department of anatomy,histology & embryologydepartment...
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Systematic Anatomy
Department of Anatomy,Histology & EmbryologyDepartment of Anatomy,Histology & EmbryologyShanghai Medical College,Fudan University
Dr.Hongqi Zhang (张红旗)
Email: [email protected]: Building 9,Room308, 54237151-9308Mobile:13761809799
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Mobile:13761809799
Composition of reproductive t f b thsystem of both sexs
Internal genital organsGonadsGenital ductsAccessory glandsExternal genital organsExternal genital organs
Male genital organ Female genital organ
Composition of reproductive system
Internal genital organs G d t ti
Ureter
Gonads-testis Genital ducts:Epididymis UreterEpididymisDeferent ductusEjaculatory duct
Bladder Seminal vesicleUrethra Accessory glands P t t
Penis
Prostate
Bulbourethral gland
Prostate Seminal vesicle Bulbourethral glane Penis Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Bulbourethral glaneExternal genital organs
Scrotum and penisTestis
A i f l h d Th d d th
The position and shape of the testisA pair of oval-shaped organs.They are suspended on the
scrotum by the supermatic cord.Each testis have two extremities;two surfaces and two borders The function ofextremities;two surfaces and two borders.The function of testis is to produces sperm and secret androgens.
Two extremitySup.extremity
Two surfaces
Two extremityInf.extremityLat.surface Sup.extremityEpidydimis
Two surfaces
T b d
Med.surface
Ant.borderPost.
borderTwo bordersPost.border
Lat.surface
border
Ant.
border
Inf.extremity
The structures of the testisTestis sends numerous fibrous septules into the gland,
dividing it into 100~200 testicular lobules that contain 2~4 contorted seminiferous tubules → traight seminiferous tubules →rete testis
Shape of the testisShape of the testis
SupSup.
extremity
Post
Inf extremity
Post.
border
Inf.extremity
Ant.border
Testicle of a cat:
1 Extremitas capitata,
2 Extremitas caudata,
3 Margo epididymalis,
4 Margo liber,
5 Mesorchium5 Mesorchium,
6 Epididymis,
7 tetibular a.& v.tet bu a a &
8 Ductus deferens
The descend of testisTestes follow the "path of descent" from high in the posterior fetal abdomen to the inguinal ring and beyond to the inguinal canal and into the scrotum. In most cases (97% full-term, 70% preterm), both testes have descended by ( p ) ybirth. In most other cases, only one testis fails to descend (cryptorchidism) and that will probably express itself within a year.
Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism) ( yp )- a testis that did not descend all the
way into the scrotum
Between the seventh week and birth the testes descend into the scrotum due to shortening of theBetween the seventh week and birth, the testes descend into the scrotum due to shortening of the gubernaculum. The testes pass through the inguinal canal in the anterior abdominal wall. After the 8th week, a peritoneal evagination, the processus vaginalis, forms just anterior to the gubernaculum. It forms the inguinal canal by pushing out sock-like extensions of the transversalis fascia, the internal oblique muscle and external oblique muscle The inguinal canal extends from the base ofinternal oblique muscle and external oblique muscle, The inguinal canal extends from the base of the inverted transversalis fascia (the deep ring) to the base of the everted external oblique muscle (the superficial ring). After the processus vaginalis has evaginated into the scrotum, the gubernaculum shortens and pulls the gonads through the canal. The gonads always remain within the plane of the subserous fascia associated with the posterior wall of the processus vaginalis Bythe plane of the subserous fascia associated with the posterior wall of the processus vaginalis. By the end of the pregnancy the testes have completely entered the scrotal sac. The gubernaculum is reduced to a ligamentous band attaching the inferior pole of the testis to the scrotal floor. Within the first year after birth the superior part of the processus vaginalis is usually obliterated leaving a distal remnant sac the tunica vaginalis which lies anterior to the testis Its lumen is normally collapsedremnant sac, the tunica vaginalis, which lies anterior to the testis. Its lumen is normally collapsed but sometimes it may fill with serous secretions forming a testicular hydrocele[1].
THE NORMAL MIGRATION OF THE TESTICLE: The testes developTHE NORMAL MIGRATION OF THE TESTICLE: The testes develop in the abdominal cavity in early fetal life. By 14 to 17 weeks of intrauterine life they migrate to an opening in the body wall known as the inguinal canal After 28 weeks they pass through the canal and bythe inguinal canal. After 28 weeks they pass through the canal and by 35 to 40 weeks reach the scrotum.
U d d d t t U d d dUndescended testes . Undescended testes are a common problem. At birth 3.5% of boys will have an undescended testes. Approximately 30% will have both testesApproximately 30% will have both testes involved. A large proportion of these testes will have descended by 3 months after birth with just 1% of boys still having anwith just 1% of boys still having an undescended testes by 1 year of age. Premature infants have a much higher chance of having an undescended testes.chance of having an undescended testes. Testicular descent is a complex process and not yet fully understood. It is known that the process depends on adequate hormone p p qlevels as well as mechanical and neurological factors.
Diagram of an adult human testicle:
A.) Blood vessels;
B ) H d f ididB.) Head of epididymus;
C.) Efferent ductiles;
D.) Seminiferous tubules; ) ;
E.) Parietal lamina of tunica vaginalis;
F.) Visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis;
G.) Cavity of tunica vaginalis;
H.) Tunica albuginea;
I ) L b l f t tiI.) Lobule of testis;
J.) Tail of epididymus;
K.) Body of epididymus; ) y p y ;
L.) Mediastinum;
M.) Vas deferens.
Genital ductsEpididymisEpididymis Deferencs ductusDjaculatory ductsurethra
Genital ducts- epididymisp y
Shape:oval shapedShape:oval shaped,
Head of epididymis
Body of epididymisBody of epididymis
Tail of epididymis
PositionPosition
Located on sup.extremity
& post border of testis& post. border of testis
Function
Th it f l tiThe site of accumulation
& storage of sperm
Efferent ductules connect between testis and epididymis.
Genital ducts- ductus deferens Muscular tube that transports sperm form epididymis to ejaculatory duct,about 50cm in length. four divisions
1-Testicular part- extends from the tail of epididymis to the
i f i
3 4
sup. extremity of testis2 - Spermatic part- - from sup. extremity of testis to the supextremity of testis to the sup. inguinal ring,----- where the 3 –vasectomy is performed
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y p3 -Inguinal part- extends from sup. to deep inguinal rings4 P l i t th4 - Pelvic part - crosses the ureter to reach the base of bladder terminal part dilates --
1
bladder, terminal part dilates, --ampulla ductus deferentis
Vasectomy
V tVasectomy
Important concept-Spermatic cord Position Extends from the sup. extremity of testis to deep inguinal ring Contents: Ductus deferens;Testicular artery;Pampiniform plexus; N & l h ti l 3 l f t i th ti Nerves & lymphatic vessels; 3 layers of tunic enwrap the spermatic
cord.there are internal spermatic fascia;cremaster; Ext. spermatic fascia
Spermatic cord
Ductus deferensGenitofemoral n.
Ext.spermatic fascia
Pampiniform plexus
penis
Testibular a.
Cremaster Pariatal layerEpididymis
Pampiniform plexus
Perididymistestis
Skin Vesceral layer
Perididymis
Scrotumwall Dartos coat
testis
The covering of testis and spermatic cord
Genital ducts- ejaculatory duct
Formed by union of distal portion ductus deferens &portion ductus deferens & excretory duct of seminal vesiclevesicle
Passes through the upper part of prostate and opens p p pinto the prostatic part of urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Posterior surface of bladderLat.view of bladder and prostate
Accessory glands
Seminal vesicle (paired)Prostate (five lobes)Bulbourethral gland (paired)Bulbourethral gland (paired)
Accessory glands- seminal vesicle
Paired sacculated,coiled l dglands
Secrete part of seminal fluidfluid
Located on post. surface of bladder lateral to ampullabladder,lateral to ampulla ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct is formedEjaculatory duct is formed by union of distal portion ductus deferense and excretory duct of seminal vesicle Seminal vesicles
Post.view of bladder
Urinary bladderUreter
Ductus deferensDuctus deferens
Ampulla of ductusdeferens
Beginning of ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Ischiopubic ramus
Seminal vesicle
Deep transverse perineal m.and fascia
Prostate and seminal vesicles (post.view)
Bulbourethral glands
Accessory glands- prostate
Position Lies in the lesser pelvic
cavity below the bladder,above the
urogenital diaphragm.P t t
Post.view
Shape Chestnut-shaped organ
Division - Three portions
Prostate
Division Three portions
Base of prostate
Apex of prostateApex of prostate
Body of peostate
Prostatic sulcus(post surfaces)
Prostate
Prostatic sulcus(post. surfaces)
Five lobes
Sagittalview
Accessory glands- prostate
Contains of five lobesAnt.lobe
U thContains of five lobesAnt. lobe Mid. lobe
L ft l b Right.lobe
Urethra
Post.lobe Left lobeRi ht l b
Left.lobe g
Right lobe
Capsule of protate
Sheath of protate formed by pelvic fascia p
Post.lobeMid.lobe
Transverse section of prostate
Accessory glands - Bulbourethral gland
Two small pea-shaped glands,located in the deep transverse
muscle of perineum,opens into bulb of urethra.
Bulbourethralgland
Prostate cancerProstate cancer
External genital organs
ScrotumScrotumPenisPenis
External genital organs - scrotumg gPouch of thin skin lying below the root of the penis
Divided into two haves by septum of scrotum, contains testis
and epididymisand epididymis
External genital organs - scrotumThe wall of the testis consist of skin and dartos coat, a
connective tissue layer that contains many smooth muscle
g g
y yfibers which is continus anteriorly to the scarpa’s fascia of abdomen and posteriorly with Colles fascia of perineum
Spermatic cord
Ductus deferensGenitofemoral n
Ext.spermatic fascia penis
Genitofemoral n.
Testibular a.
Epididymis
Pampiniform plexus
Cremaster
Skin
Pariatal layer
Vesceral layerPerididymis
Scrotumwall Dartos coat
testis
wall Dartos coat
The regulation of testis temperatureThe testes work best at temperatures slightly less than core body temperature. The spermatogenesis is less efficient at lower and higher temperatures. This is presumably why the testes are located outside the p p y ybody. There are a number of mechanisms to maintain the testes at the optimum temperature.
While cool- cremaster contract –While hot- cremaster dilate – While cool- cremaster contract –the wall thickened- keep warm
While hot- cremaster dilate –the wall thinned- Decreased T
The descend of testis
The coverings of testis and spermatic cord
Transvers fasciaParietal peritoneum
g p
Obliquus internus abdominis
Trasversus abdominis
Aponeurosis of obliquus externus abdominis
abdominis
External spermatic fascia Parietal layer
Cremastter
Internal spermatic fascia
Viscerallayer
Tunica vaginalis of testisVaginal cavity
Division Root ;Body;Glans
External genital organs - penis
Ext. orifice
Division Root ;Body;Glans
Cavernous body(3)Cavernous body of penis(2); Cavernous body of urethra(1)
Head of penis
of urethraHead of penis
Prepuce of penis
Cavernouis body of urethra
Body of penis
Cavernous body of penis
Frenulum of prepuce
Sup.fascia of penisPrepuce of penis
Crus Crus
Bulb of urethra
Frenulum of prepuce
of penis Crus of penis
urethra
Bulbourethral gland
The transverse section of penisp
Dorsal n of penis Dorsal sup. a.of penisDorsal n.of penis
skin
Sup fascia of penisDorsal a.of penis
Dorsal deep a.of penis
Dorsal sup. a.of penis
Sup.fascia of penis
Deep.fascia of penisLat.v.of penis
Cavernouis body
Deep a.of penis
Cavernouis bodyof penis
Albuginea of cavernouisbody of penisbody of penis
urethracavernouis body of urethra
Albuginea of cavernouisbody of urethrabody of urethra
The masterpiece of great univers
P iPenis -like
StStone
Penis sheath in new Guinea
“Yang yuan stone” situated in Danxia Mountain of Guangdong Province. It g y g gis called the first strange (wonder) stone on the world which are 28 meters in height and 7meters in diameter.
Male urethraIt have a length about 16-20cm and pass through the prostate, the uregental diaphragm and the cavernous body of the urethra. Function:voiding the urine and ejaculating the seminal fluid.
Three portionsUreter
Three portionsThree stricturesThree dilationsTwo curvaturesAnt.and post urethra
Ductus deferensEjaculatory ductAmpulla of ductus deferens
bladder
UrethraPenis
Prostate
epididymis
scrotum
Male urethra -Three portions
2
2131 - Prostatic part
3cm;
2 - Membranous part
1 5cm;1.5cm;
3 - Cavernous part1515cm
Male urethra -Three strictures1 - Internal orifice of urethra2 - Membranous part3 - External orifice of urethra
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Male urethra –Two curvatures
1 - Subpubic curvaturen(can not be changed)2 - Prepubic curvature (can be changed)2 Prepubic curvature (can be changed)
2 1
Anterior urethra and posterior urethra
1 – Anterior urethra (prostatic part + membranous part)2 Posteror urethra (cavenous part only)2 – Posteror urethra (cavenous part only)
2 1
Male urethra –three dilations1 - Prostatic part2 - Bulb of urethra 3 - Nnavicular fossa of urethra
1
2
3
Local enlargement
See you next time!See you next time!