101 W81

Theory

a. (1) (2) (3) TCKJ : pano 6mm (4) (5)

(6)

1. () 2. 3. TMJ 4.

101 W82

tomography(100 )

BroadBeamLinerTomography

(1) tube head x (2) focal trough (3)

(4)

SlitorNarrowBeamLinerTomography

(1) (2) Broad-beam

1. X ray 2. 3. tube head 4. cassette carrier tube head 5. cassette carrier film tube head

(3)

101 W83

(1)

(2) tube headcassette carrier film

(3) tube head

NarrowBeamRotationalTomography

(1) Tube head cassette carrier

(2) cassette carrier tube head (3) cassette carrier film tube head (4) (5) focal trough

Dental panoramic tomography

1. tube head 2. cassette carrier tube head 3. () tube

head

101 W84

Dental panoramic tomography

a. narrow-beam rotational tomography(horseshoe-shaped)

b. focal trough c. Focal trough focal corridor 3D

Rotational Center a.

b.

(1) X-ray tube cassette carrier (2) cassette carrier tube head cassette carrier film

tube head (3)

(4)

101 W85

c.

(1) (2)

(3) 1. 2. 3.

(4) pano ( 90 )

Focal Trough/ Image Layer /

a. image layer

101 W86

ABC 1 ABC 2

CBA B image layer B

b. image layer

c. image layer d. Image layer 3D

e. Image layer 3D

(1) Front-to-back (anterior-posterior) (2) Side-to-side (buccolingual) (3) Up-and-down (vertical)

f. Image layer

101 W87

g. pano image layer image layer

Pano X 27%-45%

Equipment

a. x-ray tube head 8 b. control panel c. patient-positioning apparatus

d. image receptor

1. X

2.75 inch(2 3*4cm)

2. Pano collimator

x-ray tube

101 W88

Pano X- Ray Tube

a. pano X-ray 8() X-ray tube

b. (1)

(2) (3)

ReferenceLine

(1) Frankfort plane (2) Tragal-canthus plane (3) Ala-tragus plane (4) Midsagittal plane

101 W89

midline HeadPositionera. light beam marker

3 (1) Midline (2) (3)

b. c. chin support bite-peg chin support

edge-to-edge bite-peg bite-peg bite-peg bite-pegbite block

d. temple support e. 15-18 f. chin support bite block

Bite-peg

chin support

edge-to-edgebite-pegbite-peg

chin support

101 W810

[] 1. Panoramic radiography 6

2.

pano

~~ Object magnification (M) = FFD / FOD

=~~

Panoramic Film

a. (1) TMJ (2) pano 4 F-speed periapical

101 W811

film (3)

(4) (5) (6) pano (7) pano 3-4

b.

(1) Pano

Pano

(2) Ghost image (3) premolar pano

(4) SuperimpositionPano

(5)

A (6) x 15~20 pano

Pano Image

1. real ghost image 2. double image( real image) 3.

Single Images

101 W812

a. Real image b. c. image layer

image layer Real image

Double Image

a. b. real image ghost image c. d. e. diamond-shaped zone spine

(1) real image (2) double image (3) double image real image

real image

101 W813

1. cone first image

A B( 1) 2. A B B A ( 2) 3.

f.

(1) hard palate hyoid bone (2) cervical spine (3) epiglottis

double image

Ghost Image

a. b. (opposite side) c. X d. real image (blurred) e. (magnified) [] 1. x

(central portion)

2. x (contralateral side)ramus

ghost image

101 W814

Real Image VS .Ghost Image

Real image Ghost image

1. 2.

1.

2. tube

1. real image () 2. ghost image x tube ( x

tube)

ghost image image layer

pano() ghost image

ghost image

101 W815

ghost image

Panoramic technique errors

a. 1. 2.

(1) () ()

(2) X

b. /x (1) (2) (3)

101 W816

1. edge to

edge 2.

image layer

1.

2. image layer image layer

image layer

101 W817

1. image layer

2. TMJ TMJ

Q A image layer Pano image layer image layer

Head Turn

1.

2. a > b

() ()

() ()

101 W818

(twisting)

1. 2.

(tilting)

(Headtippeddown)

1. image layerPano

2. condyleV

V TMJ

101 W819

(Headtippedup)

1. image layer palate

2. condyle condyle

1. palate

condyle

2. TMJ occlusal plane

palate

pano Frankfort plane

GHOST IMAGE

1. ghost image real image

1. Ghost image real

image X

101 W820

2. real image pano

3. pano

ghost image

2. pano

pano

Pano V radiopaque

() lead apron shadow

x

fashion ghost image

101 W821

[] 1.

x 2.

3.

4. !

1.

pano 2.

(1) FH (2) pano apex palate

3. X Kvp X

Kvp

101 W822

1. pano air space

2.

3. Air space 4.

air space 5.

101 W823

pano X

101 W824

1.

2.

a. pano

b. C3~C4 radiopaque

c. 56

C3 C4

?

Digital Image

101 W825

1. (Analog Medium) 2. 3. X (latent image)

4.

a. X X

101 W826

a. b. c. d. e.

X

Direct Sensor Systems :Digital Radiography, DR -Charged Coupled Devices (CCD) - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Indirect Sensor systems : Computed Radiography, CR - Phosphor Stimulable Plate System (PSP) - Imaging Plate System (IPS) - Storage Phosphor System (SPS)

DirectSensorsystems: Digital Radiography, DR a. Charge Coupled Devices (CCD)

(1) 1987 (2) CCD X

Analogue to Digital Conversion (3) CCD endo

peri PSP b. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

Direct Sensor Systems CCD Sensor CCD

101 W827

Indicator

() Cepha 1. Cepha

2. Cepha

()PSP CCD

c.

CCD CMOS (pixel) X (pixel)

IndirectSensorsystems: Computed Radiography, CR 1. Phosphor Stimulable Plate System (PSP) 2. Imaging Plate System (IPS)

101 W828

3. Storage Phosphor System (SPS)

Phosphor Stimulable Plate System (PSP) a. (Photostimulable Phosphor Plates)

(Phosphorplates)() photomultipliertube/(Analogue/Digital ConverterA/D Converter ) Psp

b. (PSP Sensor Plates)

1. 0~42. F

D 60%

1. X-ray Tube()

2. a X (dot)

a

101 W829

X-ray Tube () 2 PSP 1 PSP

1. PSP 2. PSP CCD

3. PSP

c.

10 1. 4.3

2. PSP 0~4

CCD 0~3

CCD

PSP double exposure

Characteristics of Digital Sensor

Contrast Resolution

a. b. (detector) X

101 W830

8 16 (bit) 256 65536 (28~216) c. 8 (256 ) d. 60 30

pixel 8 28 256 0 255 0 255 256

Spatial Resolution

a. (Function of the pixel size)

b. Pixel() pixel sizepixel size

c. (Line pair) line pair 20 lp/mmCCD 25 lp/mm CCD PSP 7 lp/mm 6 lp/mm lp / mm mm line pairs per mm

d. X (Resolution) pixel size lp/mm(line pairs per mm) micron() 1lp/mm=1000/pixel size*2

e. pixel size 20 microns lp/mm(Resolution )? Resolution(lp/mm)=1000/20*2=1000/40=25 lp/mm 6 lp/mm

Detector Latitude

a. X

101 W831

b. gingiva enamel c. PSP>>CCD=CMOS(film)

film overdose underdose PSP e.g. 0.32 sec 0.12 sec

d. low contrasthigh latitude (1) Low contrast high contrast

(2) peri PSP CCD

Exposure Latitude

PSP

1. exposure PSP()() OD PSP PSP OD

PSP 0.2 0.5

2.5 PSP 0.2

2. PSP overdose

underdose

101 W832

PSP X-ray () 0.25sec 0.32sec PSP ()

Detector Sensitivity

a. b.

c. pixel size d. F speed PSP 50

PSP (0.20~0.25 ) e. CCD/CMOS PSP ( 0.08 cervical

burnout ) ABCDEF ABC D EF

Interoperability

a. b. DICOM

( Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine)

DICOM?

101 W833

DICOM

Mistakes of Images

PSP Scratched Phosphor Plate 1. PSP

file GP 2. ENT

PSP Image Artifacts

101 W834

Nonuniform Image Density

shadow

Noisy Image

Edges Damaged

101 W835

Bending

PSP

Double Exposure

101 W836

PSP Damaged Image Receptor

Endo

Improper Use of Image Processing

101 W837

1. Pano Amalgam

2.

PSP

Barrier Envelope

101 W838

Infection Control

Comparisons

1. ()

2. Sensor

3. X

101 W839

CCD,CMOS

(1)

(2)

(3)

(1)

(2)

(3) ()

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

PSP

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4) ( overdose underdose)

(5) indicator

(1)

(2) (laser scan)

(3)

101 W840

101 W841

1. (panoramic radiography) (midsaggital plane)

X ?

(A)

(B)

(C)(radiopacity)

(D)

103-1102-1

(D) D101 W8 P17

2. (focal trough)?

(A)(image layer)

(B)

(C) X

(D) 3D

103-2102-2

: (B) : D101 W8 P.5~6 (B)

3. ?

(A)

(B)V

(C)

(D)

103-3102-3

(A) D101 W8 P.19 image layer

palate condyle condyle

(B)

101 W842

4. ?

(A)X (vertical narrow slit)

(B)

(C)

(D)

103-4102-4

(C) D101 W8 P.1 (C)

5. ?

(A)(bite stick)

(B)

(C)

(D)(ghost image)

103-5102-5

(B) D101 W8 P.20

6.

?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

103-6102-6

(C) D101 W8 P.21~22

101 W843

7. (real image)?

(A) X

(B)(ghost image)

(C)(ghost image)

(D)

103-7102-7

(D) D101 W8 P.14

Real image Ghost image

3.

4.

3.

4. tube

8. (digital image receptors) exposure latitude resolution

?

(A) Exposure latitude PSPresolution CCD

(B) Film

(C)Exposure latitude CCD resolution PSP

(D)PSP

103-8102-8

(A) D101 W8 P.38

101 W844

9.

:

(A) (B) X (C) (D) X

103-9102-9

(B) D101 W8 P.16

10. ?

(A) (B)(alveolar ridge)

(C) (D)

103-10102-10

(C) D101 W8 P.1 (7) x bony lesions

(8) (9) >6mm (10) (11)

(12)

5. () 6. 7. TMJ 8.

11. (ghost image)?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

103-11102-11

(D) D101 W8 P.13

f. g. (opposite side) h. X

101 W845

i. real image (blurred) j. (magnified)

12. X

?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

103-12102-12

(B) D101 W8 P.16~17 TMJ

TMJ

13.

:

(A) X (B) X

(C) (D) (D)

101-5101-42

(B) D101 W8 p.16~17

101 W846

14. ?

(A) Digital subtraction

(B)

(C) sensor

(D)

101-6

(C) D101 W8 p.38

15. (panoramic radiography)(ghost image)?

(A) X

(B)

(C)

(D) X

101-7101-45

(A) D101 W8 p.13 (B) (C) (D) X

101 W847

16. X (panoramic film):

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

101-8101-43

(B) D101 W8 p.16 Image Layer

17. (focal trough)?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

101-11101-44

(A) D101 W8 p.5~6 Focal trough

18. (panoramic radiography)(real image)?

(A) X

(B)

(C)

(D)()

101-46

(C) D101 W8 p.14

Real image Ghost image

1.

2.

1.

2. tube