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DCC5183DCC5183PROJECT MANAGEMENTPROJECT MANAGEMENT

Department of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil EngineeringPolytechnic Port DicksonPolytechnic Port Dickson

TOPIC : 3SITE SUPERVISION ORGANISATIONSITE SUPERVISION ORGANISATION

Report (Site Diary)(cont’d)Report (Site Diary)(cont’d)

Fill Site ReportDate of workWorking hours start and endTypes of work doneAmount & type of employees, materials, machinery and plantApplication materialsWork supervisor notesThe weather conditions

DUTIES OF SITE SUPERVISORDUTIES OF SITE SUPERVISOR AND AND

ASSISTANT ENGINEERASSISTANT ENGINEER

The duties of a Technician or a site supervisor : > Supervising construction sites

> Look after the welfare of employees

> Ensure that the materials in good condition. (cement, bricks and others)

> Conducts materials testing and analysis, using tools and equipment.

> Confer with Asst. Eng to determine project details, such as plan preparation, acceptance testing, and evaluation of field conditions.

> Prepare reports and document project activities and data.

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The duties of an assistant engineer: > Translate drawings and ensure that work on construction sites in accordance with the drawings

> Solve the problems / confusion about the drawing by the main contractor and sub contractors

> Doing as directed by the construction manager

> Assist in designing, developing and executing construction projects

4.2.2 Know the dutiews of Site Supervisor and Assisstant Engineer: Describe the duty of: i. Site Supervosor ii. Assistant Engineer

Report (Site Diary)Report (Site Diary) Purpose

Tell us where the current progressProvides a record of resources (labor, plant & material)Report problems that occur

Report (Site Diary)(cont’d)Report (Site Diary)(cont’d)

Fill Site ReportDate of workWorking hours start and endTypes of work doneAmount & type of employees, materials, machinery and plantApplication materialsWork supervisor notesThe weather conditions

3.2 UNDERSTAND THE SAFETY CONCEPT IN 3.2 UNDERSTAND THE SAFETY CONCEPT IN CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

Scaffolding is a temporary platform constructed for reaching heights above arms' reach for the purpose of building construction, maintenance, or repair

Scaffolding is generally made of lumber and steel and can range from simple to complex in design, depending on its use and purpose.

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Millions of construction workers, painters, and building maintenance crews work on scaffolding every day, and due to the nature of its use, scaffolding must be properly constructed and used to ensure the safety of those who use it.

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FUNCTION As a working platform: - so that the worker can stand on the

platform do the work easily & safely As a platform for placing material &

logistic needed by the workers to carry out their job

As a platform and walking passage: - scaffolding support the platform that

been used by the worker as their walking path to transport the material & logistic

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Factor considered during design stageFactor considered during design stage

Among the factors need to be considered during the design process of scaffold are as

follows:a) Easier to be erectedb) Strongc) Light / Not heavyd) Safee) Suitablef) Passage Link / Passage

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i. Steps Scaffoldingi. Steps Scaffolding

This scaffold is the most useful ascending aid for activities involving frequent ascent/descent and transport of loads.

Slanting steps reaching from platform to platform with 100 mm deep steps can safely and comfortably be traversed forwards and backwards.

Stairway rails add to the all round safety. No tools required, spacing of platforms by every two meters

ease assembling or dismantling of the tower. 200 mm dia swivel castors with locking device and height

adjusters to cope with uneven surfaces for ease of mobility and handling.

All individual parts are separately available as apares or extension parts.

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ii. ii. Birdcage scaffoldingBirdcage scaffolding

A birdcage scaffold consists of a mass of standards arranged at regular intervals in parallel lines, usually evenly spaced apart.

These standards are laced together with a grid of ledgers and transoms at every lift height.

The top lift is boarded to form the access platform for work on ceilings and soffits, e.g. fix lighting, ventilation or sprinklers over an inside area.

The side bays of the birdcage may also be required to form a normal access scaffold to the walls supporting the soffit.

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iii. Putlog/Single Scaffoldingiii. Putlog/Single Scaffolding

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It consists of a single row of uprights or standards set away from the wall at a distance that will accommodate the required width of the working platform. The standards are joined together with horizontal members called “ledgers” The ledgers are tied to the building with cross members called putlog. It is erected as the building rises & mostly used for buildings of traditional brick construction.

A putlog scaffold consists of a single row of standards, parallel to the face of the building and set as far away from it as is necessary to accommodate a platform of four or five boards wide, with the inner edge of the platform as close to the wall as is practicable.

The standards are connected by a ledger fixed with right angle couplers and the putlogs are fixed to the ledgers using putlog couplers.

The blade end of the putlog tube (or putlog adaptor) is normally placed horizontally on the brickwork being built, taking care to use the maximum bearing area.

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Putlog Scaffold tied into the brickwork using putlogs or tubes with putlog adaptors

iv. Cantilever Scaffoldingiv. Cantilever Scaffolding

A cantilever scaffold is a scaffold that is supported by cantilevered load-bearing members.

Needles should be secured by through bolting, anchoring, or propping between the needle and the floor above.

Where possible the inboard part of the needle should be at least 3 times the outboard length.

The base of the scaffold should be tied to the needle as close as practical to the locating Uhead jack.

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All practicable steps need to be taken to protect the area below the cantilever during the erection and dismantling process.

Additional precautions such as full planking and plying the base lift of the scaffold, kickboards and screening should be used to prevent the dislodgement of materials from the working platforms.

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Cantilevered scaffold use of propping tower for weight

transference

Cantilevered scaffold using a beam arrangement

v. v. Hanging/Suspended Scaffolding.Hanging/Suspended Scaffolding.

A suspended scaffold incorporates a suspended platform that is capable of being raised or lowered when in use.

An example of a suspended scaffold is a swing stage scaffold.

These types of scaffolds are commonly associated with the types window washers

Hanging scaffolds are classified as a special duty scaffold and should be designed and notified as such.

Hanging scaffold foundations are opposite to that of a standing scaffold.

Particular attention must be paid to whether the structure the hanging scaffold is to be attached to is able to support the hanging scaffold and its intended loads.

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3.50 : Know the types of strut in constructio3.50 : Know the types of strut in constructionn What is shoring It is the method of providing temporary support

(shores) to an unsafe structure. Types of Shoring Horizontal shoring or flying shoring

Vertical shoring or dead shoring Inclined Shoring or flying shoring

The art of shoring comprises the temporary support of buildings, and may become necessary because of the failure or settlement of some portion of the structure or for the purpose of upholding the upper portion while alterations are being made in the lower.

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Shoring MaterialShoring Material

There are several different forms of shoring, each adapted to suit peculiar circumstances.

Much of the shoring for ordinary cases is done with heavy, roughly sawn timbers strongly braced together, but for especially heavy work steel members may be introduced and prove of great value.

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i. Raking Shorei. Raking Shore

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The most general shoring is the raking shore. It consists of one or more timbers sloping from the face of the structure to be supported and bedded upon the ground. As the ground is usually of a more or less yielding nature, a stout timber plate termed a sole-piece, of sufficient area to withstand being driven into the soil, is placed to receive the base of the raking timber or timbers.

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A wall-plate, with the object of increasing the area of support, is fixed to the face of the wall by means of hooks driven into the wall. Where space is available, an angle of 60° is the best to adopt for the main shore, the auxiliary members ranging in their slope from 45° to 75°. In many cases, especially in towns, the angle of slope is governed by outside influences such as the width of the footway.

ii. Flying Shoresii. Flying Shores

It is a system of providing temporary supports to the party walls of the two buildings where the intermediate building is to be pulled down and rebuilt.

All types of arrangements of supporting

the unsafe structure in which the shores

do not reach the ground come under this

category. They flying shore consists of wall plates,

needles, cleats, horizontal struts (commonly known as horizontal shores) and inclined struts arranged in different forms which varies with the situation.

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In this system also the wall plates are placed against the wall and secured to it.

A horizontal strut is placed between the wall plates and is supported by a system of needle and cleats.

The inclined struts are supported by the needle at their top and by straining pieces at their feet.

The straining piece is also known as straining sill and is spiked to the horizontal shore.

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ii. Horizontal Strutii. Horizontal Strut

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The straining piece is also known as straining sill and is spiked to the horizontal shore. The width of straining piece is the same as that of the strut.When the distance between the walls (to be strutted apart) is considerable, a horizontal shore can not be safe and a trussed framework of members is necessary to perform the function of flying shore.

iii. iii. Dead or Needle ShoringDead or Needle Shoring

Dead or needle shoring, often more simply referred to as propping, is used for supporting existing walls, floors and roofing whilst works are carriedout to form openings or removewalls at lower level.

Steel or timber uprights are provided to support loads from a structure, normally in association with wedges orhead and sole plates to distribute stresses over larger areas.

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When opening in the wall are to be made, holes are cut in the wall at such a height as to allow sufficient space for insertion of the beam or girder that will be provided permanently to carry the weight of the structure above.

Distance at which the holes are cut depends upon the type of masonry and it varies from 1.2m to 1.8m centre.

Beams called needles are placed in the holes and are supported by vertical props called dead shores at their ends on either side of the wall.

The needles may be of timber or steel and are of sufficient section to carry the load above.

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