de pictura alberti

8/12/2019 De Pictura Alberti

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O``b MRVRE[-XOCCOXE@

I. H. OIHBX]E NR IB MNRHIB ME[KNRX[MR@ JRGO@E[]B [RX IOX]

krevoe`, pntb, orkjetbktb, outbur mb troets sur ib mrnet, io cogeiib, iorkjetbkturb, ioskuipturb, I.H. Oihbrte bst ioutbur mu`b uvrb mu`b mevbrset eggb`sb. Muro`t sbs o``bsmb cnrgoten`, Oihbrte o ktny mbs jugoèstbs ousse kihrbs qub Cioven Hen`mn, Cro`kbsknHorhorn, Cro`kbskn Ceibicn, O`tnèn Vo`nrgeto... Vbut-trb tumeo-t-ei ib mrnet kevei bt ibmrnet ko`n` Hnina`b b`trb ?=?2 bt ?=86?. Ei sdnurò Xngb mb ?=8: ?=;8 n ei sbropprnkjo mbs jugoèstbs bgpinys io kureb m'Bua`b ES bt suevet ib pn`tecb mo`s sn` bxei

Cinrb`kb porter mb ?=;=8.Oihbrte mknuvrb Cinrb`kb u`b cinroesn` mb toib`ts que gretoeb`t u`b rb`nggb aoib

kbux mb iO`tequet 4 Hru`biibskje, Mnòtbiin, Ajehbrte, kbux-i ggb que nuvrb`t iombuxegb prenmb mo`s ibsSetbmb Sosore. Io knupnib ibvb por Hru`biibskje, ossbz iorabpnur knuvrer tnus ibs pbupibs tnsko`s , bst ib syghnib mb kbttb skeb`kb e`vb`tb so`s gotrbbt so`s ouku` bxbgpib. Oihbrte b` rbterb ib sb`tegb`t mu`b hepnioret mb ijestnerb mbs ortsportoab b`trb iO`tequet bxbgpioerb bt ib gn`mb kn`tbgpnroe`, kbttb Cinrb`kb mb ?=;2 nrbporot io cnrkb krotrekb arkb io voibur mb sbs ortestbs. Vnur Oihbrte, kb rb`nuvbou mb iokroten`, mn`t ei kn`stotb ibs cruets Cinrb`kb, `b pbut trb aoro`te qub por u` rbtnur ouxsnurkbs merbkt mb iO`tequet Xngoe`b.

Ib Mb Vekturo, pius qub tnut outrb kret sur iort, vesb iaetegbr ie`skrepten` mb iopbe`turb mo`s ib rbaestrb mbs orts iehroux; 4 ib pbe`trb `b sbro pius orteso` goes ortestb. [ea`bmu` stotut b` pibe` mbvbèr (ei coumro ottb`mrb ib geiebu mu ZSEb sekib pnur qub òessb ioprbgerb okomgeb mb pbe`turb), i ort mb ijnggb mb iort rb`vneb hbouknup gne`s u`kjogp bstjtequb outn`ngb qu u`b prnmukten`, u`b pntequb. Oihbrte e`vetb ib pbe`trb trb ousse u` ibttr. Kb `bst mn`k pos io pbe`turb que pbrgbttro ou pbe`trb mb sibvbre`tbiibktubiibgb`t bt snkeoibgb`t, goes io protequb iehroib mb io pbe`turb 4 ib Mb pekturosb

vbut, mo`s u`b pbrspbktevb tntoibgb`t `nvotrekb, ousse u` e`strugb`t mb meste`kten` b`trb ibpbe`trb-orteso` bt ib pbe`trb-ortestb.

[e ibMb pekturobst port, kbst quei sb cn`mb sur u` kn`tokt pbrsn``bi ovbk io pbe`turb mbio port mu` protekeb` cnrg mo`s ib komrb mbs sovners jugoèstbs. Mnt mu`b sniembcnrgoten` jugoèstb, Oihbrte bst ousse u` pbe`trb. R`b qubsten` sb pnsb 4 u`b kbrtoe`bbxpreb`kb protequb mu mbsse` bt mb io pbe turb mbvoet-biib coerb porteb mu`b kuiturbjugoèstb > Orestntb pr oet ib`sbea`bgb`t mu mbsse` pnur qub iivb sjohetub kn`tbgpibr io hbout mbs knrps. Vebr Vonin Sbrabren= ms ?=6=, cnrguib u`b outnresoten` mb

? Kc. I.H. Oihbrte,IOrt mmecebr,tbxtb tromuet, prsb`t bt o``nt por V. Koyb bt C. Kjnoy, Vores, 866=.8 MHE,E, 168-1?;.; Ibn` Hottesto Oihbrte, Io Vbe`turb, meten`, tromukten` bt knggb`toerb mb ]. Anisb``b bt H. Vrvnst, rbvub

por U. Jbrso`t, Vores, [buei, 866=, p. ?:.= Vebr Vonin Sbrabren,Mb eàbùes gnrehus bt iehbroies stumees, ?=68-;.


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Kogbòb` 3 due` 8665

8

pre`kepb pnur ibs jugoèstbs que ouroeb`t snujoet protequbr ib mbsse`, vnerb, ib coerbb`sbea`br mo`s u`b knib. Nr, pnur u` jugoèstb, tnut ort pnuvoet, por mceèten`, trbb`sbea` por mbs prkbptbs. Kjbz Oihbrte iue-ggb, ou ievrb EE mu Mb pekturo, bst vnqub ioqubsten` mb io cnrgoten` mbs gbs heb` `bs io pbe`turb 4

\W N` bxpnsoet mo s ibs tjtrbs, porge ibs prbgerbs presbs mb aubrrb roppnrtbs mbsprnve`kbs, mbs tohiboux bt mbs stotubs. Ibs kjnsbs b` orrevrb`t ou pne`t n Voui-Bgeib bt mb`nghrbux outrbs ketnyb`s rngoe`s cerb`t opprb`mrb iburs b`co`ts io pbe`turb porge ibsmeskepie`bs iehroibs mu vevrb heb` bt jburbux. Bxkbiib`tb knutugb qub ibs Arbks nhsbrvoeb`tovbk to`t mb sne` qub ibs dbu`bs ab`s heb` `s oyo`t rbu u`b mukoten` iehroib `toeb`t possbuibgb`t e`struets b` aroggoerb, b` angtreb bt b` gusequb, goes ousse mo`s iort mbpbe`mrb2.

[e ib ievrb E kn`stetub ib tbxtb ib pius prknkb sur io pbrspbktevb pekturoib (nptequb bt

angtreb), ei cnurèt aoibgb`t mbs hosbs gotjgotequbs bt angtrequbs. Ib ievrb EE troetbpnur io prbgerb cnes mb io kngpnseten` pekturoib b` bxpnso`t ibs trnes portebs mb iort mbpbe`mrb. Ib ievrb EEE prsb`tb io prbgerb tumb pnussb mbs roppnrts b`trb ib pbe`trb bt ibsoutrbs ortestbs, `ntoggb`t ibs krevoe`s < ei oppnrtb mevbrs kioerkessbgb`ts sur itjequb mbkbiue qub `nus oppbiibren`s iortestb, sur io voibur gnroib mb io pbe`turb bt sur sn` roppnrtovbk ib systgb mbs sovners. Merb qub kjbz Oihbrte, io pbe`turb bst u` ort iehroi, kbst merbquei soaet mu`b skeb`kb mn`t io kn`òesso`kb bst mea`b mbs jnggbs heb` `s. Ibsmbsteòtoerbs mu ievrb mnevb`t mn`k sovner ierb ib iote` jugoèstb, ovner aoibgb`t u`bkbrtoe`b gotresb mb io angtreb mBukiemb < ib troet bst b`ce` mbste` mbs ibktburs que

mbsse`b`t nu pbea`b`t, ou gne`s pntb`tebiibgb`t, kor ei bst rmea, pnur io piuport mbsnproten`s quei mkret, knggb sei somrbssoet ibur roiesotbur. Vbut-trb kb ibktbur `bst-eiquu`b ceaurb emoib, u` jopox, que sb kn`cn`mroet ovbk io ceaurb mb ioutbur iue-ggb. Eibxestoet tnutbcnes u` arnupb gotreso`t ibs kngptb`kbs prsuppnsbs por ib Mb Vekturo4ktoet ibs ivbs mb Settnre`n mo Cbitrb io koso aenknsomb Go`tnub < moeiiburs, ei cout `ntbrquOihbrte o mmekok sn` nuvroab ou gorques mb Go`tnub, Aeo`cro`kbskn An`zoao queovoet knggb hehientjkoerb S. mo Cbitrb. Heb` qub kbio puessb porotrb o`bkmntequb, ourbvbrs mb io gmoeiib qub Veso`biin o coetb ibcceaeb mb Settnre`n ceaurb 4 GO]JBGO]EKR[ B]NG@E[ JRGO@E]O]E[ VO]BX. Settnre`n ovoet preveiae u` b`sbea`bgb`t iumequb mbsgotjgotequbs, b`sbeaòet io angtreb b` io rottokjo`t iort mu mbsse`. Ei sbghib heb`

quoet t nraoèsb u`b snrtb me`strukten` prncbssen``biib b` mbsse` 4 porge ibs b`sbeaò`tsmb io koso aenknso, b`trb outrbs spkeoiestbs knggb ibs aroggoereb`s nu ibs gotrbs mb mo`sbceauroeb`t ibs pektnrbs. Iknib mb Settnre`n o tnut ioer mb kn`stetubr ib geiebu ib pius optb terbr porte mu ievrb mOihbrte.

N` vnet quOihbrte o e`vb`t u`b `nuvbiib goèrb mb mesknurer sur io pbe`turb,bgperequb bt tjnrequb io cnes. Goes rbcn`mbr iort mb io pbe`turb òiioet pos so`sie`stouroten` mu` `nuvbou ioàoab 4 io `kbsset mb gnmecebr, mu pne`t mb vub ieàuestequb,kbst--merb, mb ie`trebur, suhsto`tebiibgb`t, ibs mn``bs mbs snurkbs o`tequbs bt gmevoibssegpnsoet mn`k iue.

2 EE, 8:, p. ???.


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S] XJB]NXEKO VEK]RXO3

_uo`m Oihbrte mevesb sn` tbxtb b` trnes ievrbs, Xumegb`to, Vekturobt Vektnr, ei rbprb`mbxoktbgb`t io porteten` a`roib mu aro`m troet mb rjtnrequb mb _ue`teieb`, que snraoèsbbiib ousse b` trnes aro`mbs portebs 4

- ibs rumegb`ts,- ibs 2 portebs mb iOrs nrotnreoque knggb`kb, knggb pnur ib Mb pekturo, por ib rket

mbs nreae`bs mb iort,- inrotbur.

Goes se in` kn`semrb inhdbktec bt io seaècekoten` mb io `nuvbiib pbe`turb b`vesoas porOihbrte, eis sn`t kngporohibs inhdbktec bt io seaècekoten` mb io rjtnrequb b`vesoas por

Kekrn` mo`s sbs `nghrbux nuvroabs sur ib sudbt. Mo`s io pbe`turb sbin` Oihbrte knggbmo`s io rjtnrequb sbin` Kekrn`, ib hut bst mb pioerb, mgnuvner, mb kn`voe`krb. Kekrn`prnpnsb ou dbu`b nrotbur u`b gtjnmb pnur mespnsbr io goterb mb sn` mesknurs bt pnur ibprsb tbr mb io go erb io pius smueso`tb bt bccekokb pnssehib. @nghrb mb sbsrbknggo`moten`s pbuvb`t trb tro`spnsbs mo`s ibs rbknggo`moten`s mOihbrte ou pbe`trb.

Ib tgneaòab ib pius `bt mb io rbioten` b`trb rjtnrequb bt pbe`turb ou ZSb sekib Cinrb`kb bst iopprkeoten` mOb`bos [yiveus Vekkniegeè, mo`s u`b ibttrb mb ?=28 4

Ogo`t bèg sb ortbs job (binqub`teo bt pekturb) om eùekbg. Eàbèug pekturo bxpbtet, eàbèug binqub`teokupet `n` uuiaorb, sbm oitug bt suggug. Geroheib mektu bst, mug ueauet binqub`teo, ueauet pekturo, sekut

Mbgnstjbès bt Kekbrnès tbgpnro mnkb`t. Vnstquog kbkemet coku`meo eokuet bt pekturo. Kug eiio rbuexet, jobkqunqub koput bxtuiet. Sembgus pekturos mukb`tnrug o``nrug ùiio prnrsus ortb pnietos. [krepto eiieus obtotesrumeo su`t, e`bpto, e`kngpto. Vnst Vbtrorkjog bgbrsbru`t iettbrob < pnst Dntug surrbxbrb pektnrug goùs


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io`keb``b Xngb. Itumb mb io rjtnrequb bst trs b` vnaub ipnqub 4 biib nkkupb b` bccbtu`b piokb egpnrto`tb io cnes mo`s ib treueuugbt mo`s io snket n ibs aro`ms nrotbursdnuessb`t mu`b rb`nggb trs egpnrto`tb. Xeb` mtn`ò`t mo`s kb kn`tbxtb kb quu`jugoèstb knggb Oihbrte, to`t mn``b so cnrgoten`, pnur mn``br cnrgb bt seaècekoten`

u` troet sur ibs `nuvbiibs cnrgbs mb io pbe`turb, rbknurb sbs kotanrebs. Ieèteoten`mOihbrte io rjtnrequb bst o`treburb so mknuvbrtb mb io pbe`turb. Oihbrte o knggb`ksbs tumbs Vomnub snus io kn`muetb mu kihrb jugoèstb Aospore`n Horzezzo que toet u`ce` kn`òessbur mb Kekrn`. Vor oeiiburs, io rbmknuvbrtb mbs krets rjtnrequbs mb Kekrn` btiE`stetuten` nrotnerb mb _ue`teieb` ropporoessb`t oinrs quOihbrte tumeb io cokuit mbHnina`b que, heb` quto`t u`b cokuit mb mrnet kn`sbrvotrekb ipnqub, ò pu ea`nrbr ibsrbmknuvbrtbs godburbs. Ibs uvrbs mb Kekrn` rbtrnuvbs mo`s io kotjmroib mb Inme b`?=8? curb`t kn`cebs Horzezzo pnur knpeb. @nus sovn`s por oeiiburs qubiibs ceauroeb`t b`hn``b piokb mo`s io hehientjqub mOihbrte. N` kngprb`m gebux pnurqune Oihbrte, ou

kn`tokt mb io rjtnrequb kekrnèb``b mbpues pius mb mex o`s inrsquei rmeab io vbrsenètoieb``b mu Mb pekturo, mn``b sn` troet io cnrgb mu` mesknurs mb Kekrn`. O tnutgngb`t, Oihbrte sbghib b` bccbt somrbssbr u` puhiek vbù iknutbr. Vnurto`t, ib sbuinrotbur ket `ngggb`t bst _ue`teieb`, kn`vnqu ou mhut mu ievrb EE pnur bxpiequbrinreae`b mb io pbe`turb 4

]urpb bteog eiium bst, kn`tb`tug bssb em kn`sbque qunm egetbres. @og rursus quem brot cuturug se `bgn piusbccbkessbt bn qubg sbqubhotur> @ejei e` pnbtes supro Ieveug O`mrnèkug, èjei e` jestnrees supro pn`tecekugo`òibs johbrbgus< rotehus omjuk òveaorbgus, `n` bssbt pekturo èse quob ie`bos gnmn bxtrbgos ughrobquog knrpnro e` snib cbkessb`t kerkugskrehbrbt.

_ub sbroet-ei omvbù b` rbvo`kjb se pbrsn``b `bt coet pius qub ib gnmib quei suevoet > \WIo pbe`turb sb rmueroet trokbr ib kn`tnur mb inghrb prndbtb por ibs knrps bxpnss ousnibei:.

Bxoge`n`s sukkbssevbgb`t qubiqubs kn`kbpts godburs que cn`t inhdbt mb rbgpines mo`sib tbxtb mOihbrte.

Eùb`ten4 Io prbgerb topb pnur inrotbur mb Kekrn` knggb pnur ib pbe`trb mOihbrtebst ie`vb`ten`, u` tbrgb que opporot mo`s ibs nuvroabs mbs mbux jnggbs bt que bst mceèpor Kekrn` mo`s ibMb nrotnrb4

Bt sek kug om eùbèb`mug e` mekb`mn treo se`t < okugb`, mbe`mb roten, quog iekbt, se uniugus, oppbiibgus

ortbg, tbrteug meieab`teo, `n` pnssug bquembg `n` eàbèn pregos kn`kbmbrb

Bt puesquei y o trnes portebs mo`s ie`vb`ten` rjtnrequb 4 ib aèb, io gtjnmb, qub `nuspnurren`s pbut-trb `nus pbrgbttrb moppbibr ort, bt ioppiekoten`, pnur go port, db `b sues posb` gbsurb mb rbcusbr io prbgerb piokb ie`tbiieab`kb5.

Oihbrte, iue, `b prnpnsb pos mb mceèten` mu tbrgb. B` rbvo`kjb, io rkurrb`kb mbstbrgbseùb`ten, roten`b,ortb,meieab`teo, mo`s sn` troet `b pbut pos trb cnrtuetb. Io meccrb`kb

:

_ue`teieb`, E`stetuten` NrotnerbZ, ee, 1.5 Kekrn`,Mb NrotnrbEE, xxxv, ?=1.


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que bxestb b`trbeùb`tenrjtnrequb bt pekturoib bst mub ou mkoioab b`trb io òturb vbrhoib mbio rjtnrequb que rbpnsb sur ibs gnts bt io òturb vesubiib mb io pbe`turb4 [bm kug set suggugpektnres npus jestnreo, e` quo quembg ngès rbrug knpeo bt bibao`teo ombssb mbhbt( Goes knggb ibsnggbt mb iuvrb mu pbe`trb bst io rbprsb`toten` mu`b jestnerb, n mnevb`t sb goècbstbr tnutb

iiao`kb bt tnutb iohn`mo`kb mbs kjnsbs?6 ). Inrotbur knggb ib pbe`trb `b mnevb`t pos sbkn`tb`tbr megetbr sbrveibgb`t ibs outrbs orts nu iburs prmkbssburs. Eis sn`t e`vets krbr, coerb prbuvb me`vb`ten` 4

@bqub porug eiie quembg guitorug rbrug `nteteo knpense iettbrote om jestnreob kngpnseten`bg puikjrb

kn`stetub`mog euuohu`t, quob ious probsbrteg e` eùb`ten`b kn`sestet. Otque bo quembg jo`k johbt ueg ut

bteog snio eùb`ten se`b pekturo mbibktbt.

Bt eis sbrn`t mu` aro`m sbknurs kbs ibttrs que cnurèssb`t cnesn` mbs kn`òesso`kbs surquo`tet mb kjnsbs pnur heb` nraoèsbr io kngpnseten` mb ijestnerb rbprsb tb mn t

ie`vb`ten` coet ib pre`kepoi gretb. Mb coet, ie`vb`ten` o u`b tbiib cnrkb qubiib piot biib sbuibso`s io pbe`turb??.

Ors, roten4 iorsnu rotenmb Kekrn` `b sn`t pos ohsb`tbs mbs kn`kbpten`s mOihbrte. B`bccbt, inrotbur mnet kjneser bt nraoèsbr io goterb pnur porvbèr sn` hut 4 tnut kb que `b sbroppnrtb pos merbktbgb`t ou sudbt mnet trb kort. Kbst bxoktbgb`t io kn`kiusen` ioqubiibohnutet Oihbrte quo`m ei kn`sbeiib ou pbe`trb mb rbstrbe`mrb ib `nghrb mb ceaurbs `b aormbrqub kbiibs que iue pbrgbttb`t mottbe`mrb sn` hut 4 pioerb, gnuvner so`s sb gn`trbrtrnp ovorb?8. B` pbe`turb knggb mo`s iort nrotnerb, io toeiib bt io pnseten` mb kjoqub portebmnevb`t trb tumebs b` cn`kten` mu roppnrt b`trb kjoku`b mbs portebs bt b` cn`kten` mb muroppnrt b`trb io porteb bt ib tnut.

Kngpnseten 4 Ib ievrb EE mu Mb Vekturo troetb pre kepoibgb`t mb io kngpnseten`pekturoib?;, kbst--merb mb io con` mn`t u` tohibou mnet trb kngpns pnur qub kjoqubsurcokb pio`b bt kjoqub nhdbt oppnrtb so kn`trehuten` ibccbt mb ib`sbghib. Oihbrte rbknurtou kn`kbpt mb kngpnseten` que ceauroet ousse heb` kjbz Setruvb pnur io htessb qub kjbzKekrn` pnur ib mesknurs bt que `toet pos bxkbpten``bi mo`s ibstjtequb gmevoib pnurmceèr u`broten peàb`me. Kekrn` coet e`tbrvbèr kb kn`kbpt b` mbuxegb pnseten` 4 u`b cnestrnuvbs ibs embs mvbinppbr, inrotbur bst b` prsb`kb mu`b gossb e`cnrgb quei soaet mbrporter bt mb gbttrb b` piokb mu`b goèrb knjrb`tb b` vub mb sn` uteiesoten`. Vnur

Oihbrte, kbrtoe`s pbe`trbs sn`t ossegeiohibs mbs protekeb`s mu rbaestrb cibure b` rjtnrequbque sbroeb`t tnghs mo`s ib mcout mb io messniuten4 quo`m io knpeo`bst pos knrreab por iouorebtos nu io kngpnseten. Oihbrte pr`b u`b voret gotresb que `b tnghb pos mo`s iokn`cusen`. Inrotbur bt ib pbe`trb mnevb`t ovner prsb`tb ibspret io kngpnseten` ovo`t mbpossbr io roiesoten` gotrebiib. N` rb`kn`trb, kb stomb mb ioòiysb, u`b outrb `nten`bssb`tebiib 4 kbst b` bccbt ibmbknrugmb io kngpnseten` que e`trbssb Oihbrte por-mbssus tnut.Ib`sbghib mb io kngpnseten` bst bxoge`, bt mo`s kbt b`sbghib, ibs mevbrsbs kngpnso`tbs

?6Oihbrte,Vbe`turbEEE, 36, p. ?52.?? Ehem., EEE, 2;, p. ?15.?8

Ehem., EE, =6, p. ?=8 4 Nme snietume`bg e` jestnreo.?; @ntoggb`t kjopetrbs ;2 & ;3.


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mnevb`t trb b` okknrm ovbk io knùbèb`teo, to`t pnur iab, ib sbxb, qub io kn`meten` bt iocn`kten` 4

Ei cout mn`k tbèr kngptb mo`s io kngpnseten` mbs gbghrbs mb kb qub `nus ovn`s met mb iotoeiib mu rib mb iospbkt bt mbs knuiburs. O kbio sodnutb qub tnutb kjnsb mnet osperbr io

meaèt. Ei `b kn`veb`t pos ib gne`s mu gn`mb b` bccbt qub Sùs nu Ge`brvb sneb`tjoheiibs mu`b tuèqub arnsserb. Ei sbroet e`kn`vbò`t qub tu joheiibs Dupetbr nu Gors mu`

vtbgb`t mb cbggb. Ibs pbe`trbs ibs pius o`keb`s prbòeb`t sne`, b` pbeaò`t Kostnr btVniiux-heb` queis bussb`t ioer mb dugboux- mb ioessbr meskbr`br kjbz iu` u`b òturb mbpuaeiestb, kjbz ioutrb ioaeiet. Eis vnuioeb`t b`knrb qub io ckjbusb kioumekoten` mb Suikoeòpport snus sbs vtbgb`ts, to`t eis gbttoeb`t mb zib rbprsb`tbr kb quei cout b` cn`kten`mu rib, mb iospbkt bt mb io meaèt?=.

Gnubrb4 oègns mbe`mb spbkto`teug gnubhet jestnreo?2.Kjbz Vie`b iO`keb`, n` trnuvb mdmbs rcrb`kbs oux tbkjèqubs mbs pbe`trbs o`tequbs pnur bxpregbr ibs sb`tegb`ts sur ibs

vesoabs b` ZZZS, 35, prnpns mb Vorrojosens `ntoggb`t 4 Io kn`vb`ten` quei egoaeòpnur pbe`mrb ib pbupib mOtj`bs tgnea`b aoibgb`t mb sn` eàènset, kor ei ib gn`troetciuktuo`t, eroskehib, e`dustb, e`kn`sto`t, bt b` ggb tbgps okkbssehib oux prerbs, kigb t,gesreknrmebux, vo`torm, \W joutoe` bt jughib, jorme bt tegemb, tnut kbio io cnes ?3.

Oihbrte, pnur so port, rbknggo`mb mb piokbr mo`s ib tohibou u` pbrsn`òab qub ijestnerb mbiort o knutugb moppbibr i omgnètbur que o pnur cn`kten` me`mequbr kb quei y o omgerbr, que e`vetb ib spbktotbur rerb nu piburbr. [bs cn`kten`s sn`t trepibs 4 coerb vner,coerb sovner, coerb sgnuvner. Mo`s io pbe`turb kjrteb``b, kb rib opporteb`t ib pius snuvb`t [oe`t Dbo` Hoptestb, omgnètbur por bxkbiib`kb mo`s ijestnerb mu soiut. Nr, pnur eiiustrbrso tjnreb kngpibxb mu gnubrbb` pbe`turb, kbst u`b sk`b e`sperb por u` pesnmb mu@nuvbou ]bstogb`t bt rbprsb`tb por u` pbe`trb kn`tbgpnroe qub sb rcrb bìnkkurrb`kb Oihbrte 4 Aenttn bt io kihrb òvekbiio.

N` coet b`knrb iinab mb kb òverb, pbe`t Xngb, hnrm muqubi `ntrb pbe`trb tnsko` Aenttno rbprsb`t ibs n`zb meskepibs cropps mb kroe`tb bt mb soesessbgb`t porkb queis vnyoeb`t iburkngpoa`n` sb prngb`br sur ibs boux, kjoku` pnrto`t sur sn` vesoab bt sn` knrps tnut b`tebrio gorqub mu trnuhib mb sn` gb, mb go erb coerb opporotrb b` kjoku` kjoqubgnuvbgb`t moccbkt?1.

Ibs poroiiiesgbs b`trb rjtnrequb bt pbe`turb cn`t inhdbt mu`b bxpinetoten` prbsqubbxjoustevb mo`s inptequb mu gnubrbpuesqub, sbin` Oihbrte, ib kjnex mu tn` por inrotburknrrbspn`m ou kjnex mb io knuibur por ib pbe`trb. Vnur io prbgerb cnes mo`s ijestnerb mbiort, ib troet mOihbrte prsb`tb ib kjnex mbs knuiburs io mespnseten` mu pbe`trb pnurgnuvner ib spbktotbur.

Xbstb qub`trb ibs knuiburs bxestb u`b kbrtoe`b ogete b` vbrtu mb ioqubiib, u`b cnes dne`tbs,iu`b ouagb`tb kjbz ioutrb io arkb bt io vùst. Io knuibur rnuab kioer, se biib veb`t

?= Ehem., EE, ;:, p. ?;5.?2 Ehem., EE, =?, p. ?== 4 B`suetb, igb mb kbux que rbaormb`t sbro gub por ijestnerb .?3

Vie`b iO`keb`,Jestnerb @oturbiibZZZS, 35.?1Oihbrte,Vbe`turbEE, =8, p. ?2?.


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se`stoiibr b`trb ib hibu kebi bt ib vbrt, ibs gbt gutubiibgb`t b` jn``bur. _uo`t ou hio`k mb`beab, ei mn``b mb io aot `n` sbuibgb`t ou kb`mr bt ou socro` quo`m n` ib piokb b`trb bux,goes prbsqub tnutbs ibs knuiburs. Ibs knuiburs snghrbs, biibs, `b se`stoiib`t pos so`s u`brbgorquohib meaèt b`trb ibs knuiburs kioerbs, bt porbeiibgb`t, ibs kioerbs prb``b`t heb` piokb

b`trb ibs snghrbs. Oe`se mn`k, ib pbe`trb mespnsbro mo`s io rbprsb`toten` io voret mbknuiburs qub doe metbs?:.

Mbknrug 4 Oihbrte bt Kekrn` sn`t tnus ibs mbux trs merbktbgb`t kn`kbr`s por io`nten` mb knùbèb`teobt mb mbknrug, por io mceèten` mb kb que bst opprnpre nu `n` u`sudbt, u` prnpns?5. Kekrn`, mo`s iNrotnr, bxpiequb qub è tnutbs ibs kn`meten`s, è tnutbsibs meaèts, è tnutbs ibs outnrets, è tnus ibs poabs, è ggb tnus ibs iebux, ibs tbgps, ibsoumetnerbs `b mnevb`t trb troets ovbk io ggb snrtb mb gnts nu membs86 . Vor io suetb,coeso`t oiiusen` ou kihrb tohibou mb ]ego`tjb, Ib sokrecekb mEpjeaèb8?, ei oppiequb io `nten`mbknùbèb`teo io pbe`turb 4

Bt mo`s tnutbs ibs kjnsbs, ei cout vner ib dusqun 4 b` bccbt, qunequb kjoqub kjnsb oet sogbsurb, ib trnp kjnqub pnurto`t pius qub ib trnp pbu. O kb sudbt, Opbiib mesoet qub ibspbe`trbs ousse sb trngpoeb`t, quo`m eis `b sb`toeb`t pos kb que toet ossbzse ib pbe`trb o vumo`s ib sokrecekb mEpjeaèb, oinrs qub Kjoikos toet snghrb, Riyssb pius snghrb b`knrb btGìos okkohi, quei iue coiioet vneibr io ttb mOaogbg`n` puesquei toet e`kopohib mbrb`mrb ovbk sn` pe`kbou ib knghib mb io mnuibur \W qub `nus cout-ei pb`sbr qub mnevb coerbinrotbur88 >

Oihbrte o pibe`bgb`t kn`skeb`kb mb io òturb bssb`tebiibgb`t vesubiib mb iort pekturoi.

Vbut-trb kbttb kn`skeb`kb oeau mu rib mb rbprsb`toten` mb io pbe`turb que bst kn`tbùmo`s io `nten` ggb mjestnreo ng eprsb`tb mo`s kb troet kn`stetub-t-biib u`b mbsbxpiekoten`s pnssehibs mbs gtognrpjnsbs mu troet inrs mu possoab io vbrsen` etoieb``bquOihbrte omrbssb oux protekeb`s, gne`s crus mb kuiturb o`tequb qub ibs jugoèstbs, gne`segpra`s ousse mb `nten`s rjtnrequbs.

HEIE@ARE[GB B] OR]N-]XOMRK][email protected]]RXO/MBIIOVEK]RXO4IB VXNHIBGB MRSNKOHRIOEXB MB IO KXE]E_RB MOX].

Iegpnrto`kb quOihbrte iue-ggb okknrmoet kbt nuvroab bst ottbstb por ibs sne`sprbsqub nhsbssen``bis mn`t ei io b`tnur, b` rbvbò`t piuseburs cnes sur ib tbxtb. Oprsiovner rmea b` iote` b` ?=;2, ei ib tromuet b` vniaorbio``b suevo`tb bt ib mmeb Ceieppn

?: Ehem., EE, =:, p. ?1;.?5 Ibs pjeininaubs mu _uottrnkb`tn sovoeb`t qub mbknrbt mbkusveb``b`t mb mbkbrb, kn`vb er < kbrtoe s tbxtbs,`ntoggb`t gmevoux, mesteàub t porcnes io hbout kn`vbòhib bt speretubiib (mbkus) mb io hbout kn`vbòhibbt gotrebiib (mbknr). Oihbrte ibs bgpineb e`meccrbggb`t, goes b` ibs mesteàuo`t mb puikjretumn, io hboute`tre`squb. Kor ib mbkuskn`kbr`b io rbprsb`toten` nr`b < ei `bst pos e`trebur knggb io hbout òturbiib,goes bxtre`squb. Ib mbkusjn`nrb kb quei nr`b iue mn`ò`t mb io voibur, knggb io pbe`turb. Kb pb`mo`t ei `bsuccet pos mnr`br io pbe`turb pnur qubiib mbveb``b mknrotevb, mu`b hbout mkb`tb, heb`so`tb.86 Kekrn`,NrotnrZZE, 1?.8?

_ue`teieb`,E`stetuten` nrotnerb, EE, xeee, ?8 bt Vie`b, Jestnerb @oturbiib, ZZZS, 1;.88Oihbrte,Vbe`turbZZE, 1;.


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Hru`biibskje. Goes tnut pnrtb krnerb qub qubiqubs o``bs pius torm, ei rbtnukjb io vbrsenìote`b quei o mmeb u` pre`kb mn`t ei inub io quoiet mjnggb mb kuiturb (Aeo` Cro`kbsknAn`zoao ovoet cn`m io Koso Aenknso, knib n b`sbeaòet ib aro`m jugoèstb Settnre`n moCbitrb bt n oiioet tumebr sn` ceis Iumnvekn, cutur prntbktbur mOihbrte). Abstb knurteso`,

goes que prb`m u` sb`s portekuiebr, puesquei bàoab io tjnreb ggb mb io pbe`turb. [e kbttbmbrèrb bst u` ort knurteso` kbst qubiib bst se`n` ib gotrb, mu gne`s ib pre`kepoinr`bgb`t mb tnus ibs orts8; 4 biib rbjoussb ikiot mu pre`kb, biib inr`b nu piutt ib mknrb.

Ibs mbux vbrsen`s mu tbxtb ceaurb`t mo`s mbs goùskrets b` iote` bt b` ioàub vuiaoerb. Eibst mn k portekuierbgb t e`trbsso`t mb prnpnsbr u`b oòiysb kngporotevb mbs mbux

vbrsen`s. Io qubsten` mb io`trenret mu`b vbrsen` por roppnrt ioutrb sb pnsbòturbiibgb`t 4 io strukturb mu tbxtb bt meccrb ts e`mekbs ibxekoux sbghib`t ossbzkn`voe`ko`ts @eknibtto Goroskjen8= pnur ovo`kbr ijypntjsb mb io`trenret mu tbxtb iote`(ei y ouroet `ntoggb`t mbs knrrbkten`s bt mbs rvesen`s mo`s ibs goùskrets iote`s que sn`t

merbktbgb`t e`tarbs oux goùskrets b` ioàub vuiaoerb). N` pbut mn`k kn`semrbr iovbrsen` vuiaoerb knggb u`b tromukten` mb io vbrsen` iote`b bt tumebr ibs ospbkts ibxekouxmbs mbux tbxtbs pnur b` terbr mbs kn`kiusen`s sur ibs snurkbs, ibs e`ciub`kbs bt ibs e`tb`ten`smb ioutbur.

Kb qub in` rbivb mbghib, kbst io kn`skeb`kb quo ioutbur mb io `nuvbout romekoib mbsn` b`trbpresb to`t sur ib cn`m qub sur io cnrgb < oe`se, ou mhut mu ievrb EE 4

Goes ei egpnrtb pbu mb sottokjbr oux prbgebrs pbe`trbs nu oux e`vb`tburs mb io pbe`turb,quo`m `ntrb nhdbktec `bst kbrtbs pos, knggb kjbz Vie`b, u`b jestnerb mb io pbe`turb, goes u`bxogb` tnut coet `nuvbou mb iort mb pbe`mrb. Nr, kb dnur, moprs go prnprb bxpreb`kb, ei

`b suhsestb ouku`b uvrb mbs krevoe`s o`keb`s82

Oihbrte tb`m oe`se meccrb`kebr sn` troet io cnes mb kbiue mb Vie`b bt mbs tb`totevbscoetbs mbpues Vtrorqub mkrerb u`b jestnerb mb iort, tb`totevbs que n`t kuige` ovbk ibsKnggb`toremb Ajehbrte, io cnes omoptoten` bt vuiaoresoten` mu ievrb ZZZS mb iJestnerb@oturbiibmb Vie`b.

R` mbs prnhigbs que sb pnsb`t inrsqub in` tumeb ib Mb pekturobst mb rbtrnuvbr ibssnurkbs kiossequbs uteiesbs por Oihbrte pnur kbttb b`trbpresb rbiibgb t `nuvbiib 4 iohnrbru` mesknurs sur io pbe`turb que snet pius oòiytequb qub meokjrnèqub suppnsb qub in`kn tnur`b ioutbur godbur que kn`stetub io rcrb`kb prbsqub bxkiusevb mbs prbgebrs

jugo estbs que n`t rcikje sur iort. @nus ovn`s vu qub ibccnrt mb tjnresoten` ortestequbmOihbrte sbroet ie oux tjnrebs mbs mbux aro`ms spkeoiestbs mb io rjtnrequb, porkn`squb`t, kb quei egpnrtb mbxoge`br pnur tb`tbr mb soeser ibs e`tb`ten`s mOihbrteinrsquei tromuet inuvroab iote` sovo`t b` ioàub vuiaoerb, kbst ib mbste` mbs rcrb`kbsbxpieketbs oux tbxtbs mb io`tequet bt `ntoggb`t ib mbvbèr mbs kn`kbpts rjtnrequbsoppiequs io `nuvbiib bstjtequb mu _uottrnkb`tn

8; Ehem., EE, 83, p.?6?.8= @. Goroskjen, Ospbtte mbi heieàuesgn oihbrteo`n `biMb Vekturo,Xeòskegb`tn, ?8, ?518, p. ?:;-885.82

Oihbrte,Vbe`turb, iote` p. ?6;, etoieb` p. 8;=.


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Ib mbvbèr mbs snurkbs rjtnrequbs mo`s io vbrsen` etoieb``b

Vrbgebr bxbgpib kn`krbt mb tro`scbrt mb io knmecekoten` rjtnrequb io tjnreb mb iort 4mo`s ibs mvbinppbgb`ts prnaroggotequbs mnuvbrturb bt mb kiturb mu ievrb E, ei uteiesb trnes rbpresbs ib tbrgbnrotenpnur sb rcrbr sn` troet. Ggb se nrotenpnuvoet ousse ovner ibsegpib sb`s mb mesknurs, Oihbrte `b pnuvoet pos ea`nrbr ib possoab mb iNrotnrmo`s ibqubiKekrn` coet mb kb tbrgb u` tbrgb prnprb iort nrotnerb 4 quogues bèg ngès inkuten nroten bst,togb` uèus nrotnres inkuten jnk prnpren seaòto `nge`b bst83. Ib kjnex ibxekoi ouroet mn`k u`bcn`kten` oiiusevb mo`s ib troet b` ioàub sovo`tb, ohsb`tb mo`s io rmokten` b` ioàub

vuiaoerb, pius bxoktb moeiiburs, puesqub iuteiesoten` mb skrevbrb bst b` kn`cnrget ovbk ibkoroktrb kret bt `n` nroi mb iuvrb 4

qun kiorenr setnroten/ okke kjb i `nstrnmerbseo hb` kjeorn \Ievrb E, ?W

[bm e` ngè `nstronroten`b, eiium spbktore ubjbgb`tbr pbtn `n` gb ut gotjbgotekug sbm ubiute pektnrbg

jes mb rbhus inque/ go e` naè `nstrn covbiiorb gnitn preban se kn`sembre gb `n` kngbgotjbgotekn go kngb pektnrbskrevbrbme qubstb knsb \Ehem.W

em prnspbxe ut kioro bssbt `nstro nroten goaes quog kngpto bt nròto/bhhe reauormn o corb ei`nstrn merbkjeorn gnitn pe kjb nròtn. \Ievrb E, 88W

Mo`s ib mbuxegb bxbgpib, ib knupib nroten/inque que rb`vneb merbktbgb`t Kekrn`nroten/inkutenbst oho`mn`` ou prncet mu vbrhb skrevbrb. Mo`s ib trnesegb bxbgpib, ib knupibkngpto bt nròtobst oho`mn`` oinrs qub kngptusomdbktec piutt rorb, bst prkesgb`t bgpinykjbz Kekrn` bt _ue`teieb` pnur msea`br ib mesknurs.

[eaècekotec aoibgb`t ibgpine mb kn`ke`ètos(jorgnèb, orroàbgb`t jorgnèbux) pnurquoiecebr io hbout mu` tohibou. Ib vnkohuioerb, typequbgb`t kekrnèb`, opporot mbux cnesmo`s ib tbxtb iote`, mo`s mbs portebs n Oihbrte sb pb`kjb sur io kngpnseten` (kngpnseten),kbst--merb, pnur uteiesbr sbs prnprbs tbrgbs, io kngpnseten` bst kbttb con` raib mbpbe`mrb por ioqubiib ibs portebs sn`t kngpnsbs mo`s iuvrb mb pbe`turb81 . Ib tbrgbtbkjèqub iote` bst se meccekeib tromuerb quOihbrte o suppreg tnutbs ibs pjrosbs que sy

roppnrtb`t mo`s so vbrsen` etoieb``b. B` rjtnrequb, io kn`ke`ètosmsea`b io hbout quersuitb mb iorroàbgb`t kngpnsetenmbs gnts sbin` u`b kbrtoe`b rauioret. Setruvb rbprb`m sn` kngptb io mceèten` tbkjèqub mb io kn`ke`ètosbt io prsb`tb knggb roten syggbtreorug,kousb bt pre`kepb mbs okknrms jorgnèbux qub iorkjetbktb mnet sbccnrkbr mb prnmuerb. @nusb` mn``brn`s trnes bxbgpibs 4

? - B` iote` (EE, ;2) 4 Bx supbrcekebrug kngpnseten`beiio bibao`se` knrpnrehuskn`ke`ètos btaroteo bxtot quog puikjretume bg meku t. (Mb io kngpnseten` mbs surcokbs gbrab`t kbttbiao`tb jorgnèb mo`s ibs knrps bt kbttb arkb qub in` oppbiib hbout).

83

Kekrn`,Nrotnr, 3=.81Oihbrte,Vbe`turbEE, ;2, p. ?8:-?85 4Bst outbg kngpnseten bo peàb`me roten quo portbs e` npus pekturob kngpnù`tur.


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- B` etoieb` 4 @oskeb mbiio kngpnseten`b mbiio supbrcekeb qubiio aroteo`bknrpe quoibmekn`n hbiibzzo.

Bibao`s kn`ke`ètos bt aroteosb trnuvb`t rmuetbs aroteo b` etoieb`.8 - B` iote` (EE, =8) 4 Vregug rbnr npnrtbrb ut ngèo e`tbr sb knrpnro om bog rbg mb quo oaetur

kn`ke`ètotb quomog gnubo`tur. (B` prbgebr iebu, db pb`sb quei cout qub tnus ibs knrpsb`trbteb``b`t mbs roppnrts mb gnuvbgb`ts jorgnèbux b` cn`kten` mb iokten` mn`t eisoaet).

- B` etoieb` 4 porge egprego tutte b knrpnre om qubiin se mbhho`n gunvbrb om kjb seonrmeòto io stnreo .

; -B` iote` (EE, =3) 4 sek oihe bt èarekn`ke`ètos bcceket eiium qunm @ekeob pektnre Otjbèb`seioume mohotur.(Mb ggb iorroàbgb`t jorgnèbux mu hio`k bt mu `ner prnmuet kb rsuitotque voioet mbs inabs ou pbe`trb otjèb` @ekeos).

-B` etoieb` 4 kns ei heo`kn b i `brn co ib knsb mepe`tb porbrb reibvotb, b m qubiio inmb

quoib se movo o @eteo pettnrb otbèbsb .B`knrb u`b cnes, tnutb tb totevb mb tromukten` mu tbrgb iote` b` ioàub vuiaoerb bstoho`mn``b. Mo`s kbs trnes bxbgpibs, Oihbrte prcrb iege`br purbgb`t bt segpibgb`t u`b`nten` trnp kngpibxb.

N` pbut prninàbr itumb gb`b mo`s io prbgerb porteb, b` bxogeò`t ie`ceitroten` mbstbrgbs essus mbs troets mb _ue`teieb` bt mb Kekrn` mo`s ib ievrb EE iote`, `ntoggb`t ioknùbèb`teo, `nten` ge`bggb`t rjtnrequb que cn`kten``b knggb igb`t uècekotbur mbtnutb kbttb sbkten`, bt ib troetbgb`t qub` coet Oihbrte mo`s io vbrsen` etoieb``b. Io knùbèb`teobst b`tb`mub knggb jorgnèb mbs portebs mu tohibou bt knggb `nrgb e`mespb`sohib rbspbktbr pnur nhtbèr io hbout que mnet kn`stetubr inhdbktec mb tnut ortestb.

Io `nten` mb kn`vbò`kb o prbsqub outo`t megpnrto`kb mo`s ib Mb pekturoqub mo`s iOrtpntequb mJnrokb. Mo`s u`b pbe`turb, tnut gbghrb mnet knrrbspn`mrb oux outrbs ousseheb` b` toeiib qub por so cn`kten` 4 ei kn`veb`t qub ibs goe`s mu` knurbur soaetb`t tnutouto`t qub sbs pebms. Kjoqub gbghrb mnet por oeiiburs trb opprnpre ou typb jugoe`rbprsb`t 4 Ji`b bt Epjeaèb `b mnevb`t pos ovner mb goe`s rembs bt poessbs. Ibpossoab sur ibs gnuvbgb`ts que kn`veb``b`t oux dbu`bs ceiibs, oux dbu`bs ab`s bt oux

vebeiiorms, rbssbghib u`b omoptoten` mbs kn`sbeis mn``s por Jnrokb ou pntb sur iogoèrb opprnpreb mb rbprsb`tbr ibs meccrb`ts abs mb io veb.

Ib vbrhb knùbèrb, mo`s io vbrsen` etoieb``b, tromuet ib pius snuvb`t ib mbkbrbiote` 4 trs

prnkjb mb io mkb`kb, io kn`vbò`kb o u`b kn``ntoten` gnroib, e`mequo`t ib hn`kngpnrtbgb`t suevrb. Goes io knùbèb`teoo ovo`t tnut u` sb`s spoteoi 4 ib rossbghibgb`tb` u` ggb iebu mb piuseburs igb`ts. Kb que kn`veb`t bst uteib bt `kbssoerb iokkngpiessbgb t mb ijestnreo. [e in` trnuvb porcnes mo`s io vbrsen` vuiaoerb u`knrrbspn`mo`t ibxekoi bxokt io `nten` iote`b mb knùbèb`teo( kn`veb`se e` prego morb npbrokjb tutte e gbghre hb`b kn`vbào`n8: nu b`knrb sorbhhb knso `n` kn`vbèb tb vbsterb

Sb`brb n Ge`brvo koppbrn`b mo sokkngo`n85 ), ei cout heb` kn`stotbr qub io tromukten` mbkbttb `nten` rbstb mo`s ib`sbghib piutt cintto`tb. Ei orrevb ggb quOihbrte bsquevb ibprnhigb mb io tromukten`.

8:

Ehem., EE, ;3, p. 8=;.85 Ehem., EE, ;:, p. 8=3. Koppbrn`b mo sokkngo`n 4 tuèqub kopukjn` mb hreao`m.


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B` iote` (EE, ;1) 4

Kn`troqub que Okjobgbèmbg oh Ob`bo e` e`suio eùb`tug peàbrbt cokeb quo bug cuessb Seraeieus rbcbrt, `bk

kobtbro cokebe knùbèb`teo sbqubrb`tur, bssbt es quembg pektnr pbrremekuius otqub e`bptus. Etoqub spbkeb ngèo

knùbèo`tnpnrtbt. ]ug kninrb qunqub e`tbr sb knrrbpn`mbo`t ubieg. @og quehus se`t uuitus rnsbe, ubùste, èube,jes pbktus ok kobtbrbo gbghro cusko bt trukuib`to geègbknùbèu`t.

ie`vbrsb, kbiue que pbe`mroet Okjgèmb mknuvbrt sur u`b ib por B`b ovbk kb vesoab qubmkret Seraeib, goes so`s qub ibs outrbs portebs sodustb`t ou vesoab ovbk kn`vbò`kb, kb pbe`trb-isbroet vroegb`t remekuib bt trs goiomrnet. Kbst pnurqune ei cout qub tnus ibs gbghrbs sokknrmb`t b`kn`vbò`t por iospbkt. Bt db vnumroes ousse quei y bt b`trb bux u`b knrrbspn`mo`kb sbin` ioknuibur. B` bccbt, mbs vesoabs rnss, kjorgo`ts, hio`ks knggb `beab, u` tnrsb bt moutrbs gbghrbsmb knuibur cn`kb bt moiiurb souvoab `bkn`veb``b`tpos mu tnut;6.

B` etoieb` 4

Kns kje mepeàbssb Okogbèmb, trnvotn mo B`bo e` su qubiiesnio kn` qubiio cokkeo quoib Seraeienei mbskrevb, `n` sbaub`mn aie oitre gbghre o to`to tesekjbzzo, sorbhhb pettnrb mo corsb`b hbccb.Vbrto`tn kns kn`veb`b tuttb ib gbghro kn`meko`n om uò spbkeb. B o`knro vnaien ib gbghroknrrespn`mo`n om u`n kninrb, pbr kjb o kje ovbssb ei vesn rnsotn, ko`memn b vbùstn, o knstue pnknsoccorbhhbei pbttn b ioitrb gbghro hruttb b sukemb;?.

Mo`s ib troet b` ioàub sovo`tb, ib prnkbssus mb ropprnkjbgb`t ovbk io rjtnrequb,oktuoies mo`s io mbskrepten` mb ioktevet mu pbe`trb, trnuvb so kn`kiusen` inaequb mo`s

ioòinaeb e`trnmuetb por Oihbrte b`trb pbe`trb bt nrotbur. B` bccbt, `n` sbuibgb`t eis sbtrnuvb`t ropprnkjs mo`s u`b ggb cn`kten` snkeoib, goes ggb ibs prnkms kn`sbeiis iortestb pnur nhtbèr ibs rsuitots bskngpts sn`t segeioerbs kbux que n`t t knmeces por_ue`teieb` bt Kekrn`. Mo`s io vbrsen` etoieb``b, snet kn`vbèrbrbvt ib sb`s gnroi mb mbkbt,snet Oihbrte kjneset u` outrb vbrhb nu u`b outrb tnurùrb pnur bxpregbr iemb mbknrrbspn`mo`kb bt mokknrm b`trb ibs portebs, vnkohib que, so`s ouku` mnutb occomet nu perb,bccokb, ibs poroiiiesgbs ovbk ibs kretrbs rjtnrequbs que cn`moeb`t pnurto`t io strukturb mutroet iote` bt ibs rbknggo`moten`s omrbssbs oux ortestbs.

N` pnurroet guitepiebr ibs bxbgpibs, goes n` sb kn`tb`tbro, pnur kinrb kbt bxogb`, mbkngporbr io cnrtu`b mb io `nten` mb knpeo/vorebtosmo`s io tromukten`;8. Mo`s io trometen`rjtnrequb o`keb``b, io knpeo bst u`b quoiet mu styib 4 sbin` Kekrn`, inrotbur ib piuspuesso`t bst ogpius, knpensus, aroues, nròtus godbstubux, ohn`mo`t, arovb, nr` . Biib `b sbkn`cn`m mn`k pos ovbk u`b segpib okkuguioten` vbrhoib, goes kn`stetub u`b kngpnso`tbbssb`tebiib mb inròtus. Kbttb ohn`mo`kb mbste`b susketbr ib pioeserbst e`messnkeohib mb iouorebtos. Nr, kbttb emb mb kngpigb toret b`trbknpeobt uorebtostoet aoibgb`t kjrb uòutrb rjtbur heb` kn`ù, Jbrgna`b, mn`t Abnrabs mb ]rhezn`mb mo`s sn` Mb suouetotbmekb`me (?=85) o rpo`mu ibs tjnrebs, b` snuieaò`t qub io voret kngpnrtb hbouknup

;6 Ehem., p. ?;1.;?

Ehem., p. 8=3.;8 Ehem., EE, =6, iote` p. ?=?, etoieb` p.8=1.


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?;

ou mhut mu _uottrnkb`tn;; 4 ibs mbux tjnrebs ibs pius meccusbs kn`kbrò`t ibs knuiburs ouGnyb` Oab toeb`t kbiib kn`kbrò`t ibs 1 knuiburs (cn`mb sur ie`tbrprtoten` mu` possoabmu Mb sb`sumOrestntb) bt kbiib mb io prnarbssen` mu hio`k dusquou `ner (cn`mb sur u`possoab mb io Gtopjysequb), oinrs qub io vbrsen` etoieb``b ngbt kngpitbgb t kb inà

mvbinppbgb`t. Oihbrte rbssb`t ib hbsne` mb rbprb`mrb ibs tbrgbs mb kbttb meskussen` oce` mbgebux gbttrb b` voibur inreaeòiet bt io `nuvbout mb so tjnreb. Oe`se, iemb mbs quotrbknuiburs knrrbspn`mo t oux quotrb igb ts mb io òturb, que sn`t prsb tbssukkbssevbgb`t, `bst pos tnut coet nreaeòib goes prnkmb mu`b sreb mb ibkturbs mevbrsbs,`ntoggb`t, knup sr, io tromukten` iote`b mu mOrestntb mn`t ibstromukten`s iote`bs sb sn`t guitepiebs ou knurs mu ]rbkb`tn. N` kn`òt aoibgb`t u`npuskuib mb Aoieb` sur ibs knuiburs, outbur quOihbrte ketb mo`s ib Mb Vekturo. Mu Gnyb`

ab ou _uottrnkb`tn, ei y ovoet mbux gnmbs mb troetbgb`t mbs knuiburs 4 kbiue mbs pbe`trbsbt kbiue mbs pjeinsnpjbs. Ibs prbgebrs ovoeb`t mbs prnkkupoten`s ge`bggb`t

mknrotevbs, sb prnkkupoeb`t mbs peagb`ts bt uteiesoeb`t u`b tbrge`ninaeb mrevb mbsgotreoux uteiess. Ibs sbkn`ms, ou kn`troerb, tnur`s vbrs inhsbrvoten` mb io òturb, sbsbrvoeb`t mu` vnkohuioerb cn`m sur inreae`b mbs knuiburs mo`s ibs pj`ng`bs òturbis.

Ovbk Oihbrte, n` ossestb u`b tb`totevb mb cusen` mbs mbux gtjnmbs mbste`b prnmuerb u`pius aro`m bccbt mb rbi. N` kn`stotb, io ibkturb mu troet, qub iortestb tb`m iegetoten` murbi arkb ioppiekoten` mbs tjnrebs sur io pbrspbktevb bt sur ibs knuiburs. [e in` tumeb ib

vnkohuioerb mb prs, n` rbgorqub qub ibs tbrgbs bgpinys b` iote` pbuvb`t trb rbprsmo`s ibs snurkbs kiossequbs, goes, bssb`tebiibgb`t, ei cout ib `ntbr, mo`s ibs tbxtbs pntequbs.Io knjohetoten` mb tbrgbs gmevoux ovbk mbs tbrgbs kiossequbs, por òturb jtrna`bs, ibant pnur ibs cnrgbs mrevbs, sn`t mbs bxpmeb`ts uteiess pnur pbrsn`òiesbr mu pne t mb

vub ggb mb io ioàub, u` mesknurs md kn`stetu, mrevo`t moutrbs tjnrebs mdbxpregbs, bt que resquoeb`t mb`ùybr ib ibktbur.

Ei cout tumebr b` poroiiib ib tbxtb vuiaoerb 4 tnut ib mvbinppbgb`t tjnrequb qub coetOihbrte por prtreten` ( ioessn`s mb kt ib aro`m mhot ouqubi sb ievrb`t ibs pjeinsnpjbs )bt que nkkupb u`b veàtoe`b mb iea`bs bst rsug mo`s ib tbxtb etoieb` por porieogn kngbpettnrb , b` moutrbs tbrgbs, snyn`s kn`krbts .

Io tjnreb mbs quotrb knuiburs b` ieoesn` ovbk ibs quotrb igb`ts bst rbpresb mo`s ibtbxtb etoieb`, goes ei cout kn`crn`tbr ib tbxtb ovbk u` nuvroab que kerkuioet kbttb pnqub 4 Eiiehrn mbiiortbmb Kb`èè, u`b snrtb mb goùbi muteiesoten` mbs knuiburs que cnurèssoet

iortestb mbs `nten`s sur io goèpuioten` bt iuteiesoten` mbs knuiburs. Ib ibxequb oihbrteb` bste`meskutohibgb`t e`ciub`k por ib vnkohuioerb bgpiny mo`s ibs hnutequbs tnsko`bs mbipnqub. N` `ntb mbs nskeiioten`s ieàuestequbs, iohsb`kb mu` vnkohuioerb tbkjèqubreanurbux. B` ioàub vuiaoerb, kn`troerbgb`t kb quei coet b` iote`, Oihbrte ò pius rbknursou vnkohuioerb mbs outrbs, ei sb ioessb oiibr io cnrgoten` spn`to`b mb `ninaesgbs queiuteiesb vesehibgb`t ovbk u`b kbrtoe`b duheioten` puesqub ibs `ntoten`s kjrngotequbs sn`t`bttbgb`t pius `nghrbusbs mo`s ib tbxtb etoieb` qub mo`s ib tbxtb iote`;=.

;;

Ehem., E, 5.;= Ehem., E 5, iote` p. 32, etoieb` p. 8?5.


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?=

Ibs korts rbibvs b`trb ibs mbux vbrsen`s mu tbxtb mnevb`t `nus e`ketbr kn`kiurb queibxestb heb` mbux Mb pekturo. Knggb`t oòiysbr ibs e`tb`ten`s mOihbrte inrsquei rmeab kbsmbux troets > [e ib sbkn`m somrbssb oux pbe`trbs, qubi ieb` tohier b`trb ib Mb pekturobìoàub vuiaoerb bt ibs uvrbs mort biibs-ggbs > N` ò pos go`qu mb snuiea`br iohsb`kb

tntoib mb rcrb`kb mbs uvrbs rkb`tbs 4 sbuib bxkbpten`, io gb`ten` ropemb mb io òvekbiiomb Aenttn. [e ioutbur rb`nub ovbk ipnqub kn`tbgpnroe`b mo`s io prcokb mb imetenètoieb``b b` io mmeo`t Hru`biibskje bt b` keto`t ib `ng mu pbe`trb Gosokken oe`se qub kbiuembs skuiptburs Mnòtbiin, Inrb`zn Ajehbrte, Iuko mbiio Xnhheo, ouku`b mbs uvrbs mb kbsortestbs `bst kn`vnqub mo`s ibs trnes ievrbs que suevb`t. Mb coet, ib Mb pekturoo susket u`coehib kjn mo`s ibs otbiebrs mortestbs 4 io vbrsen` etoieb``b ò ceòibgb`t oppnrt mbsniuten` qub portebiib ou prnhigb ieàuestequb qub pnsoet io vbrsen` iote`b. Iogheten`tjnrequb mb inreaeòi mbgburoet, kjorab mb rcrb`kbs rumetbs oux tbxtbs o`tequbs,tro`scnrgbs, ossurgb`t segpiecebs, goes se biibs `b rbprnmuesoeb`t pos io ibttrb mb kbs

tbxtbs, biibs `b` trojessoeb`t tnut mb ggb pos vretohibgb`t ibspret bt rb`moeb`t sn` okksprbsqub egpnssehib tnut protekeb` mb iort mpnurvu mu`b sniemb kuiturb jugoèstb.


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