d. lefèvre et al. meust 2010 - marseille oxygen dynamics in the ocean lefèvre, d., a. robert,...
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D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Oxygen Dynamics in the Ocean
• Lefèvre, D., A. Robert, C.Tamburini, M. Boutrif, S. Martini K. Arnaud, S. Beurthey, M. Billault, M. Garel, G. Grégori, P. Payre, S. Escoffier; C. Curtil, JJ Destelle, A. Maurin, A. Mendes, C. Gojak, K. Bernardet, K. Mahiouz, Z. Hafid, Y. Lenault
• LMGEM, CPPM & DT INSU
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Autonomous Line with a Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences
(ALBATROSS)
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Why monitoring O2
To follow a decrease in oxygen concentration related to an increase in temperature (reducing the deep ocean ventilation), and linked to climate change
To follow water mass changes
To follow the deep oxygen consumption due to biological activity CO2 increase, ocean acidification Carbon exportation to the deep ocean. Sarmiento et al. 1998, Matear et al. 2000, Plattner et al. 2001, Bopp et al. 2002,Keeling & Garcia 2002.
The potential for larger O2 declines in the future suggests the need for an improved observing system for tracking ocean O2 changes.
13.35
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
The Breathing Planet
CO2 and O2 atmospheric trend
Planet earth : A living organism
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Why tracking O2 dynamics? Why times series ?
• Imbalance metabolism of the surface ocean:– The Ocean : Source or sink for CO2
• Discrepancy between geochemistry, bulk approach and in vitro derived fluxes.
• Dark ocean : • Assess the dark ocean remineralisation rates
MOTIVATION
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
ChallengeZone Epipelagic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic
O2 consumption (µmol O2 dm-3 h-1) 0.13 6.5 10-4 2.3 10-4
Aanderaa®Winkler SBE43® Presens®
Accuracy
(µmol O2 dm-3)
Sensitivity
(µmol O2 dm-3 h-1)
0.02 2% sat < 8
< 8
1 10-
3
0.005 6 0.5
Del Giorgio & Duarte (2002) Del Giorgio & Williams (2005)Del Giorgio & Duarte (2002) Del Giorgio & Williams (2005)
Tools available
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
– High frequency measurements of in situ bulk properties• Fixed instrumented mooring lines with various
sensors (POM-DOM, O2, …) . Dynamics of these properties derived from time series measurements
– In situ incubations• In situ Oxygen Dynamics Auto-Sampler : IODA
NEED for New Tools & New Strategy
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Processes impacting O2 distribution
Redrawn from R. Hamme
To understand P and R processes we need :
Time series data of Hydrological & BGC parameters
Water column profile of Hydrological & BGC parameters
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
hourly to weekly scaleUpon incubation time
[O2] = f(T, S, p) & Photosynthesis & Respiration
Physical oceanography Biological oceanography
“Instantaneous” O2 dynamics
CTD – O2 Optode Aanderaa® IODA6000
weekly to yearly scale, upon water circulation & mixing
Strategy
Time integrated O2 dynamics
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
O2
T (°C)
Mixing Line
MW1, T, S, O2
MW2, T, S, O2
AOU = Departure from mixing line
In Situ O2 = Time integrated Biological Activity
Months to years, upon water circulationIODA = Oxygen dynamics : Biological Activity
Daily to weekly scale
Obs [O2]
MW = Mode Water
AO
U
Biological activity evaluation: different time scales
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
COM implication into IL07
SV
O2
100
SV
O2
SV
O2
100
O2 optode sensor (Aanderaa® 3830) [O2]
MicroCAT CTD T, S (2287m depth)
CTD SBE 37 M T, S, P (2193m depth)floor 6
floor 4
floor 3
(2302m depth)
ADCP
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
IODA6000 for ANTARES Line 12
2 O2 optode sensors: 1 external and 1 internal
435m from the bottom
IODA6000 : In situ Oxygen Dynamics Auto-sampler
25th level @ Z= 1935 m
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
2450 m
INSTRUMENTED MOORING LINEDARK VADOR
Microcat 37SMP
Aquadopp
IODA6000
Acoustic releaseAR 861 CSNS 229Arm 0440Release 0455Dialog 0449
Weight 500kg
Floats 3*25kg
Floats 5*25kg
Kevla
r 8.5
mm
= 4
35 m
Depth
= 2
000
m
Kevla
r 8.5
mm
= 4
35 m
Depth
= 1
500
m
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
MOORINGRaw Data=f(t)
Microcat CTp
Conductivity Pressure Correction
MicrocatCT
ConductivityT090
Pressure
SalinityDepthThetaSigma
O2 saturation
Vertical profile@ once a year/month
Correction for sensor “drift”Cross parameter validation
Calibration coefficient
Calibration coefficient
Level 1 Internal calibration
Level 2 External Validation
“Validated” time seriesDataase
Scientific Community
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
38.46 38.47 38.47 38.48 38.48 38.49 38.49 38.50
Salinity
Pote
ntia
l te
mpe
ratu
re (
°C)
070501
090123
MI-COM-2200m
Microcat-2300m
2007 May2009 January2200m time series2300m time series
Uncorrected data
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
2007 May profile2200m time series 20082300m time series 20082009 January Profile
Corrected data
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
2008
2009
2010
Time Series and CTD ProfilesTheta vs Salinity
LIW
LIW
LIW
WMDW
WMDW
WMDW
nWMDW
nWMDW
nWMDW
BW
BW
BW
2008 May 2007 Jan 2009
2009 Jan 2009 May 2009 Dec 2009 2010
Dec 2009 May 2010
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Temperature, Salinity, O2 time-series (IL07)
Electro-optical cable down
Evolution trend of in situ dissolved oxygen : -5.1 µmol O2 dm-3 a-1
Raw data not validated
Electro-optical cable out of order
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
IODA time seriesIODA6000 on L12: from Nov. 2009 to April 2010
Average respiration rates of each cycle
Internal oxygen
External oxygen
Average consumption :
-0.39 ± 0.13 µmol O2 dm-3 d-
1
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Deep Oxygen content Apparent decrease
over time Around 5 µM a-1
Raw Data
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
SwitchEthernet
ROVConnector
Generic sensors BioCam Extra connectors
Power Supply
Ethernet 100 BaseT
RS232
400 VDC
RS232
PC104
Linux
PowerSystem
DC/DC Converter
Slow Control
IP – RS232
Converter
- Turbidity
- CTD
- ADCP
- Optode
Mii100 Base T400 VDC
BJ S
1000 BaseT Fx500 VAC
FromANTARES BJ
ESONET - Antares Merged call ALBATROSS
Autonomous Line with a Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and
Sea Sciences
This project aims at deploying generic oceanographic sensors for real time observations of the deep ocean.
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Instrumented Interface Module
C.Gojak, K.Mahiouz, Y.Lenault, K.Bernardet, Z.Hafidi (DT INSU)
O2, CTD, P
BioCam
CourantometerTurbidityElectronic Container
CDC Connector for
extension
Interlink Cable
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Optode O2 Microcat CTD
Turbidity Paro ScientifiqueTurbidity Pressure sensor
13.265
13.27
13.275
13.28
13.285
13.29
13.295
199.5
200
200.5
201
201.5
202
202.5
203
203.5O2 µM
temp °C
13.276
13.278
13.28
13.282
13.284
13.286
13.288
13.29
13.292
4.597
4.598
4.599T in Siu °CConductivity S.m-1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
EcoBB-Ref
EcoBB-NTU
250.68
250.69
250.70
250.71
250.72
250.73Pressure (bar)
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
A Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences
(ALBATROSS)
A Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences
(ALBATROSS)
acoustic modem 100 Base T 400 VDC
BJS
Depth (meter)
500
1500
1000
2000
2500
Scientific instrumentation
On the line: IODA: 512byte /3 min /storey CTD : 256 byte /3 min/storey Aquadopp : 1024 byte / 3min/storey
82 kbyte h-1 Line-1
Ind
ucti
ve D
ata
Tra
nsfe
r
Data transmission on the line
• Data concentrator for each floor
• Transmission by inductive modem
• Data storage and Acoustic transmission in floor 3
Acoustic Data transmission
• Distance from Mii 2000 m
• M ulti channel for several lines
• Data transmission @ 200 Bit/s
Acoustic release
transponder
Dead weight
Buoy
Acoustic transponder (ANTARES acoustic field
for positioning during sea operation)
Acoustic Data
Transfer
1000 BaseT Fx
500 VAC From
ANTARES BJ
MII
Ind
ucti
ve D
ata
Tra
nsfe
r
Beam pattern : Omni directionalAcoustic source level : 179 dB (1m)Frequency : 9 – 13.5 kHz
Data Stored :2 Mbyte per day
Data transmission:
Compressed and averaged hourly29 kbyte per dayi.e. 20 minutes
BJ 400 m BJS 50 m Acoustic Modem 2000 m Line
2350 m
Open to new instrumentation
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Internet
Database and Web site projectfor interdisciplinary development
Database and Web site projectfor interdisciplinary development
AntaresData Base
Real time
AntaresAntares
Secure and user friendly interface.Data analyse and work space.
(Analyse tools, elog book, etc…)
Administration interface
PublicPages
DataQuality
Data
MetaData
Dedicated Web
Server
– Meta Data– Data Quality– Site Administration– …
Local DB
Real t
ime
Other Other Instrumented lineInstrumented line
as AAMISas AAMISALBATROSSALBATROSS
To other Data Base
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
2010 2011
2020
Elec
tron
ic t
est
Line
des
ign
and
impl
emen
tation
thr
ough
out
2010
In s
itu
test
, lo
cal
depl
oym
ent
Elec
tron
ic d
evel
opm
ent
SJB , Im
plem
enta
tion
com
plet
ed
MII
Dep
loym
ent
Alb
atro
ss A
uton
mou
s lin
e de
ploy
men
t
Und
erw
ater
inte
rven
tion
s w
ith
the
Pega
so R
OV
END
of ES
ON
ET n
oE
Time series observationAntares-Mermex-MEUSTTime series observationAntares-Mermex-MEUST
MEU
ST
Aco
ustic
Mod
em T
est
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
Conclusion
• Setting up of time series for BGC observation
• Innovative results– Hydrology monitoring– Bioluminescence
– O2 dynamics
• Development of new technology to aggregate science
D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille
“That’s one small step for Oceanography, one giant leap
for Environmental Science”