ithout due re ognition o$ the people involved in kno'ledge development.

There i# no eviden e o$ real &udget# $or re#ear h and development in the private #e tor #ave $or (re i#ion Arinder#, -a#tt %im&a&'e and (ra ti al 3 tion that have e#ta&li#hed re#ear h anddevelopment divi#ion#. )ther# depend on te hnology importation =plu# adaptation#> and re#ear hre#ult# $rom lo al 'ork.

3. E4t( s$! a " tra$ $ &

Training in agro8pro e##ing i# at three level#6 manu$a turer#, di#tri&utor# and end8u#er# 'ho areeither $armer# or entrepreneur#. Training in manu$a turing te hni9ue# i# not a limitation in%im&a&'e. Training o$ arti#an# =tool maker#, 'elder#, $itter and turner#, #heet metal 'orker# et > i#'ell e#ta&li#hed and o$ high #tandard. Training :n#titution# #u h a# ilveira -ou#e, Alen ore#t,-lek'eni riend#, the :n#titute o$ 3gri ultural Engineering o$ Mo3 o$$er training in &la k#mithingtargeted at rural arti#an#. Rural &la k#mith# arry out minor repair# on e9uipment at lo al level.-o'ever, mo#t o$ the#e in#titution# are operating &elo' normal apa ity due to $inan ial

on#traint# or high #ta$$ turn8over.

There i# very limited training o$$ered to di#tri&utor# a# &a#i kno'ledge a&out the operation# o$ e9uipment i# $re9uently mi##ing at point# o$ #ale. Thi# i# o$ten e*a er&ated &y la k o$ operationalmanual# on #ome produ t#. here attempt# are made to provide manual#, they #ometime# la kne e##ary a##em&ling and trou&le8#hooting detail#.

Jery $e' #mall8 and medium8# ale agro8pro e##or# have re eived $ormal training in $oodpro e##ing te hni9ue#. Mo#t o$ the $ormal training #upport $or #mall8# ale $ood pro e##or# ha#&een provided &y Ran he -ou#e !ollege 'ith $und# provided under a Dut h8$unded programme

alled ood (ro e##ing a# a mall Bu#ine##C =Mhazo et al ., 2//7>. The training in luded #olar drying o$ $ruit# and vegeta&le#, te hni al and &u#ine## #kill#, and entrepreneur#hip and $inan iala e## and management.

Mo3 ha# a mandate to di##eminate re#ear h output# to $armer# and other lient# via theDepartment o$ 3gri ultural Engineering and Te hni al ervi e# 'hi h i# repre#ented at provin iallevel and more re ently, in #ome di#tri t#. -o'ever, overage at ground level i# not a# good a# theDepartment o$ 3gri ultural Re#ear h and E*ten#ion =3RE > 'hi h i# re#pon#i&le $or the

onventional agri ultural e*ten#ion. Mo#t 3ET #ta$$ have generally $ailed to keep a&rea#t o$ urrent te hnology development trend# in agro8pro e##ing and their apa ity to provide te hni al,

training and advi#ory #ervi e# i# limited.

(rivate #e tor manu$a turer# have their o'n marketing and e*ten#ion #trategie# driven mainly &ytheir o'n #ta$$ parti ularly at $orum# #u h a# agri ultural #ho'# =at variou# level#> and the%im&a&'e :nternational Trade air#. Training $or end8u#er# i# provided in a num&er o$ 'ay#

ompri#ing #hort duration demon#tration# o$$ered &y #ale# per#onnel, $ormal and in$ormal #kill#training and te hni al training o$$ered during in#tallation and ommi##ioning o$ e9uipment.

5. C! stra$ ts $ t/( a&r!-'r!c(ss$ & $ "#str

%im&a&'e i# urrently going through a riti al e onomi re e##ion. :nternational developmenta##i#tan e to the ountry ha# de lined in real term#. Aiven thi# # enario, it i# ne e##ary $or %im&a&'e to develop innovative #trategie# to omplement d'indling donor parti ipation in$o#tering indu#trial development.

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Aro'th o$ the agro8pro e##ing indu#try i# hampered &y variou# on#traint# that range $rome9uipment #upply to pro&lem# $a ed &y on#umer# o$ the te hnologie#. :n the manu$a turing#e tor, progre## i# limited &y

Di$$i ultie# in a e##ing $oreign urren y6 Redu ed demand $or e9uipment a# mo#t lient# $ail to mo&ilize re#our e# to a 9uire

e9uipment6

@imited tran#$er o$ te hnology $rom re#ear h6 @imited a e## to 'orking apital6 -igh duty and ta* on imported ra' material and #pare#. :n #ome a#e# the government

poli ie# on duty and ta*e# harged on imported e9uipment di# ourage lo al manu$a turing.or e*ample indu#triali#t# are harged value added ta* =J3T> on imported material# u#ed in

the manu$a turing pro e## yet the $ini#hed pie e o$ e9uipment i# #old 'ithout J3T making itimpo##i&le to re over o#t#. The manu$a turer# get $ru#trated 'hen they pay high duty andta*e# on ra' material# 'hile the ompeting $ini#hed produ t# are imported at lo' duty6 and

The manu$a turing #e tor ha# al#o &een hara teri#ed &y poor 9uality produ t#, e#pe ially$rom the in$ormal #e tor, a# the en$or ement o$ #tandard# ha# not &een e$$e tive. Theprevalen e o$ #utandard e9uipment on the market at time# $or e# the government to

reate ondition# $or importation o$ high 9uality produ t# to prote t the on#umer#.

3gro8pro e##or# $a e numerou# on#traint# in luding (oor e9uipment &a k8up #ervi e rendered &y dealer#, #hortage# and high o#t o$

e9uipment and #pare#6 @imited a e## to in$ormation $rom e*ten#ion #ervi e6 @imited a e## to appropriate pa kaging material $or pro e##ed produ t#, la k o$ marketing

#kill#6 :nade9uate #upport #ervi e# $rom training in#titution#, private #e tor on#ultant#, #mall

enterpri#e advi#or#, re#ear h in#titution# and engineering 'ork#hop#6 Errati #upply and in rea#ed o#t o$ $uel oupled 'ith $re9uent po'er ut#6 "nrelia&le #upply o$ ra' material#, redu ed demand $or pro e##ed $ood produ t#6 (oor a#h $lo' emanating $rom lo' volume# o$ ra' material# hen e lo' in ome i# reali#ed

$rom pro e##ing6 ailure to meet $ood pro e##ing regulation# pertaining to $ood #a$ety and hygiene pra ti e#

'hi h need to &e adhered to in the indu#try. 3ttention to hygiene and &a#i $ood #a$etypro edure# i# $ound, at time#, to &e limited among in$ormal enterpri#e#. ?no'ledge o$ #pe i$i regulation# and legi#lation governing $ood #a$ety and hygiene i##ue# i# only evidentamong tho#e pro e##or# 'ho market their produ t through $ormal outlet#. The re9uired

o#t# o$ meeting the tandard 3##o iation o$ %im&a&'e regulation# are vie'ed &y the morein$ormal pro e##or# a# prohi&itive =Mhazo et al ., 2//7>6

-igh o#t o$ pro e##ing e9uipment6 and @imited apa ity to mo&ili#e apital $or e9uipment pur ha#e and 'orking apital.

!on#traint# $a ed &y produ er# o$ ra' material in lude re9uent drought# re#ulting in rop $ailure6 !urrent high o#t# o$ produ tion input# =#eed, $ertilizer, hemi al# et .> re#ulting in a de line

in the level# o$ produ tion hen e #hortage# o$ ra' material. Thi# $a tor together 'ith thepre eding one ould have a ompound e$$e t6

@a k o$ $unding and un$avoura&le &orro'ing ondition#6 and @a k o$ ommer ial $arming #kill#.

6. O''!rt# $t$(s $ t/( a&r!-'r!c(ss$ & $ "#str "(2( !',( t

3gro8pro e##ing opportunitie# in %im&a&'e urrently tend to $avour gro'th and development o$ medium8# ale pro e##ing indu#trie# that mat h the urrent produ tion level# and the di#tortion# inmarketing o$ produ e. Market $or e# and the prevailing e onomi environment $avour more do'n8

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#izing o$ large8# ale pro e##ing #y#tem# and upgrading #mall8# ale pro e##ing indu#trie#. Thi# i#mainly due to the $a t that the demand $or ra' material# &y large8# ale manu$a turer# i# urrentlynot &eing met due to lo' national produ tion level# hen e the enterpri#e# are operating &elo'

apa ity. Thi# ha# re#ulted in # aling do'n o$ &u#ine##, ma##ive #ta$$ retren hment# andHor lo#ure o$ $a torie#. or e*ample 3roma Bakerie# in -arare #old their peanut &utter &u#ine##

=e9uipment and $ran hi#e> to a medium8# ale pro e##or. ome large8# ale operator# ontemplate#u&8 ontra ting #mall and medium pro e##or# 'ho an meet their #et #tandard#. The ontra tor 'ould provide pa kaging material# and take re#pon#i&ilitie# $or tran#porting and marketing theprodu t. Thi# arrangement #hi$t# ra' material #our ing and pro e##ing ri#k# a'ay $rom the large8# ale pro e##or.

mall8# ale enterpri#e# 'hi h are hara teri#ed &y u#e o$ manual e9uipment are lo#ing &u#ine##to the medium8# ale a# the latter u#e motori#ed e9uipment 'hi h have advantage# o$ &oth higher

apa ity and e$$i ien y. Manual e9uipment i# either a&andoned or upgraded to mat h the demand.E*ample# are =i> the rapid oole# en e o$ manual #un$lo'er oil pre##e# in the 100/# $ollo'ingthe importation o$ motori#ed multi8 rop oil e*peller# $rom 3#ia and =ii> the urrent re9ue#t# &ypeanut &utter pro e##or# to upgrade manual mill# &y in#talling motor#. mall8# ale pro e##or# 'ho

annot a$$ord to improve their pro e##ing #y#tem# are likely to get out o$ &u#ine##.

The merit# and de8merit# o$ the developmentHe*pan#ion o$ medium8# ale enterpri#e# are#ummari#ed in Ta&le 7. Aenerally, it appear# that urrently, there are more merit# than demerit# ingoing $or the medium8# ale enterpri#e#.

Ta&le 7 ummary o$ merit# and demerit# o$ the medium8# ale agro8pro e##ing enterpri#e#.

M(r$ts D(,(r$tsEmpo'erment o$ 'omen;# lu through in rea#edthroughput

Di#8empo'erment o$ individual 'omen throughlo## o$ &u#ine## opportunitie#

De entrali#ation o$ indu#trie# re#ulting in employmentreation

:mproved adheren e to manu$a turing regulation# and#tandardi#ation o$ e9uipment(rovi#ion o$ #ervi e pro e##ing $a ilitie# and relieving#mall8# ale pro e##or# o$ the &urden o$ e9uipmentoperation and maintenan e

Rapid oole# en e o$ manual e9uipment leadingto lo## o$ apital inve#tment.

:mproved han e# o$ #tandardi#ation o$ e9uipment:mprove planning and time management &y lient# 'ho'ould other'i#e &udget time $or pro e##ing a tivitie#

@o## o$ &u#ine## &y large # ale pro e##or#,# aling do'n o$ operation#, ma##iveretren hment#, lo#ure o$ $a torie#

The poor may &e a&le to a e## u#tom pro e##ing a#even #mall 9uantitie# an #till &e #ervi e pro e##ed $or hou#ehold on#umption 'ithout inve#ting into thepro e##ing e9uipment.

@o## o$ &u#ine## &y #mall # ale pro e##or#

!reation o$ lo al market# $or produ er# o$ ra' material'hi h ould #timulate lo al produ tion-igher han e# o$ $ormali#ation o$ &u#ine##e# and

ompetition among pro e##or# 'hi h ould lead toimproved revenue to entral government and redu edpri e# $or on#umer# re#pe tively There i# great potential in the development o$ medium8# ale grain milling, &read8makingenterpri#e#, live#to k $eed manu$a turing, peanut &utter and vegeta&le oil pro e##ing a#opportunitie# o$ market entry &y medium8# ale entrepreneur# in rea#e. ruit and vegeta&lepro e##ing and pre#ervation o$$er a ne' via&le opportunity though more e$$ort need# to &e put intoprodu t promotion and marketing. or e*ample @amin and on in Nyanga #tarted pro e##ing a

'ide range o$ $ruit# a# a pa#time &ut later e*panded into a medium8# ale $a tory apa&le o$ produ ing hal$ a tonne o$ dried produ t# per day $or &oth dome#ti and e*port market# =3 9uah,100 >. There are 'ide#pread #hortage# o$ $ruit# and vegeta&le# in the drier part# o$ the ountry yet

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during peak produ tion period# there i# a glut and large amount# o$ $ruit# and vegeta&le# are put to'a#te. ruit# an &e pro e##ed into pulp#Hjui e#, 'ine, jam#, jelly, marmalade, pi kle#, driedprodu t# and on$e tionery item#.

mall and medium8# ale agro8pro e##ing indu#trie# at R !# are #trategi ally lo ated to takeadvantage o$ &oth ra' material and lo al market#. The dominant a tivitie# in R !# are erealmilling, peanut &utter milling, and vegeta&le oil pro e##ing. There are al#o opportunitie# $or $ruitand vegeta&le drying, anning, &ottling, jui ing and $reezing in the R !# =(ri e ater -ou#e,100G>. E9uipment re9uired $or #mall8# ale $ruit pro e##ing i# &a#ed on the u#ual home kit hengadget# in luding #tove#, pot#, knive# and #poon# 'hi h are 'idely availa&le in hard'are #hop#around the ountry. or medium8# ale enterpri#e#, more #pe iali#ed e9uipment #u h a# #tainle##indu#trial &oiler#, pulper#, pa#teurizer# and anning ma hine# &e ome ne e##ary. The#e are againavaila&le $rom tainle## teel :ndu#trie# and 3g8Jenture re#pe tively. The DevelopmentTe hnology !entre o$ the "niver#ity o$ %im&a&'e reported limited a'arene## o$ the %im&a&'eanmarket to dried $ruit produ t# a# a on#traint to the uptake o$ #olar dryer# =Nazare, 2//I>.

)ne le## developed area and normally not addre##ed in po#t8harve#t di# u##ion# i# that o$ pro e##ing o$ meat and $i#h $or pre#ervation and value addition. ith the urrent high o#t# o$

ommer ial produ t#, on#umer# turn to in$ormal #our e# o$ &ee$, hi ken, pork and $i#h. mall tomedium8# ale handling, pro e##ing and pa kaging o$ meat into value added produ t# #u h a##au#age# and dried meat de#erve greater attention. Meat min er# and #au#age maker# areavaila&le in the ountry. laughtering o$ the animal# i# predominantly manual u#ing a*e# andknive#. Me hanized plu king ma hine# $or removing hi ken $eather# are kno'n to e*i#t &ut arerarely u#ed at #mall and medium8# ale.

!ommon utilitie# #u h a# road#Hrail, po'er, 'ater and ommuni ation are vital to the developmento$ indu#trie# in &oth rural and ur&an area#. Mo#t o$ the#e are 'ell8developed in %im&a&'e.-o'ever, ele tri ity 'hi h i# an important element to agro8pro e##ing and rural engineering i# notyet readily availa&le in mo#t rural area# de#pite the Ao%8driven a elerated rural ele tri$i ationprogramme urrently under'ay.

7. S'(c$)$c cas(s !) s,a - t! ,("$#,-sca ( a&r!-'r!c(ss$ & ( t(r'r$s(s $ Z$,bab0(. 3 #ample o$ ommodity8#pe i$i a#e #tudie# o$ agro8pro e##ing enterpri#e# i# given in the$ollo'ing #e tion#.

Cas( 18 Pr!c(ss$ & !) c(r(a s

The hammer mill ha# revolutioni#ed ereal pro e##ing into $lour in &oth rural and ur&an area#. Thete hnology an &e ea#ily om&ined 'ith a dehuller to produ e pearl $lour pre$erred &y mo#t ur&and'eller# or to enhan e palata&ility o$ #mall grain# 'idely produ ed in the #emi8arid area# o$ the ountry.The introdu tion o$ dehuller# ha# &een largely per eived a# one intervention that an alleviate thedrudgery 'omen undergo 'hen pro e##ing #mall grain# u#ing the traditional pe#tle and mortar to removethe &ran $ollo'ed &y grinding on a #tone mill to produ e the $lour. !on#idering the -:JH3:D pandemi'hi h ha# hit the ountry, and the general la&our #hortage in mo#t rural area#, traditional pro e##ing o$

ereal#, e#pe ially #mall grain#, ha# &e ome a $ormida&le hallenge.

ith the per#i#tent #hortage# o$ $uel in the ountry, many people in rural area# have to 'alk a# $ar a#2/km to a e## grinding mill# running on ele tri ity in#tead o$ the more u#ual die#el. Thi# i# parti ularlypro&lemati in area# not yet rea hed &y the Ao%#; rural ele tri$i ation programme.

Cas( %8 O$ s((" 'r!c(ss$ &

There i# riti al #hortage o$ vegeta&le oil in %im&a&'e. The little #to k that tri kle# in i# too e*pen#ive $or mo#t %im&a&'ean $amilie#. )il e*pre##ion ha# mainly &een $rom #un$lo'er #eed u#ing manual rampre##e# at the lo'e#t level or motori#ed #y#tem# at the medium8# ale level. un$lo'er i# a drought8tolerant, lo' management rop, 'hi h an &e gro'n &y many rural hou#ehold# to #upply ruralentrepreneur#.

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)ne entrepreneur an o'n #everal ram pre##e# operated &y people #pe i$i ally employed to pre## the#eed and 'ho are paid &a#ed on the 9uantity o$ oil produ ed. Me hani#ed oil e*pre##ion i# &a#ed on theTiny Te h6 a te hnology imported $rom 3#ia &ut no' lo ally manu$a tured &y #everal ompanie# in ludingTanroy Engineering. Mo#t entrepreneur# are lo ated at Rural ervi e !entre# =R !#> #u h a# Aok'e,

hurug'i, Murom&edzi, !hivi and Bikita

?ey hallenge# a##o iated 'ith thi# enterpri#e in lude

1. @a k o$ &a k8up #ervi e and #pare part# 'hen the#e ma hine# &reakdo'n62. @imited a e## to #kill# training $or #ta$$67. The part# may &e availa&le &ut la k #tandardi#ation, making it di$$i ult to a e## the ompati&le part#.

Rural entrepreneur# are $or ed to travel &a k to the #our e o$ the ma hine #ay in -arare6G. There have &een I #u e##ive drought# in the ountry 'hi h ha# #igni$i antly redu ed produ tion6

thi# mean# that #our ing o$ the pre##ing #eed i# an enormou# hallenge 'hi h re9uire#entrepreneurial innovation6

I. @o' management apa ity o$ entrepreneur#6 and+. :n on#i#tent #upply o$ ra' material# 'hi h limit #y#tem apa ity utili#ation.

3nother oil#eed 'ho#e produ tion i# e*panding rapidly de#pite the drought# i# #oya&ean. The rop i#high in protein and an &e pro e##ed into numerou# produ t# 'hi h an #igni$i antly improve thelivelihood# o$ rural people. ome e*ample# in lude manu$a ture o$ #oya min e meat, oil, #oya milk, #oya

yoghurt, &a&y $eed#, #to k $eed# et . -o'ever $or the oil e*tra tion pro e##, hemi al method# areu#ually more e$$i ient and need to &e introdu ed in R !#.

Cas( *8 Pr!c(ss$ & !) r!!t a " t#b(r cr!'s

'eet potato utili#ation i# traditionally limited to on#umption a# a #na k, de##ert or a #utitute $or &readat &reak$a#t, 'hen the root i# &oiled. -o'ever, the market i# o$ten $looded $or up to three month#,there&y depre##ing the pri e# and making the produ tion o$ #'eet potatoe# a non8via&le enterpri#e. Mo#trural hou#ehold# are then $or ed to &uy the onventional 'heat &read, 'hi h i# &e oming in rea#inglyuna$$orda&le. in e #'eet potatoe# are 'idely produ ed in the ountry &y mo#t #mallholder $armer# andthe $lour $rom the potatoe# have &een demon#trated to have the potential to partially #utitute 'heat$lour =Nyakudya et al , 2//G>, thi# an help ut do'n on the 'heat omponent 'hi h make# &read

e*pen#ive. :n addition, Jitamin 3 de$i ien y i# 'ide#pread in rural area# and yet ertain #'eet potatovarietie# are kno'n to &e ri h in thi# nutrient. The introdu tion o$ #'eet potato $lour may enhan ea e##i&ility o$ the rural poor to &read, many o$ 'hom an no longer a$$ord the 'heat8&a#ed &read.!ommer ial pro e##ing o$ #'eet potatoe# into &aking $lour an #timulate produ tion o$ the rop, in rea#ein ome#, improve $ood and nutritional #e urity, and reate employment opportunitie#, there&y helping toalleviate poverty in rural area#. :n the long term, thi# might al#o &e a #trategi intervention at national levelin that the mu h8needed $oreign urren y re9uired to import #upplementary 'heat ould &e redu ed. :t

an al#o in rea#e rural in ome# through marketing o$ the ra' material 'hen the pro e##ing enterpri#ereate# a lo al demand $or the #'eet potatoe#.

3ppropriate pro e##ing #y#tem# at #mall8# ale level have not yet &een $ully developed. There are variou#option# o$ 'a#hing, peeling, #li ing, drying and grinding the dried #'eet potato hip#. There are, ho'ever,#till a num&er o$ 9ue#tion# regarding the#e pro e##ing te hni9ue#. (reviou# re#ear her# have noted a

la k o$ in$ormation on #'eet potato $lour 9uality =Jan -al, 2///>. The 9uality o$ $lour i# a $un tion o$ thevariety o$ the ra' material u#ed and pro e##ing #y#tem employed.

Mutungamiri et al . =2//1> demon#trated that #'eet potatoe# an &e pro e##ed into jam. )ther &y8produ t# that an &e derived $rom #'eet potatoe# in lude jui e, ket hup and $re#h hip#.

Cas( 8 P(a #t b#tt(r 'r!c(ss$ &

(ro e##ing o$ groundnut# into peanut &utter i# a very important hou#ehold a tivity in the rural area# o$ %im&a&'e. (eanut &utter i# u#ed a# a #pread on &read, a# an ingredient in #oup# or eaten a# a #na kand i# an e##ential #our e o$ protein and $at# in the diet o$ mo#t %im&a&'ean $amilie#. There i# no needto add pre#ervative# &e au#e heat produ ed during pro e##ing, de#troy# enzyme# and mi ro&ial

ontaminant#, and &e au#e o$ it# relatively lo' moi#ture ontent, re ontamination i# inhi&ited = ello'#,100 >. The traditional pro e##ing method o$ $ir#t pounding roa#ted nut# 'ith a pe#tle and mortar then $inegrinding on a #tone mill i# hara teri#ed &y high la&our input, lo' throughput =Mhazo et al ., 2//2> and i#

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o$ten vie'ed a# unhygieni . The pro&lem# a##o iated 'ith $ood 9uality, #a$ety and hygiene limit theappeal o$ traditionally pro e##ed peanut &utter parti ularly to the $ormal market#6 hen e redu ing thein ome reali#ed &y pro e##or#.

The Development Te hnology !entre =DT!> introdu ed me hani#ed #y#tem# $or peanut &utter pro e##ingin 100+ and ha# #in e &een 'orking to'ard# improvement o$ the #y#tem#. Both manual and motori#edpeanut &utter mill# and roa#ter# are no' lo ally manu$a tured and readily availa&le on the market.

(rodu tion #y#tem# $or ma hine#, pa kaging material# and the related a e##orie# have &eene#ta&li#hed and guideline# $or e9uipment di#tri&ution and operation have &een developed. Te hni9ue#have &een developed $or produ ing high 9uality and #a$e peanut &utter. 3# the produ t i# o$ten not re8heated &e$ore on#umption and #in e it i# a lo'8a id produ t, #tri t hygiene rule# $or #a$e $ood handling#hould &e oerved. The ne' #y#tem# have tremendou#ly in rea#ed the level# o$ produ tion and 9ualityo$ peanut &utter &y #mall and medium8# ale entrepreneur#, even in ur&an area#. The groundnut# #hould&e ompletely and uni$ormly roa#ted &e$ore grinding to produ e a good 9uality peanut &utter. "nder8roa#ting produ e# a poor $lavour, 'herea# over8roa#ting re#ult# in a darkened produ t and &urnt $lavour.The degree o$ grinding and #ize o$ the parti le# o$ the produ t depend# on on#umer pre$eren e# and in%im&a&'e a #mooth pa#te ha# a higher market value. 3 great num&er o$ 'omen group# are no' a&le to#upply the $ormal market# a$ter meeting the high #a$ety and 9uality #tandard# #et &y the tandard

3##o iation o$ %im&a&'e = 3%>. 3 $e' enterpri#e# have met e*port re9uirement# to neigh&ouringountrie#. 3 om&ination o$ adoption o$ the medium8# ale pro e##ing te hnologie# and lo' groundnut

produ tion level# ha# re#ulted in a #hortage o$ the ra' material $or #mall8# ale pro e##or#.The major hallenge# in me hani#ation o$ peanut &utter pro e##ing are1. The in rea#e in o#t o$ ne' ma hine# and #pare#6 e#pe ially &urr# and ele tri motor#62. @a k o$ en$or ement o$ manu$a turing #tandard# $or pro e##ing e9uipment. Thi# ha# re#ulted in

on#umer# a e##ing #utandard ma hine# a# the#e are normally lo' pri ed67. @a k o$ e9uipment de#ign patent# hen e unli en#ed manu$a turing6G. Redu ed #upply o$ groundnut# due to $re9uent drought#6I. Di$$i ultie# in attaining 3% a reditation #o a# to a e## $ormal market#6 and

. :n rea#e in o#t o$ pa kaging material.

Aro'th in the peanut &utter medium enterpri#e# i# eviden ed &y the numerou# &rand# $ound on the#helve# o$ mo#t lo al #upermarket#.

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Cas( 38 Fr#$t a " 2(&(tab ( "r $ &

ruit# and vegeta&le# play an important role in providing the &ody 'ith e##ential vitamin# and mineral#'hi h 'hen de$i ient, an au#e malnutrition ="tete and Tem&o, 100+>. :n the #mallholder #e tor o$ %im&a&'e, $re#h vegeta&le# are availa&le in large 9uantitie# in the dry #ea#on 'hile $ruit# are a&undant inthe 'et #ea#on. hen produ tion e* eed# the $amily on#umption need# and demand level# o$ the lo almarket#, produ er# $a e huge pro&lem# in trying to a e## ur&an market#. The#e in lude la k o$ market

in$ormation and marketing intelligen e, high peri#ha&ility o$ horti ultural ommoditie# and la k o$ re$rigerated tran#port #ervi e# and poor road net'ork#. More o$ten than not, high value produ e i# put to'a#te.

3 'ide variety o$ vegeta&le# and $ruit# are pro e##ed into dried produ t# and the majority o$ vegeta&le#pro e##ed are indigenou# varietie#. (re#ervation relie# on the removal o$ moi#ture &y drying. 3n a id dip#ulphur dio*ide may al#o &e u#ed to redu e the num&er o$ ontaminating mi ro8organi#m# = ello'#,100 > &ut thi# i# not ommonly pra ti#ed in %im&a&'e. Dried produ t# are o&tained $rom apple, mango,guava, &anana, pa'8pa', tomatoe#, onion#, a&&age#, rape, covo , o'pea leave#, pumpkin leave#,mu#tard leave# and okra. :t i# more ommon to $ind dried vegeta&le# rather than $ruit# on the vendor#market. or a #igni$i ant num&er o$ pro e##or#, pro e##ing i# a traditional a tivity adopted to enhan ehou#ehold $ood #e urity during the agri ultural o$$8#ea#on 'hen a e## to $re#h produ e i# limited. ome#urplu# may &e #old lo ally to generate in ome. The $e' enterpri#e# that produ e the dried produ t# at

medium8# ale, #ell their produ t# in the up8market #hop# and lo al touri#t re#ort area#. The Mure'a ood(ro e##or#; 3##o iation i# one o$ the $e' enterpri#e# 'hi h e*port# #mall volume# o$ dried $ruit#, &ut itdoe# not have $irm ontra t# in e*port market#.

Mo#t o$ the e*i#ting $ruit and vegeta&le pro e##or# are in$ormal in nature and range in #ize $rom #mall tomedium. They are normally re$erred to a# ottage indu#trie# a# they operate $rom re#idential home#.Drying o$ $ruit# i# #till a novel idea among &oth pro e##or# and lo al on#umer#. -o'ever, there i#evident in rea#e in the #upply o$ pro e##ed $ruit# and vegeta&le# a# variou# #u h ommoditie# are no'availa&le in the up8market #hop# in to'n# and touri#t re#ort area# &ut in &etter 9uality.

There are, ho'ever, many on#traint# that may hinder development o$ #mall and medium8# ale $ruit andvegeta&le pro e##ing enterpri#e#. The#e in lude

1. Redu ed rop produ tion level# a# the o#t# o$ #eed, $ertilizer# and hemi al# have gone up. mall8# ale produ er# al#o have limited a e## to $ertile land and irrigation $a ilitie#.2. @a k o$ appropriate pro e##ing te hnology. Mo#t o$ the pro e##or# u#e the u#ual home kit hen

uten#il# a# their &a#i e9uipment and #un8dry their $ruit# and vegeta&le#. Arading, peeling and uttingare done &y &a#i hand tool#. The vegeta&le# are dried &y #preading out ut and &lan hedHpar8&oiledpie e# in thin layer# on $lat #ur$a e#. There i# la k o$ old #torage $a ilitie# to #tore ra' or #emi8pro e##ed produ t# $or u#e in the o$$ #ea#on.

7. @a k o$ a e## to appropriate pa kaging material $or pro e##ed produ t# e#pe ially $or tho#eenterpri#e# 'ho 'i#h to market their produ t# through the $ormal market#. ome enterpri#e# re#ort tou#ing re y led pa kaging material# &ut thi# rai#e# $ood #a$ety and hygiene on ern#.

G. (oor marketing o$ produ t#. Marketing o$ #mall8# ale pro e##ed $ood produ t# i# largely in$ormal.Enterpri#e# lo ated in rural area# rely on demand $rom lo al in$ormal market#, 'hi h are #mall andunrelia&le. There i# a general la k o$ marketing #kill# and in$ormation.

I. @a k o$ appropriate training in $ood pro e##ing. 3 $e' pro e##or# have re eived $ormal training in$ood pro e##ing te hni9ue#.+. ailure to adhere to the general $ood #a$ety re9uirement# and hygiene pra ti e# a# re9uired &y the

$ood #a$ety regulation#.. @a k o$ 'orking apital a# mo#t pro e##or# e*perien e poor a#h $lo'#.

There i# ho'ever, potential to reate via&le &u#ine## venture# in $ruit and vegeta&le pro e##ing a# longa# appropriate pro e##ing e9uipment, pro e##ing #kill#, pa kaging material, and marketing in$ormationare made availa&le.

Cas( 58 9#$c( (4tract$!

De#pite the high level o$ $ruit produ tion in many di#tri t# o$ %im&a&'e, there i# $ood in#e urity, poverty,

hunger and malnutrition at hou#ehold level. There i# little pro e##ing o$ $ruit# at #mall or medium8# alelevel and $armer# are lo#ing out a# they o$ten #ell their $re#h $ruit# 'ithin a $e' 'eek# o$ harve#ting atgive8a'ay pri e#. Re ent a#e #tudie# &y the DT! =Mhazo et. al 2//7> #ugge#t that #mall8# ale $ruit and

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vegeta&le pro e##ing ha# potential to provide improved return# to horti ultural produ er# a# long a#appropriate pro e##ing e9uipment, pro e##ing #kill#, pa kaging material# and marketing in$ormation aremade availa&le.

(ulp#Hjui e# an &e made $rom almo#t any $ully ripened $ruit, &ut ommon type# in lude apple, pineapple,orange, grape$ruit, pa##ion8$ruit, guava and mango. The pulping, $iltering and pa#teuri#ing #tage# o$ thepro e## #hould &e monitored and ontrolled to produ e a on#i#tent produ t 9uality. 3# the produ t i#

a idi there i# little ri#k o$ $ood poi#oning, &ut normal hygiene pra ti e# #hould &e en$or ed = ello'#,100 >. !urrently jui e e*tra tion i# &eing done &y large ompanie# #u h a# Mazoe !itru# E#tate#. The#e&ig ompanie# produ e a jui e on entrate 'hi h they #ell to other ompanie# $or jui e8making.

Mo#t ompanie# that produ e the ready8to8drink jui e# operate at medium8# ale level and do not pro urethe $ruit# dire tly $or pro e##ing. They pro ure mo#t o$ their jui e on entrate $rom Mazoe !itru# E#tate#and &lend it 'ith ingredient# like #ugar, pre#ervative#, itri a id, 'ater, olorant# and #ome $lavour#. Thi#operation doe# not re9uire heavy inve#tment in e9uipment. The e9uipment that i# needed i# mainly oldroom#, #torage tank# and mi*ing tank#. (rodu t# $rom the#e enterpri#e# in lude Mr Lui e, Let Lui e and!a# ade. The hallenge# &eing $a ed &y the#e medium8# ale enterpri#e# are the #hortage o$ the jui e

on entrate, high di#tri&ution o#t# and high o#t o$ pa kaging.

Cas( 68 F((" 'r!c(ss$ &

The ountry i# e*perien ing a riti al #hortage o$ live#to k $eed in the ountry mainly due to # ar ity o$ #oya&ean#. During the 2//GH/I agri ultural #ea#on, produ tion 'a# a&out G/,///mt yet the total marketdemand =in luding oil e*tra tion> i# in e* e## o$ 2//,///mt. oya&ean# i# an important protein #our e $or live#to k. Be au#e o$ thi# #hortage, the %im&a&'e Aovernment, through the Re#erve Bank o$ %im&a&'e,ha# availed $und# to the National oya&ean (romotion (rogramme, #pe i$i ally to &oo#t #oya&eanprodu tion in the ountry.

E9uipment $or live#to k $eed manu$a turing at medium8# ale level i# 'idely availa&le. The addition o$ ami*er and a &ag #tit herH#e'ing ma hine to an ordinary grinding mill i# all that i# re9uired. -o'ever,there i# la k o$ in$ormation on $eed ingredient# and limited $le*i&ility in #utitute# o$ ra' material.

Mapho#a et al. =2//2> #ho'ed that dried #'eet potato hip# an &e u#ed a# a partial #utitute $or maizein manu$a turing o$ &roiler hi ken $eed.

Pr!c(ss$ & !) a $,a 'r!"#ctsMeat, $i#h and dairy produ t# are highly peri#ha&le and have a high ri#k o$ $ood poi#oning a# they are lo'a id $ood# that an #upport the gro'th o$ a 'ide range o$ &a teria. (ro e##ing o$ the#e produ t# #hould&e done 9ui kly and properly and #hould not &e arried out &y ine*perien ed people, and training to deal'ith the ri#k# a##o iated 'ith the#e produ t# #hould &e given = ello'#, 100 >.

Dairy ProductsMilk i# al'ay# in high demand &e au#e o$ it# nutritional value and plea#ant $lavour. :t i# u#ed $or dome#ti

on#umption, $or u#e 'ith other produ t# like tea and porridge and an &e pro e##ed into &utter, hee#eand yoghurt. :n %im&a&'e there are very $e' #mall8and medium8# ale pro e##or# &e au#e milk i#relatively di$$i ult to pro e##, re9uiring are$ul ontrol over hygiene, relatively high apital e*penditure and#hort di#tri&ution hannel# to market# a# the #hel$8li$e i# #hort =three to $ive day#>. Dairi&ord %im&a&'e=@td> i# the major ompany that i# involved in milk pro e##ing. The ompany inve#ted heavily in apitale9uipment like hiller#, #torage tank#, pa#teuri#er, line #eparator#, homogeni#er#, #terilizer#, andpa kaging e9uipment. -o'ever, urrently they are not operating at $ull apa ity &e au#e o$ the #hortageo$ ra' milk. Their milk produ t# in lude i e8 ream, yoghurt, #our milk =la to> and pa#teuri#ed and#terili#ed milk. The $e' #mall and medium8# ale pro e##or# 'ho are &a#ed on $arm# mainly produ epa#teuri#ed milk and #our milk &e au#e the#e produ t# re9uire relatively le## #ophi#ti ated apitale9uipment. They get mo#t o$ their pro e##ing e9uipment $rom tainle## teel (rodu t# =(vt>,%im&a&'ean ompany. There are no milk pro e##or# at gro'th point# in %im&a&'e.

Meat ProductsBut herie# are $ound in to'n# and at almo#t al: Rural ervi e !entre# in %im&a&'e. But her# in to'n#pro ure mo#t o$ their meat $rom !old torage !ommi##ion =a %im&a&'ean ompany &a#ed in to'n#> or

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a&attoir# lo ated on peri8ur&an $arm#. The meat i# #tored in old #torage room# or re$rigerator# and themeat i# #li ed u#ing ele tri &lade# ju#t &e$ore #ale. But her# at gro'th point# pro ure mo#t o$ their meat$rom the #urrounding village# and the #laughtering i# u#ually done 'ith an a*e. The villager# #ell their &ea#t# to generate in ome $or $ood, # hool $ee#, to pay &ride pri e et . here ele tri ity i# a e##i&le#torage o$ the meat i# done in re$rigerator#H$reezer#. Tho#e 'ithout a e## to ele tri ity pre#erve the meat&y #un8drying.

Fish Productsi#h i# an important #our e o$ protein and mineral#. Many 'omen in %im&a&'e depend on &uying and#elling $i#h. ome travel to pla e# over 7// km a'ay to pro ure thi# produ t $or #ale in to'n#. Mo#t o$ the$i#h ome# $rom $re#h 'ater dam# and lake#. i#h i# pre#erved &y treating it 'ith #alt and laying it onrai#ed plat$orm# under the #un $or 2 O 1/ day#. The dried $i#h i# then pa ked in polythene &ag#. The key

hallenge in $i#h pro e##ing i# to redu e the drying time &y developing appropriate hy&rid drier#.(rolonged drying period# o$ten promote the rotting o$ $i#h hen e 'a#tage and an au#e $ood poi#oning.

3 typi al ME on ern i# pro$iled in the $ollo'ing #e tion to highlight the real #ituation in theindu#try.

Cas( :8 Ta r! E &$ ((r$ &

Tanroy Engineering i# a medium8# ale manu$a turing operation &a#ed in the M#a#a :ndu#trial area o$ -arare. The ompany i# 'ell8e9uipped and ade9uately #ta$$ed to handle manu$a turing o$ #mall andmedium8# ale agro8pro e##ing e9uipment that in lude maize mill#, dehuller#, peanut &utter mill#, peanutroa#ter#, #heller#, hipper# and grater#. Many o$ their produ t# have &oth manual and motori#ed ver#ion#and tailor8made #ize# an &e $a&ri ated to #uit di$$erent on#umer pre$eren e#. The motori#ed ver#ion# o$ their produ t# are po'ered &y ele tri motor# or die#el engine#. 3ll their produ t# &ear the &rand name

T3N T3NC and thi# i# already a hou#ehold name in outhern 3$ri a. @o ally the T3N T3N produ t# areretailed in -arare, Mutare and Bula'ayo and there are plan# to open a &ran h in Ma#vingo.

Though the ompany ha# made #utantial progre## in e#ta&li#hing it#el$ in light engineering, there areurrently di$$i ultie# in #our ing ele tri motor# and engine#. Ele tri motor# are #our ed $rom lo al

importer# #u h a# REN) and 3ppropriate Te hnology 3$ri a. -o'ever, they have dire t importarrangement# $or die#el engine# $rom 3#ia. The urrent #hortage o$ $oreign e* hange in the ountry &othdire tly and indire tly a$$e t# Tanroy a# thi# hinder# the #upply o$ engine# and ele tri motor#.

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Cas( 1;8 M#c/$

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+. The ommunitie# no' have improved diet# $rom the ooking oil ='hi h i# hole#terol8$ree6 'ith noarti$i ial additive#> or through pur ha#e o$ $ood u#ing the in ome generated $rom #un$lo'er oil #ale#.

:n thi# a#e it i# a 'in8'in #ituation &et'een the entrepreneur 'ho generate# in ome through #ervi eprovi#ion at a $ee and through #elling the ake6 'hile the $armer# get the oil. The &igge#t hallenge $a ingthe entrepreneur i# that la#t year AMB re$u#ed to #ell pre##ing #eed to them6 yet they are the &igge#t&uyer and #eller o$ grain in %im&a&'e. AMB, lo ated 'ithin the #ame R !, are no' #etting8up their o'n

plant $or pro e##ing #un$lo'er oil, #etting the # ene $or po##i&le market ompetition. -o'ever, the$le*i&ility in8&uilt in the medium8# ale enterpri#e, 'here&y $armer# an &ring in any 9uantity $or pro e##ingand arry a'ay their o'n oil, oupled 'ith e onomie# o$ # ale might arry the day $or the (roje t.

:. R(c!,,( "at$! s

The agro8pro e##ing indu#try in %im&a&'e ha# potential to meet the lo al need# and e*portre9uirement#. Medium8# ale enterpri#e# have potential to reate employment opportunitie#e#pe ially i$ the enterpri#e# are nurtured to produ e $or &oth dome#ti and e*port market#.-o'ever, the #e tor urrently $a e# many pro&lem# that emanate $rom variou# negative a#pe t# o$ the national e onomy, un ertainty that e*i#t# over a e## to $inan e, advi e, in$ormation andrelia&le market# . The major area# that need improvement in the indu#try are

The re#pon#e o$ the agro8pro e##ing indu#try to the hange# in the agrarian #e tor. iththe redu ed $arm #ize# and in rea#ed num&er o$ $armer#, there i# need to develop #mall8and medium8# ale pro e##ing e9uipment that ater $or the $ull #pe trum o$ agri ultural

ommoditie# produ ed in the ountry. Empha#i# #hould then #hi$t $rom #mall8# ale $armer#a#piring to o'n the pro e##ing te hnology to improving a e## to the te hnology #u h a#the u#tom milling a#e. Thi# an &e a hieved &y reating ondition# that $avour e#ta&li#hment o$ agro8enterpri#e# to en ompa## pro e##ing o$ meat, milk and the relatedprodu t#, a# 'ell.

There i# no la k o$ lear government poli y on agro8pro e##ing yet it ha# potential to drivethe e onomy. Aovernment poli ie# that enhan e per$orman e o$ medium grain millingenterpri#e#, live#to k $eed# manu$a turer#, peanut &utter and vegeta&le oil pro e##or#need to &e put in pla e a# a tool $or empo'ering indigenou# entrepreneur#. The in#titutional$rame'ork to #upport and ena&le trade initiative# i# provided &y organi#ation# #u h a#%imtrade, %im&a&'e :nve#tment !entre and the E*port (ro e##ing %one.

ruit and vegeta&le pro e##ing i# a via&le &u#ine## venture given that there i# a high levelo$ produ tion o$ the produ t# and a 'ide range o$ #mall8 and medium8# ale pro e##inge9uipment availa&le in the ountry and in the region. E#ta&li#hment o$ medium8# ale $ruitand vegeta&le pro e##ing enterpri#e# 'ill help redu e heavy lo##e# e*perien ed &yprodu er# and en#ure produ t availa&ility on the market. Entrepreneur# need to &ee*po#ed to availa&le te hnologie# and the range o$ produ t# that an &e manu$a tured toen ourage uptake o$ thi# ne' &u#ine##.

There i# need to en$or e $ood #a$ety and hygiene #tandard# a# 'ell a# prote t on#umer#again#t nutrient in#e urity and unde#ira&le ta#te#.

The urrent $arming pra ti e# re9uire higher level# o$ me hani#ation and a 'ider diver#ityo$ e9uipment de#ign# #o a# to keep pa e 'ith hange# in produ tion te hni9ue# a# ne'rop# are introdu ed. :t may no longer &e via&le no' $or individual $armer# to o'n primary

pro e##ing e9uipment a# the redu ed $arm #ize# may not ju#ti$y #u h inve#tment.En ouraging e#ta&li#hment o$ pro e##ing #ervi e provider# may lead to optimum utili#ationo$ e9uipment and 'ill take a'ay $rom the $armer the 'orrie# a##o iated 'ith repair# andmaintenan e o$ e9uipment.

Re#ear h in agro8pro e##ing e9uipment doe# not meet national e*pe tation#. The pu&liand private #e tor# mu#t &e mandated to undertake olla&orative re#ear h 'ith the $ormale9uipment manu$a turer# and o$$er re#ear h and te#ting #ervi e# to the in$ormal #e tor 'hi h doe# not have the apa ity to ondu t #eriou# and meaning$ul re#ear h.

Training o$$ered to agro8pro e##or# need# to in lude &u#ine## management #kill# a# the#eare la king in mo#t &u#ine## people. Thi# entail# that training in agri ultural ollege# anduniver#itie# #hould al#o en ompa## the #ame to en#ure ompeten e o$ e*ten#ion o$$i er# inthe #u&je t.

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The Department o$ 3gri ultural Engineering and Te hni al ervi e# in the Mini#try o$ 3gri ulture #hould &roaden their kno'ledge and apa ity to o$$er te hni al a##i#tan e andadvi e, #upport and e*ten#ion #ervi e# that over a mu h &igger range o$ e9uipment,o'ner#hip modalitie# and $inan ing model#.

The mo#t riti al limiting $a tor in e9uipment manu$a turing i# limited a e## to $oreignurren y. Thi# ha# led to delayed delivery o$ order# or omplete $ailure to do #o. 3gro8

pro e##ing e9uipment manu$a turing ha# a #trong &earing on the #u e## o$ the agrarianre$orm hen e the manu$a turer# need to make a olle tive pre#entation to the government$or them to &e la##i$ied a# a #pe ial $a ility &y the Re#erve Bank o$ %im&a&'e.

The limited apa ity o$ pro e##or# to pur ha#e e9uipment an &e alleviated in a num&er o$ 'ay# that in lude ondu ting re#ear h on ho' o#t# o$ produ tion an &e redu ed,advo ating $or removal o$ J3T on imported material# u#ed in manu$a turing, introdu ing lo'

o#t $inan e# $or &oth manu$a turer# and pro e##or#, and pre$erential allo ation o$ $oreignurren y to manu$a turer# and promotion o$ #ervi e provider#.

1;. L(ss! s (ar t

E9uipment o'ner#hip =individual#, $armer group# or entrepreneur#> ha# &een le$t $or people

to de ide 'ithout proper te hni al advi e E9uipment o#t i# &eyond the rea h o$ individual#6 hen e te hnology a e## through

#ervi e provi#ion rather than o'ner#hip o$ the hard'are i# more $avoura&le There i# hidden agro8pro e##ing in$ormation and e*perti#e among te hno rat# that ha#

&een deli&erately kept unpu&li#hed $or ommer ial purpo#e# @iterature on #mall8 and medium8# ale agro8pro e##ing o$ten leave# out meat, mopani

'orm, $i#h and non8$ood produ t# #u h a# hide# and #kin#, tim&er and medi inal plant#.-o'ever it may&e argued that the la#t t'o ould &e regarded a# more in lined to'ard# thearea o$ natural re#our e#.

Do umented #tudie# are ommodityH#e tor8&a#ed e.g. grain milling, vegeta&le oil pre##ing.Thi# e*er i#e ha# helped to #ynthe#ize i#olated literature.

!urrently, one #urvival #trategy $or large8# ale pro e##or# i# &y #u&8 ontra ting medium8# ale pro e##or#, that meet the re9uired #tandard#. The medium8# ale enterpri#e# 'ouldthen #upply pro e##ed produ t# in &ulk $or large8# ale entrepreneur# to pa k and market.

11. C! c #s$!

mall8 and medium8# ale agro8pro e##ing enterpri#e# play a vital role in the national e onomidevelopment o$ %im&a&'e yet they do not re eive due attention $rom the government. There i# aneed to riti ally look at ho' e9uipment manu$a turer# an &e a##i#ted in the manu$a ture o$ good9uality ma hine# that are a$$orda&le to pro e##or#. Thi# may all $or pre$erential treatment o$ the#e tor &y the !entral Bank in term# o$ $oreign urren y allo ation. Re#ear h ould al#o ontri&ute&y inve#tigating ho' e9uipment produ tion o#t# an &e redu ed. Bu#ine## via&ility i# enhan ed&y good training, #ervi e &a k8up, attra tive $inan ial pa kage# and #trategi e9uipment o'ner#hiparrangement#. Training in#titution# and e*ten#ion #ervi e# #hould develop &u#ine## model# that

an &e adopted &y entrepreneur#. E9uipment manu$a turer# and pro e##or# need to oordinate'ith $armer organi#ation# and organi#e them#elve# into a lo&&y group in order to alleviate the

on#traint# $a ed in the #e tor.

There i# need to revie' the te hnology #upply hain $or a 'ide range o$ ommoditie# produ ed inthe ountry. The revie'# help to identi$y hain on#traint# 'hi h need addre##ing. The dynaminature o$ the agro8pro e##ing indu#try ne e##itate $re9uent and periodi revie'#.

Ba#ed on thi# revie' o$ the agro8pro e##ing indu#try in %im&a&'e, it i# on luded that the ountryi# #el$ reliant 'ith regard# to manu$a turing o$ ereal mill#, dehuller#, mi*er#, rop dryer#, oilpre##e# and peanut &utter mill#. The $ollo'ing are the major #u&8#e tor# that have &een identi$ieda# having potential to &oo#t indigenou# #mall and medium agro8 indu#trie# in the ountry

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E#ta&li#hment o$ medium8# ale grain milling enterpri#e# Manu$a turing o$ live#to k $eed# at lo al level (ro e##ing and marketing o$ peanut &utter (ro e##ing and marketing o$ pro e##ed $ruit# and vegeta&le produ t# Manu$a turing o$ medium8# ale vegeta&le oil pro e##ing e9uipment eed pro e##ing.

ith initial #upport to medium8# ale entrepreneur# in R !#, the livelihood# o$ #mall8holder $armer#an &e greatly enhan ed through lo al value addition re#ulting in improved in ome# and diet# a#

'ell a# relea#ing $armer#; time $or other a tivitie# 'hen motori#ed #y#tem# are introdu edompared to the onventional manual method#.

Ac= !0 ("&(,( ts

The author# are grate$ul to Tirivangani ?oza, Department o$ 3gri ultural Engineering and Te hni alervi e# in the Mini#try o$ 3gri ulture $or riti ally revie'ing a dra$t o$ thi# do ument. mall

Enterpri#e Development !orporation i# al#o thanked $or providing de$inition# o$ ME# in the%im&a&'e onte*t.

R()(r( c(s

3 9uah, E.T., Ma#anzu, .M. =100 >. timulating :ndigenou# 3gri&u#ine## Development in%im&a&'e. 3 on ept te hni al paper No. 2. 3me* :nternational, :n .

Boyd, !., Turner, 3., Nengu'o, N. and Bo kett, A =100 >. (o#t8-arve#t !on#traint# a ingmallholder# Aro'ing -orti ultural !rop# 3 Need# 3##e##ment o$ Three Di#tri t# o$

%im&a&'e. (roje t report #u&mitted to D :D under the Rene'a&le Natural Re#our e#Re#ear h trategy 100I82//I. GIpp.

!hak'era, N. B. =100+> inan ing mall8 ale 3gro8:ndu#try. (aper pre#ented at the P mall8 aleDe entrali#ed 3gro8:ndu#try eminar,P -arare.

Da'#on, L. =100G>. Re#pon#e# to adju#tment the marginali#ation o$ #mall enterpri#e# in Nigeria.Small Enterprise Development , I, 2821.

Eli h, A. =2//I>. %im&a&'e;# ight $or Lu#ti e. !entre $or Re#ear h on Alo&ali#ation.

ello'#, (. =100 >. Traditional ood# (ro e##ing $or pro$it. :ntermediate Te hnology (u&li ation#,"?.

-anyani8Mlam&o, B.T., Mhazo, N., (ro tor, . and -en#on, .= 2//2>. a ilitating the E$$e tive(rodu tion and Marketing o$ (ro e##ed ood (rodu t# &y mall8 ale (rodu er# in %im&a&'e.)utput G.1 Report on (rodu erH(ro e##or !a#e tudie#. The "niver#ity o$ Reading, Reading, "?.

:TDA =2//I>, 3gro8pro e##ing (ra ti al 3n#'er# to (overtyH'''.itdg.orgHagropro e##ing

La$$ee, . =1007>. Exporting high-value food commodities: Success stories from developing countries . a#hington D.!. orld Bank.

Mapho#a, T., Aunduza, ?. T., ?u#ina, L. and Mutungamiri, 3. =2//2> Evaluation o$ #'eetpotatotu&er = pomoea !atatas @.> a# a $eed ingredient in &roiler hi ken diet# . "ivestoc# $esearch for $ural Development, 1I, 181/.

M (her#on, M. =1001>. Mi ro and #mall8# ale enterpri#e# in %im&a&'e Re#ult# o$ a ountry'ide#urvey. AEM:N: Te hni al Report No. 2I.

Mhazo, N., Nyakudya, E., Nazare, R. M. and Mvumi B. M. =2//2> Ergonomi evaluation o$

manually8operated peanut &utter mill#. %ournal of &pplied Science in Southern &frica, ', ()-''.

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Mhazo, N., -anyani8Mlam&o, B.T., (ro tor, ., Mupanda, ?. and Nazare, R. 2//7. !on#traint# tomall8 ale (rodu tion and Marketing o$ (ro e##ed ood (rodu t# in %im&a&'e The

!a#e o$ ruit# and Jegeta&le#. (aper pre#ented at the ood 3$ri a :nternational orkingMeeting, I80 May 2//7, (alai# de# !ongrQ#, aounde, !ameroon.

Mo#ha, 3.!. =10. :ntegrated $ood pro e##ing indu#try development in 3$ri a !on#traint# andpromotional mea#ure#. E*port group meeting on mea#ure# and $orm# in promoting integrated

development o$ the vegeta&le oil# and $at# indu#try 'ith the $ood pro e##ing indu#try, 3le*andria, Egypt.

Mugova, 3. =100+>. The poli y environment $or the reation and gro'th o$ #mall8# alede entrali#ed agro8pro e##ing indu#trie#. (aper pre#ented at the P mall8 ale De entrali#ed

3gro8:ndu#try eminarP, -arare.

Mutungamiri, 3., %ingoni, ! and Rukuni, T. =2//1> Evaluation o$ #'eetpotato varietie# and pe tin$rom $ruit #our e $or a epta&ility o$ jam. &frican. *rop Science *onference Proceedings , I.I/78I/+.

Nazare, R.M. =2//I>. The tatu# o$ 3gri ultural Me hani#ation :nput upply !hain# in %im&a&'eand trategie# $or :mproving :nput upply. 3##e##ment Mi##ion Report prepared $or theDepartment o$ 3gri ultural Engineering and Te hni al ervi e# and ood and 3gri ultural)rgani#ation o$ the "nited Nation#.

Nyakudya, E., Mvumi, B. M., Mpo$u, 3, Mupanda, ?., Manzungu, E. and Rukuni, T. =2//G>'eetpotato pro e##ing into &aking $lour at #emi8 ommer ial level in !hipinge di#tri t o$

%im&a&'e. (aper pre#ented at the 0th Triennial ympo#ium o$ :nternational o iety $or Tropi al Root !rop#83$ri a Bran h6 71 ) t8I Nov 2//G, and#tone -otel, Mom&a#a, ?enya.

)dun$a, 3. =100I>. tru ture, potential and on#traint# o$ #mall8# ale $ood pro e##ing in 3$ri a, :nRi hter, L., Ba#ler, 3. and -. ranzen =ed#>. mall8# ale $ood pro e##ing ontri&uting to $ood#e urity. ood and 3gri ulture Development !entre =%E@H3T 3 HD E>.

Ri hter, L., Ba#ler, 3. and -. ranzen =ed#> =100+>. mall8 ale $ood pro e##ing ontri&uting to$ood #e urity. ood and 3gri ulture Development !entre =%E@H3T 3 HD E>.

imalenga, T.E. =100+>. mall8# ale de entrali#ed agro8pro e##ing. (aper pre#ented at P mall8ale De entrali#ed 3gro8:ndu#try eminarP, -arare.

tandard# 3##o iation o$ %im&a&'e =100 >. 3% 12+ %im&a&'e #tandard #pe i$i ation $or $oodhygiene, (art 1 Manu$a turing. -arare tandard# 3##o iation o$ %im&a&'e.

"tete, D. and Tem&o, E =100+> (rodu tion and (ro e##ing o$ vegeta&le# and $ruit# in %im&a&'eTrend# and #tatu#. (aper pre#ented at a 'ork#hop on mproving food supplies and nutritionthrough household and village level processing and preservation of vegeta!les and fruits inEastern and Southern &frica+, - ) Fe!ruary ), &m!assador /otel, /arare, 0im!a!1e,

pp.

Jan -al =2///> Suality o$ #'eetpotato $lour during pro e##ing and #torage. Food $evie1snternational, ), -2(.

" 3:D. =100. (otential $or #mall8# ale $ood pro e##ing in %im&a&'e. -arare " 3:D.

%im&a&'e E*port (ro e##ing %one# 3uthority =%E(%3>. =100. (romotion o$ integrated rural&a#ed e*port oriented proje t. -arare %im&a&'e E*port (ro e##ing %one# 3uthority.

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