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AVANSATI, CURS 8, JURNALISM II-III

I. THE NEWSPAPER IN THE UNITED STATES -E. Alternative Papers:

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even in cities where a number of different papers where in circulation, manypeople felt newspapers did not represent their interests or point of view- communities for emigrants who spoke English as a second language newspapers

in their native language 1794-1798 Courrier Franais French speakers in Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania 1808 New Orleans, 1813 Texas early Spanish-language

newspapers 1828 the Cherokee nation in Northern Georgia the first Native-

American newspaper the Cherokee Phoenix both Cherokee andEnglish

1897- Daily Forward - Jewish; printed in Yiddish (New York);1923 local editions in 11 other cities.

The United States had 160 foreign-language dailies in 1914 and atotal of 1323 foreign-language papers in 1917

African-Americans and their abolitionist supporters:- 1827- Freedoms Journal (John B Russwurm andReverend Samuel Cornish) the 1st newspaper publishedby African-Americans We wish to plead our own cause,too long have others spoken for us- 1837 Colored American New York (Cornish)- 1831 the Liberator William Lloyd Garrison theabolitionist crusader a public backlash against slavery- 1847 North Star African-American writer and activistFrederick Douglass attack slavery

- Womens rights activists- 1849-1859 Amelia Jenks Bloomer Lily- 1868-1871 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony

Revolution- Socialist newspapers

F. Concentration of Ownership-1894- American newspapers publishers Edward Wyllis Scripps and

Milton Alexander McRae assembled the 1st large newspaper chain, the Scripps-McRaeLeague of Newspapers. Three years later they developed the Scripps-McRae PressAgency (now United Press International) to supply their chain with articles. Scripps alsoestablished the 1st newspaper syndicate, the Newspaper Enterprise Association, toprovide his papers with comics and feature articles.

- 1904 William Randolph Hearst 6 newspapers; 1922 20 dailypapers, 11 weeklies, 2 wire services, 6 magazines, + a newsreel company


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Your story will be repetitious. And you run the risk of front-loading the story: good stuffat the start, followed by increasingly weaker material. Take a moment to plan the storyfrom beginning to end.

5. As Jack Hart, writing coach at the (Portland) Oregonian, has said, "Writing isthinking. That's all there is to it. Simple as it is, it still works wonders. The act of writing

a theme statement and a few main topics imposes order on the chaos of detail you oftenface when reporting ends."

Before touching the keyboa rd:

Dec ide on a theme

Order your key p oints

(http://www.courses.vcu.edu/ENGjeh/BeginningReporting/Writing/Gettingorganized.htm)

III. Read and translate

Romania, a Poor Land, Imports Poorer Workers

Chinese workers of the Wear Company, at sewing machines in Bacau, Romania,accept family separation to earn more than they could at home.

By MATTHEW BRUNWASSERPublished: April 11, 2007

BACAU, Romania To get around the chronic labor shortages hampering this

traditional textile center and in other industries across Romania, Sorin Nicolescu, whoruns a clothing factory, came up with an original solution: import 800 workers fromChina.

The explanation is very simple, said Mr. Nicolescu, general manager of a Swissconcern, the Wear Company. We dont have any Romanian workers because they haveall left to work in Western and Central Europe.

Foreign investors have been attracted to Romania, a poor Balkan country, becauseof its low wages and, since Jan. 1, its membership in the European Union. At the sametime, those low wages and freedom of movement through Europe, which is now easier,have been fueling a wave of emigration that threatens to slow an economic boom inrecent years in Romania.

This was happening before we joined the E.U., said Ana Murariu, a productionmanager at Wear. Now its even worse.Romania, a nation of 21.6 million (and declining 0.2 percent annually), received 9

billion euros, or about $12 billion, in foreign direct investment last year. That helped theeconomy grow last year as much as 7 percent, with an unemployment rate in January of5.4 percent well below the European Union average.


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But with monthly wages averaging around $375 after taxes, roughly two millionpeople, or more than 8 percent of the population, have left since the Stalinist governmentof President Nicolae V. Ceausescu fell in 1989, according to analysts estimates.

Italy and Spain are the most popular destinations for Romanian workers, wherethey usually perform manual labor, legally and illegally, and generally for lower wages

than local people.Mr. Nicolescu said he decided to look for workers in China because he hadcontracts there, and those companies had put him in touch with an employment agency.Those who are hired pay about $2,000 for transportation and the employment agencysfee, according to one worker.

Once they reach Bacau, a drab industrial city of 181,000 some 150 milesnortheast of the capital, Bucharest, they go to work in a large, inconspicuous warehouseon the outskirts of town.

Inside, about 170 Chinese women operate sewing machines attached to tablesstacked with finished and unfinished garments. Most of the tables, arranged in long rows,are empty. The plant expects 500 more Chinese workers by the end of May.

The factory is clean, freshly painted and well lighted. The only sound is the rapid,repetitive thud of the sewing machines as the workers stitch together previously tailoredpieces of garments. They make mostly sportswear for a range of brands, including Pradaand Carrefour. All the production is for export.

Mr. Nicolescu said he paid the women about $347 a month after taxes. The legalminimum wage is 132 euros a month ($176) after taxes.

The company operated with Romanian workers until 2003, when operations weresuspended because the work force had dwindled to 200. Mr. Nicolescu said the companyhad posted hundreds of job offers at a local agency, but they had gone unanswered.

Its very difficult work, and its not well paid, Mr. Nicolescu acknowledged. Hesaid the industry found it hard to attract young workers to replace the current ones, mostof whom are nearing retirement.

Im not very pleased about working with foreign workers because I have toprovide them food and housing on top of their salaries, Mr. Nicolescu said. Thatamounts to $130 a month for each employee, he said, in addition to more than $500,000he has spent building worker dormitories.

Critics say the company would find Romanian workers if it offered better wages.But Mr. Nicolescu replied that higher wages would make his products uncompetitiveinternationally, pointing out that textile manufacturers had already left much of Europe insearch of lower costs in regions like China.

Cornelia Barbu, deputy director of the Bacau County employment agency, saidinspectors had thoroughly inspected conditions for the Chinese workers. They aretreated very well, she said. They have a social club and a kitchen. They live muchbetter than most of the Romanians living abroad.

Xiu Xian Hong, from Fujian Province, who came here last July, described life asbetter than in China.

It is quiet here, and the air is much cleaner, she said through a translator whoworked at the plant. The work is the same, but the pay is more. But she said she missedher 3-year-old daughter and her husband back home.


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Ms. Xiu said she had come to Romania because it was the only place beingoffered when she sought work at an agency in China. She said she planned to stay at leastthree years, hoping to save enough money to start a business, perhaps a shop, when shereturned.

Although the city center is easily accessible by public transportation, the workers

spend most of their free time in five-bed dormitory rooms in the factory complex, playingcards, reading books and watching Chinese satellite television.Few local residents have seen the workers in town. People in a city park one

recent afternoon said that they had learned about their new neighbors from newspapersand television.

Our people have gone to the West and all over the world, so we need others toreplace them, said Dumitru Padure, a retired aircraft factory technician.

Andrea Grigoras, a translator, sitting with her toddler daughter, expressed theview that the Chinese workers received better pay than Romanians and would probablybe more focused than Romanian workers. I know a lot of Romanians who would do thework for less, she said, adding: Im not worried. But Id get worried if there were many

foreign workers coming here.A variety of intra-European transportation links here illustrates the scale ofemigration. A discount Romanian-based airline, Blue Air, offers six direct flights a weekfrom Bacau to Italy two to Turin and four to Rome. A bus company, Atlassib, one ofmany, runs 10 buses daily to Italy from Bacau.

The population of Romania is projected to fall by 29 percent, below 15.5 million,by 2050, according to the Population Reference Bureau in Washington. Villages andtowns outside Bucharest have been hit especially hard.

Ms. Barbu of the Bacau employment agency suggested that wages would need toreach levels about three-quarters of those in the West for Romanian workers to return.

We have to get used to it because the E.U. means greater mobility, she said.Just as we have left, others will come here.

(New York Times, online)

IV. WRITING DESCRIPTIVE AND PROCESS PARAGRAPHS (1)

In this unit, you will learn about..

descriptive paragraphs and reasons for writing them organizing and writing descriptive paragraphs using adjectives and

prepositions

process paragraphs and reasons for writing them

using transition words to write a process paragraph

* Describing people, places, and processes: a descriptive paragraph explains howsomeone or something looks or feels. A process paragraph explains how something isdone.


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Descriptive paragraphsUsing adjectives: adjectives are words that tells us how things look, feel, taste,

sound, or smell. Adjectives also describe how you feel about something. Here are a fewcommon adjectives.

Shape and size atmosphere how you feel appearanceLarge/small cosy amazed colourfulWide/narrow comfortable surprised unforgettableRound warm/cool happy beautifulRectangular cold/hot nostalgic unattractive

A description of a place may answer some of these questions:- Where is the place?- How big is it?- How warm or cold is the place?- How does the place make you feel? Why?

- What things can you see in this place?- What colours do you see?

Read this description from a travel brochure. Circle the adjectives:Niagara Falls, a popular destination for thousands of visitors each year, is a

beautiful place. When you stand at the edge and look down at the 188 feet of whitewaterfalls, you feel amazed at the power of nature. The tree-lined river that leads into thefalls is fast-moving, pouring over the edge of the falls and crashing to the bottom in aloud roar. If you want to experience the falls close up, go for a boat ride. Youll comenear enough to look up at the roaring streams of water flowing over the edge and feel thecool mist that rises as the water hits the rocks below. Seeing Niagara Falls is anunforgettable experience!

Describing the place around youUsing prepositions: prepositions tell us how a place is organised. These are some

common and useful prepositions:

In front of/behind to the right of/to the left ofOn top of/ on the bottom of in the middle ofNext to aroundAbove/below, underneath between

Read this paragraph that describes someones favourite place. Underline the prepositions.My favourite place to relax is a small caf down the street from where I live. This

caf is on a small side street and as soon as you see it, you feel like going in. There arethree windows on either side of the door, and each window has a small window box withbrightly coloured flowers. There is a small wooden door that opens into the caf, and asyou go in, you can see a dozen small tables all around the room. Even though it isnt abig place, its size makes it very cozy and comfortable. I always like to sit at a small tablein the corner near the front windows. From here, I can look at the artwork on the walls


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and at the pretty green plants hanging from the ceiling. With a strong cup of coffee and agood book, I feel very happy and relaxed in my favourite caf.

Write six sentences to describe the place where you are right now. Try to answer some ofthe questions under Using Adjectives. Use adjective and prepositions.

Describing a characterDescribing people: Here are some common adjectives for describing people:

Personality Physical characteristicsHappy, satisfied big, large, tallRelaxed small, tiny, shortExciting thinNervous heavyAngry strongSerious weak

Sad, depressed brown-, black-, blond-, red-hairedOutgoing light-, dark-skinned

A description of a person may answer some of the following questions:- Who is the person?- What does the person do?- What does he or she look like?- How does the person act what is his or her personality like?- How does he or she make others feel?

Read this description written by a young woman about her grandmother. Circle theadjectives that describe her grandmother.

When I was young, I admired my grandmother for her strength and kindness. Shewas not very big. In fact, she was tiny and very thin. She was strong, though. She livedby herself and still did a lot of the chores around her house. When I was a child, I saw heralmost every day, and she and I would talk about everything. She was a very happyperson and was always smiling and joking, and she often made me laugh. Mygrandmother was also very patient, and she would listen to all of my problems. She gaveme very good advice whenever I needed it. I didnt need to be afraid to tell her anything,because she never got annoyed with me. She just listened and tried to help. I also liked tospend time with her because she had interesting stories to tell me about her own chilhoodand life experiences. When I was young, my grandmother was my best friend.

( HOMEWORK). Think of a person or place you know well. Then brainstorm your ideas,narrow down your topic, and write a descriptive paragraph. (Academic Writing..)


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V. GRAMMARI. COLLOCATION: AN INTRODUCTION

1. What is collocation?We say that words that occur together frequently collocate. Words that dont

collocate almost never occur together. If we try, they sound unnatural and wrong:Time speeds/travels/rides/moves (= they dont collocate)Time flies/goes by/wears on/passes (= they collocate)

There are no rules or logical explanations for why some words collocate andothers dont. For example, we can talk about an academic yearbut not a studying year.Discussions can beproductive orfruitful but notprolific.

1. Choose which of the words, a or b, collocate in these sentences.1. The.peace agreement is under threat again.

a. fragile b. weak2. After the accident, she frequently suffered bouts of blurred..

a. sight b. vision

2. Grammatical Forms* adverb+adjective: Im hopelessly addictedto coffee.* adjective+noun: I remember myformative years.* noun+noun: The government have just unveiled theirpolicy review.* verb+noun: He will honourourpledge to reduce unemployment.* dependent preposition: Personally, I think they should be ashamed of

themselves.* part of a longer phrase: Its always interesting todelve into the past.

2. Match three examples with the grammatical forms listed above:a. People were genuinely movedby the pictures of the rescued child.b. Paul is such an introvert: a real contrast to his brother.c. I would question the wisdom of such an approach.d. Clearing up that room was backbreaking work.e. Shes a real breath of fresh air.f. Im fed up with the endless road works on the Botley Road.

3. Fixed and open collocationsSome collocations are fixed phrases which cannot usually be changed:

Ill be backin a flash.My boss usually arrives at eight oclockon the dot.The children arrived safe and sound.

Some words have a very limited number of collocates. We call these strongcollocations. They are often highly idiomatic.

Shes stark raving mad.The outbreak of violence served as a stark reminder of how fragile the

peace was.He came to the door stark naked.


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Youre bone idle.This soil is bone dry.

Other words have a larger number of possible collocations. We call these weakcollocations. They are more common than strong collocations:

Accumulate/acquire/amass/come into/flaunt your/ inherit wealth

Abandon/be involved in/dabble in/ enter/go into/engage in/politicsPrices dropped/fell/plummeted/slumped/fluctuated/remain steady/rose/shot up/soared/ spiralled/went through the roof

Some collocations can be changed by using different grammatical forms oradding other words:

Youre/Were in danger ofpricing yourself/ourselves out of the (property)market.

Shes been gaining (an awful lot of) weightrecently.Topurify water/ a water purifying gadget/water purification

However some collocations cannot make these changes without sounding veryunnatural:

A tidal wave/ the wave was tidalThey agreed unconditionally./ They unconditionally agreed.

3. In the first sentence, only one word can complete the collocation. In the secondsentence, there is more than one. Circle the words that can complete the sentences.

1. Please arrive in .. time for the meeting.a. fine b. great c. best d. good

2. The police arrived with .timing just as the gang were leaving the gang.a. pure b. perfect c. immaculate d. right e. exquisite

Practice:

1. Decide which word, a or b, collocates in these sentences.1. I.agree with everything you said.

a. whole-heartedly b. unconditionally2. Doesnt time..when youre having fun?

a. move b. fly3. The leaders claimed the meeting had been..

a. fruitful b. prolofic4. Everyone got back safe and..after the storm.

a. soundly b. sound5. I think Iveweight since I stopped work.

a. accumulated b. gained.6. Theyre building a new water.plant on the coast.

a. cleaning b. purification7. House prices have..dramatically in recent months.

a. ascended b. soared8. The disgraced former minister has decided to..politics altogether.

a. desert b. abandon


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2. The following sentences contain collocations connected with time. Put one of thegiven words in each of the sentences.

Next time-consuming matter surely

Twinkling nick immemorial kill

Long-standing time

1. Lets leave it at that for the.being and continue tomorrow.2. Slowly but.the band is becoming more and more popular.3. In the .of an eye the swindler had vanished, never to return.4. In .to no time they had become the best of friends.5. The Whittington family have lived there since time ..6. I arrived in the ..of time to prevent a potential disaster.7. I wandered around the city centre to.time before my appointment.8. Cooking good French food can be veryjob.9. They had a .agreement to keep each other fully informed of

developments.

10.In a .of minutes the whole building had been razed to the ground.

3. Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. In thisexercise, many of the collocations are connected with time.

Example: For four years.the team won the European Cup. The filmcontained a ..joke about the main characters digestive disorder. Wed better hurrybecause were ..a bit late. (running)

1. My watch is..several minutes a day.The car in second place is..on the leader.I think that the chances of your .access to such sensitive informationare slim.

2. The performance will start..on time.The race was declared a heat.I was awaken in the..of night by a strange noise from outside.

3. The winning goal was scored in the .seconds of the game.Ive been .to meet you for ages.Throughout the world, many minority languages are in danger of..outcompletely.

4. Im sure that such practices were common in the .and distant past.The judge took a .view of her excuses.Im afraid I am only a .recollection of the events.

5. Early evening is normally considered ..viewing time by televisionbosses.As a singer, she is at the ..of her career.As this is..season, Im afraid flights are difficult to find.


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6. I think its important to.this meeting for future reference.Please let me know the.she arrives.The director asked to be kept up to the..on any major developments.

7. A heated debate hasout in the media about corruption in highplaces.She comes from a .home but has never been worried about only seeingone parent at a time.I had a night of very.sleep and am consequently feeling a bit slowthis morning.

(Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency)

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