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INTRODUCTION TO RONALD KAYS

On photography Time split in two

OSVALDO DE LA TORRE

Ronald Kays On photography Time split in two was originally pub-

lished in Santiago, Chile, in Del espacio de ac (1980), a book that

emerged within the context of a dictatorial regime clandestinely con-

tested by a combative literary and artistic avant-garde front. Del espacio

de ac is a theoretical-poetic text dealing with the temporal, phenome-

nological, and metaphysical aspects of photography as a mode of tech-

nological reproduction and its sociocultural specifi city within Latin

America; it is also a sophisticated analysis of the visual practice of

Eugenio Dittborn as it relates to the aforementioned political context.1

A 1976 exhibition of Dittborns work in Santiagos Galera poca,

titled Delachilenapinturahistoria, set off a novel and unprecedented

critical praxis that saw theorists and artists working in conjunction

and publishing critical books or catalogues wherein text, visual

object, and formal arrangement remained at all times in dialogue and

functioned as each others ground or support. Out of Dittborns exhibi-

tion emerged the fi rst of such collaborative projects (a book titled

2013 ARTMargins and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology doi:10.1162/ARTM_a_00062

1 Eugenio Dittborn (b. 1943) is a visual artist who, since 1983, has dedicated himself pri-

marily to his Airmail Paintings. Working with pliable, lightweight surfaces and varied

materials, his numerous Airmail Paintings travel the world in large envelopes and are

unfolded and displayed in different artistic venues. Dittborn often incorporates reproduc-

tions of old photographs on his surfaces, particularly those that patently embody an insti-

tutional practice of documentation and surveillance (ID photos and mug shots, for

example), thereby alluding to the Chilean dictatorial reality.

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V.I.S.U.A.L. Dos textos de Nelly Richard y Ronald Kay sobre 9 dibujos de

Dittborn [1976]), which saw Kay, Dittborn, and the critic Nelly Richard

working in conjunction. Following these events, Kays writing on artis-

tic production would constantly return to Dittborns work, informing

such publications as Del espacio de ac and N.N.: Autopsia (1979). Nelly

Richard, for her part, would turn her critical attention to different art-

ists, including Carlos Leppe, whose work she analyzed in Cuerpo correc-

cional (1980). The contemporaneous publication of Del espacio de ac

and Cuerpo correccionalfour years after Dittborns exhibition and the

publication of V.I.S.U.A.L.may be said to mark a few important

developments within the Chilean cultural field: it consolidated Kay and

Richard as reference points for art critical discourse; it highlighted the

increasing importance of the task of the editor in the dissemination

of literary and artistic production; it confirmed the strength of an inde-

pendent and politically subversive publishing front working outside the

confines of the university, the academic profession, and institutional

sponsorship; it emphasized the importance of forging meaningful dia-

logues between theory and art, and between these two fields of knowl-

edge/experience and the political domain; and, last, it brought to the

fore a critical writing practice whichrecognizing that words are nei-

ther innocent nor transparent, and viewing language itself as a kind of

battlefieldconsciously and strategically used linguistic and rhetorical

devices, inventive formal arrangement, and semantic polyvalence to

create rich, thought-provoking, allusive, and elusive texts.

The two-pronged nature of Kays Del espacio de ac mentioned

above (a general reflection on photographys mode of being, on the one

hand; an interpretation of Dittborns work, on the other) is fore-

grounded from the start by the two subtitles given to the book. The full

title on its front cover reads Del espacio de ac: Seales para una mirada

americana (On the Space over Here: Signs for a [Latin] American

Viewpoint).2 After the dedication page (a Helena), the title changes to

Del espacio de ac: A propsito de la pintura y grfica de Eugenio Dittborn

(On the Space over Here: On Eugenio Dittborns Paintings and Graphic

2 Del espacio de ac is notoriously difficult to translate, in great part because of the inherent

ambiguity of Del (concerning, about, apropos, on, regarding, etc.) and ac (tech-

nically, here, but a here that is not necessarily deictic; rather, a here that reflexively

utters its own distance or farness with respect to another space or there; ac is therefore

closer to over here). Other options for rendering this title in English include: About This

Space, Regarding This Space, and On/Regarding/About/Apropos This Space over Here.

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Art). On the one hand, then, the text identifies itselfalbeit tentatively,

with the tentativeness afforded by the word sealesas descriptive,

even prescriptive, of a Latin American viewpoint, where viewpoint

can be read as a mark of cultural identity (a Latin American way of

looking at things, doing things, thinking); Kays text would pro-

vide (and itself also embody) the rough sketches, framework, signals, or

signs of a Latin American cultural specificity, which necessarily

defines itself in contrast to an opposing and culturally dominant

spacepredictably, Europe or the Near West. On the other hand, the

second subtitle reduces the texts critical scope to Chile and to the

visual production of one of its foremost contemporary artists; in this

modality, the text identifies itself as a commentary or gloss on a singu-

lar art project. By prefacing both of its analyses as articulations issuing

from the space over here, the text positions itself and its author in the

marginal site that Latin America occupies (by imposition or internal-

ization) with respect to Europe. It does so, of course, with some irony

as with the jocular en Chile estaba la Grecia (There in Chile was

Greece) that prefaces Kays translation of Ezra Pounds Propertius,

which I briefly mention belowconjuring up, reaffirming, and at the

same time criticizing the notions of center and periphery, North and

South, Near West (Europe) and Far West (Latin America and Chile), the

transcendent and hegemonic space de all (over there) and the imma-

nent and peripheral space de ac (over here).3

As my brief analysis of the title of his 1980 book shows, Kays phil-

osophical and theoretical texts are purposefully polyvalent and multi-

layered, as well as highly lyrical, unorthodox, and unapologetically

nonacademic; his poetic writings, conversely, are intensely conceptual

and challenging. All in all (and to return, as Kay himself frequently

does, to the use of geological metaphors), Kays writing may be charac-

terized as possessing multiple semantic and linguistic strata. As a poet,

Kay has published Variaciones ornamentales (1979), Deep Freeze (2000),

and Punto de fuga (2001). As a translator, he has rendered into Spanish

Ezra Pounds Homage to Sextus Propertius (1919), itself a transla-

tion of the Latin poets elegiac work. Kays editorial creativity shows in

3 Along the same critical lines and as an obvious nod to Kays text, Eugenio Dittborn would

publish in 1983 a short text titled Nous les artistes des provinces lointaines (We the

Artists from Far-Away Provinces) in the September issue of the Parisian journal Artpress

62: 1415. Dittborns text is inspired by and a commentary on the participation in the

Paris Biennalea year earlier, in 1982of Chilean artists from the neovanguardia,

including Carlos Leppe, the group CADA, and Dittborn himself.

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the fact that his translation, Propercio (2005), includes, in facing-page

format, Sextus Propertiuss own elegies and Pounds translations,

along with Kays renderings; Kays book also incorporates photographs

of excavation sites of ancient Roman ruins and urns, a 19th-century

Chilean municipal building, a naval ship, the mouth of the Aconcagua

River, and a curious epigraph by Violeta Parra, mentioned above, that

reads en Chile estaba la Grecia (there in Chile was Greece)edito-

rial decisions that blur the lines between translation and original, a

standard book and an artists book. Kays theoretico-philosophical

output includes V.I.S.U.A.L. (with Nelly Richard, 1976), N.N.: Autopsia

(1979), Del espacio de ac (1980), and Circuito cerrado (2001). Many of

these books, it should be noted, were written during the 1960s and

1970s, but not published until recently, in part because of the strict

censorship imposed on all areas of information and cultural expression

during the military dictatorship.4

Kays production departs from a very troubled and politically

tumultuous scene in which the Chilean Path to Socialism had been

violently and abruptly interrupted by the Pinochet-led military coup of

1973a spectacular and widely televised event that culminated in the

suicide of Salvador Allende inside the National Palace and the end of

his socialist political project.5 The military juntas rule would officially

last until 1990, and (as is the case with other Southern Cone dictator-

ships that were contemporary with it) was characterized by countless

cases of murder, torture, disappearance, human rights violations, and

censorship. During this time, Kay worked at the Department of

Humanistic Studies of the School of Sciences and Mathematics at the

Universidad de Chile, where he led seminars on theater and on the

work of Antonin Artaud. His 1974 seminar on Artaud, titled

Signometraje (Signfilm), incorporated a performance project that

was photographically recorded and published in book form as Tentativa

Artaud (2008). People attending his seminars included notable figures

like Catalina Parra, Diamela Eltit, and Ral Zurita.

4 Most of Kays books can now be legally accessed and downloaded through the website of

the Centro de Documentacin de las Artes Visuales (http://centrodedocumentaciondelas

artes.cl/g2/cgi-bin/library.cgi). The CeDoc, as it is most commonly called, is an archive

that aims to catalogue and preserve the record of artistic production (and related docu-

ments) of post-1970s Chile.

5 For a provocative reading of the military coup as an avant-garde event, with particular

emphasis on the image of the Moneda Palace ablaze, see Willy Thayer, El golpe como

consumacin de la vanguardia, in El fragmento repetido: Escritos en estado de excepcin

(Santiago: Metales Pesados, 2006), 1547.

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In 1975, Kay edited the journal Manuscritos, the visual layout of

which was managed by Catalina Parra, with only a single yet highly

influential issue being published. An anomalous journal in terms of its

visual presentation (to the point that it could be considered an artists

book, as Justo Pastor Mellado suggests),6 Manuscritos included a host of

emerging and consolidated voices, among them Nicanor Parra and

Ral Zurita. The latter debuted in this journal with a hermetic and alle-

gorical poem titled Areas Verdes, which would later form part of his

renowned Purgatorio (1979). It is with the publication of this journal

that Kay, along with Nelly Richard, arguably begins to shape the theo-

retical conversations around artistic production and its relation to dicta-

torship in Chilesimultaneously influencing, organizing, and

granting profound conceptual depth to a heterogeneous field of experi-

mental and politically subversive art and literature.

In general, an avant-garde spirit defined the post-1973 literary and

artistic landscape in Chile. Blurring the lines between art, politics, and

life, the artists and writers of this period were skeptical of grand narra-

tives and totalizing enterprises, from both the conservative right and

the communist left. Although these cultural figures can be catalogued

into distinct groups, each with its own artistic and theoretical agenda

(with Nelly Richard, Carlos Leppe, and Carlos Altamirano forming one

group; Zurita, Eltit, Francisco Brugnoli, Lotty Rosenfeld, Fernando

Balcells, and Juan Castillo forming the group CADA; and Ronald Kay,

Eugenio Dittborn, and Catalina Parra forming another group),7 the

totality of their artistic production has been generally clustered under

the name neovanguardia (neo-avant-garde).8

6 Justo Pastor Mellado, Revista Manuscritos y la coyuntura catalogal de 1975, Justo Pastor

Mellado (blog), July 2003, http://www.justopastormellado.cl/gabinete_de_trabajo/articu

los/2003/20030714.html. Justo Pastor Mellado is a highly respected voice in post-1970s

Chilean cultural (particularly artistic) debates, belonging to the same constellation as

Kay, Nelly Richard, and others. Pastor Mellado regularly publishes essays and reflections

on his blog.

7 Robert Neudstadt, CADA da: La creacin de un arte social (Santiago: Cuarto Propio,

2001), 23.

8 Within the Latin American context, Chile is known for possessing an enduringly

strong avant-garde literary tradition, to which Kay in many respects is a contemporary

heir. Since the beginning of the literary avant-gardes in the first part of the 20th century

and up to today, Chile has never found itself without a powerful, and eventually institu-

tionalized, avant-garde voice (Huidobro, Neruda, Parra, and Zurita would comprise a

potential unbroken genealogy). An initial avant-garde wave may be said to have com-

prised the work of creacionista poet Vicente Huidobro (18931948), the early facet of

Pablo Nerudas (190473) work, most notably his Residencia en la tierra (1933), and

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With regard to Kays theoretical production, the highly conscious

textuality and frequently unorthodox formal arrangements of his

books distort the boundaries among philosophic, poetic, and artistic

discourse. This characteristic has also made Kayfor better or

worsea difficult figure to digest, incorporate, or appropriate into

the theoretical landscape of what might reductively be called (Post)

Dictatorship Studies. Kay, in other words, is both an ineludible referent

(scholars discuss his influential presence during and after the dictator-

ship or refer to his work as a whole) and an elusive, slippery figure

(no one, to my mind, has yet undertaken a thoughtful close reading

of his texts). In truth, it is difficult, if not impossible, to distill a theory

(of political violence, art, photography, etc.) from his written work.

To this we must add that, as a university professor who up to today

has given numerous yet unrecorded courses, lectures, and talks, his

ideas are also expressed in a constitutively ephemeral fashion. Kays

writing is inappropriable, unquotable, and therefore perennially

unfashionable because it is not theory in the conventional sense.

In some instances, for example, his theoretical output is polluted

by subjective and biographical contingency. This is the case with

Circuito cerrado, which discusses, in the first person, the books condi-

tions of production and publication, and which is also framed by photo-

graphs that implicitly reference Kays life: after the front cover, a

Wehrmacht soldier surrendering in the streets of Paris, which alludes

to Kays Germanic heritage (Kay was born in Hamburg in 1941), to

the fact that his father was a soldier in the German army, and to Kays

inherited guilt as a result; before the back cover, a photograph of a

young Catalina Parra, Kays first wife and the daughter of the famed

poet Nicanor Parra.

the (politically and aesthetically) revolutionary poetry of Pablo de Rokha (18941968),

who contributed to that so-called annus mirabilis of Western literature with a volume

titled Los gemidos (1922). A second wave encompassed those poets grouped around 1938

under the name Mandrgora (with an eponymous literary journal), among them Braulio

Arenas (191388), Jorge Luis Cceres (192349), and Enrique Gmez Correa (191595).

Finallyand although they may be grouped with the aforementioned wavetwo influen-

tial poets justly deserve to be either individually singled out or jointly hailed as compris-

ing their own avant-garde period. One is Nicanor Parra (1914), a centenarian figure who

literally lived the majority of the 20th century, is still alive, and whose Poemas y antipoe-

mas (1954) deserves particular note; the other is Enrique Lihn (192988), a highly self-

conscious poet active both before and during the dictatorship, but who is not typically

aligned with any program or group. The legacy of both Parra and Lihn permeates the

moment in which Kay finds himself.

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As Kay himself thoughtfully points out, the original and unortho-

dox marriage of lyricism and theory that characterizes his writings can

be described as the deployment of strategies of language.9 Rather

than hiding behind or founding his truths on a solid theoretical

apparatus, on robust concepts that ultimately hinder what he may want

to say, Kays writingby which I mean each contingent textembod-

ies a singular theoretical utterance, one that cannot be easily appropri-

ated, iterated, or translated. The distinct, exemplary rhetoric generated

in each text thereby charges language with the responsibility of what it

says. The fluctuations between fotografa and instantanea (the lat-

ter term rendered, perhaps infelicitously, as the take in this transla-

tion) to alternate between the technical, mechanical connotations of

the photographic medium, on the one hand, and its temporal implica-

tions, on the other; the use of the word detenimiento (arrest) to

describe the photographs effect on timea word that also denotes the

action of apprehending or detaining in the juridical sense, such that

the photographic act could be read as a kind of policing of time; the

use of parallel structures to convince the reader by means of the

incantation of formal repetition as much as by argument and content

(as in the paragraphs that begin with It is terrifying, It is fascinat-

ing, It is agonizing): These represent only a few instances by which

Kay charges his own language with extreme weight and responsibility.

The text translated below, On photography Time split in two, is

the first chapter of Del espacio de ac, where it appears under the title

El tiempo que se divide.10 In its present form, however, this text con-

stitutes a coherent, autonomous piece that offers dense and provocative

reflections on photographys relation to temporality.11 Yet Kays interest

9 Conversaciones con Ronald KayCaptulo 5, YouTube video, 55:10, posted by

CCPLMChile, March 8, 2013, http://youtu.be/Mvojk1ArDgc. The idea of charging

language with the responsibility of what it says is also taken from this interview.

10 Originally published as Ronald Kay, El tiempo que se divide, in Del espacio de ac

(Santiago: Editores Asociados, 1980; repr., Santiago: Metales Pesados, 2005), 2025. This

present translation is based on the Metales Pesados edition. As Kay himself points out in

the books back matter, this text is composed of excerpts from Digression on Photo-

graphy (Digresin sobre la fotografa), a chapter appearing originally in the book Das

Objektiv der Zeichen, in 1972.

11 Kays text also offers some reflections on the connections between photography, geology,

and paleontology, reflections that could be productively paired with poetic, literary, and

visual representations of the Chilean desert. One such potential pairing would include a

recent documentary by Chilean director Patricio Guzmn, Nostalgia for the Light (2010),

which grants its viewers a vivid and poignant portrait of a natural landscape (the desert)

as a site of loss and memory. Set in Chiles northern Atacama Desert, Guzmns

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in photography is not only philosophical, but also personal (he is an

avid collector of photographs) and politically grounded. As was the case

for other artists and poets working in the dictatorial context of post-

1970s Chile, photography became a medium particularly suited to

embody, evoke, and deploy a number of politically pertinent concepts,

such as memory, testimony, nostalgia, surveillance, and disappearance.

Photography, for Kay, implies a certain violence, a kind of catastrophic

tear or rupture in the continuum of time, the isolation, the baffling

emancipation of the image from the immediacy of things and beings,

as he states in the translation below. As I mentioned earlier, the deten-

imiento or arrested characteristic of the photographic gesture also

evokes the idea of violent, police-like apprehension. Yet photography is

also an eminently nostalgic mode of perception, persistently turning to

the past in order to document, quote, or rescue it. Photography con-

firms the disappearance of its object, poignantly announcingeven

denouncingits death. What the photograph captures is destined to

die, a fate that the mechanical capture mutely and emotively declares.

documentary depicts a groups indefatigable search for the remains of relatives tortured,

killed, and disposed of in the desert by the dictatorial police. This story is combined with

a separate yet analogous astronomic narrative, which includes footage of the cosmos

and interviews with astronomers explaining their own careful search and research on

interstellar phenomena that, due to the immense distances that light must necessarily

travel to reach Earth, can approach them only as pastas ancient, potentially extinct

events. As the place with the clearest atmosphere in the world, Atacama is for astrono-

mers the perfect site from which to gaze at the stars. As the driest place in the world,

Atacama, too, is the ideal site for the material preservation of organic remains (humidity

decomposes bodies, a fact that probably escaped a dictatorial police otherwise careful to

destroy the traces of its destruction). What ties archeology, astronomy, and paleontology

to the postdictatorial experience is the act of searching for and exploring a difficult and at

times inscrutable past. In the heart of the driest place on the globe, astronomers, archeol-

ogists, paleontologists, mothers, fathers, relatives, and partners tirelessly search for pos-

sible answers to and remnants of those things that propel their passion: a star, an artifact,

a bone, a constellation, a corpse. Anything buried and preserved under the deserts sur-

face; anything, too, encountered in the transparent, nocturnal sky, is a kind of fossilan

object mute yet imbued with a dense narrative and history. Long before Nostalgia for the

Light, Kay had proposed the fossil as a different name for, or concrete figuration of, the

remnant, that stubborn trace that resists destruction and that is then unearthed,

exposed, and regarded, in all its enigmatic inscrutability, by a stunned witness (be that

witness an artist, critic, reader, or viewer). Criticism, but perhaps more specifically writ-

ing, is for Kay an archeological task. Thus, in the brief note that opens Del espacio de ac,

he equates writing with the fossil by stating that his texts [m]erely signal the vestiges of

some cataclysm. As with fossils, texts, for Kay, are simultaneously condensed multiple,

distant moments on which, coming to the surface and bursting out of them, one discov-

ers and distinguishes part of what was submerged (19). In On photography Time split in

two, he describes photography as fossilized writing and as [p]etrified cinema, and

the beings captured therein as traces of antediluvian animals on fossil rocks.

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In this waythrough the implicit reference to the disappearance of

beings and photographys attempt to delay or arrest that disappear-

anceKays text represents a thoughtful contribution to the issue of

political disappearance and arts role in foregrounding it, without, of

course, offering any kind of prescription, program, or straightforward

answer.

For the first time, this translation brings Kays writing to this, our

near-Western, Anglophone context. Insofar as it constitutes a short

selection of Kays Del espacio de ac, and a mere fragment of his total

output, this translation perhaps only hopes to spark further interest in

and pursuit of his writing. Alluding to the closing words of On photog-

raphy Time split in two, I hope the reader can recognize its revolution-

ary force.

NOTE I would like to thank Ronald Kay for his invaluable input in preparing this

translation, which would be all the poorer had it not benefited from his unmatched

attention to syntactic and semantic minutiae. On many occasions I felt as though we

were co-writing a text rather than translating an original piece (a case in point being

the title of the piece, which after much discussion changed from El tiempo que se divide

to On photography Time split in two).

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On photography Time split in two

RONALD KAY

Photography delays time to the point of its arrest. The nameless

energies that compose time are intercepted, precipitated, distributed,

congealed, and materially captured in the photographic scene.

Camoufl aged in the stains that light spreads in the negative of his

own image, enthralled by the luminous mimicry that exteriorizes

him in the mechanical likeness of himself, man is brought to the

fore by means of spatiotemporal dimensions proper to an other

spontaneity, a different materiality, an alternate path, a new fatality,

a reaching to be known. Reincarnated in the strange sectioning of

time introduced by the photographic machine, the human anatomy

composes a physical language that actualizes it according to a fulmi-

nating order.

What energies, what currents are put in circulation, what constellations

are linked when the light penetrates and invades, burns, stains, and

ignites the sensitive bromide and silver nitrate strata (for example, at

400 ASA), when each rocks speck is hurt by the light that carries the

image?1 Through the wound opened up by the light on the photo-sensi-

tive surface, the shape of an image shattered against the expanse of the

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1 The photograph is a geological phenomenon in miniature.

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negative is forever preserved. What takes place is a cosmic catastrophe:

the isolation, the baffling emancipation of the image from the immedi-

acy of things and beings. In the open of the perturbed photo-sensitive

surfaces, the cruel birth of an image is exhibited, no longer tied to the

contingency of events, but fixed and set free in the optical footprint,

apart and autonomous. This detachment annihilates the primacy of

objects in the visual field; an annihilation that each and every photo-

graph exhibits as its reverse: the tragic spectacle of the withdrawal of

life, infused in each photograph like a paranoid image within an

image.

Beyond capturing the flux of life and saving it, arrested, for the archives

of memory, the lenss eye violates what is seen, traverses its fleeting

and perishable time in order to arrive at an artificial one: the infinite,

synthetic present.

The technical eyes focus entombs the statues and everything they

embody in black and white (or Technicolor), in the arrestedever iden-

tical and iterablechronology of automatism; it uproots them from

organic oblivion and makes them reappear, mute and duplicated, on

the stable surface of the take.

Generated by a perception that is not that of the sensespresent

yet overrun, detached yet fixed, void yet overwhelmed by eternity

humanity, turned into a mechanical effigy, remains besieged by

the abrupt chemical silence, which intercepts the habitual look

onto itself.

The lens drains all noise, subtracts the ear from the photographed;

hearing at the same time loses its contact with the voicethe living

organ, the internal caressinvented and articulated by language, and

which, being the most complex and differentiated code, the most vis-

ceral and abstract code, was and is the common and shocking entrance

into humanity. Through it, man, ephemeral and fragile, listens and

speaks its sense.

The photographwith the vast layers of silence that its surface

extends over the materiality of things and the aura of personscreates

that internal distance, the void that in those same retained fractions of

time attracts the echo of future events, that is, the intercalation of a

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different zone of perception, the impalpable sight of unborn eyes, the

latency of other voicesalien, remote, successivethat may speak the

landscapes of a memory not directly attained by the senses.

The voice is bound to the instant, fleeting and incomparable, and to an

intangible order and imperative within that very instant; what the ear

ventures in giving passage to the interior voicethrough whose into-

nation alternate the somatic traces that dictate itis the translation and

stamp of its inalienable, moving, perishable presenceits own destina-

tion in transitory time.

The take makes the moment dmod 2 even before it happens; as a tech-

nical procedure, the take, among other things, makes the moment con-

temporaneous to the first photographs. Outward appearance is

photographically demolished. The arrested gestures fall into the cam-

era like prostheses that have long and imperceptibly supplanted the

body. Appearance becomes the costume of itself: its paralysis and aban-

donment resounds in a dernier cri. In the focus of the objective lens, the

mechanical anatomy, the skeleton of the surfaces, become apparent. In

the mirror of photographywritten by lightclassical narcissism suf-

fers a fundamental retouch; being reflected in it means, sub specie

aeternitatis, to experience ones own absence, to look face to face at

death in the fascinating duplicate of ones own likeness. Photography

that displaces the blinded human figure onto the marvelous, onto the

glamour of silver bromide (who does not want to see himself photo-

graphed?), is the makeup, the Elizabeth Arden product from Thanatos

by means of which forms are cast with the appearance of lifeciviliza-

tions death masks. Photography is a supplementary, second (isnt it

also the first?) skin framed by bordering another space, another time,

the permanent transition zone toward an order withdrawn from us.

What survives is the lens and its sightless eye. Living flesh is reduced

to the inorganic function of giving purpose and action to the photo-

graphic apparatus and, simultaneously, of setting up the multiple tab-

leaux vivants for an absent order undermining all limits.

2 Photographic perception mechanizes what is perceived. As a product of the instrument,

the instant is withdrawn from chronological flight and inserted into the synchrony of

photographic language as an iconic sign (time precipitates into space), thereby making

itself available; the grammar of synchrony makes [the instant] annexable to other times

and other signs.

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All the forms of auxiliary apparatus which we have invented for the

improvement or intensification of our sensory functions are built on

the same model as the sense organs themselves or portions of them:

for instance, spectacles, photographic cameras, ear-trumpets.

FREUD, A NOTE UPON THE MYSTIC WRITING-PAD

From Freud, we can infer that the camera is not only the materialized

extension of our perceptive apparatus, but also the exteriorization of

certain motional functions. Beyond pure vision, photography is also the

amplification and restructuration of our tactile faculties, the objectifica-

tion of certain actions, that is, their extension and automatization. The

cameras shutter release intervenes in external movement, detains, and

fixes it on the negative. The photographic apparatus pierces into the

density of things, uproots beings from space, withdraws them from the

perishable, exposing them onto the sensitive surface and draining

them of their excessive spatiality so as to hold, shelter, and locate them

virtually3 as pure visible footprints. This intervention without molecu-

lar destruction, this cut that the apparatus exerts on the flux of appear-

ances is simultaneously the transposition of these appearances onto

another medium. Transfigured, the runner keeps on running, graphi-

cally petrified in the take. Such an immobility is imposed on him that

the runners appearance in the image is kept in suspense and breath-

less, akin to the long disquieting wait that follows certain decisive

eventsgun shots, rapes, homicides.

The mechanism of the shutter release exteriorizes and material-

izes a tic; it is the mechanical metaphor of a repetition compulsion. With

the shutter release, this amplified, independent, and objectified autom-

atism is inscribed again in the new photogenic exterior of our body. By

applying onto our somatic presence the now external meter of the auto-

matic, this meter captures and formalizes the very unconscious autom-

atisms of our presence, transcribing them on the visual plane.

The detour of this transcription exposes the automatism, the laws,

and the uniformity inherent in the expressivity of the human organ-

3 Divesting things of their spatiality entails the restitution of their inherent virtuality.

This is also implied in the colloquial use of the verb to perpetuate. Visible permanence

can be produced only on the basis of this originary virtualitythe virtuality of things

in language.

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ism; it makes visible the automatic writing of gestures, whose inaccessi-

ble code keeps us imprisoned. Their hieroglyphic characters are

embedded in the silver bromide crystals, much like the buried tremors

of antediluvian animals on fossil rocks. Petrified cinema.

In the stoppage of writings corporeal strokes, the particular and

unique present has been moved onto the atemporality of the uncon-

scious, where before and after, actual and virtual are reversible. By

means of this displacementmonstrous distance and mobilitythe

contemporaneity inherent in the photographed moment is given its

own prehistory. Nonetheless, it is this very distance that enables the

potential understanding of that atemporal present. To comprehend it

entails consciously crossing and traversing the very distance of dis-

placement; in other words, it means reaching the time and space

wherein the photographed event has been effectively placed. Only by

means of this traversal can the withdrawn present be retroactively

recovered and actualized.

Photographs possess a rare quality: beyond simply registering an

event by means of its optical footprint, every photograph stands as the

invisible material inscription of the potential look of a witness. (This

virtual role is first, and contingently, assumed by the photographer).

This fated witness is not only a dynamic virtual presence within the

photograph, but also, and above all, within the event itself, since the

negative constitutes a translation (by means of contact) of the eventits

material continuation in other times, places, and situations. The photo-

graph is nothing less than the always-virtual interpolation of those

other distant times in the apparently closed and concluded continuum

of the event. The photograph proposes a different physics, a retrophys-

ics rather than a metaphysics.

It is terrifying that this writingemancipatedcould be ones

own amplified, iterable, and stratified bodyour photographic flesh.

It is fascinating that this unexpectedly public body acts at a dis-

tance, formalized and regulated in its mechanical reproduction.

It is agonizing to break open this fossilized writing, to envision

and mobilize its alphabet, which writes us by inescapably inscribing us

in a collectivity that communicates through a presence opened up by

the image.

The cruelest events and most arresting acts; the records of

Hiroshimas destruction; the reproductions of the exterminated natives

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of Tierra del Fuego; photographs of a box camera taken during the

emptiness of a Sunday morning; the snapshots of Benny Kid Parets

passion; all of them continue indelibly, perpetuate themselves unfor-

gettably in our precarious eyes, transmitting, with identical precision,

their inexhaustible information even long after those eyes, our ephem-

eral eyes, will have disappeared. Memories that cannot come to an end.

A rigorously mechanized chronicle is registered in the actions fixed by

a limitless time; its actors are the sudden stereotypes of an always

anachronistic now. A past that never existed is incessantly reborn

through the bodies incinerated by the light in the negative.

In the frozen agitation of the synthetic gestures of war pilots, of

swimming champions, of children ravaged by hunger, of women in the

pose of ecstasy, are channeled the energies delayed by the posthumous

trauma that the camera inflicts on the photographed moment.

An apocalyptic history is being written through the exact light and

shadow proofs revealed in the positives.

From the gestures that escalate to the critical point of their stop-

page in order to find their moment in the retained time there derives a

chronology of unprecedented dimensions. Apprehended by the mea-

sure of a startling logic, they articulate the movement within the

blocked images.

In the visual excretion of reality, humanity continually evacuates

its death drive, reverting with each clich to an inorganic stage, to the

stillness of crystals, to the primal age of matter.

Reaching ones own absence through the prehistory produced by the

take signifies the ability to grasp a past of which one is not conscious,

but which has long been occupied by optical technology under the pre-

tense that it is nothing but an immediate and obvious reflection of what

is visible.

History has been expropriated by the dogma of representational

optics. Herein lies the origin of the ideological component of visual

information media. As long as the dogma of instrumentality is main-

tainedthat is, as long as it is believed that the photographic relation is

produced in the evidence of the visible and its straightforward repro-

duction; and as long as we do not recognize, instead, that it traces its

signs in the enigma of the visiblewe will remain hostage to the repe-

tition of our own absence.

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To know oneself in the photograph is, among other things, to rec-

ognize oneself as the effect of the machine, as the fabrication of its

work. To penetrate the foreign body generated by the mechanical like-

ness demands that we overcome a dialectic obstacle: the fact that each

one of our senses and movements has been virtually impounded by the

mechanisms of technical reproduction. Already our body is always, vir-

tually, a photograph. From this point of view, the possibility of presence

appears as something terrifyingly energetic and perturbing, as a still-

active, movable element within an immobilized expression.

The material translation, transfer, and transport of the photo-

graphically-registered occur at the instant of the take. In this doubling,

the sudden scission of a temporal fission takes place; this splitting

introduces a decisive alteration within the structuration of time. An

action that we may call x is, from a specific chronic point, distributed

into two differentiated temporal orders that are nonetheless mutually

connected (specifically, the link is the photograph). The moment of

division and distribution constitutes an interchronic moment. By

means of the lapse of passage from one time to the other, x action

simultaneously occurs in two forms: as the transitory form of an event,

and as the invariable version of its photographic documentation. The

sudden, actual scission of times nucleus during its photographic trans-

fer produces and establishes a synchronicity. By means of this syn-

chronicity two temporal ordersthe one unique, perishable, and

contingent, and the other unending, conserved and eternalized in the

photographshare the same plane, deferring their effects and

impacts. Through the instruments physical penetration into the frac-

tion of time, out of the interval of time and by means of contact, dura-

tion, solidified as visibility, is violently extracted. Within the

photograph, both orders enter into a reciprocal relation of citation and

become, on the basis of this relation, generally quotable: the transitory,

which having produced and producing as footprint the constant of the

take, is included and in-cited in it as inscriptive energy; and the perma-

nent, which, because of its emancipated persistence (the purported

final product of transcription) becomes technically reproducible and

thus quotable, subject to be combined at will. In this mechanism of

reciprocal citation inherent in the photograph, dwells the latent docu-

mentary virtue of the optical footprint.

Clearly, the constitution of the photograph is not the effect of a

mere reflection, but rather a translation that achieves the constructive

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separation of organic sight from the mechanical eye, the visible dissoci-

ation between the optically-conscious and the optically-unconscious,

formalizing them in differentiated sign systems; it achieves the possi-

bility, therefore, of being at the same time within sight and outside of it,

without abandoning the visible. In this way, photographic sight appears

as the critical instance of the physical eye: herein resides its revolution-

ary force.

TRANSLATED BY OSVALDO DE LA TORRE