curvature solitons as generalized structural wave carriers of plastic deformation and fracture

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RESEARCH ARTICLE 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating, geochemistry, and isotopic analyses of the quaternary Chichinautzin volcanic field, south of Mexico City: implications for timing, eruption rate, and distribution of volcanism J. L. Arce & P. W. Layer & J. C. Lassiter & J. A. Benowitz & J. L. Macías & J. Ramírez-Espinosa Received: 24 February 2013 /Accepted: 19 October 2013 /Published online: 17 November 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Monogenetic structures located at the southern and western ends of the Chichinautzin volcanic field (Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt, Central Mexico) yield 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages ranging from 1.2 Ma in the western portion of the field to 1.00.09 Ma in the southern portion, all of which are older than the <0.04 Ma age previously established for the entire volcanic field. These new ages indicate: (1) an eruption rate of 0.47 km 3 /kyr, which is much lower than the 11.7 km 3 /kyr previously estimated; (2) that the Chichinautzin magmatism coexisted with the Zempoala (0.7 Ma) and La Corona (1.0 Ma) polygenetic volcanoes on the southern edge of Las Cruces Volcanic Range (Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt); and confirm (3) that the drainage system between the Mexico and Cuernavaca basins was closed during early Pleistocene forming the Texcoco Lake. Whole-rock chemistry and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic data indicate heterogeneous magmatism throughout the history of Chichinautzin activity that likely reflects variable degrees of slab and sediment contributions to the mantle wedge, fractional crystallization, and crustal assimilation. Even with the revised duration of volcanism within the Chichinautzin Volcanic Field, its eruption rate is higher than most other volcanic fields of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and is comparable only to the Tacámbaro- Puruaran area in the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field to the west. These variations in eruption rates among different volcanic fields may reflect a combination of variable subduc- tion rates of the Rivera and Cocos plates along the Middle America Trench, as well as different distances from the trench, variations in the depth with respect to the subducted slab, or the upper plate characteristics. Keywords Chichinautzin volcanic field . 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating . Eruption rate . Heterogeneous magmatism Introduction 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology is a commonly used and useful tool in dating low-K volcanic rocks. The method has a wide range of applicability from the Archean to the Quaternary. At the young end, the method overlaps the range of traditional radio- carbon methods (Arce et al. 2008; Matchan and Phillips 2011). For example, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages as young as 30 and 4 ka have been reported for Santa María volcano (Guatemala) and Stromboli (Italy), respectively (Escobar-Wolf et al. 2010; Wijbrans et al. 2011). Thus, the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar method provides Editorial responsibility: P. Wallace J. L. Arce (*) Instituto de Geología, UNAM, Cd. Universitaria Coyoacan, México, DF 04510, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] P. W. Layer : J. A. Benowitz Department of Geology and Geophysics and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA J. C. Lassiter Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA J. L. Macías Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM, Campus Morelia, Michoacán Mexico, Mexico J. Ramírez-Espinosa Unidad Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Taxco el Viejo, Guerrero, Mexico Bull Volcanol (2013) 75:774 DOI 10.1007/s00445-013-0774-6

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