cycles of matter - d2ct263enury6r.cloudfront.net€¦ · energy and matter move through the...
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cycles of Matter
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The purpose of this lesson is to learn the
water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
This PowerPoint will provide most of the
required information you need to accomplish
your task.
TAKE NOTES!
If you need additional resources, feel free to
use the internet.
Once you have taken the necessary notes to
learn these cycles, I have a 2nd task for you to
complete which is due next week Friday.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3-3 Cycles of Matter
How does matter move among the living
and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?
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Recycling in the Biosphere
Recycling in the Biosphere
Energy and matter move through the
biosphere very differently.
Unlike the one-way flow of energy,
matter is recycled within and between
ecosystems.
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Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of
matter are passed from one organism to another and
from one part of the biosphere to another through
biogeochemical cycles.
Matter can cycle because biological systems do not
use up matter, they transform it.
Matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of
the body as waste products.
Recycling in the Biosphere
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The Water Cycle
All living things require water to survive.
Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere,
and land.
The Water Cycle
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The Water Cycle
Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
DRAW THIS CYCLE…NO NEED THE
PICTURES – JUST THE CYCLE
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Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water
vapor, a gas, when they evaporate from the ocean or
other bodies of water.
The process by which water changes from a liquid
form to an atmospheric gas is called evaporation.
Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating
from the leaves of plants in the process of
transpiration.
The Water Cycle
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Water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form
clouds.
The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of
precipitation.
Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it
enters plants through their roots.
The Water Cycle
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Nutrient Cycles
How are nutrients important in living
systems?
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Nutrient Cycles
Nutrient Cycles
All the chemical substances that an organism
needs to sustain life are its nutrients.
Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.
Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environmentthrough biogeochemical cycles.
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Primary producers, such as plants, or autotrophs,
usually obtain nutrients in simple inorganic forms
from their environment.
Consumers or heterotrophs obtain nutrients by eating
other organisms.
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue.
Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen.
Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.
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DRAW THIS
CYCLE…NO NEED
THE PICTURES –
JUST THE CYCLE
Take Note! There is
one more example of
the carbon cycle on
the next page.
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Biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and
decomposition of dead organisms and their
conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum
(fossil fuels), store carbon underground.
Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning
forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms require nitrogen to make proteins.
Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of
nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use
this form directly.
Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants
called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in
a process known as nitrogen fixation.
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Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into
nitrates and nitrites.
Once these products are available, producers can
use them to make proteins.
Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the
nitrogen to make their own proteins.
Nutrient Cycles
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DRAW THIS CYCLE…NO NEED THE
PICTURES – JUST THE CYCLE
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Nutrient Cycles
Bacterial
nitrogen fixation
N2 in
Atmosphere
NH3
Synthetic fertilizer
manufacturer
Uptake by
producers
Reuse by
consumers
Decomposition
excretion
Atmospheric
nitrogen fixation
Uptake by
producersReuse by
consumers
Decomposition
Decomposition
excretion
NO3 and
NO2
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When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to
the soil as ammonia.
The ammonia may be taken up again by producers.
Nutrient Cycles
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Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas
in a process called denitrification.
This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere
once again.
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it
helps forms important molecules like DNA and
RNA.
Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic
phosphate. Inorganic phosphate is released into
the soil and water as sediments wear down.
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Phosphate, eventually enters the ocean, where it is
used by marine organisms.
Some phosphate stays on land and cycles between
organisms and the soil. Plants bind the phosphates
into organic compounds.
Nutrient Cycles
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Organic phosphate
moves through the
food web and to the
rest of the ecosystem.
Nutrient Cycles
Ocean
Land
Organisms
Sediments
DRAW THIS
CYCLE…NO NEED
THE PICTURES –
JUST THE CYCLE
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Nutrient Limitation
Nutrient Limitation
The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the
rate at which organic matter is created by
producers.
One factor that controls the primary productivity of
an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.
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If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an
organism's growth.
When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient
that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is
called a limiting nutrient.
Nutrient Limitation
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When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of
a limiting nutrient—such as runoff from heavily
fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate
increase in the amount of algae and other producers.
This result is called an algal bloom.
Algal blooms can disrupt the equilibrium of an
ecosystem.
Nutrient Limitation
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3–3
Transpiration is part of the
a. water cycle.
b. carbon cycle.
c. nitrogen cycle.
d. phosphorus cycle.
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3–3
Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of
a. carbohydrates.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. calcium carbonate.
d. ammonia.
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3–3
Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances
a. start as simple organic forms that plants need.
b. provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need.
c. are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms.
d. are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.
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The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in
the atmosphere into a form useful to living things
are nitrogen-fixing
a. plants.
b. bacteria.
c. detritivores.
d. animals.
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When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large
input of a limiting nutrient, the result is
a. runoff.
b. algal death.
c. algal bloom.
d. less primary productivity.
2nd Task? Write a story
Click on the next 2 slides for samples.
It’s your turn! 2nd Task!
Write a story about the nitrogen molecule
and his cycle. If it helps, use the diagram
below to tell his story.
Due next week
Friday, 12/6