dai cuong lich su viet nam p1 9414

GS. TRNG HU QUNH GS. INH XUN LM PGS. L MU HN

I CUOn S ^LCH S

VIT NAM

I CNG

LCH S VIT NAMTON TP

8 3 9 /4 -0 1 Ma s : 7X 365M 1u D - 0 1

Ch bin ;GS. TRNG H u QUNH - GS. INH XUN LM

PGS. L MU HN

I CUNG

LCH S VIT NAMTON TP

T thi nguyn thy n nm 2000(Ti bn ln th t c sa cha v b sung)

NH XUT BN GIO DC

Phn cng bin son :

- M u : GS. TRNG H u QUNH

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

- Chung I, II, III, IV : PGS. NGUYN CNH MINH

- Chng VI, VII, IX : GS. PHAN I DON

- Chang V , Mc IV (VII), VIII, X. X I, X II. XIII, XIV :GS, TRNG HU QUNH

VIT NAM (1858-1945)

- Chuong , II. III, IV. V : GS. INH XUN LM

- Chuung VII, VIII, IX : PGS. NGUYN VN KHNH

- Chuung VI, X , X I. X I I : PGS. NGUYN NH L

C s cng tc ca c nhn s hc L NH H

VIT NAM (1945-2000)

- Chucmg I. II. I I I : PGS. L MU HN

- Chucmg IV. V : PGS. NGYN VN TH

- Chuomg VI, VII, VIII, IX, X : PGS. TR N B

LI NI U

Bc vo thin nin k i mi cng l bc vo ngng ca ca m t thi di hi nhp ton th gii, mi con ngui Vit Nam khng th khn g nhn li, suy ngm v lch s dng nc u gi nc rt ng t ho ca dn tc, rt ra nhng bi hc cn thit, trn co 8 d bi dng thm ch p h n u, rn luyn thm bn lnh hnh ng trong thi d i mi.

D dp ng nhu cu V gio trnh lch s Vit Nam bc di hc, cch y 4 nm chng ti hp sc bin son li lch s dn tc theo tinh thn mi, c s tip nhn chn lc nhng thnh tu nghin cu qu g i ca gii s hc trong hai mai nm qua, ly tn l "Di cng lch s V it Nam" v ch ia thnh 3 tp. c s c IJ qu bu v gp kp thi ca bn dc xa gn, nht l ca cc thy, c gio u ca sinh vin cc trng di hc - dn nay sch d ti bn n ln th t, chng ti nhn tk&y d. n lc cn p h i hp nht 3 tp thnh mt vi nhng im aa cha, b sung cn thit trong ni dung v b cc gip ngi c c dc ci nhn xuyn sut, y v trn vn v i dn tc Vit Nam, v con ngi Vit N am , u vn ha Vit Nam.

"Di cng lch s Vit Nam* trn b c chia thnh 3 phn :

I - Lch s Vit Nam (t thi nguyn thy n 1858), tri qua cc g ia i don pht trin ca x hi nguyn thy d n ng hp nht cng nhau dng nn nc Vn Lang - quc gia u tin ca ngi Vit, dt nn m ng cho s hnh thnh ca dn tc vi mt nn vn ha riing - ci ngun sc m nh tinh thn ca ngi dn Vit d vut qua nhng th thch ht sc gian nguy, c c. Tip l qu trnh xy dng t nuc v mi m t chinh tr, k in h t, vn ha ca dn tc Vit Nam trong c lp lu d i, vt qua m i kh khn tr ngi d to dng cho mnh mt quc g ia g iu p vi mt nn vn minh ring bit v nhng truyn ihng dng t ho.

II Lch s Vit Nam (1858 ~ 1945) phn nh mt cch h thng cuc u tranh kin cng, anh dng ca nhn dn Vit N am v s nghip gii phng T quc, tng bc vn ln ui thi di v vi ngi anh hng dn tc, u lnh t v i Nguyni Quc d tm n con dng cu nc chn chinh, d ri t lm nn cuc Cch m ng thng Tm nm 1945 v i, p h tan hai xi ch xing n l Php - Nht, dng thi lt nho ch qun ch chuyn ch tn ti ngt ngn nm, m ra mt thi di mi ca lch s dn tc, thi i c lp dn tc gn lin vi ch nghia x hi.

IU - Lch s Vit Nam (1945 - 2000) l lch s na th k i du tranh u s nghip bo v Li xy dng mt dt nuc dc lp, dn ch di s lnh o ca Dng v ph hp vi trnh ngy cng c nng cao ca dn tri. Ba mi nm u l nhng nm chin tranh cch mng, nhng nm chin u dy nhng s tch anh hng ca ton dn tc dnh bi cuc xm lc ca hai tn d quc u s l Php (1945 - 1954) v Mi (1954 - 1975), bo v vng chc nn c lp v s thng nht ca T guc va ginh l i c. Tip l 25 nm xy dng bo v dt nc theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, m rng quan h i ngoi, lm bn vi tt c cc nc, mt thi gian tuy cha di nhng c ngha thi B su sc.

Trn tinh thn i mi, chng ti d, c gng bin son lch s dn tc mt cch tang i ton din v h thng. Tuy nhin m i thi k lch s d cho nm trong s pht trin chung ca lch s dn tc, un c nhng c im pht trin ring cn c lm r, b "i cng lch s Vit Nam" do khng trnh khi c nhng hn ch, thiu st nht nh, mong duc 3 gp xy dng ca cc bn dc xa gn, tp th bii aon c iu kin rt kinh nghim, sa cha, b sung, nng cao thm cht lng sch cho ln ti bn sau.

N h xut bn Gio dc xin chn thnh cm n cc PGS. TS s hc Cao Vn Lng, Trnh Nhu, Nguyn Quang Ngc, Nguyn Danh Phit, Vn To, Chang Thu d c v gp cho nhiu kin qu bu.

H Ni, thng 2 nm 2001.CC T C G I

M u

VIT NAM : T NC V CON NGI

Dn tc V it Nam c mt lch s lu i vi nhiu thih tu v chin cng huy hong rt ng t ho trong s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc thn yu ca mnh. Nh chnh Ch tch H Ch Minh dy:

Dn ta phi bit s ta Cho tng gc tch nc nk Vit Nam

D l ngi Vit Nam th d u cung phi bit lch s nc m nh vi l o l mun i ca dn tc "urvg nc nh ngun" Nhng hc v dy lch s gi y khng phi ch ghi nh mt s 3 kin, mt vi chin cng ndi ln tin trnh i ln ca dn tc hoc ghi nh cng lao ca mt s ngi lm nn s nghip to ln , m cn phi bit tm hiu, tip nhn nhng nt p ca o c, ca o l lm ngi Vit Nam ; v chinh t l ci gc ca mi s nghip ln hay nh ca dn tc khng phi chl thi xa m c ngy nay v mai sau.

I. HON CNH T NHIN

1. N c V i t N am n m d n g n a m l c d a c h u , bc gip nc Cng ha N hn dn Trung Hoa, ty gip nc Cng ha Dn ch nhn dn Lo v nuc Campuchia, ng v nam gip Bin ng (Thi Binh Dng), c din tch 331 5 9 0 km^ t lin v 700 .0 0 0 km^ thm lc a. T thi c sinh ca tr i t (cch ngy nay t 185 - 5 2 0 triu nm) y l m t

nn hoa cng, vn mu v phin m a nham vng chc, tng i n nh. Vo k th ba ca Thi Tn sinh {cch ngy nay khong 50 triu nm) ton lc a chu c nng ln v sau nhiu bin ng ln ca qu t, dn dn hinh thnh cc vng t ca ng Nam . Ngi ta d on rng, by gi Vit Nam v Innxia cn ni lin nhau trn mt nc bin; v sau do hin tng lc a b h thp nn c s ngn cch ngy nay.

S hnh thnh lu i v bn vng ca lc a chu nh hng rt ln n s ra i ca loi ngi v x hi loi ngi. Nm 1891, nh bc hc H Lan Ogien uyboa (Eugne Dubois) tm thy hi ct ca ngi vn Gia va, sng cch y khong 1 7 0 -1 8 0 vn nm. Nm 1929, gio s Bi Vn Trung (Trung Quc) pht hin xng s hon chinh ngi vn Chu Khu Dim (gn Bc Kinh - Trung Quc) sng cch ngy nay khong 20 - 50 vn nm. Vic pht hin hi ct ngi nguyn thy c tip tc trong cc thp nin qua chng t rng ng Nam l mt vng qu hng ca loi ngi. Mt s di ct ca ngi nguyn thy cng cc cng c ca h c tm thy trn t B c Vit Nam gp phn xc nhn iu ndi trn.

V tr thun li ca Vit Nam t xa xa gp phn quan trng vo vic giao lu ca cc nn vn ha khc nhau ca ng Nam , n D, Trung Quc v sau ny vi cc nn vn ha phng Ty.

2. a hnh v n g t l i n kh c b i t : hai u phinh ra (B c b v Nam b) gia thu hp li v ko i {Trung b).

a hinh min Bc tng i phc tp: rhg ni tri di sut t bin gi Vit - Trung cho n ty bc Thanh Ha vi nhiu ngn ni cao (ih Phanxipng, 3142m ), nhiu khu rng rm, c (nh Cc Phng), y cc di ni vi (Cao Bng, B c Sn, Ha Bnh - Ninh Binh...) ct ngha quan trng. S xm thc ca thi tit to nn hng ot hang ng, mi v quang cnh nhiu mu nhiu v ca t Bc Vit Nam. Cng vi rng rm v nhiu loi cy hoa qu khc nhau, hng trm ging th vt, nhiu loi , qung, to nn nhng iu kin c bit thun li cho s sinh sng v pht trin ca con ngi.

a hnh Trung b vi di Trng Sn tri dc pha ty cng to nn nhiu iu kin thun li cho con ngi sinh sng, vng t Ty Nguyn c ph lp dung nham ni la nn bng phng v phl nhiu, sm tr thnh ni c tr lu di ca con ngi cng nh l ni pht trin ca nhiu loi thc vt, ng vt qu him

8

Vit Nam cd nhiu sng ngi. Hai con sng ln nht l sng HDg v sng Cu Long. Sng Hng bt ngun t Vn Nam (Trung Quc) chy xui ra B i n ng theo hng ty bc - ng nam vi lu lng ln (t 700 m^/giy n 28 .000 m^/giy), hng ngy hng gi chuyn phii sa bi lp vnh bin gp phn to nn c mt ng bng rng ln (din tch khong16.000 km^), thun li cho s pht trin ca nng nghip v t c ca con ngi, ni hinh thnh nn vn minh Vit bn a. Trong lc y pha nam, sng Cu Long ' bt ngun t Ty Tng {Trung Quc) sau khi chy qua a phn ca hai nc Lo, Campucha vi lu lng ln (t 4000 m^/giy n 100 .000 m^/giy) chuyn dn ph sa to nn ng bng Nam b rng ln (dn tch khong 4 0 .000 km^), ni sau ny tr thnh va thc ln nht nc. K hc vi sng Hng - c c ln, sng Cu Long cd lng ng rng, dc t v s hn ch c in H (thuc Campuchia) hng nm t e da l lt.

3. Nm trong khong - 23^^22' v bc vi mt chiu di khong 1650 km, Vt Nam thuc khu vc nhit i v mt phn xch o. Tuy nhin nh gi ma hng n, kh hu tr nn iu ha, m, thun li cho s pht trin ca sinh vt. Min Bc, kh hu m, chnh lch ln: H N, nhit trung binh thng lnh nht l 12,5'^c, thng nng nht l 2 9 ,3 c . Mn Trung, nh Hu, chnh lch l 20 - 30*^*c. thnh ph H Ch Minh, chnh lch cng t hn: 26 - 29,8^c. Nhng thng 6,7,8 Bc b v Trung b l nng nht trong nm, trong lc d, Nam b, nhit iu ha hn.

Ma xun, ma h, ma nhiu, lng nc mUa trong nra c khi ln rt cao: H Ni nm 1926 l 2.741 mm. H u trung binh 2 .900 rnm. Thnh ph H Ch Minh, trung bnh nm 2000 mm.

Da th vng ven bin, c nhiu thun li nhng cng c nhu thin tai, c bit l bo p thp nhit i v gi ma ng bc.

Tuy nhin, nhln chung, kh hu Vit Nam rt thun li cho 3 pht tr in ca siih v t , c b i t l thc vt v sa u ny cho s pht t r i n ca nng nghip.

II . D N T C V I T N A M

i . Nc Vit Nam nm khu vc ni lin hai i dng: Thi Binh Dng v n Dng, vng hi o v lc a chu nn cng l ni

t c ca nhiu tc ngi khc nhau. Trn bc ng pht trin ca loi ngi, Vit Nam l nc nm gia hai trung tm vn minh ln, c xa, nn cng sm tr thnh im giao lu ca nhng nn vn minh . Cho n nay, theo cc nh dn tc hc, trn lnh th Vit Nam c 54 tc ngi sinh sng. Mc du mi tc ngi u c nhng nt, vn ha ring, nhng vn gn bt cht ch vi nhau trong vn mnh chung, thnh qu ca mt cuc u tranh, ha hp lu d trong lch s ly tc ngi Vit - chim trn 80% dn s6 - lnti trung tm, Cc nh dn tc hc chia dn tc Vit Nam thnh 8 nhtm theo ngOn ng nh sau:

1 Vit - Mng (gm Vit, Mng, Cht...)

2. Ty - Thi (gm Ty, Nng, Thi, B' y, Cao Lan, Sn ch, Lo...)

3. H mng - Dao (gm H mng, Dao, P thn)

4. Tng - Min (gm H nh, Ll, X ..)

5 Hn (gm Hoa, Sn du...)

6. Mn - Khme (Khm, Khng, Xinh mun, Hr, XTig, Bana, Cho, M, Rmm, Khme...)

7. M Lai - a o (gm Chm, Giarai, , Raglai...)

8. Hn hp Nam (gm Lach, Laha, Pupo...)

2 . T sau Cch mng thng Tm 1945 vi s ra i ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha - vn l thnh qu u tranh chung ca c dn tc - tt c cc dn tc d t ngi hay ng ngi u t do v binh ng, cng on kt ch t ch vi nhau di s lnh o ca Dng, chin u dng cm, qun minh chng li cc th c xm lc, bo v vng chc nn c lp mi ginh li c ri ngy nay cng phn u vdn ln, chung sc, Dg lng xfty dng t nc.

10

11

LCH S VIT NAM(T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

mt s a phng trn lnh th Vit Nam nh Ni (Thanh Ka), Xun Lc (ng Nai), Ai Lc (Bnh Phc), cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhiu cng c gh o rt th s ging vi cng cu thi i s k c.

Nm 1960, ln u tin cc nh kho c hc Vit Nam tm thy lng vn mnh gh, gi l mnh tc. Nhng mnh tc th, nng c l rgi nguyn thy dng lm cng c cht, ct. Bn cnh nhng mnh tc cn c nhng hch (l nhng hn m t d Ngi Vn gh Ta cc mnh tc), trp p. ni Quan Yn, ni Nung (Thanh Hda), Xun Lc, An Lc cng tm thy nhng cng c ging nh Ni . Nhng cng c ni trn c kh nng l ca Ngi Vn,

Nhng du tch tuy cha nhiu, nhng cng cd th tin rng thi c s k, Ngi Vun cd m t trn t nc ta. Hi vng trong tng lai c th pht hin thm u tch xa hn v phong ph hn na v Ngi Vn Vit Nam.

14 DI CONG LCH s M T MAM

II. C A C G I A I O N P H T T R I N C A

X H I N G U Y N T H Y V I T N A M

1. S xut hin Ngi Khn ngoan '^^Tri qua mt thi gian lu di sinh tn v ngy cng pht trin. Ngi

Vn chuyn bin thnh Ngi Khn ngoan, t Ngi Khn nTcan giai on sm (Hotno Sapiens) n Ngi Khn ngoan giai on mu-a (Homo Sapiens Sapiens). Trn lnh th Vit Nam, cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhng hta thch rng ca Ngi Khn ngoan, harg Thm

c c a h ; vi v y , chng ta vn cha hiu bit c my v cuc sng ca con ngi thi .

i Thng (th x H Giang) v mi Ngm (V Nhai, Thi Nguyn) cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhng cng c ca Ngi Khn ngoan c nin au ngi Thm m, Hang Hm.

Dc tr n g ca cng c i Thng l k ngh cui, cn mi Ngm l k ngh mnh tc. Di a s cc cng c nm p di cng ca di ch m i Ngm u lm bng nhng mnh tc nh c tch ra t nhng hn cui quc dt lm no v mi nhn. Ngoi ra, cn c mt s t cng c lm bng nhng hn cui ln ging vi cng c ca ngi Sn Vi giai on tip sau . Nhng cng c nm lp trn ca mi Ngm c nhng du vt vn ha Sn Vi.

S phong ph v k ngh (cui, mnh tc) lm cng c ni trn chng t rng ch nhn ca vn ha hu k c Vit Nam cd mt trinh pht tr in v mt k thut ch tc .

Cn c vo ha thch, hu ht xng rng ng vt di ch mi Ngm u thuc cc loi hin i nh ln rng, b rng, kh, nhm cc nh kho c hc suy on con ngi by gi cd ngh sn pht trin^^^

Vo cui thi i c, trn mt vng rng ln ca nc ta, c nhiu b lc an bt, hi lm sinh sng. H c tr trong cc hang ng, m ngoi tri, ven b cc con sng, sui trn mt a bn kh rng t Sn La, Lai Chu, Lo Cai, Yn Bij Bc Giang, n Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Qung

Cc di tch ca cc b lc thi k ny c cc nh kho c hc gl bng m t thut ng l vn ha Sn

Cn c vo s phn b cc di tich vn ha Sn Vi (cc di tich hang ng t, ch chim khong 10% di tch, cc nh kho c hc cho rng c dn

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858) 15

(1) Nin dai cch ngy n;jy khong 40.000 -2 3 000 nm Nguyn Khc s). NiCn i ca mi v 6 c ha Ihch nm lp trtn d chi mi Ngm l 23 000 200 nSm 23.100 300 nm cch ngy nay Jch i yt Nmi, Nxb Di hc v Gio dc chuyn nghicp. H Ni. 1991. T l , tr.l7).

(2) U ch s Vit S am . Sdd, irl7.

(3) DS c ti khong 160 a dim huc vfln hi Sn Vi iJOc phi hin (Nguyn l-n Cng, Kho c hc, s 3 -1 998 , r .8 )

(4) Vi Li lOn mt x ca huyCn PK)ng ChAu lnh Ph Th, nc5i iu lin pht hin di lch vfln ha SOn V'i* Vn ha Sn Vi cch ngy nay khoang t 30.000 nm n 11.000 nSm. NiCn i cc bon phng xy (C*^) ca di (ch vAn ha Son Vi (1 hang 0>n Mcxmg ('iianh Ha) \ 11840 nflm 180 nm cch ngy oay v 11090 nm, di ich hang ng Ouyn (la linh) c niCn di Ih 18.390 nam 125 nm cch ngy nay (Theo Lch s Nam, Sd, lr.l9). Theo Nguyn Khc S cc nh kho c hc mi pht h in oc 2 tii ch bn N Lc, N Ph (xft Ching S, huyn Sng M - Stn l,a) c nhiu cng c g ing cng c c nhi irong vn ha Son Vi, c nin i khong 3 vn nm cch ngy nay (Bo i Don kt. xuAn Ki MAo. ir.62).

PHN MT

THI I NGUYN THY

Chng I

THI I NGUYN THY TRN T NC v it n a m

I. N H N G D U V T U T I N

Trong bui binh minh ca nhn ioi, con ngi cn mang nhng c im ging vi loi vn, nn chng ta thng gi l Ngi Vn. Ngi Vn tn ti cch ngy nay t khong hai triu nm n 3 - 4 vn nm. Trn t nc Vit Nam, cc nh kho c hc tm thy nhng du vt ca Ngi Vn gn ging vi ngi vn Bc Kinh^*^

Trong cc hang Thm Khuyn

Sn Vi thi hu k c Vit Nam sng tp trung trn cc i, g trung du, dng hnh chuyn tip t min ni xung ng bng ; cm li thnh nhng khu vc ln : trung lu sng Hng, thng lu sng Lc Nam, thng lu sng Hiu^*\

Cc b lc Sn Vi dng cui l ch yu ch tc cng c. H thng gh o ra cnh hn cui to nn nhng cng c cht, no V. V. . Cng c c trng cho vn hda Sn Vi l nhng hn cui c gh o ria cn thn, c nhiu loi hnh n nh, th hin mt bc tin b r rt trong kl thut ch tc , tuy nhin, chua c k thut mi. Cng c cui vn ha Son Vi c nhiu loi hnh phong ph c trng cho vn ha Sn Vi, nhng vn cn mt s t nhng cng c mang du vt k thut th s ca thi ki s k c v cng cd mt cng c c du vt vn ha Ha Bnh giai on mi s kl. T vn ha Sn Vi pht trin ln vn ha Ha Bnh Ngun sng chnh ca c dn Sn Vi i hi lm, sn bt cc loi thc vt v ng vt. cc di ch thuc vn hda Sn Vi, c nhiu xng tru, b rng, ln rng, kh, c.

S xut hin ca Ngi Khn ngoan Sn Vi (Homo Sapiens Sapiens) nh du bc chuyn bin trong t chc x hi, cc th tc, b lo ra i. Mi th tc gm vi ba chc gia inh, vi vi ba th h c cng chung huyt tc sng quy qun v nhau trn cng mt a vc. Mt s th tc sng gn gi nhau, cd h hng vi nhau v c cng mt ngun gc t tin xa xi hp li thnh b lc. Cc th tc trong xnt b lc c quan h gn b, gip nhau trong cuc sng v c quan h hn nhn gia con trai ca th tc ny vi con gi ca th tc kia trong cng mt b lc.

2 . C dn Ha Bnh, Bc Sn - Ch nhn nn vn ha s k thi i mi.

Ch nhn vn hta Sn Vi, trong qu trnh lao ng dn dn ci tn cng c v bc sang mt giai on mi cao hn - Vn ha Ha Binh - Bc Sn, t vn ha hu ki thi i c chuyn sang s k thi i mi.

- C dn vn ha Ha Bnh^^) a m rng a bn c tr n nhiu khu vc, t vng ni rng Ty Bc (Ha Bnh, Sn La, Lai Chu), H Giang,

16 I CNG LCH s \qT NAM

(1) Nguyn Khc S (/ido c6 hc. s 3 - 1996, lr.l2).(2) Ha nh l a m du tin phi hi^n diic di tch vn ha thuc s ki thi dj A nii, cAch ngy nay

khong l 17.000 rtm n 7.500 nm, lp rung cao 12.000 l.ooo nm cch ngy nay (Nguyn Khc s). Mt di lici huc vn ha Ha Bnh l Hang Cha frsn Ki. An) c nin ;ii c*"* l V325 i 120 nm cch ngy nay, v Hang ng (Ihuc vn Quc gia Cc PhUtng c rn i l 7665 65 V 758) 80 nm cdi ngy nay (Lch s Vii Nam, Sd, ir.22). Cng c kin cho rng vn ha Ha Binh cmM ngy nay c ih l l gn 2 vn nm n 6.000 nSm (I I u Nga, Kto c hc, s 3 - 1998, ir 32). VAn ha Ha Bnh phn b rng rai Dng Nam . lp trung nhiu nht l (> Vit Nam. c^ k: di lich vn hii Ha 8'tnh c nini sm nhl l Vii Nam (Nguyn Khc cu f)ngNm A. 2 - 1996. ir 35)

Ninh Bnh n min Trung (Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Qung Binh, Qung Tr). C dn vn ha Ha Binh ch yu sng trong cc hang ng hoc mi thuc cc thung lng vi, gn ngun nc ; rt t di tch ngoi tri v thm sng. Ngi Ha Bnh c tr lu di trong cc hang ng, cng c lao ng v tn tch ph thi sau ba n ca h cht thnh tng vn ha kh cd ni ti 3,7 m nh mi Lng Bon (Ha Bnh)^^\

Cng c ca c dn vn hda Ha Bnh c nhiu loi hnh phong ph, a dng, c ch tc t cc nguyn liu khc nhau. c trng cng c lao ng bng ca c dn by gi l nhng cng c cui gh o mt mt nh ru ngn, no hnh a, ru hnh nhn, riu bu dc. Ngoi ra cn c mt s cng c gh hai mt, cng c mnh tc, cng c cui nguyn thy (chy, hn nghin ht, bn nghin). Mt s cng c c lm big xng, v trai, co kh nng c dn Ho Bnh s dng cng c lm t g, tre. H cng,4%-bt u bit mi li cng c nh cc cng c xm Tri, hang Lng h ^ ' Sn bt, hi lm l hot ng kinh t ch yu ca c dn vn ha Ha Bnh. Cc nh kho c hoc tm thy nhiu xng ng vt l cc loi rfy]f'tVig, cc v ng vt thn mm sng di sng, sui, hang Cha (T n W,jNgh An) trong tng s cc xng th c 46% xng hu, nai, tru, b, 9% xng ln rng, 5% xng khi, 2% xng tgic vn, trai, hn, trng v.v... hang Di (Qung Tr)tm th^ ctcimg c, xng ng vt thuc vn ha Ha Bnh nh ru ngn, ru h ln fw a ;" fru li dc, li hnh cung, mnh tc, bn nghin ht, c ni, c sui, v trai hn, xng ng vt (khong 1 kg gm nhiu loi khc nhau).

Da vo s phn tch bo t phn hoa hang Ma (Thi Lan), cc nh kho c hc d on cd kh nng c dn vn ha Ha Bnh bit n nng nghip s khai, nng nghip trng rau qu hoc cy cho c. Cd th ngh rng cch ngy nay trn mt vn nm, c dn vn ha Ha Bnh l m t trong nhng c dn vng ng Nam bit n nng nghip s khai. Mc d cuc sng ch yu vn a vo ngun thc n do hi lm, sn bn mang li, nhng s ra i ca nng nghip s khai c ngha nh du bc chuyn bin mi, tuy l bc u ca c dn Ha Bnh.

VIT NAM (T THI NGYN THY DN 1858) 17

(1)(2) Tng vfln hii l ml Ihui ng kho c hc ch noi cu Ir ca con ngi nguyn thy irong ml giai doa yo nn mi u'ip dt dy. rni U ng lon c l 2378 hin vt rm iRng lng vn ha dy 3,7 rn (Ngiiyn Khc s)

(3 ) Xhngph tt m kho c hC im m , Nxb KiIXH, 1995. ir.4,5.(4 ) U ch iv lnh, Nxb Ngh ln h , 1984. T l, r 25.26.2-CLSVN T.tp

Tp tc ph bin ca c dn Ha Bnh l chn ngi cht ni c tr. y l tp tc ph bin ca ngi nguyn thy nhiu ni trn th gii vi nghia gia ngi sng v ngi cht vn c mi quan h rig buc, hang T h m Hoi, hang Cha (Ngh An), hang ng, mi Mc Long (thuc Vn Quc gia Cc Phng), hang Lng Go (Ha Bnh), cc nh kho c hc phat hin c nhng m tng thi vn ha Ha Binh. Ngi m hang Cha chn ngi ph n theo t th nm co, xung quanh xp nhiu hn ln cng vi mt chic ru chn theo ngi cht. Cc ngi m d vun Quc gia Cc Phng, ngi cht c bi th hong v chn theo t th nm co nh ngOi m hang Cha. Ngoi nhng ngi m chn ring l, cn cd nhng khu m tng tp th ca cc th tc thi vn ha Ha Binh, hang Lng Go (Ha Bnh) tm thy 20 s ngi ln v s tr em nm trong khonh t chng 25 mt vung ; km theo s l cc cng c bng

i sng tinh thn ca c dn Ha Bnh kh phong ph, h bit lm cc tran g sc lm p thm cuc sng, o cc di chi thuc vn ha Ha Bnh tim thy cc trang sc nh v c bin c mi v cd l xu dy eo, nhiu ngi m xc cht c bi th hong.

C dn vn ho Ha Bnh c

Bc Sdn c tr trong cc hang ng, mi vng ni vi gn sng, sui thuc cc tinh Lng Sn, Thi Nguyn, Ha Binh, Ninh Binh, Thaih Ha, Ngh An, v.v... Cng c ph bin ca c dn Bc Sn l ru mi lai v bit n gm. Trong cc di tch vn ho Bc Sn, cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhng chic riu mi li, bn cnh nhng cng c bng cui gh o mt m t kiu vn ha Ha Bnh. Cng c c trng ca vAn ha Bc Sn l ru mi li {nn cc nh kho c hc thng gi l ru mi B c Son), v du B c Sn, ngoi ra cn ct nhng cng c gh o khng nh hnh v cng c mnh tc c tu chinh^*^

Vi nhng chic ru mi c s dng ph bin, c dn vn ha Bc Sn ch tc d dng hn cc cng c bng tre, na, g, so vi c dn Ha Bnh. Hot ng kinh t ch yu ca c dn Bc Sn vn l hi lm v sn bt. Cc nh kho cd hc tm thy trong cc di tch vn ha c Sn nhng ng v 6c, xng th cht thnh mt lp dy ti 3 mt nh hang Lng Cm (Lng Sn). C dn vn ho Bc Sn bit n gm. Bi vy, mt s nh s hc thng gi vn ho B c Sn l vn ha mi s k cd gm. Dc im gm Bc Sn c ming loe, y trn. Ngi B c Sn ly t st nho vi ct khi nung, gm khng b rn nt, Tuy vy, gm thi k ny cn t, hnh ng cn th v nung cha cao.

Nh c cng c lao ng c ci to, cng c mi ph bin, hiu qu trong lao ng c tang tin, c dn B c Sn ngoi hi lm, san bt l ch yu, cn nh c, chn nui v m nng nghip 5 khai. Ngun thc n tr nn phong ph hn, di do hn. Con ngi by gi sng nh c kh lu di mt ni nht nh. Khu m tp th Lng Cm (Lng Sn) l mt biu hin v cuc sng nh c n nh ca c dn vn ha Bc Sn.

Di sng tinh thn ca c dn Bc Sn kh phong ph v c nng cao hn c dn vn hda Ha Bnh. trang sc c nhiu loi, ngoi nhng v c bin c mi c xuyn l lng dy, cn c nhng trang sc lm bng phin c l eo, cc chui ht bng t nung ga cd xuyn l... C dn B c Sn cng cd nhng tp tc ph bin nh cu dn Ha Binh v cd nim v mt th gii bn kia. iu c th hin trong cc cch chn ngi cht khc nhau, chn theo ngi cht cng c lao ng. C dn by gi vn sng trong cc cng x th tc mu h.

Nhn chung, vn ha Ha Bnh v vn ha Bc Sn mc d cd nhng nt chung, u giai on s kl thi i mi, nhng vn ha Bc Sn

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858) 19

(1) Nguyn Khc s, li liu a dn, ir.7

cn ct nhng nt c trng ring^*^ v cd nhng biu hin pht trin hn trn c s ni tip, k tha vn hda Ha Bnh v u c nng nghip 9 khai.

3. "Cch mng d v c dn nng nghip trng ia

Vo cui thi kl mi cch ngy nay khong 6 ,000 nm n 5 .0 0 0 nm, trn c 8 pht trin mnh m ca k thut ch tc v lm gm, c dftn by mi thc s c mt bc tin trong vic ci thin cuc sngca tnnh. Phn ln cc b lc u bc vo giai on nng nghip trng la

Vo thi ki ny, con ngi khng chi bit gh o, mi mt m t m ph bin a mi nhn c hai mt. Ngoi ra, cn bit khoan , ca VI vy, cng c ct hnh dng gn, p hn, c nhiu kiu loi thlch hp vi tng cng vic, tng vng khc nhau. Nh th nng sut lao ng tn g ln r rt. KI thut mi pht trin cao hn thi vn ha Ha Binh, B c Sn v kh ph bin trong cc b lc sng ri rc trn t nc ta by gi. c trng ca cdng c by gi i nhng chic riu mi ton th&n. Ngoi nhng chic ru mi ton thftn, ru c chui tra cn, cn cd cc loi cng c khc nh bn, c, dao, cuc c chui tra cn. T t c cc cng c ny u c mi nh&n.

Cu dn by gi cn bit dng tre, na, xng, sng ch tc cc cng c thch hp. Tre na dng lm cung tn, tre, g cn c s dng lm cn cuc, cn rlu, cn dao v.v... Nh vy, i vi c dan nc ta thi hu k mi, g, tre, na gi mt v tr quan trng trong i sng.

Xng v Bng c dng lm c, dao nh, kim khu, v.v... v 6c cng c dng lm cng c no gt.

20 DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

(1) Bit * dng ph bin riu mi ii v bit n gm. Ml s nh kho c hc cho rng yul ngun gc t k ngh< mnh, ben cnh myn Ihng cng c cui irong vn ha Bc StHi lni c trng rng ca vn ha Bc Sn v6i nhng nt dc irng chung ca vdn ha Ha Binh t u ong dng truyn Ihng cng c cui (H Hu Nga, K^o c /c, s 3/1998, lr.32,33).

(2) X ch mng m r l giai on hnh hnh cc vSn ha d mi sau Ha Bnh - Bc Sn. chuynsang giai oan hu k mi, cch ngy nay khong 6.000 n 5.000 nm.

(3) Di ch Da Bt (Thanh Ha) c niCn i 60^5 60 nm cch ngy nayOi ch H9 K^ng (Qung Ninh) c r6n i l 5646 60 cch ngy nay. Di cht' G Trng (ThanhHa) c nin i c*^ i 4790 nm cch ngy nay. Di chi Qunh Vn c nin i l 4785 75 nm v 4130 rm 75 nm cch ngy nay.

(4) cc di chi G Trng. H Long tm (hy nhOtg ru d c du vt ca hoc mnh li ca.

cc di chi vn ha ni trn Hoa vn trn cc gm cng c nhiu kiu cch : hoa vn du thng, hoa vn hnh ch s ni ui nhau chy quanh g ming (di ch a Bt, G Trng, Ci Bo, Bu Trt, Thch Lc). Cng c hoa vn hnh sng nc, hinh trm, hinh gn l, hoa vn nan (G Trng, Ci Bo), hoa vn ng song song, hoa vn hlnh ch s ng st nhau (Bu Trd, H Long), hnh hoa th ni lin nhau, hoa ct bn cnh cn i, gia v trn cnh thng c l thng^'^v,v...

Nh c s ci tin trong k thut ch tc cng c lao ng, nn kinh t a dng ca c dn by gi c bc pht trin hn thi vn ha Ha Bnh, B c Sn. Cc b lc by gi ngoi mt b phn vn c tr trong vng ni vi, o' l ch nhn ca vn ha H Giang^^^ v vn hta Mai l hu du trc tip ca cc nn vn ha thung lng Ha Bnh, B c Son trc ; cn mt b phn dn c khc dn dn m rng a bn c tr n vng ng bng, ven bin, hi o, sng nh c tng i lu di, hot ng sn xut nng nghip hoc nh c, khai thc nhuyn th bi'n. Nhiu ng v c, v s, ip cn li y n 3 - 4m, hoc c ni c c4c ip than tro bp dy trn 2 C dn ca thi k ny thng c t,Ttrong cc hang ng hoc ngoi tri.

i sng vt cht v tnh thn ca c dn thi hu k mi V.t Nam cng phong ph hn trong nhiu mt. Mi gia nh {mu h) IC cc cng c lao ng v dng sinh hot nh ng, ni, niu. v.v... Qun o lm bng da th, v cy sui, thy c du vt qun o im bmg si dt, tuy cha ph bin. mt s di chi d pht hin c di xe c:hi bng t nung nh di ch Bu Tr, Thch Lc.

X hi chia thnh nhiu th tc. Cng nh thi vn ha s k lni (vn hta Ha Bnh - Bc Sn), cc thnh vin trong th tc u cd nui quan h gn b vi nhau bng si dy huyt thng. Mi ngi trong th tic, b c u binh ng vi nhau, ngi gi v ph n c tn trng, mg u th tc l ngi ph n khe mnh, ct tui tc v nhiu kinh ngbiiim. X hi ang nm trong khun kh ca ch cng x th tc mu qi4ym.


(1) L/cA s y ifi Sam , S T l. !r.35.(2 )(5 )(4 ) - Hu Nga, "Nghin cu ihi di d m - mi hnh Irinh a qua". Kho c h{oc,

s 3 -1 9 8 8 . tr.34

(5) Di chi Bu Tt. bai Phi Phi, i s6, ip ITich I c nhiu lp than iro bp diy irn 2 m. Haing Ba X (t^ng Sdn) c lng vn ha dy dn 3m.

Vic phn cng lao ng gia nam v n, cng nh theo la tui vn tip tc thc hin. Dn ng lm cc cng vic nng nhc, n b lm nhng vic nh hn v gn nh, tr em cng lm vic.

C dn by gi cng c mt i sng tinh thn phong ph. H nghi ti vic trang im cho cuc sng p hn. Bng chng l trang sc pht hin c cc i chi thi ki ny rt a dng. Vng trang sc bng vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau, hnh dng khc nhau, khuyn tai nhiu loi, vng bng t nung (di chi vn hta H Long, Bu Tr), Cng c nhng trang sc lm bng v cc loi c bin c mi thng phn lng xu dy, nhng khuyn tai trn mi t mnh v c, nhiu ht chui nh bng t xng sng c, v c Liu^'^ (di chi Ba X Lng Sn, di ch N Thm , Thm Tin Qu Chu - Ngh An) v.v... Phm lm bng th hong cng c s dng lm cht liu trang sc.

Quan nim v th gii bn kia ca con ngi thi ny ngy cng phc tp hn Ngi cht c chn theo nhiu cch : Chn theo t th ngi xm, chn, tay gp li, ngi xm bt gi, nm co, nm nga dui thng, chn theo cng c lao ng 'v trang sc, ngi cht b buc cht trc khi em chn^^^ C hin tng xng s v cc xng khc ca thn th cd mu .

Phi chng, ngi by gi bi th hong (mu ) vo xng ngi cht trc khi chn l biu th c mong ngi cht ti sinh nh mt s b lc trn th gii ?

Trinh ml cm ca c dn by gi kh pht trin . iu ny c th hin s phong ph v kiu dng, loi hnh, hoa vn gm, cc trang sc a dng, tinh t lm t nhiu cht liu khc nhau, nhiu kiu cch tra n g tr p mt.

C th khng nh rng, vo giai on cui thi ki mi, vi cuc "cch m ng mi", "con ng mi Vit Nam sau giai on van hc5ft

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858) 23

(1 ) Lch s Vit Nm, Sdd, tr.35,36.(2 ) rri chi ngUi tho LU b ngi xm. nm co l mun ngi chi khng tr vd lm hai ngi

sng, mOl s bO lc irn Ihc gii nh Dng chau lhi, Philippin cng c lc chn nginh vy.

(3 ) C kin cit> rng "con dng mi ha** ViOi Nam sau vn ha Ha Bih, Bc Son rt a dng, gm c con ung ca vn ha Da Bt Thanh H vi nhng chic riu mi ii giai on u n chic riu mi li hon lon gai ilon cui cng gm dy trn... Con ng ca vn ha Qunh Vin Ngh An... Con dng ca di ch Ci BO... Con ng ca di ch Bu > Q u:^ Nam - D Nng... Con ng vn ha H Giang, van ha Mai Pha. (H (lu Nga, "NghtCn cu Ihi iSi m - mi hnh trnh qua", Kho c hc, s 3 - 1998, tr. 33,34)

Vi s tin b v k thut ch tc v s phong ph v loi hnh cng c lao ng sn xut, nn knh t ca c dn thi hu kl mi, sng trn lnh th Vit Nam by gi c bc pht trin mnh m trn nhiu lnh vc. a bn c tr c m rng. Ngoi mt b phn c tr trong vng sn khi vi, mt b phn khc chim linh ng bng, ven bin v hi o. H ot ng kinh t rt a dng. Hi ltn, sn bt vn cn tn ti nhng khng cn ng vai tr ch yu trong i sng ca cc b lc by gi.

Ngh nh c cn c duy tr v pht tr in cc vng c dn ven sui, sng, ven bin. Nhiu u vt ch li, xng c... trong cc di chl thi k mi hu ki nc ta ni ln iu

Ha Bnh, B c Sn din tin mnh m, ph bin nhiu a phng nc ta by gi. Nh vy nng nghip trng !a dng cuc ph bin, ngoi sn xut nng nghip cn nh c, khai thc cc nhuyn th bin, hoc sn bt v.v... X hi cng x th tc mu h c l bt u bc vo giai on cui. Nhng thnh tu mi ca ngnh kho c hc Vit Nam trong vic nghin cu cc di ct ngi nhm di chl Ci Bo (Hi Phng), a Bt (Thanh Hda), Qunh Vn^*^ (Ngh An), cng vi vic nghin cu cc hin vt, du tch trong cc di chi Mai Pha, Phai V (Lng Sn), Bn Bun, Bn Thm

- Cc b lc Hoa Lc, Cn Chn 7 n ' ' . Bn cnh cc b lc Phng Nguyn lu vc sng Hng, cn c nhng b lc khc cng tin n giai on so ki thi i ng thau v bit n k thut luyn kim nh cc b lc vng chu thd sng M m cc nh kho c hc gi l vn ha Cn Chn Tin, Hoa Lc^"^. Cc b lc Cn Chn Tin sng vng ng ba sng M - sng Chu v cc b lc Hoa Lc sTg Ir cc cn ct ven bin l nhng c dn u tin bit n kim loi v tin n giai on s k thi i ng thau cng thi vi c dn Phng Nguyn lu vc sng Hng. Tip sau cc b lc Cn Chn Tin v Hoa Lc (s k ng thau) l cc b lc Bi Man (trung k ng thau), Qu Ch (hu k ng thau). Bn cnh nhOng nt vn ha a phng, cng to ra nhng nt gn gi vi vn ha Phng Nguyn, ng u, G Mun cui cng ha chung to nn vn hda Dng Sn thng nht vng B c b v Bc Trung b.

- Cc b ic u vc sng Lam^^\ T i lu vc sng Lam, cc nh kho c hc pht hin c mt s di tch thuc s ki thi i ng thau nh nhdm di tch n i, Qa cc cng c v gm ca c dn di tch ny cc nh kho c hc cho rng c dn by gi c mt trnh tng ng vi c n Phng Nguyn, Cn Chn Tin, Hoa Lc. C dn s k thi i ng thau lu vc sng Lam cng tri qua cc giai on trung k v hu k ng thau tip theo sau giai on s k vi nhng nt vn ha ring ca mnh, tihng vn th hin mt trnh pht trin tng ng vi c dn vng chu th sng Hng, sng M trong cng mt giai on, v c n g h a n h p v o g ia i o n v n h d a n g S n sau ( t t h k VII tr. CN - I sau CN).

^ Cc b Lc vng Bng M y, cc nh kho c hc pht hinc 5 a m c tr ca cc b lc s k thi km kh. C dn y t c vng ca sui dc i b sng M ko di khong 10 km t x Mng Lm n x N Nghin. Ti cc t im c dn ny, cc nh kho c hc tm thy nhiu cng e mi, gm v nhng hoa vn phong ph, rt p. c bit pht hin c nhng vin hnh Yoni (sinh thc kh n) biu tng ca tn ngng phn thc. Nhng d vt ny thng gp

VIT NAM (T THI NGYN THY. DN 1858) 25

(1) c>a I,c, Cn Chn nn Ihuc lu vc sng M ( hanh Ha)(2) lloa Lc thuc huyn Uu Lc lnh Thanh Ha(3) Sng l-am cn gi l sng C Ngh An- Di tich vn ha sftng Lam cn bao gm c cu dn

cng thi 'Hnh(4) Sng M l ln mi huyn mn ni bin nam CH tnh Son I.a.

trong cc di tch vn ha tin ng Sn lu vc sng Hng, sng M (Thanh Ha> cd nin i khong 4 .000 nm cch ngy

Nh vy, cch y khong 4 .000 nm, trn lnh th min B c v Bc Trung B nc ta, nhiu ni c6 cc b lc - ch nhn ca vn ha Tin Dng giai on s k thi i ng thau v k thut luyn kininh c, sinh 3ng u di.

C dn by gi u lm ngh nng trng la v cc cy lng thc khc bng cuc . Thi k ny kl thut ch tc t n trnh pht tr in rt cao, k thut mi nhn, ca^ khoan, tin rt ph bin v hon thin. Cng c c tm thy c nhiu loi hnh phong ph, tinh t nh cc riu, bn t din c mi nhn c kch thc nh, cc i cuc mi nhn c chui tra cn v.v... Nhng cng c lao ng hn rng c tc dng quan trngj ln lao trong vic nng cao hiu qu nn kinh t hy gi. C dn vn hda Phng Nguyn mc cha c cng c bng ng, vn s dng cng c bng l ch yu, nhng vi vic bit s dng nguyn liu bng ng v k thut luyn kim to iu kin tin cho c dn vn hda ng u, G Mun tip sau k tha v pht trin ngy cng cao hn kl thut luyn kim, trn c s t hinh thnh nn nn vn minh rc r thi Vn Lang - u Lc - nn vn minh sng Hng v s ra i ca nh nc s khai giai on vn ha ng Sn.

C dn by gi, ngoi ngh nng chnh, cn chn nui gia sc, gia cm nh tru, b, g, ch v.v... di tch xdm Rn (Ph Th) cc nh kho c hc tlm thy tng u g bng t nung. Cc di tch lu vc sng M (Thanh Hta) c nhiu xng b, ln, ch.

Cng vi nng nghp, chan nui, ngh th cng ca cc b lc Phng Nguyn, Hoa Lc, Dn i - R Ta v.v... r t pht trin. R t nhiu mnh gm vi nhiu hnh loi, hoa vn phong ph, a dng tm thy trong cc di tch thi k ny. di tch Phng Hong^^^ (Quc Oai, H Ty) gm cd loi ming cong cd g, loi khng cd g, loi ming loe, loi ming ng Chn cng c 3 loi, tai gm, chc gm cng cd nhiu kiu. D gm

26 DI CONG l c h s v i t n a m

(1) Nguyn Khc s, "Phi hin rl mi cc di lich lin - sd s trCn i sng M (Scin (iio i on kt, Xun K Mo. 1999, ir.62.

(2) Hi

mi khu vc tuy mang nhng nt c tn n g v kiu dng, v hoa nhng im ging nhau l tt, p hn gm thi vn ha mi. K thut dng bn xoay nn gm rt ph bin.

S pht tr in n inh cao ca kl thut ch tc , k thut lm gm, bit n k thut luyn kim chng t s pht trin mnh m ca th cng nghip by gi. Cc ngh th cng khc nh an lt, dt vi cng kh pht tr in d mt s b c. Ngh nh c, sn bn vn tn ti nhng khng cn pht tr in c dn vn ha Phng Nguyn, nhng li c pht tr in cc b lc khc. Cc khu vc sinh sng ca c dn Phng Nguyn c rt t xng th rng, xuang c v cng khng pht hin thy ch li nh c. Nhng cc b lc vng lu vc Bng M (Thanh Ha) v cc b lc d huyn Sng M (Sdn La) li tim thy ch li nh c. Nhiu loi xng, rng th rng c tm thy cc di tch vn ha Hoa Lc. Ch nhn vn hta Phng Nguyn, vn hda Hoa Lc, Sng M, n i - R T a (Ngh An).v.v... ct mt trnh m cm kh cao. Diu d khng ch th hin trn cc n trang tr gm, m cn c trong kl thut ch tc cng c v trang sc ca h. Cc cng c cn xng, xinh xn, mi nhn bdng p mt. T rn mt s riu, c ca c dn vn ho Phng Nguyn cng c trang tr bng nhng ng khc chm. Cc trang sc nh vng tay, ht chui bng c khoan tin tinh vi. Mt s tng ng vt bng t nung nh tng g, tung b... cng c tm thy trong mt s di tich vn hda Phng Nguyn^^^ Cc nh kho c hc cn pht hin c kh nhiu con du bng t nung hlnh ch nht, hnh trn, hnh bu dc, trn mt con du ct cc hoa vn c khc nh di tch van ha Hoa Lc.C nhng du hiu cho thy ch nhn vn ha Phng Nguyn trong mt mc no d a ct t duy khoa hc, ct quan nim v th gii, v v tr. iu ny c th hin hoa vn trn gtn c tun th cht ch cc quy tc i xng. K thut ch tc t n nh cao vi nhiu loi hinh, kch c khc nhau v.v...

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858) 27

(1) D gm ca c dn Phng Nguyn c c dim ha lit lo nen bng nhng dung cong, uyn chuyn, Ihanh Ihot, c s phi hp kho lo gia hoa vn v kiu ng. D gm Hoa Lc c c itn hoa vn l nhng di thong dSng, trn hay c nhng nhm chm... (Lfc/i s Vit Nam. Sch s dn, T l . tr.43,46), D gm cc b lc Sng Ma (huyn Sng M - Sn l j i ) c hoa vn du dan ing di, vn khc vch ch s i xng, vn hnh hc. (Nguyn Khc s, "Pht hin ri mi cc di tch tin s s trn t Sng Ma", bo Di on ki, XuSn Ki Mo, tr.62)

(2) (3 ) L(ch s Vift Nam. St5d, tr.43,46.

Cng nh ch nhn vn hda mi, con chu ca h thi vn ha Phng Nguyn c tc chn ngi cht ngay ni c tr, chn theo cng c lao ng, cc vt dng khc k c trang sc, H cng th hin nim v mi quan h gia ngi ang sng v ngi cht. Nhn mt cch tng qut trn cc m t hot ng ca i sng x hi, chng ta c th thy rug ch nhn ca vn ha Phng Nguyn, Hoa Lc, n Di - R Ta v.v... Cch ngy nay khong 4 ,000 nra, sng nh c kh lu di v a bn c tr ca h ngy cng m rng trn lu vc cc sng Hng, sng M, sng C Hot ng nng nghip l hot ng kinh t ch o. Bn cnh ngh nng, sn bn, nh c vn tn ti, ct ni cn kh pht trin. Cc ngh th cng lm , gm t n trinh cao c v k thut v m thut. C dn by gi bit n ng v k thut luyn kim. X hi ang trn bc ng chuyn minh t cng x th tc mu quyn sang bui u cng x th tc ph quyn. C h cng x nguyn thy ang bc vo giai on ta n r. Giai on ny cn tip tc cc bc pht trin ca vn hda ng thau ng u, G Mun sau , ua n s ra i nh nc th Hng Vng.

Nm trong giai on vn hta ng thau s k (thuc Tin ng Sn) Bc b v B c Trung b th Nam Trung b cn cd vn ha Tin S a Hunh v Nam b c vn ha ng Nai (khng thuc T in ng Sn).

- Vn ha T in Sa Hunh^*^ Cch ngy nay khong 4 .0 0 0 nm n3.000 nm, ch nhn vn ha Tin Sa Hunh tin n thi i s kl kim kh v bit n k thut luyn kim. Cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhiu di tch van ha Tin Sa Hunh nh di tch Bu Trm , Bu N, G Miu, Ph Ha Qung Nam - Nng, di tch Long Trch, Binh Ch&u, G Li Qung Ngi ; di tch xm Cn, Binh Hng, Mi N Khnh

C dn S a Hunh sng ri rc trong cc tinh Nam Trung b, lm nng nghip dng cuc, trng la nc v cc cy trng khc.

c im ca cng c lao ng ca c dn Sa Hunh l rt It cng c bng ng, nhng cng c bng st (cuc, thung, lim) v v kh bng st li rt nhiu. C l do ni c tr ca c dn vn ha S a Hunh r t him qung ng, nn ngnh luyn kim ng khng pht trin. Tri li, ngh rn st pht tr in hn. Cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhiu cng c

28 DI CNG LCH S VIT NAM

(1) (2) Sa Hunh thuc huyn Dc Ph, linh Qung Ngi. van ha Sa Hunh giai on Km (Tin Sa Hunh) c nin i 4.000 - 3.000 nm cch ngy nay , giai on rrun vo na thin nin ki 1 iruc cOng nguyn. (Trn Qu6c Vng ch biCn, C s vn ha Vii Nam, Nxb Gio dc. 1997. lr.91).

lao ng v v kh bng s t trong cc di tch vn hda Sa Hunh nh ru, li cuc, c xe cn xng, ao, kim, gio v.v,..

Cc ngh gm xe si, dt vi, lm trang sc cng kh pht tr in ch nhn vn ha Sa Hunh* H cn bit nu ct lm thy tinh kh sm. Cng ging nh chu nhn vn hda Tin ng Sn, c dn Sa Hunh vo thi s ki thi i kim kh c mt trinh m cm cao. H ch tc c nhiu tran g sc p, nht l trang sc bng thy tinh. Tm thy nhiu chui ht bng , bng ng, bng Tn no, cc khuyn tai hai u th v,v...

C dn S a Hunh cng c quan nim v th gii bn kia. Quan nim d c th hin tc chn ngi cht. H thng t xc cht, tro xng vo cc v bng t nung cng vi cc trang sc. Cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhng di ct ngi trong vn hda S a Hunh, nh cc di tch nm ven bin min Trung M Tng, Bu Ke (Thun Hi), xm c (Quhg Ngi), Bnh (Qung Nam). C dn Sa Hunh thuc tiuchng M Lai - a o, sng ri rc trn cc chu th ca cc sng Thu Bn, T r Khc, ng Nai, cc vng ven ni rig thuc nam Trung b v bc Nam b.

Ch nhn ca vn hda Sa Hunh l t tin ca ch nhn vn ha Chm sau ny.

- VLn ha ng Nai^^\ Theo kt qu nghin cu ca cc nh kho c hc th cch ngy nay khong 4 .000 * 5 .0 0 0 ch nhn ca vn haDng Nai a t c vng ng bng Nam b, ti cc vng t badan ng Nai, vng t badan sng B, vng ph sa h lu sng Dng Nai, vng t xdm ven sng Vm c ng v vng ngp nc, sinh ly ven bin. Cc nh kho c hc pht hin c m t s i tch vn ha ng Nai nh di tch G C t (thnh ph H Ch Minh), di tch Rch Ni (Long An), di tch Ci Vn, Ngi Thngj G Me, Dc Cha (khu vc Dng

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858) 29

(1) Nguyn Ln Cng, c nhan hc, 30 nm, mt chng ung, Kh c hc, s 3 -1 9 9 8 , ir.21.(2) Tinh Dng Nai Nam b-(3) Theo C s vn Ho yit Nam, Sd, tr.92.(4) Theo Trn Quc Vung (ch bin), C s vn ha Vi Nam, Sd, lr.93. Ti cc Ui tch ni

Gm, sui Chn> t ng Bc, G Ct, Ci Vn, Dc Cha c nhiu d ng, di tich m Chum vng Xun Lc, Drtng Nai c nhiu cng cg, v kh bng st. cc |J ch i Phng Khng, Ung Bc (3ng Nai), C Lao Ra, Dc Cha (nh Srtg B c) c nhng tl trang sc bng Ihy linh ca c dn vn ho Dng Nai.

C dn vn hda Dng Nai lm ngh nng trng la nc v cc cy lng thc khc. Ngoi ra, h cn lm ngh khai thc sn vt rng, sn bn, lm ngh th cng. Bn cnh cc cng c bng (cuc, riu, mi nhn, cuc cd vai), cn cd nhiu cng c bng ng v bng st. Nhiu trang sc bng thy tinh, ng v st.

C dn vn hda ng Nai cng c tc chn ngi cht ni c tr ca nhng ngi ang sng.

30 DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

PHN HAI

THI I DNG N cChng //

THI I DNG N cSau hng chc vn nm gian kh lao ng v sng to, t nhng cng

c bng c th s tin n pht minh ra k thut luyn kim v ngh nng trng la nc dng cy ct sc ko l tru b ; i sng vt cht v tmh thn ca ngi nguyn thy Vit Nam ngy cng c nng cao, tng bc lm thay i b mt x hi, a n hnh thnh mt lnh th chung, mt nn vn ha, vn minh chung v mt t chc chnh tr, x hi chung, l quc gia v nh nc Vn Lang - u Lc, nh du mt bc chuyn bin c bn trong lch s x hi Vit Nam, m ra mt thi i mi - thi i dng nc. Thi i lch s quan trng ny c nhiu ngi quan tra nghin cu, c nhiu ti liu cp ti.

Di cc triu i phong kin Vit Nam. trong mt s tc phm c cp n thi i ny di dng truyn thuyt, lch s hay a l. l cc tc phm Vi^t Nani th chi^^\ Vit s lc^^\ Vit din u LnhNam chch qui^^^ (bin son thi Trn), Di Vit s k ton th^^\ D a ck^^\ Vit s thng gimP^ (bin son thi Hu L), Lch triu hin chng loi (thi Nguyn) v.v... Tuy vy, nhiu nh s hc ca nc ta thiby gi cn t ra hoi nghi v s tn ti ca thi ki lch s ny m nguyn nhn ca s hoi nghi t l bi thiu cc c liu ng tin cy.

( ) Vic S am ih ch (2 quyn) ca H Tng Thc ghi chp s vic t Ihi Hng Vng n nh Triu,

(2) y uc biCn son nm 1377 cha r tc gi, c ngi cho rng ca s Ki Nhan.(3) Vit in u /inh ca L T XuyCn(4) U nh /^am c/ic/ qui ca Trn Th Php bin son vo cui Ih k XIV.(5) O yit s k ton th ca Ng S Lin bn son nm 1479, v sau c s b Kung ca Lfi Truy,

Phm Cng Trl, Le ly. oc in nm 1697.(6 ) D a ch ca Nguyn Tri(7 ) yt s thng gim ca V Ounh (gm 26 quyn, 2 c)(8 ) ich -iu hin chng loi ch ca Phan Hiiy Ch bn son trong 10 nam (1809 - 1819) gm 49 quyn

32 DAI CONG LCH s VIT \ \ \M

San g thi Php thuc, vi s thnh lp trng Vin Dng Hc C nni 1900)^ cng tc nghin cu thi i ny c ch . Vic (im kim, thm d, khai qut v nghin cu c quan tAm v cd bc chuyn bin mi thc s l nm 1924 khi khu di tich c tr v m tng Dng Sn Thanh Ha) dc khai qut T nm 1921 n nm 1932, nh kho c hoc ngi Php l Pagi (Pajot) nhu ln khai qut di tch vAn h(5a ^ng Sn ny, pht hin c nhiu ng^*\ gin v si Vi k"t qu

Lng Hmg Vng rn ni Ngha (P Th)

( l ) Ihu thp dOc 489 hin vt hlng dng. 'I hco long Xun Chinh, Lich s phi hin vihtri cu inmg vn ha !)n San Vit Nam. ch biCn J VAn rn, Nxb K iX H , 1994. ir9 .1 0 ,u

khai q u t ni trn , m t cun sch v thi i ng thau B c kl v BC Trung k ra i nm 1929, do Glubp bin son. Tip sau , nhiu nh kho c hc nc ngoi tham gia vo vic nghin cu thi i ny trong lch s nc ta nh H.Ghenec (H.Geldern), O .Yanxe (O .Janse) v.v... Nhiu di tch kho c c pht hin v khai qut. T nm 1935 n nm 1939, nh kho c hc Thy in khai qut di tch ng Sn 3 ln v thu thp d ng Cu Cng (Thanh Ha), Phrt Lu (Lo Cai) v.v... Mt s cng trnh nghin cu mi v vn ha ng San in lut c cng b nh Ngun gc u s phn b ca trng ng kim loi, khai qut Dng Sn, Nh Dng Sn, Nin di s k un ha ng Sn U.L>...

Trn c s nhng c iiu mi, cc nh kho c hc nc ngoi bc u nu ln c nhng c trng c bn ca vn ha ng Sn, khng nh s tn ti ca mt Iin vn hta ng thau pht trin Vit Nam - nn vn ha Dng Sn, xut mt s nhn nh v nin i, ngun gc ca nn vn ha ny.

Tuy vy, do nhiu nguyn nhn, cc nh kho c hc nc ngoi by gi khng i eu vo nghin cu ton in cc mt ca i sng x hi v bn cht ca nn vn hta ig Sn {v kinh t, quan h x hi, t chc nh nc...), m ch tp trung vo nghin cu nin i ra i, 3 tn ti v ngun gc ca nn vn ha d. Mt sai lm ca cc nh kho c hc nuc ngoi thi l ph nhn tnh bn a ca nn vn hda ng Sn. H cho rng nn vn ha o bt ngu-n t nc ngoi (t Trung Quc v xa hn na l t chu u).

Ti sau Cch m n g th n g Tm nm 1 9 4 5 , nh t l t nm 1 9 5 4 , sau khi t h c dn P h p b i t r n i n B i n P h , m i n B c c h on to n g i i p h n g , n g n h s hc v kh o c hc V i t Nam ch n h thc ra i v ngy c n g p h t t r i n , v ic n g h i n cu m t c ch to n din v thi i H n g V ng - An D ng V ng mi th c s c ch t r n g v n gy c n g c y m n h , o t c n h iu th n h t u to ln. Cc n g u n t i liu c p h t h in v thu th p ngy cn g p hong ph. C c c n g t r in h n g h i n c u c gi t r l n lu t c cng b nh : Vn h a ng San hay vn. h a L a c V it, Vn h a d dn g v trng n g L c V it ca o Duy Anh, L ch s c h Cng sn nguyn thy Vit N am ca T r n Quc V ng v H V n T n , X h.i nuc Van L an g v u L c c a V n T n , Hng Vang dng

3-CLSVN T.lp


nuc^^\ Trn c s nhiu di tch vn ha Dng Sn c khai qut nhiu a phng*-^^ nh di tch Ni Np, Qu Ch, ng Ngm, Dng Vng, Bi T, Cn Cu^-^) (Thanh Ha), Lng Vc (Ngh An), I^ n g C (Ph Th), Dng C, Ph Lng, Vinh Quang, Phng T (H Ty), Bi Mn, Cha Thng. inh Chng (H Ni), ng Mm (Ngh An) v.v... m ngy cng c nhiu sch, bo, tp ch, k yu kho c hc hng nm c cng b. Thi i Hng Vung c nghin cu su sc, ton in. Nhiu ni dung quan trng thuc thi i ny c lm r hn : nin i, ngun gc v c trng ca nn vn ha ng Sn, hnh thi kinh t - x hi, thit ch chnh tr ng thi v.v...

T rn c sd nhng thnh tu mi d, chng ta i vo tm hiu mt s ni dung ch yu sau y ca thi i ny m chng ti gi chung l thi Hng Vng hay thi Vn Lang.

I. NIN I V A BN c TR C A N G I V I T C T H I H N G V O N G

1. Nin iDa vo cc ngun t liu mi pht hin v kt qu nghin cu, nhiu

nh kho c hc v s hc cho rng thi ki ng nc u tin ca dn tc Vit Nam " thi Hng Vng tri qua 4 giai on pht trin ni tip nhau lin tc v ngy cng cao trn c s k tha thnh qu giai on trc. 4 giai on phn nh qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca nh nc v quc gia Vn Lang - u Lc.

- Giai on Phng Nguyn '^^ ^ tn t i vo khong na u thin nin k II tr. CN, thuc s k thi i ng thau. Giai on ny cha cd cng c bng ng.

- Giai on dng vo khong na sau thin nin k II tr.CN,thuc trung k thi i ng thau. y l giai on pht tr in k tip v

34 DI CONG LCH s VIT

(1) K yJ Hng yng ng nc, T I. H Ni 1970, n (1972). T3 (1973), T4 (974).(2)(3) Theo Hong Xun Chinh thi cc nh kho c hc d phi hin c 125 i tch vn ha Dng Sn

xttn i ac ta, trong o 65 di tch cu ini, 27 di tch va cu tr va m tng, 28 di tch m tng v 5 di chi xng ch tc 6 trang sc bng (Vn ha n Sn Vt Nam, Nxb KHXI , 1994, Sd, tr.l7).

(4)(5) Lp ii ca di lch ng Du (Ph Th) c nin i (thuc vn ha Phng NguySn) l 380 100 nm ir.CN. Di chi Trng Knh (Hi Phng) thuc vn ha Phng Nguyn giai on mun l 1455 100 nm irC N . Dng Du Ihuc x Minh Tn (Yn t-c, Ph 'li). Di Lch kho c hc ny i

cao hn giai on Phng Nguyn. Ngi thi ng Du vn dng irong sn xut v i sng l ch yu, nhng hin vt bng ng thau chim khong trn di 20% s cng c v v kh. K thut lm gm v luyn kim pht tr in hn.

^ Gii don G tn ti vo na u thin nin k I tr.CN. cim ca giai on ny l gim st r rt, chi chim 48% trong tng s hin vt, ng thau chim tl l cao, trn 50% tng s cng c v v khi. y l giai on hu ki thi i ng thau.

' G iai on ng tn t t r o n g k h o n g thi g ian t t h ki V III tr.CN n th k II sau CN. y l giai on chuyn tip t s pht trin rc r ca ng sang s k st. 0 y ch cp n vn ha Dng Sn giai on trc th k I I I tr.CN. giai on ny tl l trong tng s cc hin vt thu thp c ch cn khong 13^4%. Cng c v v kh bng ng chim u th vi ti l rt cao. K t qu nghin cu mt s di tch kho C thuc vn hda ng cho thy : di tch Lng C tngs hin vt khai qut thu thp c c 182, trong c 161 hin vt bng ng thau, chim t l 88,5% tng s hin vt ; gm c 12 hin vt, chim 6,5% tng s hin vt. Cc hin vt chl ct 9, chim tl l 5% tng s hin vt m ch yu l trang sc (7 khuyn ta, I ht chui v mt hin vt khc ging khuy o c 2 di tlch ng Sn c 270 hin vt, trong t ng c 2 22 hin vt, chim 82,2%, st c 6 hin vt, chim 2,2%, c

nay m ch yu sng tp trung trong cc ng bng thuc luu vc sng Hng, sng M, sng C, mt s t sng ri rc dc min ni theo cc thung lng ca min Bc, min Trung nc ta.


II. S C H U Y N B I N V K IN H T - X H I

1. V k in h t Thi Hng Vng do k thut luyn kim ngy cng pht trin , nn cng

c lao ng bng ng thau ngy cng chim u th v thay th dn cng c bng .

giai on u (giai on Phng Nguyn), cng c bng cn chim u th, nn kinh t cn mang tnh cht nguyn thy. San g n giai on ng u, G Mun v nht l Dng Sn, nhiu loi hnh cng c bng ng ra i v ngy cng phong ph nh li cuc, li cy, li thung, li xng, li ru V. V. . . Mi ioi hnh cng c sn xut cng cd cc kiu dng khc nhau* Trong khong 200 chic li cy bng ng^^^ c ti 4 kiu dng, l ldi cy hlnh tam gic ct hng tra cn to khe c phn b dc sng Thao, li cy hinh bu dc, hnh thoi c phn b vng ng bng Bc b, li cy hlnh thoi c phn b tp trung vng sng M, li cy hinh xng vai ngang phn b vng Lng Vc. Cuc bao gm li cuc c l tra cn, cuc hnh tam gic, cuc cd vai. Cuc ch u , cuc hnh qut v.v... Li ru c ru hnh ch nht, riu t din li xe, ru hnh li xo, hnh bn chn, rlu li lch^^^ Ngoi ra cn c li lim ng, cng c lao ng bng st. S tin b ca cng c sn xut thc y nn kinh t ngy cng pht trin , t n mt trnh kh cao. Nn kinh t bao gm nhiu ngnh, ngh, trong nng nghip trng la nc chm a v ch o, ph bin rng ri khp lnh th t trung du n ng bng, ven bin .

(1) Theo Lch Uii Nam, T l , Nxb D !i v OE)CN Ihi ja bn ca nilc Vn hang cn bao gmmt phn phia nam Qung Dng, Qung Ty ca Trung Q uc (tr. 56, Sd).

(2) Nhng s tCu (rich ! Di vt vn ha Dng s^n ca Ch Vn Tn, Bi Vn Lim ' irong yn h n^ Sn Vii Nam, Sd. ir,47. 'Vhto k qu nghiCn cu ca cc lc gi ni irfin thi irong s 200 li cy dng c 4 chic Ihuc loi hnh lam gic, lio rhic huc loi hnh 'OU duc vii bnh xhOiy 82 cUc \ loi hnh Ihoi nm v ng, 4 chic hnh lu xng. vai ngang.

(3) C 64 chic riu Ihn i 7.9 cm. lui rng 5.8 cm, 44 chic riu gi vung bn. in hnh chnh di 8,2 cm. li rng cm... Trch Iheo li liu dn

Vi vic ch to ra li cy v nng nghip dng cy thay th cho nn nng nghip dng cuc, ih du bc pht trin mi, mnh m trong nn kinh t thi Hng Vng. Vi vic ra i nhiu loi hnh cng c sn xut bng ng cn chng t bc tin v k thut canh tc ca c dn by gi. Nng nghip dng cy l ngun cung cp lng thc chnh nui sng x hi, tr thnh c s ch yu ca mi hot ng khc.

Nhng di ct tru b nh tm thy trong cng mt d tch vn hda ng Sn, hnh b khc ho trn m t trng Tig chng t dn c thi Kng Vng s dng tru b lm sc ko trong nng nghip. Nhng du tch thdc go, nhng cng c gt hi tlm thy cc di chi thuc vn h

phc v cho trng trt, c dn by gi y mnh chn nui tru, b ly sc ko v phn bn. Nhiu di tch vn hta ng Sn c xng tru, b^'^ Cc gia sc, gia cm cng c nhn dn chn nui rng ri, nh ln, g, ch v.v... Ngh th cng t c bc tin rt quan trng t khi c dn Phng Nguyn pht minh ra ngh luyn kim, c ng, tin ln ngh luyn s t giai on ng Sn. Vic pht hin c nhng khun c ng v x ng khng nh ngh luyn kim do c dn Hng Vng sng to ra. K thut luyn ng ca ngi Vit c thi ng Sn t n tTnh iu luyn khin cho cc hc gi nc ngoi kinh ngc v ph n h n tnh bn a ca n. Trng ng, thp ng l nhng hin vt tiu biu nht cho tr tu v ti nng, thm m ca ngi th th cng c ng by gi. Thc t cho thy t Phng Nguyn, ng u, G Mun n Dng Sn khng nhng s lng cc cng c bng ng ngy cng tang nhanh chng m cn phong ph, a dng loi hnh v s tin trin v trnh k thut, m thut.

Vic nghin cu v nu luyn hp kim ng ph hp vi cc loi hnh cng c khc nhau l mt thnh tu ln ca ngi th th cng c ng by gi. Vic cu to hp kim ch to cng c thi Hng Vng tri qua 2 giai on, m giai on 2 li tt hn, to ra c nhng cng c bn, chc hn. giai on u hp kim gm ct ng - thic. Cn giai on sau hp kim gm cd ng - ch - thic vi t l ng 80 - 90% , thic, ch chim t 10 - 20% . lm ntng chy hp kim ni trn, cc th c ng to nn mt nhit trong l luyn t 1200 n 1250c v bn thn l phi chu uc nhit 1400*^0. lm c iu

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY UN 1858)39

Cn dao gm dngMi tn dng

Li cy dng

C Loa tm thy u tch ch to st. Ngi ng Sn ch to st bng cach luyn ra st xp, rn st n phng php c.

S pht trin ca trnh ki thut ityn kim n\ ring v ngh luyn kim ni chung thi Hng Vig khng nhng lm thay i v cht v nng cao hiu qu ca cng c sn xut, thc y s pht trin m nh m ca nn kinh t m cn to in bc chuyn bin quan trng trong quan h sn xut x hi, a n s phn cng lao ng trong xa hi. Mt s th th cng tch khi nng nghip.

Ngh lm gm cng pht trin ln mt bc. Ngh thut nn gm bng bn xoay c ci tin. Ngi th gm by g cn bt dng phng php to hinh bng cch khun v nung trong l kin chuyn dng. Cht lng gm ngy cng cng v It thm nc hn, mn ngy cng tng. Trnh to hnh cng ngy cng cao hn (cc bnh gm phn ming, ra ming, on co th t c u n, song song chy quanh thn gm, loi hnh sn phm gni phoiig ph, a dng)^'^

Tuy nhin, ngh lm gm by gi vn cha vt qua c gii hn ca gm th. Vo cui thi Hng Vng gm tr nn n iu v t c ch n vic gia cng trang tr.

Cc ngh th cng khc nh mc, an lt, ko t, dt la, ngthuyn vn tip tc pht trin. Ngh sn xut hin v t n tr inh k thut kh cao vo thi ng Sn (son c nhiu mu v trang tri p).

S pht tr in ca nt kinh t trn nhiu m t l c s cho s m rng trao i hng hda vi nc ngoi. Hin tung mt s trng ng loi I Hg ca nc Vn Lang Thi Lan. Malaixa... cng nh s c m t ca nhng li qua ng Chin quc nhiu di tch vn h(5a Dng Sn a chng t c s bun bn gia ngi Vit c ng thi vi cc quc gia quanh vng. Mt s trang sc, tru, b cng tr thnh hng ha trong vic bun bn gia Vn Lang - u Lc vi cc nc ln bang.

2. S chuyn bin x hiS pht trin mnh m ca nn kinh t, s phn cng lao ng x hi

gia nng nghip v th cng nghip,,s trao i sn phm v cc nguyn


(1) Sn phm c nhiu loi ahu ni (y Irn, y bng, y li), ch (c ni y dinh lin va ch khng c ni y dnh in), chu y bng, Ihnh ming Ihng ng, ng knh ming gp 3 !n chiu cao, bi (loi c v khng c6 chan ) ; Ihp, binh, v, ni nu ng ; khuCn c (khun c riu, khun c chui kim, gio, chuOng), bi gi. di xc chi. chn chc, chi li.hn v.v...

(2) Ngi Dng Son bl nhum vi bng v cy (cy chm. cAy vang), di lch v ^ c lm Ihy mi mnh vi mu xanh chm. H cng bii dng khung ci g d di vi. la.

iu gia cc a phng ngy cng m rng di thi Hng Vng to iu kin thun li cho vic tng thm ngun ca ci x hi. Sn phm tha xut hin ngy cng nhiu hn, to nn c s cho s phn hda x hi. Nhng ca ci chung ca x hi (do ao ng cng ch, do thu nhp t rung dt cng cng ca ching, ch) dn dn b mt s ngi tim cch chim ot bin thnh ca ring, Ch t hu ti sn ra i v ngy cng pht trin theo s pht trin kinh t x hi, ng thi cng dn n mt chuyn bin x hi quan trng i x hi phn ha thnh k giu, ngi ngho. T thi Phng Nguyn, hin tng phn ho x hi xut hin, nhung cha ng k. Trong s' 12 ngi m khai qut Lvlng Ha (Ph Th) c 2 m chi c 2 hin vt chn theo ngi cht, 2 m c ti 20 hin vt v 24 hin vt, ph bin l s m cn li u co' t 3 n 13 hin vt. ty tng ging nhau gm cng c, dng bng , gm. Nh vy l, giai on u thi Hng Vng quan h cng ng nguyn thy mi bc vo qu trnh tan r.

T giai on Dng u, G Mun n Dng Sn, mc phn ha x hi ngy cng r nt hn. khu m tng Lng (Vit Trl - Ph Th) thuc giai on ng Sn ct 307 m tng th s m ngho khng c hin vt ty tng ti 84,1% . S tn c t n 2 hin vt c 10,1%. S m cd t n n l hin vt c

ln (51,9%). Nhng ngi m ca ngi trung bnh, c mt s , gm. c thm mt t cng c v v kh bng ng, hoc c thm cng c st (chim 41,4% ). Nhng ngi m ca ngi giu c, chn theo nhiu ng, st, nhng sang trng ch chim mt ti l nh (6,5%)^^^.

T s phn tch cc hin vt trong cc khu m tng thi Hng Vng cho thy x hi by gi c

tp trung nhng vng ng bng ven cc con sng ln ca B c b, Bc Trung b m cc khu c tr thng rng ln t hng nghn mt vung cho n mt vi vn mt vung v tng vn ha kh dy, nht l giai on ng Sn, khu c tr c tn rng c nhng khu c tr rng ti2 5 0 .0 0 0 m . Nhng khu vc c tr rng ln l nhng xm ing nh c trong c mt dng h chnh v cn c mt s dng h khc cng snh sng. Nhng xm lng da trn c s cng x nng thn (by gi gi l k, ching, ch). Mt cng x bao gm mt s gia nh^^\ sng trn cng mt khu vc trong quan h huyt thng vn c bo tn trong cng x bn cnh, quan h a vc (lng ging),

S ra i ca cng x nng thn l mt trong nhng tin cho s hnh thnh quc gia v nh nc,

Nhn t thy l v t v cng dng vai tr rt quan trng a n s hnh thnh lnh th chung v t chc nh nc u tin vo thi ng Sn. T trong cuc u tranh khc phc nhng tr ngi ca thin nhin (ma ngun, nc l, bo t, phong ba, hn hn) i hi mi thnh vin khng phi ch c trong tng cng x, m nhiu cng x phi lin kt vi nhau tin hnh cc cng trnh ti, tiu nc, m bo cho s pht trin mt nn kinh t m nng nghip trng la nc l ch o.

Nc ta li vo v tr chin lc ca vng ng Nam , nm trn cc u mi giao thng thy b quan trng t Bc xung Nam, t Dng sang Ty nh mt u cu t bin c tin vo t lin. Dy cng l ni giao lu kinh t, vn ha thun li v cung ni xy ra nhu ng v nhiu mi e da ca gic ngoi xm. Yu cu Hn kt, thng nht lc ing t v cng khng km phn cp thit nh yu cu lin kt u tranh chng nhng tr ngi ca thin nhin.

S tng nhanh v t l v so vi hin vt trong cc di tch t Phng Nguyn n ng Sn chng t mt hin tng ni ln cui thi Hng

M T NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858) 43

(1) Mt s khu c ITTJ c pham vi rng n nhu Lng C : 70.000m^, Thiu Dong 5, Dng SOn : 50.000m ^ Hong L : 250.000m . Hong Phng : 70.000m ^ Nt si : 9 l0 .000m ^ Lng Vc : 40,000m ^ ng Mm : 40.000m^. Qu Ch : 30.000m ^ Ph Cng ; 12.000m^ S liu trch l yn ha Dng Sn Vi Nam, Sd, T l, tr.404

(2) Thi Hng Vung ch hn nhn mi v mi chng dn n ph bin, gia dinh nh mt t bo ca x hi. Dy gia inh ph h. nhng ngu ph n vn c a v quan trng, c coi trng trong gia (lnh v ngoi x h.

(3) Theo mt li hu thng ke s lng v khi c irong 4 khu tch ni ting Ihi Dng Son nh sau : Vinh Quang chim 63,5% trong ng s hn vt, tJing C 64,1%, ng Son 505%, Thiu Dong 57,8%. Nhn chung s lng v khi chm trn 50%. {Vn ha Dng Sn Vit Nam, Sdd. lr.401).

Vng l x hi cd nhiu mi e da v xung t. Trong hon cnh nh vy, nhng yu cu ni trn c tc dng y mnh s qun t, thng nht c dn sng trong cc a vc khc nhau c cng ting ni v phong tc thnh mt cng ng c dn thng nht. T thc trng lch s , tri qua cc th h ni tip, thc xy dng v cng c mi quan h gn b h hng, lng nc c tng cng. iu d a n s lin minh gia nhiu b lc ln vi nhau m s c gi l 15 b thnh mt lnh th chung do b lc Vn Lang lpi trung tm. Lin minh b lc Vn Lang l ngng ca ca mt quc gia u tin trong lch s Vit Nam.

Cn c vo phm vi phn b ca nn vn hda ng Sn, chng ta thy trng khp vi cng vc ca nc Vn Lang thi Hng Vng. Cng vc gm c 5 b lc in, b cnh nhng b lc nh khc sinh sng, c mi quan h lng ging cht ch do c qu trnh cng chung sng bn nha, c cng chung iit s phn lch s, mt nhu cu tn ti v pht t r i n , dn dn to nn cho c cng ng c dn mt li sng chung, vn ha chung. V nh vy, t cc n v cng c ca mt x hi nguyn thy hnh thnh cc n v hnh chnh ca mt quc gia cng vi s hlnh thnh lnh th chung v mt t chc chung qun li v iu hnh x hi, l nh nc Vn Lang.

2. Nh nc Vn Lang ra di

Da vo ti liu kho c hc, ti liu thnh vn (s c ca Trung Quc, Vit Nam) chng ta c th s b phc ha cu trc ca nh nc thi Hng Vng theo h thng 3 cp ca b my cai tr tng ng vi 3 cp quan chc nh sau : ng u nc Vn Lang l Hng Vng. Ngi Hng Vung cha truyn con ni. Hng Vdng ng thi l ngi ch huy qun s, ch tri cc nghi l tn gio.

Di Hng Vng v gip vic cho Hng Vng c cc lc hu, lc tng. Lc tng cn trc tip cai qun cng vic ca cc b. Nc Vn Lang c 15

vn l 15 b lc trc . Lc tng (trc l t trng) cng th tp cha truyn con ni, cn gi l ph o, b tng. Di b l cc cng x

44 DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

(1) s c ca nc la chp khng ging nhau v da danh, ja vc ca 15 b thi Vn l-ang. Sch yit s iuc c ngi cho ng tc gi ca n l S Hy Nhan ghi 15 b : G iao Ch, Vii Thng 'li, V Ninh, Q j3 n Ninh, Gia Ninh, Ninh Hi, Hi. Thanh TUyn. Tn Xong. Bnh Vn, Vn Lang, cu Chn, Nht Nam, Hoi Nam, cii Dc. Du a ch ca Nguyn Tri chp Ihi 15 b i Oao Ch, Chu Din, V Ninh, Phc Lc, ViC* Thng. Ninh Hi, Dng Tuyn, Lc Hi, VO Onh, Foi Moan, cu c:ha Bnh Vn. T3n Hng, cu c. van Lang, L ck riu hin chung ioi ch ca Phan Huy Ch li ghi khc (xem Phan Huy Ch, Lich KU h in chng ioi chi, Nxb KM Xn. 1992, T l)

nng thn (by gi rx5 tn gi l k, ch, ching). ng u k, ch, ching l cc b chnh (c ngha l gi lng). Bn cnh b chnh c l cn c mt nhm ngi hnh thnh mt t chc c chc nng nh mt hi ng cng x tham gia iu hnh cng vic ca k ch, ching. Mi cng x nng thn c mt ni hi hp, sinh hot cng ng, thng l mt ngi nh cng cng.

Cn c vo li tu ca M Vin ln vua nh Hn v tinh hlnh u Lc trc khi nh Hn xm lc v h nc ta, c th ngh rng, by gi nh nc Vn Lang c php lut iu hnh x hi. Sch Hu Hn th vit : "Lut Vit" khc lut K n hn 10 vic^'^. Cd l "Lut Vit" m M Vin dng l mt th lut tc. S sch^^^ thng ghi c dn nc ta by gi l ngi Lc Vit v quc hiu i Vn Lang do vua Hng t.

S c h V it s lu c gh i r n g ; n di T r a n g V n g n h Chu (696 - 6 8 2 tr.CN) b Gia Ninh c ngi l, dng o thut phc c cc b lc, t xng l Hng Vung, ng Vn Lang, hiu nc l Vn Lang. Vit Vng Cu Tin (505 462 tr.CN) cho ngi n d hng nhng Hng V'ng khng theo^^\ Sch Lch trtu hin chng loi ch cng ghi : i Hng Vng dng nc ?i nc Vn Lang, tng Phong Chu, chia nc ra lm 15 b. Ch nh vua gi l nc Vn Lang^'*^

Da vo cc ti Uu v nhng thnh tu nghin cu v thi i Hng Vng hin nay c th on nh c c s rng thi im ra i ca nh nc Vn Lang vi t cch l mt nh nc s khai l vo khong th k VII - VI tr. CN. S ra i sm ca nh nc Vn Lang, d cn s khai, nh du mt bc pht trin ln lao c ngha thi i trong lch s Vit Nam - m u thi i dng nc v gi nc u tin ca dn tc ta.

IV. CUC KHNG CHIN CHNG XM L c TN V S HNH THNH NH NC u LC

L Cuc khng chin chng xm ic TnNm 221 tr.CN, nc Tn tu dit 6 nc, kt thc cc in "tht hng"

thi Chi^n quc (T, S, Yn, Hn, Triu, Ngy, Tn), thng nht Trung


^l) u Hn ihu, sch ca 'Ihng Hi l'rung Hoa th cc a ghi : Ma Vin di qua s no ( ai u Lc), lin t thnh qun huyn, xy thnh quch. C iu irn V lui ca ngi Vit so Sinh vi tut IIAn hon 10 iu. ri ban b ra php c cho ngui Vit bit b buc dn Vit, uch hco C tit Vit Nam iuc' kho. Nxb Si Gn, 1969, Q l. ir.61,62 ca V Vn Mu.

(2) Xcm yit i/i' uc, .inh Nam chch qui, Di Vit s k tn thu.(3) Vt s lc, Nxb Vn s Da, H Ni. 1%0. tr .l4(4) .ich th iu iun chung h i ch ca Phan Huy Ch, Nxb KHXH, 1992, T l, ir.24.

Quc. Vua nc Tn l Doanh Chnh t xng l Tn Thy Hong, th it tp mt nh nc qun ch trung ng tp quyn chuyn ch hng mnh.

th c h in th am v n g m rng hn na lnh th ca ch , Tn Thy Hong mt mt em qun nh ngi Hung n, xm chim t ai vng H So, lp thnh 44 huyn t di quyn cai tr ca ch Tn, cng c vng chc thm Vn l trng thnh ngn chn ngi Hung n tn cng ; m t khc, huy ng mt o qun khng l 50 vn tin xung pha nam xm lc cc nc ca cc dn tc Bch Vit.

Nm 2 18 tr.C.N T n Thy Hong sa hiu y D Th chi huy 50 vn qun chia lm 5 o tin xung pha nam.

D cuc hnh qun c nhanh chng, nh Tn cn c tng S Lc ph trch vic xy dng, sa cha ng s, vn chuyn lng thc. Sau ba nm hnh qun, qun T n mi tin n t Lnh Nam ca ngi Vit. Dt Lnh Nam by gi tng ng vi cc tinh Qung ng, Qung Ty, Qu Chu v l a bn sinh sng ca ngi Mn Vit, Ty u V V. . . Nm 214 tr.CN, vi mt lc lig mnh, qun xm lc T n chim c c vng Lnh Nam, git cht t trng Ty u l Dch Hu Tng, chia t Lnh Nam thnh 3 qun sp nhp vo lnh th ch T n (3 qun l Nam Hi, Qu Lii, Qun Tng). Nhng by gi ngi Vit Ty u khng chu khut phc, ko nhau chy vo rng, di s ch huy ca cc t trng chin u chng li qun T n . T Ty Giang, qun Tn tin vo xm lc nc Vn Lang. Ngi Ty u v ngi Lc Vit chin u rt ngoan cng. H rt vo rng Kh6ng ai chu cho qun T n bt", ngy n, m nh ph qun xm lc, da vo cc ching, ch, tn ng a hinh a vt him tr l ni rng chin du lu di, tiu hao binh lc ch. Cuc khng chin lu di ca nhn dn Ty u v Lc Vit lm cho qun T n tin thoi lng nan "lng thc b tuyt v thiu, dng binh t v dng, tin khng c m thoi cng khng xong. Khi qun Tn lm vo tinh th khn qun, ngi Vit t chc tn cng tiu dit gic, git cht ch tng Th. "Qun Tn thy phi, mu chy, hng my chc vn^ \^

Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn Vit chng qun xm lc Tn trn a bn nc Vn Lang by gi ko di lin tc nm, su nm (t khong nm 214 n 2 0 8 tr.C.N) v cng anh dng lm tht bi m mu xm lc v h ca ch Tn.


(1) Theo Lu An vit trong Hoi Nam T (Trich Iheo ch s Vi \ar, T l , Sdd, ir .l29 )

Nm 208, tnh hlnh ch Tn gp nhiu kh khn : T n Thy Hong :i cht, nng dn Trung Quc ni dy khp ni, bn tng t Tn tha c mu b vng, ct c chng li nh Tn. buc Tn Nh T h phi ra lnh bni binh, rt qun khi t nc ta.

2. S ra di ca nc u LcNgi Lc Vit v ngi Ty u vn t lu cd mi quan h kinh t -

vn hda gn gi. Th lnh ca nhdm ngi Ty u sng trn t Vn Lang l Thc Phn. Lin minh b lc Ty u ngy cng mnh ln.

T trc cuc xm lng ca qun Tn, gia vua Hng v h Thc Xiy ra xnt cuc xung t ko di cha phn thng Trong bi cnh, cuc xm lng ca qun Tn xy ra t. ng trc tnh hlnh mi, hai ben chm dt xung t, cng chin u chng ngoi xm. Khng chin thng li, Thc Phn v t cch ngi ch huy chung thay th Hng Vng lm vua, t tn nc mi l u Lc. Quc gia u ra i khong cuith ki III tr.C.N.

Nc u Lc l bc k tc v pht tr in cao hn ca nc Vn Lang v trn mt phm vi rng ln hn ca ngi L c Vit v ngi Ty u. T chc b my nh nc v cc n v hnh chnh di thi u Lc vn cha c g thay i khc vi thi Vn Lang ca cc vua Hng. ng u nh nc l Thc An Dng Vng. Di , trong triu vn c cc c hu gip vua cai qun t nc, o cc a phng (b) vn o cc lc tng ng u qun l. Dn v hnh chnh cp c s vn l cc cng x nng thn (k, ching, ch).

Mc d, nc u Lc tn ti khng lu, ch trong khong t nm 208 n nm 179 tr.C.N, nhng v cc m t vn tp tc c pht trin trn ca s k tha nhng thnh tu t c thi Vn Lang, nht l trn nh vc qun s.

Theo ti liu kho c th An Dng Vng xy dng c mt o qun kh mnh s dng thnh tho cung tn. Cc loi v kh phong ph,

v hn vn mi tn o c chn thnh C Loa chng t iu


(1 ) C mt s Iruyn Ihuyi v du tch lch s phn nh v cuc xung t ny.(2 ) C nhng kin gii khc nhau v s ra i ca nc Lc. Xem Ihm Lch s Vit Nam, Q1

trc 1427 ca TniOng [u Qunh, Lch s Vit Nam, T I Sdd. Hin nay vn thiu li iu, nn chng ti nftj ln vn cng lip lc lim hu them,

(3 ) Trong mi s i tich c nin di Dng Sn ni ling, l ! v khi irong lng s hin vt nh sau : Vinh Quang 94 v kh irong lng s 148 hin vi. Lng C 20 trong 187 hin vt, Dng Son $\9 Irong s 1026 hin vi, Thiu Ong 2S7 trong 444 hi^n vt, Lng Vc 120 trong 475 hin vt. Nhn chung li l v kh ln ti irn 5%. Thi Phng NguyCn t l l 0,B%. V kh c nhiu oi nh cung tn, riu, gio, dao gm, kim ngn, qua ng, lao, riu chin, dao chin, lm che ngc v.v...

48 [)I CNC LCH S VIT NAM

%iir

/>(^ /1 //) / DiUU Vn^ c Loa

. u Lc cn c thy qun v c luyn tp kh thng xuyn Sau khi nc u Lac ra i, Thc An Dng Vng d chn C Loa (ng Anh, l Ni) lm kinh v cho xy dng Ihnh C Loa kin c, tr thnh t rung tni ca nc u Lc v l mt cn c qur\n s vng chc, li hi.

Thnh C Loa nArii v tr trung tm t nc v l u mi ca cc h thng giao thng ng thy. Av c sng Hong chy qua, thun li cho vic i li quanh vng, ri ta i cc ni, theo sng Hng, sng Wy xui v ng bng ri ra bin c, hoc ln sng Cu qua sng 'rhng, sng Lc Xam li vng rng ni Dng Bc v.v

Thnh C Loa gm c 3 vng thnh chinh khp kn (thnh ni, thnh trung, thnh ngoi). Thnh ni (vng trong cng) hnh ch nht, cd chu vi IG50 mt, cao khong 5 mt, mt thnh rng t 6 n 12 mt, chn rng t 20 n 30 mt. Thnh ni chi c mt ca thnh Trn nt thnh c 18 t nh ra ngoi lm vng gc. Nhng vng gc ny c p cao hn mt thnh L l mt n 2 mt. Thnh trung cd 5 ca y cng c mt s t p cao hn lm vng gc. 'rhnh ngoi (vng ngo\i cng^ di


Mt iion thn ngoi c Loa

8 kni, cao t 4 n 9 mt. Chn thnh rng t 12 - 20 mt. Thnh cd 3 ca ra vo. C 3 vng thnh u c ho pha ngoAi. C ba ho c ni Vn v nhau v ni vi sng Hong bo m quanh nm u c nc, v lm tng thm s him y u ca Kinh thnh C Loa. Gia cc vng thnh v pha ngoi thnh ngoi c nhiu t v ly chc chn^*v

Vi v tr kin c v li hi , thnh C Loa a gp phn vo chin thng v vang ca nhn dn u Lc chng cc cuc xm lc ca qun Triu (trc nni 179 tr.C.N).

V. T N H H N l l K IN T - X HI V NN V N M IN H V N L A N G - L C

Quc gia Vn Lang - u Lc tn ti trn di 500 nAm t r . c N Bng sc lao ng sng to v u tranh kin cng, bn bi, ngi Vit c xy dng c cho minh mt t nc pht trin vi nhiu thnh tu kinh t

( ! ) 'Ihnh C l.oa c hi dp, lu s.'i Ijua nhiu thi ki hch s s;iu. nhng quy v cu Irc ca Ihnh n;W v cO hn khng c g thay J>I. Dfly l mi cng irinh lao ng sO ca nhn clSn u I^ c

4-CLSVN T.tp

50 DI CirNG LCH s VIT NAM

v van ha lm nn tng cho mt nn v;\n minh bn a m bn sc dn tc

Trn c s nn kinh t nng nghip trng la nc v kt cu xm lng bn cht, c dn Vn Lang - u Lc tin hnh khai hoang, lm thy li, chng ngoi xm v cc hot, ng khc. Cng t , ngi Vit c by gi nh hinh cho minh mt li sng, cch n g x , tm i, tn gio tn ngng, ngh thut, tot ln nhng c im ca i sng vn ha vt cht v tinh thn c sc.

1. V i s n g v t c h t

Thc go l ngun lng thc ch yu ca c dn Vn Lang - u Lc, ch yu l go np. Ngi by gi dng go np thi cm, lm bnh chng, bnh giy. Nhiu ti liu ghi li s vic trn. Sch L n h N am ch ch qu i ghi rng thi Hng Vng sn xut c nhiu go np. y ng tre m thi CI. Rt nhiu ch gm dng thi xi tm thy cc a im thuc vn ha Dng Sn.

Ngoi thdc go l ngun lng thc chnh, c dn Vn Lang - Lc cn s dng cc loi cy cung cp cht bt nh c t, khoai lang, sn, c

Dnh C Loa - nh chup nm 1908

mi, khoai s, rau qu Lc thiu thn ngi ta cn dng cc loi cy cd bt khc nh cy quang lang, bng, bng.

Thc n cng kh phong ph gm cc loi cj tra, cua, c, hn, ba ba, cc loi rau c (bu, b, c, u.. ). Thc An c ch bin bng nhiu cch khc nhau theo s thch tng vng, tng gia nh (un nu, nng, mui, n sng .. ). Ngh chn nui v sn bt pht trin cung cp thm ngun thc n cd nhiu ch t m cho mi gia nh. C dn by gi bit chn nui nhiu loi gia sc, gia cm mi nh (tru, b, ln, g, chd... ). Trong s 6 n quen thuc ca c dn Vn Lang - u Lc cn cd nhiu loi hoa qu vng nhit i nh vi, nhn, m, mn, chui, da hu, cam, qut... Ngun lng thc v thc phm ca ngi Vit c thc phong ph, a dng, rt giu cht bt, cht m v nhiu cht b khc, trong la go l chnh. y l mt biu hin ca cuc sng vt cht c nng cao, cng l mt biu hin ca s pht trin k thut canh tc nng nghip ca c dn by gi.

Thi Hng Vng, ngi ta cng bit s dng nhiu th ga v c ngun gc thc vt nh gng, he, ring, ti.

Trong tp qun n ung ca ngi Vit c by gi phi k n tc ung ru v n tru . Ru c nhc nhiu trong cc th tch c, truyn dn gian. Ngi V n Lang c thi quen n tru, nhum rng en. Du tch ht cau, qu cau c tm thy ng Sn.

Trang phc ca c dn Vn Lang " u Lc d phn nh mt phn trih pht tr in , u c thm m v bn sc vn hda ca ngi Vit c. Do ngh dt r t pht trin , ngi Vit c sn xut c nhiu loi vi khc nhau t si ay, gai, t tm , bng, nn p ng c nhu cu may m c ca nhn dn. Trong sinh hot i thng, nam thng ng kh, n mc vy. Kh ca nam gii c ioi qun n v loi qun kp. Vy ca n gii c loi vy qun v loi vy chui c lm t mt mnh vi di, rng. Nhiu tng ngi n ng ngi thi khn trn cn n Vit Kh hay cc tng ngi mc vy di trn thp ng o Thnh phn nh kiu mc . Ph n ngoi m c vy cn c ym che kn ngc, o x gia, tht lng qun ngang bng v khn qun u.

Vo cc ngy l hi, tran g phc ca nam n p hn : c m lng chim, vy xe kt bng lng chim hoc l cy v m ang nhiu trang sc p (khuyn tai, ht chui, nhn, vng tay, vng ng chn bng , ng). S pht tr in kinh t, nht l s pht tr in mnh m ca ngh th cng v k thut luyn kim to iu kin m phong ph, a dng cc trang sc. Mt khc, s phong ph v dng ph bin nhiu loi trang sc p cng chng t i sng vt ch t ca c dn Vn Lang - u Lc c nng


cao r rt. V u tdc ca ngi by gi c 4 kiu : ct ngn, bi t, tt bm v quti tc ngc ln nh u. Trn thp ng Do Thnh (Yn B) c tng nam ttc ct ngn ngang vai xa. trng ng C Loa cng c hin tng tng t. Li ct tc ngn n ngang lng xa kh ph bin nam gii thi by gi. Bi tdc cng rt ph bin c nam gii v n gii. Nhiu ngi cn c kiu cht mL di khn nh gia trn v chn ttc, hoc cd ui khn th di pha sau.

C th nghi rng, kiu tc ct ngn bung xa sau lng v bi tc cao l hai kiu tc ph bin nht ca ngi thi Vn Lang.

Nh cd nhiu kiu cch nh nh sn, nh mi cong li bng g, tre, na. T rn trng ng ng Sn ta thy cd 2 kiu nh : nh sn m i cong hinh thuyn v mi trn hnh mui thuyi, sn thp, mi r xung nh m tranh n tn 3n, c cu thang ln xung. Mi cng x nng thn bao gni mt s nh sn qun t bn nhau trong mt a vc, hlnh thnh nhng xm lng nh c lu di m thi thng gi i k, ch, ching.

Trong sinh hot gia nh cc vt ng rt phong ph gm rt nhiu loi khc nhau nh bnh, v, thp, mm, chu, bt bng gm hay bng ng. Ngoi ra, c nhng ng lm bng tre, na, my, v bu v.v...

Phng tin giao thng ch yu l thuyn b trn cc con sng rch. Thuyn c thuyn c mc, thuyn vn v cc kiu loi khc nhau : thuyn chin, thuyn ti, thuyn bi chi. Trn b cn s dng sc vt nh voij tru, b, nga.

2. i sng tinh thnC dn Vn Lang - u Lc t n mt trnh thm m, t duy

khoa hc kh cao *- mt biu hin ca vn minh Vn Lang u Lc-

C dn Vn Lang * u Lc rt gii ngh luyn km. Nhng sn phm p, tiu biu nh trng ng, thp ng, trang sc bng ng ndi ln ki thut luyn ng t n nh cao (t cch xy dng cc l c, khun c, nguyn liu, pha ch hp kim, lm hoa vn... ). Ty theo chc nng s dng ca tng ioi cng c m to nn mt hp kim v t l gia cc hp kim ph hp trong ch to ng ca ngu Dng Sn. Du th hin kh r nt trinh t duy kh cao ca h. Con ngi by gi cng bt luyn st bng phng php hon nguyn trc tip thnh loi st xp,

Trong qu trnh quy t cc b lc sng trn cng mt phm vi t ai hnh thnh lnh th chung, quc gia thng nht u tin c m rng dn t Vn Lng ng u Lc, l s biu hin thng th ca xu hng t tng thng nht, on kt, ha hp so vi t tng phn hda, cc b trong


VIT N.^ M (T THI NGYN THY DN 1858) 53

cc c n g ng c dn by gi trc yu c u c a t nc (lm thy i pht tr in nng n g h i p v c h n g ngoi x m ) . iu c n g ni ln bc tin b, pht t r i n v n i t t tng, t duy ca c dn Vn Lang - u Lc,

T th c cng ng cng ny sinh tn ngtng th cng t t in , sng bi cc anh hng, cc th inh. C dn Vn Lang - u Lc u c thc cng chung mt ci ngun, mt t tin, mt tp qun c h u n g l nhum rng, n tru.

B n c n h t n ngng th cng t t i n , ngi ng t h i c n b o lunhng tn d ca cc hnh thc tn gio nguyn thy nh tn ngng vt t, ma thut, phn thc vi nhng nghi l cu mong c ma, ging ni pht trin. Nhiu phong tc tp qun c nh hinh ni ln s phong ph v pht trin ca i sng tinh thn trong x hi Hng Vng nh tc n t, ung nc bng mi, tc gi ci ( lm hiu nh, truyn tin), tc ci xin, n hi, ma chay, chn ct ngi cht (rt phong ph nh m t, m c quan ti hinh thuyn, chn chng ln nhau, chn trong ni v p nhau, chn theo ty tng bng hin vt).

L hi by gi rt ph bin v thnh hnh, l mt b phn quan.trng trong i sng tinh thn ca ngi Vn Lang - u Lc. L hi c tin

T h ap dng D o Th

54 )I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

hnh ri rc quanh nm, trong c sc nht l ngy hi ma vi nhiu nghi nh m tru, b vi\ cc hinh thc din xng dn gian (on ngi ha trang, va i va ma, tay cm gio, lao, nhc c. . ). Fin cnh , cn c nhng hi thi ti, thi sc khe, hi cu nc, hi mng nm mi ^

Trong cuc sng, c dn Hng Vng rt Ihich ci p v hng p, lun lun c gng lm tig thm v p cho i ) trang sc, cng c lao ng v dng trong sinh hot cng nh v kh khng nhng ht sc phong ph, nhiu hnh, nhiu v, m cn t n nil trnh k thut v m thut rt cao, c nhng ci nh l nhng tc phm ngh thut Ngh thut Dng Sn tr thnh inh cao ca ngh thut to hnh thi Hng Vng. Ngh thut va phn nh cuc sng thng nht ca c dn Vit c va th hin mi quan h gia ngi vi th gii chung quanh. Nhng ng nt cd tnh c l, cch iu v mt b cc cn xng, hi ha trong ngh thut ng Sn th hin iu .

Ngh thut m nhc rt pht trin. Nhc c gm cd nhiu loi (b g c trng ng, trng da, chung nhc, phch, b hi (khu). Trong cc nhc c, tiu biu l trng ng. Kt cu trng ng gm cd phn tang phinh ra, phn thn v chn trng loe ra gip cho hinh dng trng p m cd sc

cng hng lm cho m thanh v a n g xa. C dn by gi bit s dng nhiu nhc c phi hp trong cc l hi. T r n t r n g ng D ng S n c cnh s dng dn trng ng t 2 n 4 chic, dn cng t6 n 8 chic v mt tp ngi va ma, va s dng nhng nhc kh khc nhau nh c h u n g , khn, s n h . T r n t r n g n g cd h n h nh ngi nhy ma ha t r a n g v m a v trang. C tng ng Dng Sn th hin

Trn ng N(K L

hai ngi cng nhau, va thi khn, va nhy ma. Trng ng Dng (loi I theo s phn loi ca F.Hg) l loi trng ng sm nht, p nht, c s dng ph bin vi t cch l mt nhc khi quan trng trong cc bui t, l, h h, ca ma.

Trng ng ng Sn cn c s dng lm hiu lnh trong chin u, trong gi gn an ninh hoc lm ty tng. Ngoi ra trng ng cn c dng trao i vi nc ngoi nh Malaixia, Innxia. Trng ng ng Stn c cu to ht sc hi ho, cn xng. Mt trng trn, gia cd ngi sao nhiu cnh, phn tang phlnh, phn thn v chn ioe ra lm cho trng c m thanh vang xa v sc cng hng, t nhng m ban u c Tihn ln v cng . M t trng v thn trng u c trang tr p, th hin ti ndng hi ha, c thm tn ca ngi Vit c, v k thut c ng tinh xo. Xung quanh ngi sao nhiu cnh gia m t trng l nhng vnh trn u n, cch nhau bng nhng ng nt vin hoa vn khc nhau, cn i, p mt. Trn m t trng ng c nhiu hnh ngi ha trang lng chim ang ma, nhy, ht, thi khn v cc cnh sinh hot khc nh gi go, ua thuyn hoc trang tr hnh cc con vt nh hu^ nai... Nhng hnh trn m t trng ng th hin mt khng kh si ng, h hi trong sinh hot ca ngi Vit c- Dt l s phn nh kh trung thc cuc sng vn ha hng ngy ca c dn by gi.

Trng ng^^^ (ng Sn, Ngc L) vi nhng nt c sc nd trn, l mt sn phm ca lao ng, mt tc phm ngh thut tiu biu cho trnh tr tu, ti nng sng to tuyt vi ca c dn Vn Lang - u Lc, l mt m t biu hin r nt, tp trung ca nn vn mnh Vit c.

Cng vi trng ng, cng trnh kin trc c Loa cng l mt biu hii trinh pht tr in cao ca c dn thi Vn Lang " u Lc.

Tc5n li, sau mt thi kl di sng nh c v m rng lnh th, pht tr in nn kinh t, vi nn nng nghip trng la nc ch o, vt qua


I) Xcm "Nhn (rn^ ng Dn^ Sn phi hin Vi Nam" ca vin Bo lng lch s Vit Nam {4, 1925) v Thnh tu kho c hc y Nam (945 -1950) ca vin Thng lin khoa hoc xS hi Ihi 52 irng ng d dc kho t irong tng s 134 chic phAn b nh sau : Thanh Ha : 15 chic, H Tly : 8. Nam l : 6. Ngh An : 5. l a inh : -. H Ni : 3, \ Hng : 3, Lo Cai :2 v 6 lnh khc mi lnh c 1 chic. S irng dng ngy cng c Ihu thp nhiu. Nm J980 Ihu c 91 chic.

(2 ) C'u6 nam 998, cc nh kho c hc pht hn cic kiun c trng ng DCng Sn. Oy 1^ "ln u lin tim U?c khun c trng ng >ng Son Vi^i Nam" (li Ihnh c I.xiy Lau, rhun Thnh). Khun dc c kch Ihuc di *> cm, rng cm. dy 6 cm m bng i nung Mnh khuAn c b m c trang ri hoa vSn mt iring ng Dng S(5n liin hnh. Vnh hoa vn vng trn ng lm c tip tuyn, haa vn gch ngn song song, hinh bng la. Dng knh ca mt irng rng khong 50 - O cm ('Ihco *C'rS, TS Trnh Sinh, o L ao ng ngy 2 1 - 2 - 1999, ir.5).

nng nghip dng cuc tin ln nng nghip dng cy, (bng li cy tg tin ln li cy st) c sc ko tru b c trin khai rng khp li^ min ca t nc Vn Lang - u Lc, cng vi nhng tin b khc trorg i sng x hi, ngi Vit c a x hi vt qua th tin s, vt qi;a hlnh thi kinh t - x hi nguyn thy sa n g hnh thi kinh t * x hi u tin thuc phm tr ca thi i vn minh, ca x hi phn ha giai cp v c nh nc. Dng thi, ngi Vit c cng xy dng nn mt nn vn minh u tin, l nn vn minh Vn Lang - u Lc (cn gi l vn minh sng Hng). Nn vn minh ny c ci ngun lu i ca nit c dn nng nghip trng la nc vng Bc b v Bc Trung b tnang tnh bn a m nt, kt tinh trong bn lnh, truy) thng, ct cch, li sng v l sng ca ngi Vit c : Chung lng u ct, on kt gn b vi nhaj trong cng cuc lao ng v u tranh, tnh lng, ngha nc m n nng, tn trng ngi gi v ph n, bit n v tn th t tin, cc anh hng, ngha sl v.v...

Nn vn minh Vn Lang *" u Lc tri qua mt qu trnh hinh thnh v pht trin lu di, bt ngun t thi i ng thau n s k thi i st cng v qu tr n h hnh th n h quc gia v nh nc H ng Vng - An Ddng Vng vo nhng th ki VII - III tr.C.N, tr thnh ci ngu ca cc nn vn minh tip theo ca dn tc. Bn sc dn tc, l ci ngu- sc mnh tinh thn nhn dn Vit Nam vt qua c mi th thci to ln trong hn mt nghn nm Bc thuc.

56 DI CONG l c h s v i t n a m

VI. c u c XM L oc CA NH TRIi;

1. Triu ct c, thnh lp nc Nam Vit

Nm 2 10 tr.C .N, T n Thy Hong cht, con l Tn Nh T h ln thaj. ch Tn suy yu dn. Nhng qun mi lp c pha nam T run g Quc, trn thc t, thot dn khi s qun l v kim sot ca chnh quyn nhi Tn. Li dng c hi t, Nhm Ngao v Triu D chim Nam Hi, xy dn mt Vong quc ring, chng ti nh Tn.

Nhm Ngao cht, Triu thay th thc hin mu ct c.

Triu D ngi Hn, qu H Bc - Trung Quc, Sau khi Nhm Ngac cht, Triu lm ch Nam Hi, dit cc quan li ca nh T n tha bng nhng ngi thn cn.

Nm 20 6 tr.C.N, nh Tn , Triu ln tin qun n nh chim cc qun Qu Lm, Tng Qun thnh lp nc Nam Vit, t xng l Vit V Vng, ng Phin Ngung. T , nc Nam Vit ca nh Triu chnh thc ra i,

T r o n g cu c xm lc i quy m ca n h T n vo n h n g nm 2 1 8 - 208 tr.C.N, Triu a tng ct thc hin chnh sch Hn ha tr i t ngi Vit nhng vng chng chim. Y tng xin vua Tn Thy Hong cho a 3 vn n b con gi khng chng xung "may v o qun cho qun s xy dng c s lu di. Y cn khuyn khlch cc tung lnh, quan li, qun lnh ngi H n ly v ngi Vit, thc y qu trnh Hn ha y.

Nc Nam Vit ca Triu thc cht l nh nc ct c ca mt tp on tng lnh, quan li Hn tc khng ph ! nh nc ca ng Vit. Nc Nam Vit ca nh Triu gm cd 3 qun ; Nam Hi, Qu Lm , Tng Qun^'\ nm pha bc gip vi nc u Lc.

Nam Vit l mt nc mnh, c t ai rng ln (bao gm vng Qung Dng, Qung Ty - mt phn Qu Chu pha nam Trung Quc), kinh t tr ph, giao thng thun li, lt nm st v nc u Lc v pha bc nn c iu kin xra lc u Lc.

V vy, sau khi ch T n b tiu dit, nh Hn ln thay, thng tr T run g Quc, bui u phi chp nhn nc Nam Vit ca nh Triu, phong Triu lm Nam Vit Vng.

n th Cao Hu (187 - 180 tr.C.N), nh Hn thc hin nhiu bin phrtp uy hip v lm suy yu nn kinh t ca Nam Vit {cm bn st v sc vt cho Nam Vit). Triu ct t quan h thn phc nh Hn, t xng l Nam Vit v . m rng phm vi lnh th v th lc nc Nam Vit, Triu D y mnh cc hot ng v trang xro lc v pha nam m hng ch yu l nc u Lc.

2. Cuc x&m lc ca nh Triu

- Trong thi Cao Hu, qun nh H n tn cng nc Nam Vit ca Triu D vo nm 181 tr.C.N, nhng tht bi. Nm 180 tr.C.N. Cao Hu ch t , nh Hn phi bi binh. T , m t Bc c yn n, Triu c iu kin tin hnh xm lc u Lc.


{ 1 ) Tung Qun khng phi l qun Nhi Nam phia nam nu

Qun Triu a nhiu ln tin qun xm lc u Lc, c ln tin xung xm phm vng Tin Du (Bc Ninh), V Ninh (Qu V, Bc Ninh), sng Bnh Giang (sng ung). Nhiu trn chin u ln, c lit din ra vng Tin Du v vng ph cn C Loa Nhng by gi, u Lc l mt quc gia hng mnh, cd cung tn li hi, c thnh C Loa kin c6, di s inh o ca An Dong Vng v cc tng, ni b on kt, nhn dn ng h v quyt tm chin u nh bi qun Triu, bo v c quc gia c lp, t ch.

Sau nhiu ln xm lc v trang tht bi, Triu thay i th on xm lc, thc hin mu k xo quyt, xin ging ha vi u Lc, xin cu hn con gi vua Thc l cng cha M Chu cho con trai minh l Trng Thy v xin vua Thc cho Trng Thy c r, cd c hi iu tra tnh hnh b phng cng cc b m t qun s ca kinh thnh C Loa v nc u Lc. Sng trn t C Loa, Trng Thy dng tin ca mua chuc cc lc hu, lc tng, li gin ni b chnh quyn u Lc nhm lm suy yu k h i o n k t , g i m c h c h i n u v t in h th n c n h g i c c a An Dng Vng.

Sau khi hon thnh nhim v, Trng Thy xin vua Thc cho v thm nh, thc cht nhm bo co nhng iu do thm c. Nm chc tnh hnh, Triu liq t chc cuc tn cng xm lc u Lc, bt ng nh thng vo knh Cd Loa. An Dng Vtng mt cnh gic, b ng i ph trong lc ni b b li gin. Cuc khng chin tht bi nhanh chng. Nm 179 tr.C.N u Lc ri vo ch h ca nh Triu ; m u mt thi k en t, y au thng v ut hn trong lch 8 nc ta, thng c gi thi Bc thuc v chng B c thuc, ko di t nm 179 tr.C.N n nm 905, vi cuc khi ngha thng li ca Khc Tha D, lt nn h ca ch ng, ginh li quyn c lp, t ch ca nhn dn ta, thi Bc thuc mi chm dt hon ton.


PHN BA

THI K BC THUC V CHNG BC THUC

Chng III

TNH HNH CHNH TR| V NHNG BIN CHUYN V KINH T VN HA

I. CHNH SCH H CA CC TRIU I PHONG BC

Thi Bc thc ko di hn mt nghn nm tri qua cc triu i Triu, Hn (Ty Hn v ng Hn), Ng, Ngy, Tn, Tng, T, Lng, Ty, ng k tip nhau xm chim v h, bin u Lc thnh qun huyn, ng hda dn tc, bdc lt tn t v trit nhn dn.

Chnh sch h ca chinh quyn ngoi bang biu hin tng thi ki c khc nhau, c rn, c mm, nhng mc ch n trn thi khng thay i.

1. T chc cai trSau khi chim c u Lc, Triu chia u L c thnh hai qun :

Giao Ch (bao gm vng B c b ngy nay) v Cu Chn (gm vng t Thanh Hda v Ngh An, H Tnh) sp nhp vo nc Nam Vit.

mi qun, Triu t mt chc in s cai qun, thu cng ph v mt chc t tng chl huy qun i chim ng.

Di qun, cc lin minh b lc c vn c gi nguyn. Dng u lin minh b ic vn i lc tng. Nh Triu thi hnh chnh sch dung dng "ly ngi Di tr ngi Di" nhm bin cc lc tng, qu tc bn a (ngi Vit) thnh ch da cho chnh quyn h, gi nguyn cc t chc chnh tr c ca u Lc cc a phng s dng nt vo mc ch btc lt.

Nm 111 tr.C.N, nh Hn c hng chc vn qun tn cng 6 t vo Nam Vit. Sau m t thi gian chng c, vua ti nh Triu k b bt, k b git.

Qun Hn do L Bc c, Dng Bc chl huy bt c L Gia - t tng Nam Vit a v Hn. Bn gim qun ca Nam Vit hai qun Qu Lm l C ng cng cc in s qun Giao Chi, Cu Chn u hng nh Hn. By gi, nhn tinh hlnh ri lon ca Nam Vit, qun trng Ty Vu l Ty Vu vng ni dy vi khi phc c lp cho u Lc. Nhng v lc lng yu, Ty Vu vng b t tng Giao Chi l Hong ng git cht. Cuc khi ngha tht bi, t u Lc t b nh Hn h^*^

Chim xong Nam Vit (bao gm c u Lc), nh Hn chia li khu vc hnh chnh v t chc b my cai tr trn vng t mi chim c theo ch qun huyn ca chnh quc, bin u Lc thnh t ai ca nh Hn. Nc u Lc b chia lm 3 qun nm trong b Giao Ch cng vi 6 qun thuc t Trung Quc, thnh 9 qun. l :

Giao Chi (B c b) gm 12 huyn c 9 2 .4 4 0 h v 746 .237 nhn khu ; Cu Chn (Thanh Ha,- Ngh An, H Tinh) gm 7 huyn cd 3 5 7 4 3 h v 166.013 nhn khu ; Nht Nam (t o Ngang tr vo nam cho n khong Qung Nam - Nng, gi 5 huyn cd 15.460 h v 6 9 .485 nhn khu^^^ m Nh ; Chu Nhai (o Hi Nam) ; Nam Hi ; Hp Ph (Qung ng) ; t Lm ; Thng Ng (Qung Ty).

ng u b Giao c mt vin th s, ng u cc qun c mtvin thi th, chuyn trng coi vic hnh chnh v thu ph cng trong qun. Bn cnh thi th c vin y ph trch qun s, ch huy qun lnh, n p cc cuc u tranh ca nhn dn a phng.

cc huyn, nh Ty Hn vn duy trl phng thc cai tr ca nh Triu, dng ngi Vit tr ngi Vit, cc lc tng vn c ca qun a phng ca mnh vi danh hiu huyn lnh. Theo ch ca nh Hn, huyn lnh c pht n ng, ct dy tua xanh. Cch cai tr ca nh Triu v nh Ty Hn rt thm c, va bo m c ngun bc lt, va t ng chm n quyn li ca tn g lp qu tc bn a.

T nm 25 aau CN, nh Hn (ng Hn) ti lp Trung Quc sau mt thi gian b Vng Mng cp ngi (nm 8 - 24). Vua Quang V nh Hn tng cng ch h cc nc b chng xm lc, trong cd nc ta Chinh quyn ca nh ng Hn nc u Lc c c t chc cht ch hn vi mt b my quan li ng o ngi Trung Quc. Th s phi

60 I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

(1) Nh Hn h nuc la l nam 111 ir.C.N n nm 220 sau C.N gAm hai thi ki : TAy Hn(111 ir.C.N - 8 ir.C .N ), Dng Hn (23 -2 2 0 ) . s o cn gi l Tin Hn v Hu Hn.

(2) Dy l s liu cui thi Ty Hn.(3) Nm 106 ir.C.N, nh Tay Hn l chu Giao Ch Ihng sut 7 qun lc da, tr s di

thng xuyn c mt ti ni trn tr, d ct tang cha m cng khng c b chc. Lnh ny nhm tng cng trch nhim cho bn quan l h i vi a phng minh cai tr. Di th s c cc tng 9 gip vic nh Cng to tng s coi vic tuyi b quan li| Binh to tng s coi vic binh. Dng u cc qun vn l chc thi th. u Lc vn b chia lm ba qun nh thi Ty Hn. Gip vic thi th cd qun tha, hiu lim, y y ph trch qun s, coi vic canh phng, chi huy qun i. Trc nm 30, y quyn hnh ngang thi th. Di y c y tha, quyn ngang qun tha (qun tha l ngi thay m t thi th cai qun qun lc vng thi th) gip vic cho y. T nm 30 nh Hn bi b chc v v y tha m giao cho thi th kim nhim. Quyn lc ca thi th c tng cng, l ngi ng u cc quan li trong qun. Trong trng hp qun no c nhiu bin lon mi t li chc y v y tha.

Di quyn thi th c cc to do duyn s ph trch. Cc qun cn c cc chc quan ph trch tng m t nh dim quan (vin quan trng coi vic v mui), thit quan (trng coi vic rn st), cng quan (trng coi v th cng nghip), thy quan (trng coi vic nh c). Di mi qun cd cc chc huyn lnh^^^ ph trch cc huyn. S huyn cc qun Giao Ch, Cu Chn, Nht Nam vn gi nh thi Ty Hn. Cc chc huyn lnh, huyn trung u do cc lc tng nm gi. Gip vic cho huyn lnh, huyn trung c 2 vin y v mt vin tha. Hng nam huyn lnh phi lo vic thu th u v np ln qun.

Nh Hn, mc d p t c mt b my h cht ch cp chu, qun, song chnh quyn h vn khng th nm c cc huyn, v cp huyn vn theo ch lc tng cha truyn con ni ca ngi Vit. ng cp qu tc ngi Vit vn nm c quyn uy ca tng tc m cai qun dn Vit.

T nm 43 , sau khi lt chnh quyn t ch ca Hai B Trng, nh H n thit lp li chnh quyn h d nc ta, cht ch hn, loi b nhng t chc c ca chnh quyn bn x do ngi bn x cai qun cp huyn, t in thm m t bc trong vic t chc cai tr trc tip bng quan li ngi T run g Quc. Cc chc th 3, thi th vn c duy tr nh trc khi nghla Hai B Trng. mi huyn c huyn lnh ng u l ngi Hn. C h lc tng ca ngi Vit b bi b, V sau mt s t ngi Vit trung thnh vi chnh quyn h c c gi chc huyn lnh, nhng khng c


( ) Di vi cc huyn nh Ih vin quan ng u cai qun gi l huyCn inng.

quyn th tp. Cc vin chc cao cp trong b my chnh quyn h hu ht l ngi Trung Quc.

Cui th k II u th ki III, min t u Lc nm di quyn thng tr ca cha con, anh em S Nhip (ngi Hn bn a ha). Li dng tnh hnh ri lon chnh quc, s suy yu v tan r ca chnh quyn trung ng (Trung Quc), Si Nhip nm ton b quyn hnh Giao Chu^*^ nhu lit chnh quyn ct c.

Nh Hn , cc din Tam quc, chin tranh lon lc dn n ch nc ta b nh Ng h. Nm 226, nh Ng tch cc qun Hp Ph (thuc a phn tnh Qung ng - Trung Quc), Giao Ch, Cu Chn, Nht Nam thnh lp Chu Giao. Chng c bao lu tn Giao Chu li loi b, nhng n nm 264, nh Ng l t tn nh c l Chu Giao, ly thnh Long Bin (thuc T Sn, Bc Ninh) lm chu l. Nm 271, nh Ng t thm qun Cu Dc (c tch t mt b phn nam qun Cu Chn tng ng vi huyn Hm Hoan c). Qun Cu c gm 6 huyn thuc hu ht t ai hai t in h N gh An v H T inh ngy nay : huyn Hm Hoan mi (Din Chau, Y n Thnh, Qunh Lu, Ngha n, Qu Chu ngy nay) ; huyn Cu c (Hng Nguyn, Nam Dn, Thanh Chng v mt phn huyn c Th ngy nay) ; huyn DTig Thnh (Nghi Lc, Nghi Xun, Vit Thng) ; huyn Ph Lnh (Can Lc ngy nay) ; huyn Khc T (phn t pha nam H Tnh ngy nay).

Nm 2 80 nh Tn dit c nh Ng, thng nht Trung Quc, Nh Tn m rng thm a gii qun Cu Dc cho n Honh Sn, t thm huyn Nam Lng v huyn Giao tng ng vi cc huyn Nghi Xun, Hng Sn, Hng Khe, Thch H (thuc H Tnh ngy nay). Ch trng thnh lp thm qun mi (qun Cu c) ca nh Tn nhm tng cng ch thng tr ca chnh quyn o h i vi Au Lc ni chung, vng bin cong pha nam ca u Lc ni ring.

Sau khi nh Tn suy sp, Trung Quc din ra cc din Nam - Bc triu. t nc ta b t di ch h ca Nam triu (gm cc triu Tng, T, Lng, Trn) - t nm 420 - 589.


(1) Nm 203, theo nghi ca S Nhip, by gi l (hi Ih Giao Chi, iriu inh nh Mn i Giao Ch Ihnh Giao Chu. Dn rin 213 nh Hn li b iCn Giao Chu v nhp 3 qun ca u \ji: c vo Kinh Chi. Nm 264 nh Ng tch khu vc Lung Qung ra khi Giao ChAu lp thnh Qung Chu. Giao Chflu t

dai cuong lich su viet nam p1 9414

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