department of energy nuclear energy advisory committee us... · department of energy nuclear energy...
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Department of EnergyNuclear Energy Advisory Committee
6 December 2012 – Washington, D.C.
NCRP d th Milli W k St dNCRP and the Million Worker Study
John D Boice JrNational Council on Radiation Protection and
Measurements (NCRP) ( )Vanderbilt University, Dept of Medicine
[email protected]://NCRPonline.org
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Outline
NCRP
Million U.S. Radiation Worker and Veteran Study DOE Manhattan Project Workers NRC Nuclear Utility Workers DOD Atomic Veteran Medical Workers
Opportunities
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National Council on Radiation P t ti & M tProtection & Measurements
1929: U.S. Advisory Committee on X-ray andCommittee on X ray and Radium Protection
1946 U S N ti l C itt1946: U.S. National Committee on Radiation Protection
1964: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements chartered byMeasurements chartered by Congress (Public Law 88-376 )
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Reports, Advice, Research
2012
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National Study of One Million U.S. Radiation Workers and Veterans
Manhattan Project
Radiation Workers and Veterans
j Atomic veterans Nuclear utility workersNuclear utility workers Medical and other Other military – possibly Navy
Robert Oppenheimer, General Leslie Groves, Enrico Fermi, Hans Bethe, Theodore Hall Other military possibly NavyTheodore Hall
OAK (HARDTACK I), Enewetak,8.9 MT, 28 Jun 1958
Health Physics News October 2012
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Sponsored by:
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The Major Issue in Radiation Epidemiology and Radiation Protection?
What is the level of risk when exposure received gradually over time and not briefly ?
Medicine Accidents Occupation Environment
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Summary of Progress
The Pilot study demonstrated that the full-scale study isThe Pilot study demonstrated that the full scale study is feasible.
The study population is 10x larger than the atomic bomb survivor study and has more high-dose subjects (>100 mSv) and many more deaths (286,000 to date).
The assembled cohort consists of 196,000 DOE uranium workers, 155,000 DOE plutonium workers, 300,000 nuclear power plant workers, over 300,000 other radiation workers, and 115 000 atomic veteransand 115,000 atomic veterans.
The study has substantial statistical power to evaluate low-dose rate radiation effectsdose rate radiation effects.
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WHERE THERE IS NO VISION, THE PEOPLE PERISH.
PROVERBS 29 18PROVERBS 29:18
U.S. Congress
85 mrem/y = 0.85 mSv/y
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The Vision – One Million U.S. Workers
Targeted Populations Datasets Obtained
[X] Uranium Workers DOE 196,000 [X] Plutonium Workers DOE 155,000[X] Nuclear Power Plant Workers – to date 300,000[X] Nuclear Power Plant Workers to date 300,000[X] Other Radiation Workers, > 50 mSv 71,000
other Radiologists, Industrial Radiography ~230,000[X] Atomic Veteran DOD 115,000
>1 000 000>1,000,000
Other Possibilities[ ] Navy Submariners (Charpentier 1993) 76,000[ ] y ( p )[X] Nuclear Test Participants at Underground Tests 38,000
X = Datasets obtainedX = Datasets obtained
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The ModelRocketdyne/Atomics Internationaly
Santa Susana Field Laboratory
Simi ValleySodium reactorSodium reactorMoorpark 1957Edward R Murrow‘See it Now’Accident 1959Saturn Engine
Leggett et al. J Radiol Prot 2005Boice et al. Health Physics 2006
Boice et al. Radiat Res 2006Boice et al. Radiat Res 2011
g
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Career DosesSources of Radiation Exposure Histories
Department of Energy2,058
NRC – REIRS1,039
LandauerDosimetry Co.
1,792
Military
26.5% of total occupational dose was received at other facilities both prior to and after employment at Rocketdyne.
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• Gamma• X-ray (radiographers)
• Uranium, Plutonium• Americium, Polonium• Thorium Strontiumy ( g p )
• NeutronsThorium, Strontium
• Cesium, TritiumTypes of Exposure
External Internal
Uniform doseDelivered during exposureFilm (TLD) badge reading
Non uniform doseProtracted in timeBioassay measurements( ) badge ead g oassay easu e e ts
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Discussion Sessions with Former Radiation Workers
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Rocketdyne (Internal Dosimetry)Rocketdyne (Internal Dosimetry)
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Rocketdyne - 2011
Updated Mortality Analysis
“Larger combined studies of early workers in the United States using similar methodologies are warranted to refine and clarify radiation risks aftermethodologies are warranted to refine and clarify radiation risks after protracted exposures.”
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Incorporation of Internal Doses (UAlx) + EXTLung Cancer - Rocketdyneg y
4.0-Relative Risk95% Confidence Limit
( ) = numbers first follow-up7
3.0-
7(5) cancers 102 workers
e R
isk
2.0-
1,304(917) cancers
41,169 workers
134(96) cancers
3,852 workers
25(25) cancers 561 workers
41(28) cancers 976 workers
7(5) cancers 310 workersR
elat
iv
1.0-
Not monitored, referent
0-
0 5 - 10 - 50 - ≥ 200
Dose to Lung (mSv)(n) = Previous Follow-up
10 year lag10 mSv = 1 rem
Dose to Lung (mSv)
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Mound Plant, Dayton, OhioInnovations & PoloniumInnovations & Polonium
Dosimetry: Polonium Plutonium Tritium External Dosimetry: Polonium, Plutonium, Tritium, External
Tracing: 98% of 7,291 workers (1944+)
C i id li k ith Ohi C R i t Cancer incidence - linkage with Ohio Cancer Registry (1996+)
Renal Disease Registrylinkage (1976+)
Historical note: produced triggers for Trinity site and Nagasaki "Fat Man" plutonium agasa at a p uto ubombs
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Mound, Dayton, Ohio Polonium 210 (7,291 Workers)Polonium 210 (7,291 Workers)
Alexander V. Litvinenko in hishospital bed in London on Nov. 20, 2006
George KovalDecember 25, 1913 to January 31, 2006
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Current Interest Radioactive Smoke / ArafatRadioactive Smoke / Arafat
Rego, Sci Am 2011g ,
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Uranium Workers – Vital Status
50% have died
Costly - $
Workers load uranium slugs into the X10 Graphite Reactor face in Oak Ridge, TN. Built as part of the Manhattan Project, X10 was the first-ever production reactor. Circa 1943
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Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration Th Edi– Thomas Edison
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Scanning 30 Boxes of Death Certificates (29,300)( , )
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The Scanners --- Employing America’s YouthAmerica s Youth
Wake Forest (2), Milligan, Towson State, Gettysburg, U of Virginia, Ohio U
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Plutonium WorkersPlutonium Workers
Total 154,928
Other 33,388
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Nuclear Power Plant Workers
U.S. Early Nuclear Utility Workers y y
“There is a large number of the order of 600,000 workers;there is good dosimetry and a range of doses.Early workers received quite high doses because at the time themaximum permissible dose was defined to be 5 (N – 18) rem.
As a consequence some workers recorded doses as high as 1000 S ” (H ll EJ t l DOE W k h R d R 2009 )1000 mSv. ” (Hall EJ et al. DOE Workshop. Rad Res 2009.)
300,000 early workers identified in Landauer/NRC-REIRS d bREIRS databases
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Microfilm Image – Dresden NPPMicrofilm Image Dresden NPP
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Director, NCI to Chairman, NRC re: annual reporting of doses for medical studies
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr., M.D.
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Kenneth M. Carr
Wheels of government turn slowlyWheels of government turn slowly198619912012
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REIRS – Designed with health gstudies in mind (2012)
30
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1993
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Nuclear Power Plant Workers
Dresden Generating Stationg
Number who have died is greater thantotal number studied in large 15-utilityinvestigation with 1190 deaths among53,698 workers (Howe et al Rad Res 2004)
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Nuclear Utility Worker Dose Distribution PreliminaryPreliminary
Lifetime dose(mSv)
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
<10 81,930 76.13 81,936 76.1310 81,930 76.13 81,936 76.1310 - 49 18,714 17.39 100,650 93.52
50 - 499 6,846 6.36 107,496 99.88500 - 999 90 0.08 107,586 99.96
1,000+ 38 0.04 107,624 100.00
Paracelsus: The Poison is in the Dose.
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1996
DOE and Nuclear Navy Personnel
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Other Radiation Workers Radiologists, nuclear medicine, radiotherapists, other medical,
industrial radiographers 2700 roles of microfilm from the 1950s through 1976 available from 2700 roles of microfilm from the 1950s through 1976 available from
Landauer (5 million dosimetry reports) Microfilm being imaged/digitized Electronic records after 1976 records (1.5 million dosimetry reportsElectronic records after 1976 records (1.5 million dosimetry reports
for the: Over 70,000 non-nuclear utility workers identified with cumulative dose > 50 mSv.
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Other Radiation WorkersLandauer (> 50 mSv)Landauer (> 50 mSv)
I l d i d t i l di h di l i tIncludes industrial radiographers, radiologists, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy & other medicalElectronic database 1977+Microfilm 1953+ (being processed)
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Other Workers - Landauer > 50 mSv D Di t ib tiDose DistributionDose
category(mSv) Frequency Percent< 50 1,639 2.350 - 42,393 60.0100 - 24,049 34.1500 - 1,307 1.9
> 1000 1,180 * 1.7
Problematic 37 0 1Problematic 37 0.1Total 70,605 100
• Japanese atomic bomb survivors > 1000 mSv = 2,389 (Preston Rad Res 2004)
Japanese atomic bomb survivors > 100 mSv = 18,444 compared with 26,536 above
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Nuclear Weapons Test ParticipantsTh Ei ht S i St dThe Eight Series Study
Desert Rock VI exercise (TEAPOT), NTS, 1955
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The 8th Series - TrinityThe 8 Series Trinity
First weapons test Alamogordo NM 16 July 1945 First weapons test, Alamogordo, NM, 16 July 1945
Historical figures: J. Robert OppenheimerGeneral Leslie GrovesEnrico Fermi, Hans BetheTheodore Hall
Note the film badges
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Atomic Veterans – Cancers to DateAtomic Veterans Cancers to Date
Aim. Estimate the lifetime risk of radiation-induced leukemia
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Atomic Veterans Tracing Efforts
N=115,318
VA – BIRLS
FaceBookN=9,876 UnknownN=105,442 Known
Credit Bureaus
N=74,021 N=31,421Alive
N=5,456Known SSN
N=4,420Unknown SSN
N=58,687CauseK
N=15,344
Known
N=1,6,06Died Before
1979
N=13,727Died After
1979
Oct 2012
1979 1979
VAROs and FRCS
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Atomic Veterans Study Group
Nashville, TN –10-11 October 2012
N h ill TNNashville, TN –19-20 January 2011
Health Physics News December 2012
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Million Worker StudyStudy
Vital Status
Processed to Date
Higgs Boson
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OPPORTUNITIES
Dose Reconstruction Report.p Integrating Biology with Epidemiology. Studying Cancer Risk Around DOEStudying Cancer Risk Around DOE
Nuclear Facilities
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Dosimetry Committee
Andre Bouville Harold Beck Larry Dauer Keith Eckerman
Ethel Gilbert Kathy Pryor Marvin Rosenstein Steve Simon
Dan Stram John Till Dick Toohey Craig Yoder
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INTEGRATING BASIC SCIENCEWITH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LOW-DOSE RADIATION EFFECTS
2013-2014
NCRP is grateful to CDCNCRP is grateful to CDC for financial support.
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Cancer in PopulationsLiving Near Nuclear Facilitiesg
JAMA 256: 1991
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Workshop – Study of One Million US Workers and Veterans Bethesda, Maryland 15-16 February 2012Veterans Bethesda, Maryland 15 16 February 2012
National Cancer Institute, Department of Energy, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of Defense, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated
Universities Harvard University Vanderbilt University National Institute of OccupationalUniversities, Harvard University, Vanderbilt University, National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety, University of Southern California, Landauer Inc., Environmental Protection Agency, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (Japan), International Epidemiology Institute, National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)and Measurements (NCRP)
March 11- 12, 2013 Annual Meeting, Bethesda , g,RADIATION DOSE AND IMPACTS ON EXPOSED POPULATIONS
Including presentation on:
Two Year Results from the Fukushima Health SurveysTwo Year Results from the Fukushima Health SurveysShunichi Yamashita, Vice Pres, Fukushima Medical University
Members Dinner: Science, Media and the Public Miles O’Brien, Science Correspondent, PBS NEWSHOUR
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Domo - Arigato Thank youThank you
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Risk Below 100 mSv (10 rem) -Risk Below 100 mSv (10 rem) Judgment
(27) … The Recommendations are b d i tifi k l d dbased on scientific knowledge and on expert judgement (ICRP Publ 103, 2007).
(62) In the case of cancer, epidemiological and experimentalepidemiological and experimental studies provide evidence of radiation risk albeit with
t i ti t d b t 100uncertainties at doses about 100 mSv or less.
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“All models are wrong,gsome models are useful.”
--- George Box, industrial statistician, 1979
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Preview of upcoming LNT DebateNot everyone agrees --Preview of upcoming LNT Debate
2008
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LSS Dose Response - Solid Cancer Mortality, 1950-20031950 2003
Significant upward curvature (nonlinearity) is seen in dose response
Ozasa et al, Rad Res 177; 2012