NH GI TC NG

NH GI TC NG

3.1.1 Giai on xy dng d n

Qu trnh thi cng xy dng c s h tng k thut ca d n Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g d kin din ra trong thi gian 04 thng. Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh ny c trnh by trong bng 3.1.

Bng 3.1: Cc hot ng, ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng d n.

Stt

Cc hot ng

Ngun gy tc ng

1

Tp kt, d tr, bo qun nhin nguyn vt liu phc v cng trnh

- Xe ti vn chuyn vt liu xy dng, xi mng, st thp, ct, ,pht sinh bi v kh thi

- Pht sinh ting n t hot ng xp d nguyn liu

2

Xy dng nh xng, lp t my mc, ng giao thng, h thng cp thot v x l nc,

- Qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit: ct, hn, t nng chy gy nhim khng kh, nc.

- nhim khng kh t vic s dng cc vt liu xy dng.

3

Sinh hot ca cng nhn ti cng trng

Sinh hot ca khong 40 cng nhn vin trn cng trng gy pht sinh CTR sinh hot, nc thi sinh hot.

3.1.1.1. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh

Cc tc ng n mi trng khng kh do qu trnh thi cng xy dng bao gm:

Bi sinh do qu trnh vn chuyn v bc d nguyn vt liu (, ct, xi mng, st thp,..);

Bi v cc cht kh SO2, NO2, CO, THC do khi thi ca xe c gii vn chuyn nguyn vt liu xy dng;

Ting n pht sinh t qu trnh vn hnh cc thit b xy dng (xe lu, my trn b tng, cc phng tin xe c gii...).

a) nhim bi, kh thi t vt liu xy dng tp kt ti cng trng v cc phng tin vn chuyn:

Qu trnh bc d v tp kt nguyn vt liu ti cng trng xy dng s gy pht tn bi ra mi trng xung quanh. Bi ch yu pht tn ra t cc ngun vt liu nh ct, , xi mng v mt phn t st thp.

Theo tnh ton s b ca chng ti th tng khi lng nguyn vt liu cn s dng cho cng trnh l 2.500 tn (xi mng, ct, , st thp, vn khun,). Nh vy, nu quy c h s pht thi ti a ca bi pht sinh t nguyn vt liu xy dng trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bc d v tp kt tng ng vi h s pht thi ca vt liu san lp (0,075kg/tn) [theo WHO, 3] th tng lng bi pht sinh t qu trnh ny l 187.5 kg bi (trong 04 thng thi cng). Nh vy, lng bi trung bnh pht sinh t vt liu trong giai on xy dng l 1,6kg/ngy.

b) nhim ting n do hot ng ca cc phng tin vn ti v thi cng.

Ngoi vic pht sinh bi v kh thi, cc phng tin vn ti v thi cng cn pht sinh ting n.

Ting n, rung pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng h tng c s, h tng k thut ch yu l ting n t cc phng tin vn chuyn, my trn b tng, tham gia trong qu trnh xy dng.

Bng 3.2: Mc n ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v thit b thi cng

Stt

Thit b

Mc n (dBA),

cch ngun n 15 m

Ti liu (1)

Ti liu (2)

1

My i

93,0

-

2

My m nn (xe lu)

-

72,0 - 74,0

3

Xe ti

-

82,0 - 94,0

4

My trn b tng

75,0

75,0 - 88,0

Ngun: Ti liu (1) - Nguyn nh Tun v cc cng s; Ti liu (2) - Mackernize, L.da, nm 1985.

3.1.1.2. Tc ng nhim do nc thi sinh hot v nc ma

a) nhim do nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng

Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn ti khu vc d n l nguyn nhn chnh nh hng n cht lng nc khu vc xung quanh. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht hu c d phn hu, cht dinh dng v cc vi khun gy bnh nn c th gy nhim ngun nc mt v nc ngm nu khng c x l.

Da vo h s nhim do T chc Y t th gii thit lp, khi lng cc cht nhim mi ngi thi vo mi trng hng ngy c a ra trong bng 3.3.

Bng 3.3: Ti lng cht nhim do mi ngi hng ngy a vo mi trng.

Stt

Cht nhim

Ti lng (g/ngi/ngy)

1

BOD5

45 54

2

COD

72 - 102

3

Cht rn l lng

70 - 145

4

Du m phi khong

10 30

5

Tng nit

6 12

6

Amni

2,4 - 4,8

7

Tng photpho

0,8 - 4,0

Ngun: T chc Y t Th gii (WHO), nm 1993

S lng cng nhn tham gia xy dng d n trung bnh khong 40 ngi/ngy. Vi nh mc s dng nc l 100 lt nc/ngi/ngy v lng nc thi pht sinh bng 80 % (80 lt/ngi/ngy) th tng lng nc thi sinh hot pht sinh ti cng trng hng ngy khong 3,2 m3/ngy. T ti lng, s lao ng v lu lng nc thi, ta tnh c nng cc cht nhim c trong nc thi theo cng thc sau:

C =

Q

N

C

.

0

Trong :

C: Nng cht nhim, (mg/l)

C0: Ti lng nhim, (g/ng.ng)

N: S cng nhn, (ngi)

Q: Lu lng nc thi, (m3/ng)

Ta c bng kt qu nng cht nhim.

Bng 3.4. Nng cc cht trong nc thi sinh hot

Cht nhim

Ti lng

(g/ngi.ng)

Nng

nhim

(mg/l)

QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT

ct B (mg/l)

BOD5

54

65.25

50

COD

102

106.25

-

TSS

145

151.04

100

Du m

30

31.25

20

Tng nit

12

12.5

50

Amoniac

4,8

5

10

Tng photpho

4,0

4.1

10

So snh nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot cha qua x l vi Quy chun nc thi (QCVN 14: 2008, ct B) th hu ht cc thng s u c hm lng vt tiu chun cho php. Do vy ch d n s phi c bin php gim thiu.

b) Tc ng nhim do nc ma chy trn

Lng nc ma chy trn trn b mt d n nu khng c tiu thot hp l c th gy ng, cn tr qu trnh thi cng Ngoi ra, nc ma cn cun theo t ct, v cc thnh phn nhim khc t mt t vo ngun nc mt gy nh hng trc tip n ti nguyn sinh vt thy sinh.

Lu lng nc ma chy trn qua khu vc d n c tnh ton nh sau:

Q = 0,278 x K x I x F

Trong :

K: l h s dng chy (K = 0,6)

I: l cng ma (mm/h)

F: Din tch lu vc (m2)

Vi trn ma I = 100mm/h = 100.10-3 m/h, trn din tch d n l 13.978,5m2, th Q = 0,278 x 0,6 x 100.10-3 x 13.978,5 = 233,2 m3/h.

Vic xc nh c lu lng nc ma ti a ri trn b mt khu t d n cng l c s quan trng thit k mng li thot nc ma ca d n.

Tuy nhin cng cn thy rng, qu trnh thi cng tp trung ch yu vo ma h nn lng nc ma chy trn l khng ln. Trong trng hp c ma s cun theo t v mt phn vt liu xy dng ri vi trong qu trnh thi cng vo h thng thot nc ca khu vc hoc ra bin pha ng. Do ch d n cng c cc phng n gim thiu tc ng nhim ca nc ma chy trn trong qu trnh xy dng.

3.1.1.3. Tc ng nhim do cht thi rn

Qu trnh thi cng cng trnh cn pht sinh cc loi cht thi rn gy nhim, cc loi cht thi rn pht sinh ch yu bao gm:

- Cht thi rn sinh hot: pht sinh do qu trnh sinh hot ca cng nhn ti cng trng, thnh phn ch yu ca CTR sinh hot l ti nilng, giy vn, bao gi thc n tha,). Theo c tnh, mi cng nhn lm vic ti khu vc d n thi ra khong 0,8 ~ 1,0 kg rc thi sinh hot mi ngy. Cht thi sinh hot ny nhn chung l nhng loi cha nhiu cht hu c, d phn hu (tr bao b, nylon). Nu tnh trung bnh mi ngy ti khu vc d n c 40 cng nhn lm vic, th tng khi lng rc thi sinh hot hng ngy c th c tnh c l 32 ~ 40 kg/ngy.

- Ngoi ra, sau qu trnh xy dng c th cn pht sinh mt s dng cht thi rn nh gch vn, st thp vn, bao xi mng, cc g lm dn gio,Tuy nhin, y l loi cht thi rn c gi tr s dng nn ch d n s cho tn thu s dng li hoc bn cho cc n v c nhu cu v vy cc loi cht thi rn ny t c kh nng pht thi ra mi trng ngoi.

- Hot ng bo dng phng tin nu thc hin ngay ti cng trng cng c th gy pht sinh cn du nht, v chai ng du nht v gi lau nhim du nht, y l cc dng cht thi nguy hi cn phi c thu gom bo qun v x l ng quy nh. 3.1.1.4. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi

Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng c trnh by bng 3.5.

Bng 3.5: Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong qu trnh xy dng Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g.

STT

Ngun gy tc ng

1

Ngun nc ma gy ra tri t ct.

2

St ln nn, ng,do gia c khng cn thn , xe ch qu trng ti

3

S tp trung lng ln cng nhn gy ra xo trn i sng x hi ti a phng, ...

3.1.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng

Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca d n Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g c trnh by trong bng 3.6.

Bng 3.6: Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng

trong giai on hot ng ca d n.

Stt

Cc hot ng

Ngun gy tc ng

1.

Phng tin vn ti nguyn liu cho nh my

Ting n v khi thi cha thnh phn nhim nh SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, THC, Bi,pht sinh t khi thi ca phng tin c gii.

2.

Sinh hot v v sinh hng ngy ca cng nhn vin nh my.

- Cc thnh phn nhim ch yu nh vi sinh, du m, Nitrat, cht hu c,... trong nc thi sinh hot.

- Cht thi rn sinh hot, cht thi t nh v sinh ca cng nhn,

- Mi hi thi sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy nc thi ti cc h ga, hm t hoi, khu cha cht thi rn sinh hot,

3.

- Hot ng ch bin dm g ca nh my

- Bi, bi dm g pht sinh t qu trnh bm, sng tuyn, khu vc cha sn phm.

- Ting n t hot ng bm, sng tuyn

3.1.2.1. Tc ng ca cc ngun gy nhim khng kh

Ngun gy tc ng nhim khng kh ca Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g gm cc ngun sau :

- Bi, kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng vn chuyn nguyn liu (khng ng k do 100 % ng giao thng i ni v i ngoi c tri nha hoc b tng ha).

- Bi pht sinh t qu trnh bm, sng tuyn v khu vc bi cha sn phm.

- Ting n pht sinh t cc phng tin giao thng vn ti v t my bm g.

a). nh gi mc nhim khng kh

i vi bi v kh thi giao thng

Hu ht cc tuyn ng trong phm vi d n c b tng ha hoc tri nha, do bi bc ln t hot ng vn chuyn ca cc phng tin c gii c xem l khng ng k.

Kh thi t hot ng giao thng: s lng xe ch nguyn liu trong mt ngy khong 110 xe/ngy (trung bnh 1 xe ch 10 tn, c i ln v) v on ng trung bnh mi phng tin chy 50 km/ngy (t ni khai thc n nh my) th lng nhin liu cn cung cp cho hot ng giao thng trong 1 ngy c trnh by trong bng 3.7.

Bng 3.7. Lng nhin liu cn cung cp cho hot ng giao thng trong 1 ngy

ng c

S lt xe

on ng chy (km)

Mc tiu th

(lt/km)

Tng lng xng (lt)

Xe hi ng c >2.000cc

110

50

0,15

825

H s cc cht nhim trong kh thi giao thng: Tham kho ti liu nh gi nhanh ca T chc Y t Th gii v h s nhim do kh thi giao thng c trnh by trong bng 3.8.

Bng 3.8. H s nhim do kh thi giao thng ca T chc Y t Th gii

ng c

H s nhim (kg/tn nhin liu)

1.

Bi

SO2

NO2

CO

VOC

Xe hi ng c > 2.000cc

0,76

20S

27,11

169,7

24,09

Ngun: Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land pollution, WHO 1993

Da vo h s nhim v mc tiu th nhin liu ca cc phng tin Ch D n c kt qu d bo ti lng nhim do phng tin giao thng vn chuyn nguyn liu cho nh my c trnh by trong bng 3.9:

Bng 3.9. D bo ti lng nhim khng kh do cc phng tin giao thng

ng c

Ti lng nhim (kg/ngy)

2.

Bi

SO2

NO2

CO

VOC

Xe hi ng c >2.000cc

0,627

0,072

22,36

140,02

19,87

Thc t, cc phng tin vn chuyn khng tp trung mt ch m hot ng ri ra nhiu ni, cht nhim c pht tn theo lung khng kh ch khng tp trung ti mt ni, trong iu kin c gi pha long v pht tn kh thi th tc ng do kh thi giao thng l khng ng k trn on ng vn chuyn v khu vc d n.

i vi bi g t qu trnh bm, sng tuyn v ti khu vc bi cha:

V tr d n c t gn cu cng nn vic pht tn bi dm g trong qu trnh vn chuyn sn phm l rt nh. Do vy khng gy nh hng mi trng trn ng vn chuyn nh cc nh my khc.

Bi y pht sinh ch yu ti khu vc bm g, sng tuyn v bi cha sn phm.

Ti khu vc bm g v sng tuyn u c che ph xung quanh nn lng bi pht tn ra mi trng xung quanh l khng ng k.

Do vy lng bi g y ch yu pht sinh t bi cha sn phm. Vi c im kh hu ti khu vc th vn tc gi y rt ln. T thng IV n thng VII hng gi ch o l hng ng v ng Nam; t thng IX n thng II nm sau hng gi ch o trong khu vc l hng Bc v Ty Bc; vo thng VIII th ngc li hng gi chuyn t Nam - ng Nam sang Ty - Ty Bc vi tc gi trung bnh t 2,9 m/s, vn tc gi cci: 40m/s. Do vi hng gi ch o ny s pht tn bi dm g v gy nh hng n khu vc ca cng quc t Gemadept Dung Qut v Cng PTSC.

Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh sng tuyn phn loi cc kch c dm. i vi dm c kch thc nh s c cha ring (lng dm ny khng t yu cu chim t l nh) xut vi gi thnh thp hn. Do vy i vi loi dm c kch thc ln th kh nng pht tn bi dm do gi l rt thp. Cn i vi loi dm c kch thc nh th kh nng pht tn do gi l rt ln v vy cn phi c bin php gim thiu trnh gy nh hng cho khu vc xunh quanh.

i vi ting n v rung ng

Ting n, rung gy ra ch yu do cc phng tin giao thng vn ti v t my bm g. Tuy nhin, do thit b my bm c t m di t 2m v vy ting n v rung gy ra s gim i rt nhiu.

3.1.2.2. Tc ng n mi trng do nc thi v nc ma.

Vi c im hot ng ca Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g th khng c nc thi sn xut. Do vy, ngun gy nhim mi trng nc ca d n ch yu l nc thi sinh hot ca khong 40 cng nhn vin nh my v nc ma chy trn.

a) nhim do nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn vin nh my:

Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn ti khu vc d n l nguyn nhn chnh nh hng n cht lng nc khu vc xung quanh. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht hu c d phn hu, cht dinh dng v cc vi khun gy bnh nn c th gy nhim ngun nc mt v nc ngm nu khng c x l. S lng cng nhn vin nh my khong 40 ngi, vi nh mc s dng nc l 100 lt nc/ngi/ngy v lng nc thi pht sinh bng 80% th tng lng nc thi sinh hot pht sinh ti cng trng hng ngy khong 3,2 m3/ngy.

So snh nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot cha qua x vi Quy chun nc thi (QCVN 14: 2008, ct B) th hu ht cc thng s u c hm lng vt tiu chun cho php. Do vy ch d n s phi c bin php gim thiu.

b). nh gi mc nhim nc ma chy trn

Nc ma c quy c l nc sch c th thi trc tip ra mi trng nu khng nhim cc cht bn khc. i vi Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g do khng s dng ha cht v c h thng thu gom nc ma, v vy mc nhim do nc ma gy ra l rt t.

3.1.2.3. Tc ng n mi trng do cht thi rn

1). Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn

Nhn chung cht thi rn sinh ra do Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g ch yu l cc dng cht thi sinh hot d x l, v rc thi t hot ng bo dng thit b trong phm vi ca nh my.

C th a ra mt s ngun pht sinh cht thi rn nh sau:

- Cht thi rn sinh hot hng ngy ca cng nhn vin (giy, ti nilon, thc n tha, chai nha, bao gi,..).

- Cht thi t hot ng sn xut, bo dng thit b (nh gi lau du m)

2). Ti lng pht sinh cht thi rn

- Cht thi rn sinh hot: Ti lng cht thi rn sinh hot c tnh trung bnh khong 0,8 ~ 1,0 kg/ngi/ngy. Vi quy m ngi lao ng 40 ngi th tng khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot pht sinh ti a trong ngy t khong 32 ~ 40 kg/ngy.

- Cht thi rn sn xut: Do tnh cht ca nh my l bm g t cc thanh g c bc v. V vy, trong qu trnh sn xut khng pht sinh cht thi rn sn xut.

- Cht thi rn nguy hi: gi lau du m trong qu trnh bo tr thit b. Tuy nhin lng cht thi ny rt t khong 3kg/thng.

3.1.2.4. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi

Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on hot ng ca d n Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g c trnh by trong bng 3.10.

Bng 3.10: Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on hot ng

Stt

Ngun gy tc ng

1

Nc ma c th gy ngp ng cc b ti khu vc nu ch d n khng c phng n tn nn v c phng n thot nc hiu qu.

2

S tng mt v thnh phn ngi lao ng c th gy cc vn tiu cc mt trt t khu vc nu Ch d n khng c hng qun l hiu qu.

i tng, quy m b tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng

i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on xy dng d n Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g c trnh by trong bng 3.11.

Bng 3.11: i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on xy dng

Stt

i tng b tc ng

Quy m b tc ng

1

Cng nhn v c dn a phng

Tt c cng nhn trc tip tham gia xy dng ti cng trng v cc cng trnh ln cn.

2

ng giao thng

Tuyn ng giao thng vn chuyn.

3

Bu kh quyn khu vc d n

Bn knh nh hng khong 300 m t tm khu t xy dng d n.

4

Mi trng nc mt v nc ngm

- Mi trng nc ngm ti khu vc b tc ng do tip nhn cc ngun thi (CTR, nc thi, nc ma,..).

- Mc tc ng n nc mt l khng ng k (do Ch d n c phng n x l nc thi sinh hot v cc cht thi pht sinh trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn).

3.2.2. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng

i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on hot ng ca d n Nh my sn xut, ch bin dm g c trnh by trong bng 3.12 .

Bng 3.12: i tng, quy m b tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n

Stt

i tng b tc ng

Quy m b tc ng

1

Cc d n xung quanh

Tc ng n cc d n ln cn: cng quc t Gemadept Dung Qut, Cng PTSC

2

ng giao thng

Tng mt phng tin cc ng giao thng ni b Cng v ng giao thng lin vng.

3

Mi trng nc mt v nc ngm

- Mc tc ng khng ng k (do nc thi sinh hot c x l bng b t hoi ba ngn t tiu chun trc khi thm ra ngoi),...

- i vi nc ma chy trn (c thu gom theo h thng thot nc trong ton b khu vc)

4

Ngi dn trong vng

- B nh hng bi ting n t hot ng vn chuyn v hot ng sn xut ca my mc.

- Tc ng tch cc (to cng vic lm, thc y cc dch v thng mi trong khu vc pht trin).

3.4. D bo nhng ri ro v mi trng do d n gy ra

3.4.1. Nhng ri ro trong giai on thi cng xy dng

(1). S c tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng

Nhn chung, s c tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng c th xy ra bt ng trong nhiu tnh hung ca giai on thi cng xy dng d n. C th c tm tt mt s dng tai nn nh sau:

- Tai nn giao thng c th xy ra khi cng nhn bng qua ng giao thng n cng trng, ri cng trng, dng tai nn ny cng c th xy ra ngay trn cng trng do cc phng tin thi cng v vn chuyn nguyn vt liu gy ra i vi cng nhn.

- Cng vic lp rp, thi cng v qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu vi mt xe, ting n, rung cao c th gy ra cc tai nn lao ng,...

- Do tnh bt cn trong lao ng, thiu trang b bo h lao ng, hoc do thiu thc tun th nghim chnh v ni quy an ton lao ng ca cng nhn thi cng cng c th gy tai nn ng tic.

- Cng vic lao ng nng nhc, thi gian lm vic lin tc v lu di c th nh hng ng k n kho ca cng nhn, gy tnh trng mt mi, chong vng hay ngt xu cho cng nhn ti cng trng;

Nh vy nu cc ri ro v tai nn lao ng v tai nn giao thng xy ra s gy nh hng rt ln n sc khe cng nh tnh mng ca cng nhn, gy tn tht ln v tinh thn cho cc gia nh c ngi gp nn. V vy vn m bo an ton cho cng nhn tham gia xy dng cn c Ch d n c bit quan tm.

(2). S c chy n

S c chy n c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn v cha nhin liu hoc do s thiu an ton v h thng cp in tm thi, gy nn cc thit hi v ngi v ca trong qu trnh thi cng. C th xc nh cc nguyn nhn c th nh sau:

- Cc kho cha nguyn nhin liu tm thi phc v cho my mc, thit b k thut trong qu trnh thi cng (sn, xng, du DO, ...) l cc ngun gy chy n. Khi s c xy ra c th gy ra thit hi nghim trng v ngi, vt cht v mi trng;

- H thng cp in tm thi cho cc my mc, thit b thi cng c th gy ra s c git, chp, chy n gy thit hi v kinh t hay tai nn lao ng cho cng nhn;

- Vic s dng cc thit b gia nhit trong thi cng (hn x, un, ...) c th gy ra chy, phng hay tai nn lao ng nu nh khng c cc bin php phng nga.

Nhn chung, s c chy n thng t khi xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng. Tuy nhin nu s c ny xy ra s nh hng rt ln n con ngi, ti sn v mi trng khu vc.

3.4.2. Nhng ri ro trong giai on hot ng

(1). S c tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng

Nguyn nhn dn n tai nn lao ng l do cng nhn khng tun th cc nguyn tc an ton nh:

- Trang phc khng gn gng, gy vng vu vo dy chuyn sn xut, my mc;

- Bt cn khi vn hnh my mc, ngun in;

- Khng c trang b bo h lao ng;

- Bc xp v vn chuyn hng ha;

- thc chp hnh ni quy khng tt.

Vi mt phng tin khong 110 chuyn/ngy (c i v v) vn chuyn nguyn liu cho nh my nu khng chp hnh ng lut giao thng rt d xy ra tai nn giao thng.

(2) S c chy n:

Trong qu trnh sn xut c th xy ra chy n do cc nguyn nhn:

- Tch tr cc nguyn, nhin vt liu d bt la ti ni c ngun nhit pht sinh, gn la, in;

- Ht thuc v vt tn thuc ba bi;

- Khng tun th nghim ngt cc quy nh v cm la, phng chy cha chy;

- Cc s c v thit b in, s c mi trng (st nh)

4.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu

4.1.1. Trong giai on thi cng xy dng nh my

4.1.1.1. Gim thiu nhim do bi

Nh nh gi ti chng 3, bi pht sinh trong giai on xy dng ch yu t cc phng tin vn chuyn vt liu, t cc vt liu xy dng v qu trnh thi cng xy dng. gim thiu cc ngun nhim ny trong qu trnh xy dng chng ti thc hin cc vic sau:

Che chn xung quanh khu vc xy dng d n nhm gim thiu mc tc ng ca bi, cc cht gy nhim khng kh v ting n ra bn ngoi;

Ti nc trong cc ngy nng cc khu vc ng ni b;

Yu cu cc loi xe chuyn ch nguyn vt liu (t, ct, si, xi mng) v x bn phi c bt che ph hp l trnh pht tn bi;

B tr hp l tuyn ng vn chuyn v i li. Kim tra cc phng tin thi cng nhm m bo cc thit b, my mc lun trong iu kin tt nht v mt k thut;

C kho cha vt liu xy dng (xi mng, st thp) bo qun v hn ch pht tn bi.

4.1.1.2. Gim thiu nhim do kh thi v ting n:

y l cng trnh thi cng n gin, cc hng mc cng trnh t, khng tp trung nhiu cc thit b thi cng cng lc. Do vy, lng kh thi t cc thit b pht sinh ra khng ng k. Tuy nhin, gim thiu ti a cc tc ng tiu cc t ngun gy nhim khng kh nu trn, chng ti s thc hin cc gii php sau:

C gii php qun l, t chc thi cng hp l nhm s dng hiu qu nhin liu, gim thiu lng kh thi pht sinh.

Cc phng tin vn chuyn khng ch qu trng ti quy nh;

Khng s dng cc thit b qu hn, khng c php lu hnh, s dng.

Thng xuyn kim tra, bo dng ng c ca cc phng tin, s dng nhin liu xng du c hm lng lu hunh thp, s dng nhin liu ng vi thit k ca ng c gim thiu nhim;

Cc phng tin vn chuyn hn ch n my trong thi gian dng ch bc d nguyn vt liu.

Sp xp thi gian lm vic hp l trnh trng hp cc my mc cng hot ng cng lc;

Quy nh tc xe, my mc khi hot ng trong khu vc ang thi cng;

4.1.1.3. Gim thiu tc ng do nc thi sinh hot v nc ma chy trn

gim thiu cc tc ng t nc thi sinh hot v nc ma chy trn, Ch d n thc hin cc bin php sau:

Xy dng nh v sinh t hoi ba ngn thu gom v x l nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn lm vic trn cng trng.

Xy dng h thng thu gom nc ma chy trn xung quanh khu vc d n.

4.1.1.4. Gim thiu tc ng do cht thi rn

i vi cht thi rn sinh hot: ch d n s ph bin cho cng nhn trn cng trng b rc ng ni quy nh, thu gom v k hp ng vi cng ty mi trng x l nh k.

i vi cht thi rn xy dng: s c tn dng tn nn, hoc bn ph liu.

i vi cht thi nguy hi gi lau du m s c thu gom ring x l ng quy nh.

4.1.2. Trong giai on nh my i vo sn xut

4.1.2.1. Gim thiu nhim khng kh do bi, kh thi

Nh phn tch ti chng 3, nhim mi trng khng kh d n ny ch yu l bi dm g b pht tn do gi. Do vy, gim thiu tc ng ny chng ti s thc hin cc bin php sau:

Cc khu vc bm, sng tuyn s c che chn trnh pht tn bi ra ngoi.

Bng chuyn c thit k ph kn.

Xy tng ro cao 3m xung quanh ton b khu vc d n hn ch pht tn bi do gi.

Ton b sn trong khu vc nh my c tri b tng.

Trng cy xanh xung quanh khu vc d n gim thiu mc pht tn bi.

Sng tuyn phn loi dm c kch thc nh d kim sot mc pht tn bi.

Tin hnh sn xut n u xut khu n trnh trng hp tn ng sn phm ti bi cha nguyn liu.

4.1.2.2. Gim thiu nhim ting n, rung ng:

Ting n pht sinh t cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn liu v t thit b bm g. gim thiu ting n chng ti thc hin cc bin php sau:

Yu cu cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn liu hn ch n my trong thi gian dng ch bc d nguyn vt liu.

Thit b my bm g c thit k m di t hn 2m.

mng t cc thit b c thit k su, mac b tng cao v cc thit b cc m chng n.

Trang b bo h lao ng cho cng nhn lm vic trong nh my (nh khu trang, nt tai chng n)

4.1.2.3. Gim thiu nhim do nc thi

i vi d n ny th ngun gy nhim mi trng nc ch yu l ngun nc thi sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn nh my v ngun nc ma chy trn. hn ch cc tc ng trn chng ti thc hin cc bin php sau:

- X l nc thi sinh hot

Ton b nc thi sinh hot ca nh my c x l bng h thng hm t hoi. Vic thit k v xy dng hm v sinh c tun th theo quy chun xy dng. Hm v sinh t hoi xy dng ti nh my l dng hm 3 ngn.

B t hoi l cng trnh ng thi lm hai chc nng gm: lng v phn hu cn lng. Cn lng c gi li trong b t 6 - 8 thng, di nh hng ca cc vi sinh vt k kh, cc cht hu c s b phn hu t t. Cc s liu thng k thc t cho thy mi ngi cn khong 0,2 ~ 0,3 m3 b t hoi, tng s ngi lm vic thng xuyn trong nh my khong 40 ngi, cho php tnh c th tch hm t hoi cn xy dng ti khu vc l 8 ~ 12 m3.

- Mng li thu gom v thot nc ma

Nc ma chy trn qua mt bng nh my s cun theo t, ct, cht cn b xung h thng thot nc. Lng nc ma chy trn ny c th gy tc hi xu ti mi trng sinh thi trong khu vc v cc vng ph cn nu nh khng c h thng thu gom v x l thch hp. Nm c tnh cht quan trng ny ch d n thit k v cho thi cng mng li thot nc ma vi cc tiu ch nh sau:

- Xy dng h thng cng thot nc xung quanh nh my thu nc chy trn trit , trnh ngp ng cc b.

- Lp cc li chn rc, nc ma sau khi thu gom s chy v h ga lng cn trc khi ha nhp vo h thng thot nc ma chung.

4.1.2.4. Gim thiu nhim do cht thi rn

a. Cht thi rn sinh hot:

Vi s lng nhn vin ton nh my khong 40 ngi lm vic, trung bnh mi ngi thi ra khong 0,8 ~ 1 kg/ngy, s lng rc sinh hot mi ngy khong 32 ~ 40kg. Nh my s s dng thng Composit th tch 240 v 660 lit t ti cc ni qui nh v yu cu tt c cc nhn vin trong nh my phi thc hin b rc vo thng ng ni quy nh. Lng rc ny s c cng ty k hp ng vi n v c chc nng x l.

b. Cht thi rn nguy hi: l gi lau du m s c thu gom ring x l ng quy nh.

4.2. Phng chng s c

4.2.1. Bin php an ton lao ng

Tt c cng nhn lm vic trong nh my phi c hun luyn v quy tc sn xut v nguyn tc an ton lao ng;

Ban hnh ni quy an ton lao ng, trang b cc thit b bo h lao ng;

Cc trang thit b in u c h thng cu dao t ngt khi c chp in xy ra;

Trang b bnh cu ha;

Cc khu vc nguy him u c bin bo hiu;

Trang b cc dng c y khoa s cu khi c xy ra tai nn.

Gio dc thc an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng cho ton th cn b cng nhn vin trong nh my.

4.2.2. Bin php an ton giao thng:

Do s lng xe chuyn ch nguyn liu l rt ln do vy ch u t s thng xuyn nhc nh cc li xe thc hin nghim cng tc an ton giao thng v b tr ngi iu hnh cc phng tin ra vo khu vc cng hp l trnh trng hp ch tc giao thng trc khu vc cng.

4.2.3. Bin php chy n:

Khi nh my i vo hot ng s c kh nng xy ra chy n do chp in hoc do st nh. Vi c th sn xut s dng nguyn liu l g nn kh nng chy n rt ln. phng trnh cc s c ny, nh my s p dng cc bin php:

- Thc hin nghim tc vic thm nh h s thit k - trang thit b phng chy cha chy cng nh cc hng dn ca c quan Cnh st phng chy cha chy.

- B tr cc hng mc cng trnh, khu vc lu tr nhin liu c kh nng gy chy n ti cc v tr ph hp.

- Trang b cc phng tin ng cu s c khn cp nh bnh cha chy, cu dao ngt in,...m bo cc trang thit b lun trong iu kin sn sng p ng khi cn thit.

- Ban hnh v ph bin cc nguyn tc, quy nh v phng chng chy n cho cng nhn.

- B tr ct thu li chng st ti nh xng sn xut m bo an ton tnh mng cng nhn vin, ti sn v trang thit b khi thi tit ma bo.

* Nhn xt chung: Cc bin php a ra trong chng 4 gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc ca D n n mi trng mang tnh kh thi, d p dng, hiu sut x l cao, gim c vn nhim mi trng.

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