c im sinh hc ca cy lac im thc vt hcCc ging la Vit Nam c nhng c im nh chiu cao, thi gian sinh trng (di hay ngn), chu thm canh, chu chua mn, chng chu su bnh khc nhau. Song cy la Vit Nam u c nhng c tnh chung v hnh thi, gii phu v u c chung cc b phn r, thn, l bng v ht.

*)R la B r la thuc loi r chm. Nhng r non c mu trng sa, r trng thnh c mu vng nu v nu m, r gi c mu en.

Thi k m: Nu m gieo tha, r m c th di 5-6 cm. Tiu chun ca m tt l b r ngn,nhiu r trng. Thi k sau cy: B r tng dn v s lng v chiu di thi k nhnh, lm ng Thi k tr bng : B r t gi tr ti a vo thi k tr bng. S lng r c th t ti 500 800 ci. Chiu di r t 2- 3 km/ cy khi cy c trng ring trong chu.

Trn ng rung, phm vi ra r ch nhng mt gn lp t mt (0-20 cm l chnh) Khi c la qu su (>5 cm), cy la s to ra 2 tng r, trong thi gian ny cy la chm pht trin ging nh hin tng la b bnh ngt r. Cy su thch hp (3-5cm) s khc phc c hin tng trn. to iu kin cho b r pht trin tt, cn lm c sc bn iu chnh lng nc hp l, to iu kin cho tng t vng r thng thong, b r pht trin mnh. Cy la sinh trng tt, chng chu c su bnh, nng sut cao.

Thn laa. Hnh thi - Thn gm nhiu mt v lng. Trc thi k la tr, thn la c bao bc bi b l. - Tng s mt trn thn chnh bng s l trn thn cng thm 2. Ch vi lng ngn di ra, s cn li ngn v dy c. Lng trn cng di nht. Mt lng di hn 5 mm c xem l lng di. - S lng di: T 3-8 lng. Theo gii phu ngang lng, lng c mt khong trng ln gi l xoang li. - Chiu cao cy, thn: * Chiu cao cy c tnh t gc n mt l hoc bng cao nht * Chiu cao thn c tnh t gc n c bng. Chiu cao thn v chiu cao cy lin quan n kh nng chng ca ging la.

b. Nhnh la Cy la c th nhnh khi c 4-5 l tht. rung la cy, sau khi bn r hi xanh cy la bt u nhnh. La kt thc nhnh vo thi k lm t, lm ng. T cy m ra nhnh con (cp 1), nhnh cp 1 nhnh cp 2 , nhnh cp 2 nhnh cp 3. Nhng nhnh hnh thnh vo giai on cui thng l nhnh v hiu.

Thng th cc ging la mi c kh nng nhnh cao, t l nhnh hu hiu cng cao hn cc ging la c, c truyn. - Kh nng nhnh ca cy la ph thuc vo ging, nht l iu kin chm sc, ngoi cnhCy la c nhiu nhnh, t l nhnh hu hiu cao, nng sut s cao.

L la* Hnh thi - L la in hnh gm: b l, phin l, l tha v tai l. + B l: l phn y l ko di cun thnh hnh tr v bao phn non ca thn. + Phin l: hp, phng v di hn b l ( tr l th hai). + L tha: l vy nh v trng hnh tam gic. + Tai l: Mt cp tai l hnh li lim L c hnh thnh t cc mm l mt thn. Tc ra l thay i theo thi gian sinh trng v iu kin ngoi cnh. - Thi k m non: trung bnh 3 ngy ra c 1 l. - Thi k m kho: t l th 4, tc ra l chm li, 7-10 ngy ra c 1 l. Thi k nhnh: 5-7 ngy /1 l v ma. - Cui thi k nhnh lm ng: khong 12 15 ngy / l. cy la tr bng cng l lc hon thnh l ng. S l trn cy ph thuc ch yu vo ging, thi v cy, bin php bn phn v qu trnh chm sc. Thng s l ca cc ging : - Ging la ngn ngy: 12 15 l - Ging la trung ngy: 16 18 l - Ging la di ngy : 18 20 l * Chc nng ca l L thi k no thng quyt nh n sinh trng ca cy trong thi k . Ba l cui cng thng lin quan v nh hng trc tip n thi k lm ng v hnh thnh ht. *Chc nng ca b l - Chng c hc cho ton cy - D tr tm thi cc Hydratcacbon rc khi la tr bng

L lm nhim v quang hp, chm sc hp l, dm bo cho b l kho, tui th l (nht l l ng), la s chc ht, nng sut cao.

Hoa LaCc b phn ca hoa

Qu trnh th phn, th tinh v hnh thnh ht laLa l loi cy t th phn. Sau khi bng la tr mt ngy th bt u qu trnh th phn. V tru va h m t 0-4 pht th bao phn v ra, ht phn ri vo u nhu v hp nht vi non bn trong bu nhu bu nhu pht trin thnh ht. Thi gian th phn k t khi v tru m ra n khi khp li ko dI khong 50-60 pht. Thi gian th tinh ko di 8 gi sau th phn. Trong ngy thi gian hoa la n r thng vo 8-9 gi sng khi c iu kin nhit thch hp, nh sng, quang my, gi nh. Nhng ngy ma h, tri nng to c th n

hoa sm vo 7 - 8 g sng. Ngc li nu tri m u, thiu nh sng hoc gp rt hoa phi mu mun hn, vo 12 14 gi. Sau th tinh phi nh pht trin nhanh thnh ht. Khi lng ht go tng nhanh trong vng 15- 20 ngy sau tr, ng thi vi qu trnh vn chuyn v tch lu vt cht, ht la vo chc v chn dn.

Bng v ht laThi gian hnh thnh bng k t khi cy la bt u phn ho ng cho n khi la tr. Thi k ny nu c chm bn tt , cy la dinh dng bng la s pht trin y gi nguyn c c tnh ca ging. Thi gian pht trin bng ging ngn ngy ngn hn ging di ngy.

- Ht la gm: Go lc v v tru. + Go lc gm : phi v phi nh. + V tru gm: Tru trn v tru di. Tru di ln hn tru trn v bao khong hai phn ba b mt go lc trng thnh. m 0%, mt ht la nng khong 12 44 mg. Chiu di, rng, dy ca ht thay i nhiu gia cc ging.

Qu trnh chn ca ht gm : chn sa, chn sp v chn hon ton. Thi gian chn t 30 35 ngy tu theo ging, mi trng v bin php canh tc. Thi gian sinh trng pht trin ca cy la Thi gian sinh trng ca cy la c tnh t khi ht la ny mm n khi chn hon ton, thay i tu theo ging v iu kin ngoi cnh. - i vi la cy: Bao gm thi gian rung m v thi gian rung la cy. - i vi la gieo thng: c tnh t thi gian gieo ht n lc thu hoch. min Bc cc ging la ngn ngy c thi gian sinh trng 90 120 ngy, ging la trung ngy l 140 160 ngy. Cc ging la chim c, do thi v gieo cy c iu kin nhit thp nn thi gian sinh trng ko di 180 200 ngy. ng bng sng Cu Long cc ging la a phng c thi gian sinh trng 200 -240 ngy v ma , c bit nhng ging la ni c thi gian sinh trng n 270 ngy..

Giai on ny mm

i sng cy la bt u bng qu trnh ny mm. Ht ny mm c cn phi ht no nc, do vy, ht la ny mm cn ngm ht vo nc khong ba ngy m (72 gi) ht mi ht nc. C mi ngy m (24 gi) thay nc mt ln. Ht ht no nc c vt ra, i sch v ht t 24-30 gi. Trong sut qu trnh ngm , trong ht xy ra cc hot ng hot ho tinh bt, protein v cc cht bo bin i thnh nhng cht n gin cung cp dinh dng nui phi, cc t bo phi phn chia ln ln thnh mm v r mm, trc phi trng to, y mm v r mm ra khi v tru, kt thc giai on ny mm. iu - Sc ny chn, hn. Ht nc gian ny kin nh hng n s ny mm mm ca ht: Thu hoch la m bo bo qu tt sc ny mm ca ht tt ging c v tru mng thng ht nhanh hn ging v dy, do thi mm thng ngn hn.

- m: Ht ging ny mm khi hm lng nc ca ht t 25- 35% (khng ny mm nu hm lng nc ca ht di 13%). Tc ht nc ca ht ph thuc vo nhit khng kh v nhit nc. Trong iu kin thi tit lnh v ng xun, nn ngm ht ging vi nhit nc 25 300c rt ngn thi gian ngm. Tuy nhin thi gian ngm qu di, ht ht nhiu nc, tinh bt trong ht go phn gii thnh ng ri ho tan trong nc lm tiu hao cht d tr trong ht. ng thi, ht d b chua, thi hoc mm yu. - Nhit : nhit gii hn thp nht l 10 -120C , nhit thch hp l 30 -35oC, nhit ln hn 400C c hi cho s ny mm . Khi ht ny mm cng cn phI c lng khng kh, ch yu l oxy cho mm v r mm pht trin. Do vy, trong k thut ngm , ngi ta iu tit quan h nc, oxy khng ch s pht trin ca mm v r. Kinh nghim ngy ngm m cng l mt bin php iu tit s pht trin ca mm v r cho ph hp.

Giai on mThi k m di, ngn tu thuc vo ging, ma v hoc phng php gieo trng. Gieo m rung (m dc) i vi cc ging la c dI ngy, thi k m khong 40 45 ngy v ma, 50 -60 ngy v ng xun, cc ging la ngn ngy khong 25 -30 ngy. Gieo m nn, m sn tui m 15 -18 ngy tr xun mun, gieo m khay (m Nht bn) thi gian tui m ch 7-10 ngy tng ng vi 2,5 -3 l v ma. T lc gieo n khi ra c 3 l tht tc hnh thnh cc l u tng i nhanh, r phi cng pht trin v hnh thnh vi la r u tin nhng s lng r cha nhiu. cho cy m sinh trng thun li sau khi gieo cn gi m cho rung m, trnh b ngp hoc hn. Thi k ny dinh dng ca cy m ch yu da vo cht d tr trong ht nn cha cn bn thc. Cy m cn nh, yu, kh nng chng chu km. V vy cn to iu kin cy m c kh nng chng chu rt, su bnh. .. T khi cy m c 4 l tht n khi c 5 6 l i vi ging trung ngy v 6 7 l i vi ging di ngy l c th nh cy. Thi k ny cy m s dng dinh dng t mi trng sng, cn ch chm sc, bn thc cho m pht trin. Chiu cao cy, kch thc cy m tng mnh, c th ra c 4 5 la r, kh nng chng chu cng tng ln. pha Bc, nhng nm rt nhiu, m sinh trng chm, tc ra l chm nn thi k m thng ko di. Ngc li, nm m tc ra l nhanh, sm t tui m cy, cn c bin php hm m trnh m gi, m ng. Thi k m c ngha quan trng, chm sc cho m tt, m kho gip cho cy la khi cy chng hi xanh, kh nng nhnh tt, to iu kin cho cc giai on sinh trng pht trin sau ny.

Giai on nhnhiu kin bnh thng sau cy 5 -7 ngy cy la c th bn r hi xanh, chuyn sang nhnh. Tri m u, thiu nh sng, nhit thp, thi gian bn r hi xanh ko di 15 -20 ngy, thm ch 25 30 ngy v chim xun pha Bc.

Thi k nhnh, cy la sinh trng nhanh v mnh v r v l . Thi k ny quyt nh n s pht trin din tch l v s bng. Thi gian nhnh ph thuc vo ging, thi v v bin php k thut canh tc. Thi gian nhnh c th ko di trn di 2 thng v chim xun, 40 50 ngy v ma, 20 25 ngy v h thu.

Trong mt v, cc tr cy sm c thi gian nhnh di hn cc tr cy mun. Thc m sm, qu trnh nhnh sm. Bn phn nhiu, mun, thi gian nhnh ko di. Mt gieo cy tha thi gian nhnh di hn so vi cy dy. Tui m non thi gian nhnh di hn so vi m gi. Trn cy la ch c nhng nhnh sm, v tr mt thp, c s l nhiu, iu kin dinh dng thun li mi c iu kin pht trin y tr thnh nhnh hu hiu ( nhnh thnh bng). Giai on ny cn chm sc hp l m bo s nhnh hu hiu, s l v s bng, trnh bn phn nhiu, bn mun lm cho la nhnh lai rai thng lm tng t l nhnh v hiu, nh hng n tiu hao dinh dng cng nh tng cng s ph hoi ca su bnh.

Giai on pht trin t thnTrn ng rung sau khi t s nhnh ti a cy la chuyn sang thi k lm t * Thi gian lm t

- Thi gian lm t di hay ngn c lin quan cht ch n thi k tr bng, cng nh lin quan n s lng ko di trn thn nhiu hay t. - Ging la ngn ngy c thi gian lm t khong 25 -30 ngy, ging la trung ngy 30 40 ngy v di ngy khong 50 -60 ngy. Thi gian lm t cng c nhng quy lut nht nh. v ma, cy la lm t vo trung tun thng 8, trc khi lm ng 7 n 20 ngy tu ging. v chim xun, cy la lm t vo trung tun thng 3, trc khi lm ng 5 7 ngy. - Thi gian lm t, lm ng ca cc ging ngn ngy c bt u cng mt lc. Do thi gian lm t lm ng bng nhau. i khi cng c ging la phn ho ng ri mi lm t, trong trng hp ny thi gian lm t ngn hn lm ng.

* Qu trnh lm t:

- Thn la c pht trin t trc phi. Trong thi k sinh trng dinh dng, thn la l thn gi do cc b l to thnh. T thi k lm t tr i, thn la chnh thc mi hnh thnh. - Qu trnh lm t c tnh khi lng th nht gc thn c chiu di ln hn 0,5 cm . Cc lng di gc thng ngn, tc pht trin chm. Cc lng trn di hn v tc pht trin nhanh hn. - S lng v kch thc lng: S lng trn thn ph thuc vo ging. Ging la trung ngy c 6 -7 lng, ging la ngn ngy c 4-5 lng.

Giai on lm ng

Giai on lm ng ( t phn ho ng n ng gi), l qu trnh phn ho v hnh thnh c quan sinh sn, c nh hng trc tip n s hnh thnh nng sut la. thi k ny, cy la c nhng thay i r rt v hnh thi, mu sc l, sinh l, kh nng chng chu ngoi cnh.

Qu trnh ny din ra dnh im sinh trng ca cc nhnh cy la, c th nhn thy ng la bng mt thng khi ng di 1mm, nng dn gi l ct gin. Sau khi hnh thnh bng nguyn thy l giai on von di kt hp vi s hnh hnh thnh bng, gi v hoa hon chnh. Lc ny chiu di ca ng c th t t 6-12cm, bng 1/2 chiu di ca bng sau ny. ng la ln dn, phnh to v pht trin c v chiu di. Giai on lm ng kt thc khi cy la c ng gi chun b tr bng. T giai on bng nguyn thu cy la cn hnh thnh c ba l na, khng k l ng.

Giai on tr bngKhi ng hon chnh cy la bt u tr. Ton b bng la thot ra khi b l ng l qu trnh tr xong vi thi gian 4-6 ngy. Thi gian tr cng ngn cng c kh nng trnh c cc iu kin thi tit bt thun. Cng vi qu trnh tr bng, c ging va n hoa va th phn ngay, nhng cng c ging phi ch tr xong mi tin hnh n hoa th phn. Giai on n hoa, th phn v th tinh - Trn mt bng, nhng hoa u bng v u gi n trc, cc hoa gc bng thng n cui cng. Trnh t n hoa c lin quan n trnh t vo chc. Nhng hoa gc bng n cui cng, nn vo chc mun v khi gp iu kin bt thun thng d b lp v khi lng ht thp. - Thi gian hoa n r thng vo 8-9 gi sng khi iu kin thi tit thun li. Khi n hoa phi mu, v tru m ra. Bao phn v, ht phn ri vo u nhy, ng phn vn di ti phi nang, v ra, gii phng 2 hch c. 1 hch kt hp vi trng v pht trin thnh phi. Hch c cn li kt hp vi hch th cp v pht trin thnh phi nh. Sau 8-10 ngy c th phn bit r cc b phn ca phi nh trc phi, mm v r phi. Sau 2 tun phi pht trin xong v nm di bng ht. Phi mt khong mt tun cc hoa trn cng mt bng la mi n ht. sau khi tr 10 ngy th tt c cc hoa trn bng la u c th tinh xong, bt u pht trin thnh ht. Nhng hoa la khng c th tinh, ht s b lp.

Giai on lm htGiai on chn mt lng ln cc cht tinh bt v ng tch lu trong thn, b l c vn chuyn vo ht, ht la ln dn v kch thc, khi lng, v ht i mu, gi v chn. L la cng ho gi bt u t nhng l thp ln trn theo giai on pht trin ca cy la cng vi qu trnh chn ca ht. Giai on chn sa Sau phi mu 5 7 ngy, cht d tr trong ht dng lng, trng nh sa. Hnh dng ht hon thnh, lng ht c mu xanh. Khi lng ht tng nhanh thi k ny, c th t 75 80 % khi lng cui cng. Giai on chn sp Giai on ny cht dch trong ht dn dn c li, ht cng. Mu xanh lng ht dn dn chuyn sang mu vng. Khi lng ht tip tc tng ln. Trong pha khi u ca s chc ht, hm lng nc ca ht khong 58% v gim xung cn khong 20 %. Khi nhit tng, hm lng nc gim nhanh hn. Giai on chn hon ton Giai on ny ht chc cng. V tru mu vng vng nht. Khi lng ht t ti a.