DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEANXV to XVIII Centuries

Pablo RODRÍGUEZ-NAVARRO (Ed.)

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DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN XV TO XVIII CENTURIES

Vol. I

PROCEEDINGS of the International Conference on Modern Age Fortifications of the Western Mediterranean Coast

FORTMED 2015

DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN XV TO XVIII CENTURIES

Vol. I

Editor

Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro

Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

EDITORIALUNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA

Colección Congresos UPV

Los contenidos de esta publicación han sido evaluados por el Comité Científico que en ella se relaciona y

según el procedimiento que se recoge en http://ocs.editorial.upv.es/index.php/FORTMED/FORTMED2015

© editor

Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro

© de los textos: los autores

© 2015, de la presente edición: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València

www.lalibreria.upv.es / Ref.: 6249_01_01_01

ISBN : 978-84-9048-377-0 (obra completa) edición impresa

ISBN : 978-84-9048-425-8 (Vol. I) edición impresa

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CONGR.2015

Modern Age Fortifications of the Western Mediterranean Coast.

Se distribuye bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada

4.0 Internacional.

Basada en una obra en http://ocs.editorial.upv.es/index.php/FORTMED

V

Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. XV to XVIII centuries / Vol I / Rodríguez-Navarro (Ed.)

© 2015 Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València

Organization and commitees

Organizing Commitee

Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. (Chair). Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

M. Teresa Gil Piqueras. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

Francisco Juan Vidal. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

Arturo Zaragozá Catalán. Generalitat Valenciana. Castellón. Spain

Santiago Varela Botella. Generalitat Valenciana. Alicante. Spain

Stefania Iurili. Università di Ferrara. Italy

Santiago Lillo Giner. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

José Luis Menéndez Fueyo. Fundación MARQ. Alicante. Spain

Alba Soler Estrela. Universitat Jaume I. Castellón. Spain

Giorgio Verdiani. Università degli Studi di Firenze. Italy

Santiago Yudici Oliver. Instituto Cartográfico Valenciano. Spain

Scientific Commitee

Arturo Zaragozá Catalán. Generalitat Valenciana. Castellón. Spain

Santiago Varela Botella. Generalitat Valenciana. Alicante. Spain

Antonio Almagro Gorbea. CSIC. Spain

Stefano Bertocci. Università degli Studi di Firenze. Italy

Boutheina Bouzid. Ecole Nationale d’Architecture. Tunisia

Alicia Cámara Muñoz. UNED. Spain

Stefano Columbu. Università degli Studi di Cagliari. Italy

Per Cornell. University of Gothenburg. Sweden

Faissal Cherradi. Ministerio de Cultura del Reino de Marruecos. Morocco

Nicolas Faucherre. Aix-Marseille Université – CNRS. France

Juan Vicente García-Marsilla. Universitat de València. Spain

Andreas Georgopoulos. Nat. Tec. University of Athens. Greece

Anna Guarducci. Università di Siena. Italy

Gabriele Guidi. Politecnico di Milano. Italy

Salvador Lara Ortega. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

Concepción López González. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

Sandro Parrinello. Università di Pavia. Italy

Pablo Rodríguez Navarro. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

Giorgio Verdiani. Università degli Studi di Firenze. Italy

Rafael Soler Verdú. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

Scientific Secretariat

M. Teresa Gil Piqueras. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

Organizing Secretariat

Ignacio Puig Tarín. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

Armando Torres Caballero. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain

VI

Note

This conference was made in the frame of the R & D project entitled "SURVEILLANCE AND DEFENSE TOWERS

OF THE VALENCIAN COAST. Metadata generation and 3D models for interpretation and effective enhancement"

reference HAR2013-41859-P, whose principal investigator is Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. The project is funded by the

National Program for Fostering Excellence in Scientific and Technical Research, National Sub-Program for

Knowledge Generation, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Government of Spain).

Este congreso está realizado bajo el marco del Proyecto I+D+i de título “TORRES DE VIGÍA Y DEFENSA DEL

LITORAL VALENCIANO. Generación de metadatos y modelos 3D para su interpretación y efectiva puesta en valor”

referencia HAR2013-41859-P, cuyo investigador principal es Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. El proyecto está financiado

dentro del Programa Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de

Generación de Conocimiento, del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Gobierno de España).

VII

Organized by

Funded by

Ref: HAR2013-41859-P Ref: AORG/2015/025

Partnerships

Support

IX

Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. XV to XVIII centuries / Vol I / Rodríguez-Navarro (Ed.)

© 2015 Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València

Table of contents

Preface .................................................................................................................................................... XV

Lecture .................................................................................................................................................. XVII

Technical and systemic keys and context of Hispanic fortifications on Western Mediterranean

coast ........................................................................................................................................................ XIX

Fernando Cobos-Guerra

Contributions ........................................................................................................................................... 01

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

La fortificación de Peñíscola, obra de Vespasiano Gonzaga y Bautista Antonelli .................................... 03

Mª. J. Balaguer Dezcallar

Codice Romano Carratelli.......................................................................................................................... 11

A. Bianchi, T. Saeli

The fortifications of the State of Presidii, Orbetello and Argentario promontory ...................................... 15

F. Brogila

Architecture and Spaces of Power in the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (1530-1798) .......................... 21

V. Burgassi

Progettare le difese: il marchese di Leganés e il padre gesuita Francesco Antonio Camassa,

esperto di arte militare ............................................................................................................................... 29

A. Dameri

El Proyecto Imperial de fortificación para Bugia. 1541 ............................................................................. 37

J. J. De Castro Fernández, I. De Castro Díez

Determinación del trazado histórico y evolución de la antigüa muralla de Calp, tras el análisis de

la documentación gráfica y documental existente ...................................................................................... 45

A. Del Campo Carda, A. M. Torres Barcino, A. García Codoñer

Reconstrucción del estado de las fortificaciones de Fuentarrabía a principios del siglo XVII a

través de un plano de Matteo Neroni ......................................................................................................... 53

V. Echarri Iribarren, R. Yáñez Pacios

X

La frontera marítima fortificada: de la vigilancia a la señalización (XVI-XIX) ......................................... 61

A. García Mas, A. Martínez-Medina

Fortifying the Island at the time of the viceroy Ferrante Gonzaga (1536-1546): sites, master

builders and designers, clients.................................................................................................................... 69

E. Garofalo

El uso de las fajinas y los tepes en la arquitectura militar .......................................................................... 77

L. Gimeno Romero

Actuaciones tras el bombardeo de Alicante en 1691. La fortificación temporal de Bernet y

Herrera ....................................................................................................................................................... 81

A. B. González Avilés, Mª. I. Pérez Millán, y R. Yáñez Pacios

El fuerte de San Lorenzo del Puntal (Cádiz) y el fuerte de San Fernando de Bocachica

(Cartagena de Indias): una visión comparada ............................................................................................ 89

G. Granado Castro, J. Galindo Díaz y H. Aragón Barreto

Le fortificazioni della Toscana tirrenica: evoluzione geo-storica e condizioni attuali ............................... 97

A. Guarducci

La Torre del Rey de Oropesa. Un modelo de fortificación renacentista .................................................. 105

S. Lillo Giner, P. Rodríguez-Navarro

Datos históricos sobre la Torre del Mar (Burriana - Castellón) ............................................................... 113

J. M. Melchor Monserrat

Verso la creazione di sistemi e sub-sistemi di difesa del Regno di Sardegna: piazzeforti, galere e

prime torri nella prima metà del Cinquecento .......................................................................................... 117

M. G. R. Mele

Les fortifications ottomanes d’Alger (1516-1830) ................................................................................... 125

S. Messikh

El fuerte de Santa Cruz y el conjunto defensivo español de Orán-Argelia ............................................... 133

S. Metair

Torri e piazzeforti nella Sardegna moderna. Fonti cartografiche e documentarie nella lettura

delle trasformazioni territoriali del paesaggio costiero sardo tra XVI e XVIII secolo ............................. 139

S. Nocco

Iglesias-Fortaleza en la costa mediterránea española en el Siglo XVI ..................................................... 147

A. Palenzuela Navarro

Le fortificazioni della Toscana Tirrenica: metodologie e fonti dell'indagine geo-storica ........................ 151

L. Rombai

XI

Torres costeras durante el siglo XVI. Estrategias territoriales y técnicas constructivas en el

frente marítimo levantino del Reino de Aragón y Virreinato de Nápoles ................................................ 159

J. R. Ruiz Checa, V. Cristini, V. Russo

Las torres de defensa del litoral: San Vicent (Benicàssim) y Torrenostra (Torreblanca).

Castellón, Spain. Estudio arquitectónico y constructivo .......................................................................... 167

A. Soler Estrela

Guarino Guarini and the “Fortificatione” between theory, drawing and design ...................................... 175

R. Spallone

La formazione di Giovanni Battista Antonelli: note storiche e contesto sociale prima del suo

arrivo in Spagna ....................................................................................................................................... 183

G. Useli, M. D’Amato

Arquitecturas del sistema defensivo en el litoral Ilicitano ....................................................................... 191

S. Varela Botella, S. Varela Rizo

Entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico: una travesía histórica y cultural .................................................... 199

S. A. Vargas Matías

Postrimerías de un ingeniero de Su Majestad: el testamento de Bautista Antonelli ................................. 207

M. A. Vázquez-Manassero

Las murallas de Tetuán en la literatura de 1860 a 1956 ........................................................................... 215

J. Vergara-Múñoz, M. Martínez-Monedero

Ingegneri militari nella Sicilia degli Asburgo: formazione, competenze e carriera di una figura

professionale tra Cinque e Seicento ......................................................................................................... 223

M. Vesco

THEORETICAL CONCEPTS

La guerra de sitio en la Guerra de la Cuádruple Alianza (1717-1721): la defensa y asedio de las

fortalezas en Sicilia .................................................................................................................................. 231

D. A. Abián Cubillo

El promontorio y el puerto, el avistamiento y la acción ofensiva. Propuestas tipológicas de torres

marítimas para un mismo problema geográfico: los puertos de Jávea y Moraira en el litoral

valenciano (1562-1596) ........................................................................................................................... 239

A. Banyuls Pérez

De la iglesia como baluarte al baluarte como iglesia. Estrategias de fortificación y

modernización de las defensas medievales en las villas del litoral de la Marina de la costa de

Alicante (1535-1587) ............................................................................................................................... 247

A. Banyuls Pérez

XII

Las defensas del Reino de Nápoles: el caso de Castellammare di Stabia entre el ‘700 y el ‘800 ............. 255

F. Castanò

Baluartes contra tenazas. El caso de la goleta en 1565 ............................................................................ 263

J. J. De Castro Fernández, J. Mateo de Castro

El puerto de Barcelona en la primera mitad del siglo XVIII. Urgencias estructurales e

infraestructurales a toda costa durante el reinado de Felipe V ................................................................. 271

J. M. Múñoz Corbalán

Design models and "attention" to the topography of the places in the sixteenth strongholds of

Sardinia: the use of the tenaille ................................................................................................................ 279

A. Pirinu

DIGITAL HERITAGE

Métodos para documentar y restaurar zonas de difícil acceso en el castillo de Salobreña

(Granada) ................................................................................................................................................. 287

A. Almagro Gorbea, A. Orihuela Uzal

Apport des technologies numériques à l’étude des fortifications du génie militaire français dans

une ville d’Algérie au début de la colonisation: DJIDJELLI, 1839-1862 ................................................ 291

M. Blibli, A. Bouchair, F. Hannouf

Natural and artificial defences in Catania in XVII century ...................................................................... 299

E. Magnano Di San Lio, Mª. T. Galizia, C. Santagati

Digital construction for analysis: the Scalambri defensive system in Sicily ............................................ 307

A. Frascari, A. Mancuso, A. Pasquali

Puesta en valor del Palacio-Castillo de Betxí, a través de la modelización mediante arquitecturas

inversas y documentación gráfica avanzada ............................................................................................ 315

J. T. Garfella Rubio, Mª J. Máñez Pitarch, J. A. Martínez Moya, F. Ortega Tomás

Metodología integral para la documentación de las torres de defensa de la costa valenciana

(Spain) ..................................................................................................................................................... 321

P. Rodríguez-Navarro, G. Verdiani, T. Gil Piqueras

Digital 3D reconstruction for the multiscale investigation on the Drawing of the fortifications of

Turin ........................................................................................................................................................ 329

M. Vitali

CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT

Fortalezas costeras del Oeste y Norte de Marruecos (S. XV-XVIII) ....................................................... 337

F. Cherradi Akbil

XIII

Intervención y puesta en valor de la Torre de los Caballos. Un nuevo espacio museístico

dedicado a las torres vigía de la costa de Mazarrón ................................................................................. 345

P. E. Collado Espejo

Considerazioni su un sistema museale diffuso delle architetture fortifícate della Valnerina ................... 353

S. D’Avino

Willingness to Contribute – City Fortifications in the Mediterranean ..................................................... 357

R. Eppich, J. L. García Grinda

Revitalización del castillo de Almansa .................................................................................................... 365

J. F. García Sáez

Apreciación del valor patrimonial de las torres de defensa del litoral valenciano ................................... 373

F. Juan Vidal

Del Castell de Castalla al Conjunt Patrimonial del Castell de Castalla: un nuevo enfoque en la

gestión del patrimonio cultural valenciano .............................................................................................. 381

J. A. Mira Rico, M. Bevià i García, J.R. Ortega Pérez

La gestión municipal de los castillos valencianos. Análisis de los casos de Callosa de Segura,

Castalla, Cocentaina, Guardamar del Segura, Monòver, Pego y Sax (provincia de Alicante) ................. 389

J. A. Mira Rico

Las acciones tutelares realizadas en el castillo de Baños de la Encina (Jaén) .......................................... 397

A. C. Valle Soriano, Mª L. Gutiérrez Carrillo

Proceso de puesta en valor para la reutilización del Fuerte de Santiago (Isla de Chikly, Túnez) ............. 405

Mª J. Viñals, I. Martínez Sanchís

Archeologia e storia delle trasformazioni del castello aragonese di Sassari ............................................ 413

G. Padua, B. Panìco, L. Sanna

321

Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. XV to XVIII centuries / Vol I / Rodríguez-Navarro (Ed.)

© 2015 Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015.1741

Comprehensive Methodology for Documenting the Defense Towers

of the Valencian Coast (Spain) Pablo Rodríguez-Navarroa, Giorgio Verdianib, Teresa Gil Piquerasa

aUniversitat Politècnica de València, España, rodriguez@upv.es, tgil@ega.upv.es bUniversità degli Studi di Firenze, Italia, giorgio.verdiani@unifi.it

Abstract

For years we have approached the architectural heritage through the traditional drawings, based on data

collection taken from sketches and point to point measurements; however, today we can rely on

different systems that make necessary to consider not only the phases of the elevation but the

methodology to follow, constituting in itself a study that needs to be addressed from the knowledge of

advanced data collection techniques. Thus we must analyze what is special about the work and what are

our research needs, which will give rise to a list of products to be obtained and will result in a number of

plans to scale, photogrammetries, 3D models, pictures and videos. Only then will we obtain the

appropriate methodology which may include traditional direct surveys, photogrammetric surveys (2D

correction, 3D restitution), 3D laser scans, drones, photographs, spherical panoramic photographs,

video, etc.

In the present communication we describe the process followed in determining the methodology that is

being carried out in the elevation of a building corpus that presents special characteristics due to the

diversity of geographical locations and the dimensions and materials used, as well as its conservation

status.

Keywords: digital heritage, coast towers, photogrametry, scanner laser 3D.

1. Introduction

The towers of Spain’s eastern coast have a

clear historical and architectural identity, but a

comprehensive study of them is still pending.

The approximations that have been made so

far, besides constituting a partial approach,

need to be updated at both the content and the

use of current scientific methodology so their

results do not have the rigor and visibility that

advanced technologies are putting within our

grasp.

It is precisely with the study of the constructions

themselves where we can make further progress

in their knowledge, and the best way to more

deeply comprehend their relevance is by

drawing them. The overall objective of the

present work is to provide a methodology for the

graphic documentation of this architectural

heritage, which addresses all the existent

problems in the different constructions, so that

we are able to generate the metadata and three-

dimensional models of the watch and defense

towers of the Valencian coast for their

interpretation and effective worth.

Our proposal includes a global study which

allows us to have a comprehensive view of what

truly was of such great strategic military

importance. This way, methodology will be

applied not only to existing towers, but also to

the ones which no longer remain, making

hypothetical virtual reconstructions from

322

documentary sources, projects, photographs and

archaeological remains.

For this study, we propose using the most

advanced technical means available in the area

of graphical representation, employing a flexible

methodology as appropriate, trying to simplify

processes and optimize resources while

maintaining maximum reliability and quality of

results. This system will enable to obtain photo-

realistic two- and three-dimensional models with

the incorporation of complete data, becoming a

documental source not only for the present

research but also for future ones, providing a

body of work with accurate and reliable models

with which to work from any location using the

current means of dissemination. In addition,

these same results can be adapted for use in the

cultural field aimed at the general public.

2. Previous documentation

The distinctive features of each of the towers in

regards to their conservation status, geographical

location (either in plains, mountains or along

cliffs), access to them and their external and

internal shape, will determine a specific

methodology for optimum results. Therefore,

prior to the first visit we have to gather all the

information possible in order to capitalize our

onsite visits.

The basic pre-visit information needed is

established in the following items:

- Location: town and access to the tower.

- Cartographic map of the area.

- Ownership: public or private. Permissions

needed.

- Contact with local technicians: archaeologist,

architect, engineer,...

- In case of current occupation, contact

managers; Tourist Office, dealership,...

- Access to the interior of the tower. If it is

possible to access to the interior we must

determine if it is opened or we have to request

its opening.

3. Photo and first sketches

We always bring a camera to our first visit to

any of these towers and basic tools for first

freehand notes, which will consist of the main

measurements. For the realization of the

photographs we must proceed very orderly,

taking notes in a schematic sketch, numbering

the pictures taken in the exterior, interior by

floors, cover, etc, so that later on we find no

difficulty in identification.

On this visit, the methodology or methodologies

for the graphic elevation will be decided, and we

should dedicate the observation of towers mainly

to the determination of the following:

- Location:

- On plain or mountain.

- Exempt or within a urban área.

- Visible or not around its entire perimeter.

- Form:

- Polygonal.

- Rounded.

- Flown elements. Shape.

- Dimensions:

- Height.

- Number of floors.

- Number of rooms per floor.

- Stairway:

- Size.

- Shape.

- Cover; accessible or not.

- Has movable objects inside.

- Has annexed buildings.

- Presence of vegetation.

- Other features.

4. Topographic support

The topographic support is reduced to obtaining

the coordinates (x, y, z) of the targets, needed to

locate a specific spatial position and be able to

scale the model. To obtain the coordinates of

targets, we employ a IS model Topcon

topographical station, capable of measuring

distances to a maximum length of 3,000 m. with

323

an accuracy of ± (2 mm. + 2 ppm. x D *) m.s.e.

by prism measurement.

The methodology carried out in the elevation is

based on the generation of a closed polygonal

mesh around the tower, in which vertices we

have located the basis of the topographic survey

measurements. The method used in establishing

this closed polygon will allow us to minimize

possible measurement errors and to compensate

where appropriate. For the interior, we establish

an itinerary that attached to the outer polygon

will constitute the support mesh.

To create this support mesh we must establish an

absolute coordinates system to which refer the

positions of the rest of bases and targets. So we

start from an estimated position for the first

base, to which we have assigned the coordinates

(1000, 2000, 100) and from a relative orientation

with respect to a fixed point in the tower. Taking

the first position as the origin, and by measuring

angles and distances, the station will give us the

position of the following measurement bases

that, provided we keep the axes of measurement

oriented, will be given in the same absolute

system above mentioned. At the same time the

supporting mesh has been generated, the

positions of the different targets located at fixed

points on the ground have been measured by the

radiation method. By working directly with an

absolute and oriented coordinates system, we

avoid having to make further calculations.

5. 2D photogrammetry. Rectification

Rectification remains the most simple and

economical system to obtain scale drawings of

flat or substantially flat vertical surfaces. In our

case, we find towers of square or polygonal

plant in which we can apply this method.

To ensure reliable and accurate completion, we

must procure the successful accomplishment of:

- The photographic shot.

- Obtaining the coordinates of at least four

points.

- The correct calibration of our camera.

Precautions when taking photographs start by

having our standpoint as perpendicular as

possible to the object; in case of projecting

elements (such as a machicolated balcony) we

should take two or more photos for the

correction, so that we can cover the entire

surface.

As for obtaining coordinates, we will try to work

with targets and identify morphological points at

those inaccessible points. All these points will be

identifiable from the place where the photo

shoot is done.

Regarding the camera calibration, we must

exercise caution during this process and

maintain the focal length calibrated to take the

shots to be rectified.

Fig. 1- Photogrammetric elevation of the Burriana Tower (Castellón) using a rectification system. A- West

elevation. B- South elevation. C- East elevation. D- North elevation. (Graphic elaboration: R. Atzeni, V.

Naldini, P. Rodríguez-Navarro).

324

6. 3D photogrammetry. Photomodeling

In recent years, photomodeling advances have

been remarkable, mainly due to the development

of new algorithms that have facilitated the

production of three-dimensional models using

the method called SfM (Structure from Motion).

This method is based on the use of conventional

images, made in principle with any camera, from

any point of view, but keeping with the maxim

that all parts of the model are visible at least

from two different points of view.

In models with textures of uniform tones, such

as clear skies, glass or polished surfaces,

artifacts appear due to the inability to identify

homologous points precisely. We mainly

encounter this problem when shooting the

towers against the sky and, although it can be

avoided with the use of masks, the process is

very laborious.

Fig. 2- Photogrammetric elevation of the Escaletes Tower (Santa Pola, Alicante) by SfM photomodeling A-

Process by taking photographs from the ground. B- Process by incorporation of photographs taken by the

drone. C- Perspective showing the sequence and connection of the terrestrial and aerial images, where we can

appreciate the three sets integrated by the ground ring, aerial ring, and the cover area. D- 3D model from

terrestrial photographs, made without masks or post processing, where the absence of the cover, the

aberrations of the tower’s coronation and artifacts due to the sky can be seen. E- Same model including aerial

photographs. The absence of artifacts and complete restitution of the model is observed, including the cover

and surroundings. (Graphic elaboration: P. Rodríguez-Navarro).

When working with this type of software, the

first thing that needs to be done is the alignment

of the pictures that will be used to rebuild the

model. This is done automatically and includes

calibration and correction of all images based on

their EXIF data. The procedure is based on the

use of each pixel of the image as a point, looking

for homologous points in all the pictures and

thereby the relative positions of each camera.

The set of camera positions, along with the

pictures themselves, are used for the next phase

which is the construction of the model’s

geometry, ie, the construction of a 3D polygon

mesh defining the model’s surface.

Finally, we can automatically create the

photorealistic texture for the 3D model where to

get the orthographic views.

325

However, this system poses some difficulties we

should solve by implementing alternative

methodologies. These problems are:

- Access around the entire perimeter of the tower

to take pictures.

- Access to the cover and flown elements to be

photographed.

- Need to mask all the photographs capturing the

sky

- High difficulty or impossibility of

photographing interiors (due to lighting

problems) and constricted spaces (such as

narrow staircases).

7. UAV (drone)

Using a drone for shooting the photographs

solves the first two accessibility problems listed

above. Aerial photographs allow us the freedom

of movement needed to take pictures from every

point of view that we deem necessary, including

areas that cannot be accessed otherwise.

Furthermore, if we use the same camera for a

terrestrial photographic sequence, we can

proceed to do photomodeling without masking

the sky, solving the third problem above

mentioned.

For this Project we used two drones

manufactured by Dronetools, a quadcopter

(quad) and an octocopter (octo). There are two

fundamental differences between them:

- The quad is handled by a single operator who

acts both as pilot and camera operator; while the

octo requires a pilot and a camera operator, who

will make use of his own command to operate

the camera.

- The quad has a lower elevation capacity, so it

carries a lighter camera.

The camera used in the quad is the Sony RX100

II, with a 20.2 MP resolution, a 13.2 x 8.8 mm.

CMOS sensor and Zeiss F1.8 lens with 28-100

mm focal length. (Equivalent 35 mm.). The

camera used in the octo is the Sony α7R octo,

with a 36.4 MP resolution, full frame CMOS

sensor and ZEISS f4 lens with a 24-70 mm focal

length.

Fig. 3- Photogrammetric elevation by SfM of the

Escaletes Tower (Santa Pola, Alicante). A- East

elevation. B- South elevation. C- Plant. (Graphic

elaboration: P. Rodríguez-Navarro).

326

The choice of camera is given by the distance

from which the shot is made since it is advisable,

in order to achieve a good result, trying to

capture as much of the object as possible. Thus,

with larger towers featuring annexed

constructions, the drone shoots from a further

distance and a higher resolution camera is used.

8. Scanner laser survey

For more complex structures, the use of 3D

laser-scanning technology is necessary, solving

the problem posed by photomodeling of

interiors, whether for lighting reasons or for a

question of space and complexity. For this work

we have chosen to scan all the towers that have a

complex inner space and / or narrow staircases,

mostly curved or spiral.

Scanning is much more laborious, both for data

acquisition and subsequent processing

(registration of clouds, mesh, surfaces,

textures,...), but ensures correct data acquisition

under any circumstances. In our case we used a

ZF 5006h Zoller + Fröhlich GmbH phase-shift

variation scanner, with a maximum effective

distance of 79 m. and a measuring speed of more

than a million pixels / sec.

The software chosen to manage the point clouds

has been V9 Leica Cyclone, by Leica

Geosystems, which continues to be the most

capable software to manage dense point clouds.

In addition, this version has advanced

significantly to include reports that cover

registration accuracy, error statistics and

histograms for each target and/or cloud

constrain. In addition, we have used the

Autodesk ReCap 360 Ultimate software with

very good results in terms of automatic

registration, exportation of files to be read with

other software (such as Cyclone), and

compatibility with CAD and BIM formats.

9. Conclusions

The study and determination of a methodology

is fundamental to approach any research project.

In addition, in our case, taking the architectural

elevation as a fundamental means for the

analysis and study of a building corpus, it is

Fig. 4- Elevation of the Piles Tower (Valencia) by

3D laser-scanning technology. A- Inner-outer point

cloud. B- Exterior. C- Textured model. (Graphic

elaboration: G. Verdiani, R. Atzeni, V. Naldini, P.

Rodríguez-Navarro).

327

even more important since the casuistry of each

of the towers can be completely different.

We started with the necessary preliminary

inspection that led us to adapt the methodology

used in each case, for each tower, ending up

with a combination of various technologies that

are being incorporated to the project.

Furthermore, we have added historiographical

archived information which, in many cases, has

helped us to understand and complete the data

required for the thorough understanding of these

constructions. With all this we will be in a

position to disseminate the results at the two

levels contemplated in the project: a scientific

level, with complete data and high-resolution

models; and for the general public, with lighter

models manageable by smartphones or tablets,

with the selection of the necessary data for its

understanding.

Fig. 5- Workflow.

Note

This contribution was made in the frame of the

R & D project entitled "Surveillance And

Defense Towers of the Valencian Coast.

Metadata generation and 3D models for

interpretation and effective enhancement"

reference HAR2013-41859-P, whose principal

investigator is Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. The

project is funded by the National Program for

Fostering Excellence in Scientific and Technical

Research, National Sub-Program for Knowledge

Generation, Ministry of Economy and

Competitiveness (Government of Spain).

328

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