s i r HINH T H A N H TlT TlTdNG

MY HOC VIET NAM D A U T H E KY XX

D 6 VAN KHANG'

Thuc chat eua my hoc Viet Nam dau the ky XX la my hoc

Khai sang, chiu anh hudng eua Voltaire (1694 - 1778), cua

Rousseau (1712 - 1778), cua Diderot (1713 - 1784). Vi vay, chiing

ta da phai d^t my hoc nay vao cuoc hoi nhap vSn hoa the gi6i.

Noi den hoi nhap van hoa the gi6i, chung ta phai thCra

nhan ring Viet Nam da trai qua ba thdi ky:

- Thai ky thii nhat. Tit 1861 den 1945. Day la Ian hoi

nh£ip qua hanh lang cua van hoa Phap, chung toi lay cai moc

tit sau khi Phap thau torn Nam Ky va do cung la cai moc Phap

cho xuat ban tit "Nam Ky Viln chinh cong bao" (Bullentin

official de I'eepedition de la Cochinchine) do Thong doe Phap

liic do lam ehu biit. L i n hoi nhap nay la do bat buoc, liic dk\x

chiing ta chong lai, sau la tu nguyen vi no hdp quy luat. Mae

va Anghen da noi ro dieu nay trong Tuyen ngon eua Dang

Cong san: Khi giai cap tu san tim ra chau My, da di vong

quanh the gidi, da tao lap kinh te thi trUdng, no se keo theo

t&'t ca cac dan toe, ke ca dan toe da man nhat len van minh.

' Pho giao sif. Tien si khoa hoc. Khoa Van hoc. TriTdng Dai hoc Khoa hoc

Xa hpi \k Nhan \k\\, Dai hoc Quoc gia H^ Noi.

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- Thai ky thu hai tit 1945 den 1985: \kn hoi nhap nky \k

hpi nhap phe xa hpi chii nghia tren cd sd ly tUdng cpng san.

- Thai ky thu ba tit 1986 den nay: \k \kn hoi nh4p vAn

hoa the gidi mot each toan dien tren cd sd vSn minh tin hoc.

Lan Hpi nhslp van hoa the gidi Ifin thii nh^'t cung \k liic xi

hoi Viet Nam bude vao thdi ky c^n hien dai, my hoc cung c6

bude chuyen minh. T\i my hoc Trung dai vdi quan ni^m:

"Van di ta i dao", "Thi dl ngon chi", my hoc Viet Nam dl

nhanh chong hoa nhap vao dong chay cua my hoc the gidi c6

truyen thong tit Platon - Arixtot den Kant va Hegel, roi nhanh

chong tiep thu va phat trien my hoc macxit cho tdi nay.

O eong trinh nay chiing toi t£lp trung vao sU hinh th^nh tU

tUdng my hoc Viet Nam t\X 1900 den 1930 va lay chat lieu

trong thanh tUu ly lu£ln va thuc tien vkn hoe, nghe thu^t

nude nh^.

Noi den tu tUdng my hoc la phai noi den:

- He thong ly lu^n mang tinh chat mpt h^ thong giai

quyet van de moi quan he th^m my cd ban nhat cua con

ngUdi doi vdi thue tai thdi dai.

- He thong ly luan nay c6 y nghlS phudng phap lu^n doi

vdi sU phat trien eua van hoa th^m my Viet Nam dkc bi^t d

ba phUdng dien: Khdch the thdm my, Chu the tham my vik

van hoc nghe thuat.

- He thong ly luan nay thUc sU giiip vSn nghe si khara pha

doi tUdng thAm my mdi, hinh thanh tU tUdng sang tao mdi,

dong thdi chi ra phUdng phap sang tac tot nhat de kham pha

dung nhan vat thdi dai.

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My hoc theo xu hudng Khai sang g^n van hoc, nghe thuat

vdi hien thUe, thUe tai. O day eac nha ly luan thdi nay da gdn

cai dep vdi sit hieu biet ve cai mdi. Trong Van minh Tan hoc sdch (1904), tac pham eo ti'nh chat tuyen ngon cua

phong trao Dong Kinh Nghia Thue, cac nha van hoa cua ta

da chu trUdng: Muon kham pha cai dep mdi c^n md mang

dan tri, e^n "Dung van tu nude nha", c^n "hieu dinh sach vd",

c^n "Siia doi phep thi", can "co vu nhan tai".

Cai dep mdi la mot hien ti/cfng mdi cua lich si, ta can thay

doi de n^m b i t dudc no. Tac gia Trong Khiem cho r^ng: "Thdi

dai hu van da hau qua, 16'i hoc thuc hanh da tan bo, cai tinh

tinh, cai phong tuc cua ta cung theo do ma khae trudc, cho

nen each lam van, lam sach ngay xua khong thich hdp vdi

thdi buoi bay gid niia, tat cung phai theo cai phong trao mdi

do ma thay doi".

- Trong cuon Viet Nam phong tuc (nam 1915), Phan Ke

Binh viet: "Thiet tUdng van chudng dan theo loi nao mac

long, giiip ho phai ta cho thuc"\

V6 Lien Sdn gin nghe thuat vdi buon, vui cua xa hpi. Ong

viet: "Thi nhan va van hao eo cac day dan thSn linh ciing tay

d^n nghe thuat gay ra nhiing cai vui cua xa hpi deu vui, cai

g\kn cua xa hpi deu gian, cai buon eua xa hpi deu buon, cai

yeu cua xa hpi deu yeu, cai muon cua xa hpi deu muon...tim

lo md con dUdng hudng thUdng cho xa hpi ma th6i"l Van de

noi dung hinh thijtc va tU tUdng nghe thuat cung dUdc my hpc

1. Phan Ke Binh: Viet Nam phong tuc, Nxb. TP. Ho Chi Mmh (tai ban ndm 1990). tr. 224.

2. Thd vfin Vd Liem Sm, Hoi Vdn nghe H^ Tinh. 1993. tr 130-137.

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nghien cdu va tim each giai quyet moi tUdng quan giOa chiing. Pham Quynh cho r^ng, trong noi dung, quan trong nhat la tU tUdng: "Tay, Nho lay van de dien dat tu tUdng. ngUdi nao c6 tU tUdng tiic lam dUdc van. ngUdi nao khong c6 tu tUdng thi d^u noi kheo den dau chang qua cung la idi hu van ca... nhu the thi trudc khi lam vSn. trong bung phai c6 tU tUdng gi, ma tU tUdng ay phai la tU tUdng hay..."

Tan Da viet: "CU chinh ly m^ noi. tu minh khong thUdng nUdc ma viet ra nhiing Idi ai quoc, tU minh v6 pham hanh m^ viet ra nhOng gipng luan thUdng, vay thdi de lUa gat ai. D^u CO lixa gat dude ai ch^ng, at cung c6 ngay bai 16"'.

Trinh Dinh Ru viet tren bao Phu nCt Tan van so 42. ng^y 24-10-1929: V^n "phai eo y vi hay, c6 tu tUdng mdi. Vi vfin chUdng la gi? La cai tu tUdng hien ra Idi le".

Phan Bpi Chau da eoi trpng cpi nguon site song cua nghe thuat. Ong cho cpi nguon do ndm d "Khi v^n", "Van chUdng goc d ndi khi mk ra, he ngUdi khi manh thi vdn chUdng thUdng hung h^u, he ngUdi khi hen thi v^n chudng thudng nhu nhUdc. Vay nen ngUdi ta c6 cau: "Due hpc tac vin, tien tu diidng khi" nghia la: Muon lam vSn tat trUdc phai nuoi khi minh^

Tuy nhien, dac trUng quan trpng nhat cua van hpc nghe thuat la tinh th^m my eua no.

Hpc gia Phan Ke Binh trong Viet Han van khdo cho thA'y, van nghe c6 cai hay cua nhieu mat. Ong cho ring, cai hay nay trUdc het bieu hien d "tU tUdng cao", d "kien thdc rpng", "hay la hay d nhdi ban thau ly, hay \k hay d cau noi dat tinh.

1. Tuyen tap Tan Da, Nxb. Van hoc 1986. tr. 429.

2. Tuyen van phe binh van hoc Viet Nam, Nxb. Vin hpc, 1997, t.2, lr.30.

388

Co cai hay ky co, eo cai hay hung kiet, c6 cai hay hon hau, c6 cai hay thanh sang, c6 cai hay bong bay nhU vang giang dudi nUdc, nhu canh hoa trong gUdng, co cai hay man mac nhu gio ph^y mat nUde, nhu sao mpe tren gidi, co hay rUc rd nhu theu hoa, det gam, co cai hay quy bau nhu nha ngpc phun chau"\

Phan Khoi chu y den cai y vi rieng cua van nghe: "Cai y

cua thd hay, sau khi ngam hay dpc, thay eo cai hau cua tra

ngon, dam tham ma dam da, uo'ng vao co roi ma lUdi vSn con

muon nhap".

Quan niem gia tri my cam khong tach rdi chiic nang hoan

thien ban tinh con ngUdi la mot quan niem rat hay. Tac gia

Tr^n Tien Tich cho rang: "Ai doc mot bdi van hay khuyen sU

manh bao md chdng thay vui ve viec Idm Idnh? Hi ngitdi ndo

chita mat hit tinh ngiidi thi cung co the vi vdn chucfng md

cam hoa lay minh di/dc". Vo Liem Sdn cho rang: "Khuynh

hudng cua cac ngUdi muon lam nha van hpc mdi. Mdi nhung

khong mdi rieng vdi ngUdi minh ma eon phai mdi theo the

gidi". Con dUdng phat trien cua nghe thuat phai la: "Van

chudng dan dan xa hpi hoa, cai muc dich toi cao cua van hpc

mdi dat duoc mot each hoan toan, ma van hpc khi ay mdi

th it CO gia tri chan chinh".

My hpc nhijtng nam dau the ky XX khong chi doi hoi doi

mdi, hudng den cai dep cua van minh nhung phai cung trinh

do vdi the gidi ma eon g^n cai dep vdi cupe dau tranh giai

phong dan toe.

1. Phan Ke Binh: Vien Han Khdo. Nxb. Trung Bac Tan Van, Ha Noi,

1930, tr 106.

Tac gia Trinh Dinh Ru cho rang: "Vdn chiiOng la hon nU&c "Hon nitdc tinh dan thi vdn thd phai doi mdi".

Dac biet trong bai "Trd Idi ong H' ngay 9-4-1925. tac gia Nguyen Ai Quoc gan van chudng vdi thUc te dan tpc " Mot loi van gian di, chinh xae hdn ban 161 van rUdm ra hoa my. Mpt tac pham hanh van hay ma kho hieu thi chang co ich gi". Van de la phai "loi cuon dudc dong bao ta"'.

Nguyen Ba Hpc khuyen Idp tre: "Ng^y nay hpc tro phai c6 tu tUdng cao dep, tap nghi luan cho rpng, phai dpc nhQng sach CO kinh luan trong xa hpi, phai ban den chuyen co quan he den nUdc nha, de ngay sau co the dem hpc va'n suy ra vi^ lam".

Nam 1920 Hoang Tich Chu da khang dinh: ".,,vdn chitOng Id nguyen khi cua Quoc gia... ngUdi viet van phai sao cho tit nghiem, nghia chinh, liic nao ciing giii mot cai ton chi rA't cao thUdng". Ong keu gpi: "Hdi nha lam van, trudc khi muon vi^t gi hay tix tu ngpn biit ma hoi rang ta viet vdn hoa quoc hay di ngu the"^

Y tUdng eoi nghe si la chien si tren mat tran nghe thuAt da dUdc Tan Da chu trUdng: "Cac bao quan da 1 mot doi quan tien phong tran tien thu xd hoi, thdi cac ngUdi viet vfin trong bao gidi deu la mot ten linh d trong dpi tien phong".

Nhin toan cue, tinh chat can ban cua cac tU tUdng my hpc Viet Nam nhQng nam dau the ky XX 1 hudng den xay diing mot Ddi song tham my vi dan tpc. Ddi song tham mf nky

hudng den cai dep cua van minh, tien bp, loai bo hu tuc, lo i

1. Nguyen Ai Quoc; Trd lai ong H. Tap chi Vfin hpc, so 2-1980. U. 7.

2. Nam Phong. Tap chi so 38/1920.

390

bo nhiing hinh thiie khong eo ich cho sU khai dan md tri. Coi van nghe la nguon sang soi vao cupe song. Tu tUdng coi van nghe la ten linh tien phong, eo kha nang di trudc thanh gUdm va khau sung trong trao luu van dong each mang cua dan tpc, vi van nghe la "Hon nude", la "Nguyen khi quoc gia". Nhflng tu tUdng nay da tien gan tdi van de my hoe eua sU cai tao ddi song.

TU nhiing tu tudng my hpc, theo khuynh hudng Khai sang nhiing nam dau the ky XX, my hpc da nhanh chong tiep can triet hpc Mac, dong thdi lai van dong trong dong chay cua cupe each mang dan tpc dUdi sU lanh dao cua Dang cpng san, til 1945 cho den nay, my hpc Viet Nam da vut trUdng thanh va xay dung thanh cong mot nen my hpc tien tien dam da ban sac dan tpc, tao thanh mot trUdng phai my hpc ban the, hien thUe, each mang, co the sanh vai vdi my hpc the gidi.

va'n de trpng tam cua Hpi thao khoa hpc lan nay la Tu

tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam trong boi canh du nhap cac tU

tUdng Dong - Tay niia dau the ky XX. Toi muon dat cau hoi:

Cai gi la chinh? Dong thi chiing ta qua quen thupe roi. Tren

cd sd ly thuyet "TrUdng anh hUdng", toi nghi, ngay ca cac tU

tUdng cua Dong liic nay, eo ngpn cd nao noi nhat cung phan

phat bay la nhd c6 gio Tay thoi. T\i do e6 the thay:

Cac tu tUdng my hpc Viet Nam ma chiing toi vxia trinh bay

1 mot bp phan nhay cam nhat, uyen chuyen nhat cua tU

tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam niia d^u the ky XX.

Ban cha't va xu hUdng cua mpi tu tUdng triet hpc Viet

Nam. ca cac tu tUdng ma cac hpc gia "Dong hpc" coi la anh

hudng cua Dong, thi v ln chua co gio Dong nao tU no lam

thanh mot cdn 16c, vi ve cd ban cac tU tUdng eua nude ban

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Tac gia Trinh Dinh Ru cho rang: "Vdn chUOng Id hon nUdc

"Hon nitdc tinh dan thi vdn thaphai doi mdi".

Dac biet trong bai "Trd Idi ong H" ngay 9-4-1925. tac gia Nguyen Ai Quoc gan van chUdng vdi thuc te dan tpc " Mpt loi van gian di, chinh xac hdn han loi van rUdm ra hoa my. Mpt tac pham hanh van hay ma kho hieu thi chang eo ich gi". Va'n de la phai "loi cuon dUdc dong bao ta"'.

Nguyen Ba Hpc khuyen Idp tre: "Ng^y nay hpc tro phai c6 tu tUdng cao dep, tap nghi luan cho rpng, phai dpc nhiing sach CO kinh luan trong xa hpi, phai ban den chuyen co quan he den nude nha, de ngay sau co the dem hpc van suy ra vi^ lam".

Nam 1920 Hoang Tich Chu da khang dinh: "...vdn chuong Id nguyen khi cua Quoc gia... ngUdi viet van phai sao cho ttf nghiem, nghia chinh, liic nao cung giO mpt cai ton chi rft't cao thUdng". Ong keu gpi: "Hdi nha lam van, trUdc khi muon viet gi hay til til ngpn biit m^ hoi rang ta viet vdn hoa quoc hay de ngu the"^.

Y tUdng coi nghe si 1 chien si tren mat tran ngh^ thuat da dUdc Tan Da chu trUdng: "Cac bao quan da 1 mot doi qudn tien phong tran tien thu xd hgi^ihbi cac ngUdi viet van trong bao gidi deu la mpt ten linh d trong dpi tien phong".

Nhin toan cue, tinh chat can ban cua cac tU tUdng my hpc Viet Nam nhiing nam dau the ky XX la hudng den xay dung mpt Ddi song tham my vi dan tpc. Ddi song tham my nay hudng den cai dep cua van minh, tien bp, lo^i bo hu tuc, loai

1. Nguyen Ai Quoc: Trd lai ong H. Tap chi Vin h9c. so' 2-1980, tx. 7.

2. Nam Phong. Tap chi so' 38/1920.

390

bo nhiing hinh thxic khong eo ich cho sU khai dan md tri. Coi van nghe la nguon sang soi vao cupe song. Tu tUdng coi van nghe la ten linh tien phong, co kha nang di trudc thanh gtfdm va kh^u siing trong trao lUu van dong each mang cua dan tpc, vi van nghe la "Hon nude", la "Nguyen khi quoc gia". Nhiing tU tUdng nay da tien gan tdi va'n de my hpc cua sU cai tao ddi song.

Ttt nhiing tU tudng my hpc, theo khuynh hudng Khai sang

nhiing nam dau the ky XX, my hpc da nhanh chong tiep can

triet hpc Mac, dong thdi lai van dong trong dong chay eua

cupe each mang dan tpc dudi sU lanh dao cua Dang cpng san,

til 1945 cho den nay, my hpc Viet Nam da vut trUdng thanh

va xay dung thanh cong mot nen my hpc tien tien dam da

ban sac dan tpc, tao thanh mpt trUdng phai my hpc ban the,

hien thUc, each mang, co the sanh vai vdi my hpc the gidi.

Va'n de trpng tam eua Hpi thao khoa hpc llin n^y 1 Tu

tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam trong bo'i canh du nhap cac tU

tUdng Dong - Tay niia dau the ky XX. Toi muon dat cau hoi:

Cai gi 1 chinh? Dong thi chiing ta qua quen thupe roi. Tren

cd sd ly thuyet "TrUdng anh hUdng", toi nghi, ngay ca cac tU

tUdng eua Dong liic nay, eo ngpn cd nao noi nha't ciing phan

phat bay la nhd co gid Tay thoi. Tit do c6 the thay:

Cac tu tUdng my hpc Viet Nam ma chiing toi vHa trinh bay

I mpt bp phan nhay cam nhat, uyen chuyen nhat eua tU

tUdng triet hpe Viet Nam nUa dau the ky XX.

Ban cha't v^ xu hudng ciia mpi tu tUdng triet hpc Viet

Nam, ca cac tu tUdng ma cac hpc gia "Dong hpc" coi la anh

hudng eua Dong, thi v ln ehUa e6 gio Dong nao tU no lam

th^nh mpt edn loc, vi ve cd ban cac tU tUdng cua nude ban

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van la nhiing tU tUdng chiu anh hUdng cua *Trung tam phat song" t\X phUdng Tay - ma "Trung tam" nay lai dang phat song triet hpc da lam nen cupe each mang 1789.

Til do cd the thay: xu hudng va ban chat cua tU tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam nUa dau the ky XX la "tU tUdng triet hpc Khai sang; bdi "the trang cua tU duy triet hoc Viet Nam liic nay \k

tu duy phan tich hien thUc thuc tai; doi tUOng ca ban cua nd la chinh cupe song khach quan vdi tat ca cac quan he cua n6; muc dich eua triet hpc nay la kham pha nhiing con dudng de khai md dan tri, de lam cupe thay doi so phan dan tpc die biet la so phan cua "tang Idp thii ba" trong xa hpi.

Tinh nhan van, tinh dan chu. tinh hanh dong la cac pham chat quan trpng ciia eac tU tUdng triet hpc Viet Nam mia dau the ky XX; va do do khi phat then len, no bat gap chu nghia Mac; va chu nghia Mac ket hdp vdi chu nghia yeu nUdc Viet Nam tao thanh tu tUdng Viet Nam hien dai.

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