dasar metabolisme sel
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BIOLOGI DASARUntuk Mahasiswa Semester I
Jurusan Matematika2013/2014
Agustina Tangapo
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Enzim
Kuliah Biologi Dasar I
Jurusan Matematika (2013/2014)
Dasar-dasar Metabolisme Sel
Agustina Monalisa Tangapo
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Metabolisme• keseluruhan reaksi kimia yang terjadi di dalam
organisme1. Katabolisme (degradasi): penguraian molekul organik kompleks menjadi
molekul anorganik sederhana (― energi)
2. Anabolisme (biosintesis): pembentukan molekul organik kompleks dari
molekul anorganik sederhana (+ energi)
• Jumlah anabolisme dan katabolisme
Pathway: urutan tahap-tahap reaksi kimia dari prekursor (prazat) s.d. produkmelalui metabolit-metabolit
Metabolit: senyawa kimia antara yang terdapat dalam metabolisme
Jalur metabolisme yang akan bekerja dan kecepatan jalur dikontrol oleh sel dengan bantuan ENZIM (biokatalisator)
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• A unique protein
• Mostly in metabolism
• Biological catalysts
Enzyme
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Sifat-sifat enzim
• Enzim aktif dalam jumlah yang sangat sedikit, sbg biokatalisator, reaksinyamenjadi sangat cepat dan berulang ulang
• Enzim tidak terpengaruh oleh reaksi yang dikatalisisnya pada kondisi stabil(Enzim merupakan biokatalisator yang mempercepat jalannya reaksitanpa ikut bereaksi)
• Kerja katalis enzim spesifik, karena sisi aktif enzim setangkup denganpermukaan subtrat tertentu
• Enzim sangat peka terhadap faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan denaturasiprotein misalnya suhu, pH dll
• Enzim dapat dipacu maupun dihambat aktivitasnya
• Enzim bermolekul besar
• Logam, memacu aktifitas enzim: Mg, Mn, Co, Fe
• Logam berat, menghambat aktivitas enzim: Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ag
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Pengelompokan enzim
Penamaan umum: substrat (proses) + akhiran-ase
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• Cofactors– Activator– Coenzymes– Prosthetic groups
Some enzymes require other molecules in order to repeat
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Mekanisme reaksiModel lock & key Model induced fit
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Enzymes have several ways of causing their substrates to enter the transition state:- Enzymes orient substrates- Enzymes induce strain in the substrate- Enzymes temporarily add chemical groups to substrates
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Pengaruh pH terhadap reaksi enzimatis
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Penghambatan aktifitas enzim ada dua tipe:
1. Kompetitif: zat penghambatmempunyai struktur yang miripdengan substrat sehingga dapatbergabung dengan sisi aktif enzim. Terjadi kompetisi antara substratdengan inhibitor untuk bergabungdengan sisi aktif enzim (misal feed back effect)
2. Non kompetitif: zat penghambatmenyebabkan struktur enzim rusaksehingga sisi aktifnya tidak cocok lagidengan substrat
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Questions….????
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Dasar-dasar Metabolisme Sel
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Anabolisme
Katabolisme
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Fotosintesis
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Overall Reaction• Light reaction – Harvest
light energy
• Convert light energy to chemical energy
• Dark reactions – Expend chemical energy
• Fix Carbon (convert CO2 to organic form)
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1. Reaksi terang. Energi sinar matahari
digunakan untuk oksidasi fotokimia
H2O menjadi O2. Elektron yang
dihasilkan dipakai untuk mereduksi
NADP+ menjadi NADPH.
Fotofosforilasi untuk sintesis ATP.
2. Reaksi gelap (reaksi yang tak perlu
energi cahaya). Sintesis karbohidrat
dari CO2 dan H2O dengan memakai
energi hasil reaksi terang (Siklus
Calvin).
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Reaksi Terang
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Reaksi gelap: 6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 30 ATP + 12 H2O →C6H12O6 + 12 NADP+ + 30 ADP + 18 Pi + 6 H+
CO2 (sel mesofil) + ATP + H2O →CO2 (sel bundel pelepah) + AMP 2 Pi + H+
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Reaksi terang
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Reaksi gelap
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Reaksi gelap (siklus Calvin)
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Respirasi Seluler
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Respirasi aerob
• Glikolisis
• Konversi asam piruvat menjadi asetil KoA
• Siklus Krebs
• Transfer Elektron
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Respirasi anaerob
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MitoKondria
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Overview of aerobic respiration
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Terima Kasih