dhan daswandh ja vapar - prof. inder singh ghagga

8/3/2019 Dhan Daswandh Ja Vapar - Prof. Inder Singh Ghagga

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j ?. fJ ; T [Zu /; [Zu /fe o d ko d h p d "b s , Gko s t k; h f j zd {n Kn s /w [; b wkBK,

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d b d b f t u r o e j ' u [Ze / j B . r [o d t kfo n Kd k ; zr s Kt b 'Afd s k f r n k

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e ko i Kb J h n o g D e hs h w kfJ n k, o ki B hs h d / r zd f t u o ' j V h i k o j h

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ft u p Vh u s [o kJ h Bkb , i ?e ko k b kT [Ad /j B “ t kfj r [o {i h e k y kb ; k,

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g zE d h u V d h e b k t k; s /, f g S b / u kb h e [ ; kb s 'AX o w g qu ko

d / y /s o f t u “ fw; aBo h@ f; zx , ; w o ZE k w [s kp e : 'r d kB g k o j / j B .

; z; E kt K d / o {g f t u s / f t n e s hr s o {g f t u Gh. f J j fB w kDk ; /t e

r [o w s g qu ko d h ; /t k fg S b / p Zs h e [ ; kb s 'Ae o d k n k fo j k j ?. fb y e /

n s / p 'b e / ( e E k b ?e u o ) p j [s ; ko / d /; aK d k Go w D e hs k j ?. p ;

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n ; {b KB kb n Zi s Ze w ?Ae d h ; wM"s k B j hAe hs k, Gkt /Aw [; e b Kfe zB hn K

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e o Kr k.

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n k; e o d k j Kd [B hn KGo f t u c ?b /, r [o { fg n ko t kb /, g zE d h

u V d h e b k u kj [D t kb /, f J ; ; /t k B {zg qt kB e o fd n K ; f j : 'r p y ; ad /

o f j Dr /.

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e o 'V d /t h d /t fs n Ks 'A, w ?ƒ n I kd e o fd Zs k j ?n t s ko K d h r [b kwh s 'A,

w /o h p zd y b k; h e o f d s h j ?, i V ^ g {i k s / g ZE o g {i k s 'A. w ?ƒ p B ; g s h,

g P { g zS hn K n Zr / B Ze o r V B s 'Ap u k f b n k j ?. w ?ƒ ; [u /s e o f d Zs kl

X o s h u zB ; {o i n s / f r qf j n K n kfd d h e ko i f t X h s 'A. g f t s or [o p kDh d k n o E K; w /s v {zx k n fX n ?B e o e /, t kf j r [o {i h d h f t P kb s k

n s / T [; d h f ; qP N h ƒ ; zGkb D d h n g ko P e s h n B [Gt e o e /, f t ; w kd

f t Zu n k e /, “ t kf j O r [o {” n ky fd n K w ?Ae /t b f J Ze n e kb g [o y d k

w zB D t kb k j ' f r n k j K. n Df r Ds fe ; w d hn Kr [b kw hn Ks 'Aw ?ƒ g {o B

; [s zs o s k g qkg s j ' r J h j ?. f J ; / b J h w ?ƒ f ; Zy h s / w kD j ?.“ n fs T [Zu k s k e k d o p ko k]

n zs [Bkj hfe S[g ko kt ko k] ” ( wL 5^ 562)

Gr s ; kf j p kB i h d k T [Zs w T [g d /P s / i ht B s i o p k, ; f s r [o {

B kB e ; kf j p i h ƒ g qkg s j 'f J n k. T [j B Kn e kb g [o y d h f b t b hB s k

f t u 'A, i ' p y f P P K g qkg s e hs hn K, T [j n Zr 'As o s hp t ko ; o ho e i kw /

p d b d hn K, d ; w g ks P kj j I {o ƒ g qkg s j 'J hn K. B " ; f s r [o {n K d k

i w kb s / i b kb X ko B e o e /, j I {o d ; t /AB kB e B /, e o V h g qhf y n k b ?

e / y kb ; k g zE d h ; zg {o Ds k e o f d s h. T [j f J Ze n b "fe e f t ; w kd h

B I ko k ; h, i d 'A 16 9 9 d h Gkr Go h f t ; ky h ƒ , e /; r V Q; f kj p d /

n ; E kB s / y b ' e / r o i t hAn kt kI f t Zu t zr ko g kJ h. “ n ?r [o { B kB e

i h ƒ f g n ko e o B t kf b U , n ?w B [y s k d k Gb k b 'u D t kf b U , n ?f J Zen e kb g [o y s / f t P t k; o Zy D t kfb U HHHHHn Zi w ?ƒ f J Ze B "i t kB f ; o d h

b 'V j ?. j ?e 'J h i ' r [o {ƒ n kg Dk f ; o G/AN e o d /t /HHH< ” P wQK d h b kN

s / ; V w o B t kb / g qt kf B n K t Kr , t ko ' t ko h g zi K B / n kg D/ ; h; r [o

u o B k f t Zu n o g D e hs /. y zv / d h g kj [b S e kT [D s 'Ap kn d , G/d Gfo n k

e "s e t o s k e / r [o { i h d / y k; f t P t k; g ks o , fJ j “ g zi f g n ko /”



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n y t kJ /. g zE d h u V Qd h e b k t k; s /, I [b w d h i V g [ZND b J h, r o hp K,

w I b {w Kd h o ky h b J h, n Zr 'Ai d 'Ab 'V g J h s Kg zi B j hA, g zi kj Gh B j hA,

i / b 'V g J h 5 0 0 0 0 f ; o t ko B b J h y kb ; k j o d w f s n ko f o j k.

n B zd g [o ; kf j p d hn K n B /e i zr K, g f o t ko f t S 'V k, u w e "o d h r V Qh,

f y d o kD/d h Y kp , \ {Bh ; o j zd , S 'N / t Zv / x b {x ko /, T [d 'As 'Ab ?e / w"i {d k

; w /As Ze , f ; Zy K B / i kB f g n ko h B j hAi ks h, ; r 'Af ; Zy h f g n ko h e o e /

i kDh j ?. r [o { s / n s [ZN f t P t k; ; d e k, ; | b s kt K f ; zx K d / e d w

u [zw d hn Ko j hn K. I kb w j ke w KB / Gkt /An Df r Ds t ko h f ; Zy K d / f ; o K

d / w [Zb g kJ /, i kB t o K t Kr f P e ko e hs /, x o ^ x kN T [i kV /, i zr b hAt k; ke o t kf J n k, g o y kb ; k g zE n kg D/ f B P kB / s 'Afg S / B k j fN n k. n ko /

u b d /r J /, p zd p zd e N hAd / r J /, y 'g o hn KT [s o d hn Ko j hn K, u o y V hn K

u b e / j Zv hn Kd k u {o k e o d hn K o j hn K, p Zf u n K d / N'N / N 'N /e o e / wkt K

d / r b K f t Zu j ko g ?Ad / o j /HHHH. s / f ; Zy fe ; /w ; s h d / n kb w f t Zu n r zw h

r hs r kT [Ad / o j / L^e p ho w[f j wo B /e k u kT [ j ?, wo T [s j f o e ?d [n ko ]

ws j fo g {S / e T [B[ j ?g o k j wko / p ko ] ( 13 6 7 )

i d 'Aw ?An kg D/b k; kB h fJ fs j k; ƒ ; z; ko B kb w /b e / t /y d k j K

s K w /o k f ; o | \ o B kb T [Zu k j ' i Kd k j ?. f J ; / b J h s K w?ƒ f ; Zy h s / w kD

j ?.

r [o p kDh d / T [g d /P d [n ko k w ?ƒ n ; b h w B [Zy h GkJ h u ko / d k t h

g s k b Zr k j ?. “ B k e ' p ?o h Bj h fp r kBk ; r b ; zfr j w e T [ p f B

n kJ h” ( w L5 ^ 12 9 9 ) d / f ; X Ks ƒ ; w M e / w ?Af e ; / ƒ t Zv k S 'N k i K

T [u k B ht K B j hA ; w Md k. ; ko / j h w /o / n kg D/ j B , fJ e ' w K fg T [

i kf J n K t o r /. w B [Zy s k ƒ b ho ' b ho e o B t kb h w zƒ t kd h ; 'u ƒ w ?A

fs b Ki b h d / fd s h j ?. w /o / s q?e kb d o P h ; f s r [o { i h B /, r [o { r qzE ; kf j pf t Zu p qkj w D K d h p kD h, n y "s h P {d o K o f t d k; i h u w ko , B kw d /t i h

S hAp /, e p ho i h i [b kj /, ; X B k i h e ; kJ h, ; ?D i h B kJ h d h g kt B p kD h

ƒ P kw b e o e /, i ks ^ g ks d / Go w r V ƒ i V 'AT [y kV e / o Zy f d s k. i '

b 'e t y i ks h t kb / d / g o S kt /A s 'A Gh B c o s e o d / ; B , T [j h b 'e



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r [o p kDh o kj hA, n y "s h P [d o K ƒ fB s B w ; e ko K e o d / j B . n w ho

r o hp o ki k o ze d k fJ E /e 'J h G/d B j hAo Zfy n k f r n k. n w b Ks / fB p /V k

j 'D p ko / c ?; b k f d s k f r n k j ?.

; kX; zf r BkBe p [fX g kJ h j fo e ho s B[n kXko ']

Bkwd /T [ f sqb 'u B[e pho d k; o 'w[e fs GfJ U u zfwn ko '] ( 498 )

f J j B K T [Zs w r [Dk e ko B j h w?ƒ f ; Zy h s / wkD j ?.

d ; r [o { ; kf j p kB n Df r Ds o Zp h r [D K d / w [i ; w / ; B . f i E /T [ j

j I ko K w hb K d k g ?Av k s ?j e o e /, w B [y s k d / Gb / f j s g qu ko e o d / o j /,

w B w [y K ƒ r [o w [y p D kT [Ad / o j /. T [E / B kb j h T [FZi V o j / Gko s t k; hn Kƒ w [V t ; kT [Ad / o j /. fe s /e o s ko g [o , r 'fJ zd t kb , n zfwqs ; o , s o B s ko B ,

j f o r 'f p zd g [o k, e ho s g [o s / n B zd g [o ; kf j p t o r / B r o K d h g o s Zy

fw ; kb ; kj w D/ j ?. f J j B Kn ; E kB k s 'Af ; f y n k j k; b e o B t kb /, j Ze

; Zu d h n kt kI p [b zd e o d /o j /, B r ko / r [zi ko Kg kT [Ad / o j /. ; w /Ad / I kb w

j ke w , w zd o ^ w ; hs K, ; e {b , w {o s hn K n s / x [Zr t ; d / P f j o s p kje o d / o j /. ; f s r [o { i h w zd o K, w ; hs K ; e {b K X o w P kb kt K d h T [; ko h

e o t kT [Ad / o j /. ; ko k d /P G/v K p e o hn K t Kr i ht B p s hs e o f o j k

; h. g zu w r [o d /t n Dy o f j s i ht B d h E Kt / ; {o w r s h t kb h w "s e p {b

e o e / B t /Ag {o B / g kT [Ad / o j /. s Zs hn K s t hn K s / p ?m e / t h ; p o f ; d e

d k ; p [{s f d zd / o j /. S /t /AB kB e w ho h g ho h d hn K d ' f e o g kB K ; i k, o D

s Zs / f t Zu d [P w D d / n kj { b kj [zd / o j /. f B wkf Dn K d h f X o p De /

; ' e s v o ?f i y ; w[ ; wko ?. .

v fo v fo g u /wBw[y t /u ko /. . ( 6 7 7 )

d /o Zp h r hs d k ; b 'r B r kT [Ad /o j /. f d Zb h d /u Kd B h u "Ae f t Zu

B"t /ABkB e , wB [Zy s k d /n fX e ko Kd h o ky h f j s , ; o ho o {g h mhe o k GzB

e / n w o g d t h g qkg s e o r J /. d ; t /AB kB e u ko / p /N / t ko e / n e kbg [o y n Zr / fP e t k B j hA e o d /, j zM[ B j hA e /o d /. X o w s 'A ; G e [M

e [o p kB e o e / ; w /Ad / ; G s 'AP e s hP kb h p kd P kj ƒ “ I c o B kw k” ( f i Zs

d h f u Zmh) f b y e / n kg D h ; {o w s kJ h s / f B o GT [ f B o t ?o j 'D d k g Ze k

; p {s d /Ad / j B .



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“ i Bw wo D d [j j {wf j Bkj h i B g o T [g e ko h n kJ /]

i hn d kB[d / Gr s h b kfJ fB j fo f; T [b ?fB fwb kJ /] ( 7 4 9 )

n f i j / w j kB ; f s r [o {n K e ko B j h w ?ƒ f ; Zy h s / w kD j ?.

f J ; s o h i ks h w B [Zy s k d k n ZX , ; [zd o s k n s / e 'w b s k d h

; ky P ks w {o s h, ƒ ; z; ko d / B k; w M b 'e K B/ s K i p o ^ I [b w d k fP e ko

p D kfJ n k j h ; h, p b fe d [B hn k d / b r g r ; ko / X o w w [y hn K B / t h

d [o e kfo n k fc Ne kfo n k. e d h p kx D s /e d h B kr D s /e d h g ?o d h i [Zs h

s e n ky D' Gh P o w B k e hs h. p /n zs w zd o K ft Zu d ky b / s / g kp zd h. j Zi

e o B i kD s / o 'e , X o w g qu ko e i K t Zv hn KX ko w e g d t hn Ks / ; [P 'fGs j 'D ' o 'e . fe ; / n kfy n k n "o s ƒ n kI kd h B k fd U , x o d h u ko d ht ko h

f t Zu p zd e o f d U . ; s e ko : 'r w K, f g n ko d k w [i ; w K G?D, i ht B

; kE h, d [Zy ^ ; [Zy f t Zu GkJ ht kb x o ƒ ; t o r d k o {g d /D t kb h g s B h,

b kv K f t Zu g b h f g n ko h p /N h d / o {g f t Zu j ' e / Gh n "o s ; d k s V c d h

f t b e d h o j h, j zM{ t j kT [Ad h o j h. ; d hn K s 'Aj h f e ; / X o w w [y h d kf J ; d h s o ; : 'r j kb s t /y e / f d b B j hAg ; hf i n k. ; ko / b 'e f r o MK

t Kr Mg N d / o j /, w k; B 'u d / o j /, I [b w d h GZmh f t Zu ; V d h g J h t /y e /

w [; e o kT [Ad / o j /. e 'J h w Zd d b J h B k p j [fV n k, fe ; / j kn d k B kj o k B k

w kfo n k. w /o / ; f s e ko : 'r r [o d /t i h B / P /o r o i B kb i d 'Ab b e ko k

w kfo n k “ ; ' f e T [ wzd k n ky hn ?f i s [ i zwf j o ki kB ” ( 4 7 4 ) s K ; ko /

; zB kN k S k f r n k, b 'e h w {zj f t Zu T [Ar b Kg k, fp ZN^ fp ZN s Ze d / o f j r J /.

; f s r [o { i h B /; ko / j hb / t ; hb / t o s e /, n "o s ƒ p o kp o s k t kb k o [s p k

g qd kB e hs k. ; s h t o r h I kb w o ; w s 'Ao 'fe n k, f t X t k f t n kj e hs /,

g o d / ( x [zv ) d h g kp zd h j N kJ h. p kb f t n kj K s 'A o [e D b J h g q/o Dk

e hs h. p j [s / f t n kj g qE k d h e 'Mh o ; w ƒ p zd e o kfJ n kl ; ko /Xo w ^ e o w K

f t Zu p o kp o f j Z; /d ko h d k n ?b kB e hs k. e ho s B e E k s K e o B k j h ; hp hp hn K ƒ P ; s o ; i k, x 'V / s / ; t ko j ' e /, d [P w D d hn K c "i K B kb

b V ^ w o B d h d b /o h p \ P f d Zs h. J /; / T [g d /P d h p o e s B kb f ; Zy

p hp hn K f I zd r h d / ; ko / y /s o K f t Zu p o kp o s k t kb k o [Zs p k g qkg s e o

; e hn K j B . d k; h s 'Ao kD h, g ?o d h i [Zs h s 'Af ; o d k s ki p D k f d Zs h



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r J h. ; d hn K d h g b hs ; 'u ƒ ; f s r [o { i h B / g o Q/ t r kj w kfo n k.

; f s r [o { i h d / e hs / T [g e ko K e ko B n "o s i ks h B / ; kf j p i h n Zr /

p ko ^ p ko ; h; M[e kf J n k n s / X zB t kd e hs k. f e T [Afe ; d hn K d h

} [b kwh s 'Ap kn d f J ; ƒ y [Zb Qh n kI kd fc I k f t Zu ; kj b ?Dk B ; hp j 'f J n k

; h.

“ ; s [ ; zs 'y [d fJ n k Xo w[; hr ko [ p Bkt T []

; c b ; [j kr fD BkBe k n g [B/g qG Gkt T [] ” ( 8 12 )

n f i j / T [Zu s w r [D K e ko B j h w ?ƒ f ; Zy h s / w kD j ?.

w /o / ; f s r [o {i h B /w ?ƒ fe o s h w / j B s h p DkfJ n k j ?, f t j b V i Kw y ZN { B j hA. w ?Af e s / t h d ; K B j [n K d h f e o s e o K, d /P ^ f t d /P f t Zu

i kt K, ; G g qt kB j ?. f e ; kB p D y /s h e o K, d [e kB d ko j 't K, t kg ko h

j 't K i K d /P d h o ky h b J h t o d h g f j B , g f j o /d ko f ; g kj h p Dk, ; G

g qt kB j ?. f ; Zy h fe ; /B /e e zw f t Zu o 'e B j hAg kT [Ad h. ; r 'Afd n kB s d ko h

Bkb f v T {Nh e o B d h g q/o Bk e o d h j ?. f ; Zy h ; o {g s / f ; Zy h r [DKe ko Bw ?ƒ j o /e E Ks / f t P /P ; B wkB d h B I o B kb t /f y n k i Kd k j ?. fe ; / e zw

e ko B w ?AB ht K i K T [Zu k B j hAj [zd k. i d 'Aw ?A; zr s ƒ T [g d /P e o K s K

g zf v s o {g j K, f ; g kj h j 't Ks Ky Zs o h, y /s h i K t kg ko e o Ks K t ?P , i {m/

GKv / ; kc e o f o j k j 't K i K MkV { b k f o j k j 't K s K P {d o j K. w ?ƒ f e ; /

e zw s 'Af r b kB h B j hA, B /e B hs h B kb e hs / r J / ; ko / e zw j h Gb / j B .

w ?ƒ n kg D / g ?o K f ; o y V / j 'D f t Zu ; zs [P N h f w b d h j ?, s / ; w ki f t Zu

; B w kB fw b d k j ?. f t j b V o fj Dk i Kw zr e / y kDk w ?Ag kg ; w Md k j K.

f J ; ; t ?w kD Go h p \ f P P e ko B j h s K w ?ƒ f ; Zy h s / w kD j ?.

“ B kB e ; fs r [f o G/f Nn ?g [o h j 't ?i [r f s ]

j ; zfd n k y /b zfd n k g ?Bzfd n k y kt zfd n k ft Zu /j 't ?w[e fs ] ” ( 522)

w /o / ; f s r [o { i h t Zb 'Ai ' f B o w b g zE P [o { e hs k f r n k j ?, T [je /t b n kg D/ s Ze ; hw s B j hAj ?; r 'AfJ j s K ; o p Zs d k Gb k b 'u d k j ?.

n kg D/ n kg p ko / s K g P { g zS h s / i ht ^ i zs { t h ; 'u d / j B . f c o w B [Zy s k

f t Zu e kj d h f t P /P s k j 'J h < ; kf j p i h d k p u B j ?L^

i r s [ i b zd k o fy b ?n kg D h fe o g k Xkfo ]



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f i s [d [n ko ?T [p o ?fs s ?b ?j [ T [p kfo ] ( 8 5 3 )

e 'J h Gb k u kj z[d k j ?g f o t ko d k, e 'J h Gb k b 'u d k j ?f g zv d k

i Kd /P d k. g o T [g e ko h ; fs r [o {i h B / ; ko h b 'e kJ h d k Gb k wzf r n k j ?.

w ?ƒ ; f s r [o { i h B / f J j B j hAf ; y kfJ n k e / e 'J h f t n e s h e /t b f; Zy j 'D

e o e / j h w j kB j ?. B j hA; r 'Ai ht B f t Zu e hs / r J / e zw Kn B [; ko B p /V K

j 'Dk j ?. n Zr /X B , n j [d k, I ks , i Ko {g B j hAi kt /r k. ; r 'An e kb g [o y

d h : kd , f; wo D n s /e hs / r J /B /e e zw j h i kDr /. fJ ; r b s /I 'o B j hA

fd s k f r n k f e s [; hAf ; Zy h ƒ n g DkU , s K j h g ko b zx 'r /. p b fe p V h

c o ky fd b h B kb n kfy n k, ; u /w [; b w kB p D', ; u / f j zd { p D '. n ; b f t ZuT [j e f j o j / j B fe ; Zu / f J B ; kB p D '. w B [y s k B kb f g n ko e o ', o I k

f t Zu o ki h o j ', g o T [g e ko s / ; kd r h t kb k i ht B p s hs e o '. n kg D/

X o w d / r [DK ƒ ; w M', f J ; s o QK ; j h w kf J f B n K ft Zu ; u / X o w h g [o y

p D'. i ' w B f t Zu j 't / T [j h I [p kB s / j 't /, i ' i [p kB s / j 't / T [j h w B f t Zu

j 't /. c o /p h s / g ky zv h e 'J h B I o B k n kt /. f J j B K y [Zb / v [Zb / f t u ko Ke ko B j h w ?ƒ f ; Zy h s / w kD j ?.

g o E kfJ ; ky h wj k g [o y p 'b d / ; kMh ; r b i j kB ?]

r [o w[fy j 'fJ ; [ GT [ e o / n kg D k n kg [ g S kB?] ( 6 4 7 )

n Zi f t f r n kB d k : [r j ?, n ; hA j o f t u ko i K t ; s { ƒ

f t f r n kB d h n Zy B kb t /y D k g o y D k u kj [zd / j K. f J ; B t /Af d qP N he 'D

s 'At /f y n K ; z; ko d / p j [s ; ko / X o w Kd / fB : w g o y d h e ; t ZN h s / y o /

B j hAT [s o d /. f B Zs f d B d hn K B t hn K b ZGs K B / X o w w [y hn K ƒ r zGho

; 'u K f t Zu g k f d s k j ?. ; d hn K s 'Af J Ze p b d B / X o s h ƒ n kg D/ f ; zr K

s / u Z[f e n k j 'f J n k ; h. n Zi T [j p b d X o s h d / j /mK T [g o 'A x [zw e /

t /f y n K Gh b Zf Gn k B j hA. ; G/ w [o kd K n Zy d / c 'o f t Zu g {o hn K e o B

t kb h e kw X /B r T {, e /t b g [o kfDe e j kDhn Ks e ; [zr V e / o f j r J h j ?.; w [zd o d / v {zx / g kDhn Kf t Zu fN fe n k, f t P ƒ i h d h ; /t k f t Zu j kI o P /P

B kr , T [v ko h ( < ) w ko f r n k j ?. j B {w kB f i j k T [Zv Dk i kB t o , i '

f j w kb k g o p s ƒ f y v kT [D/ t Kr u [Ze b t /, ; {o i ƒ c V e / w {zj f t Zu g k

b t /, g {S b ƒ w hb K s e b zw h e o b t /, n Zi e b QN ko u b ?e / b Zf Gn K Gh



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B j hAb ZGd k. t kX {d hn K f r Ds hn K, f i t /AL^ f s zB b 'e , u "d K s p e , i K

u "d K j I ko n kb w d h ; 'u p j [s f g ZS / o f j r J h j ?. ; f s r [o { i h B / ; k|

n ky f d s k “ e /s / fJ zd u zd ; {o e /s /HHHHg ks kb k g ks kb b y n kr k; k

n kr k; HHHHb /y k j 'fJ s Kfb y hn ?b /y ?j 'fJ ft Dk; [. ” fe ; / fe j k X o s h

x [zw d h j ?, fe ; / n e b s / x 'V / d [V kJ / s Ke f j fd s k ; {o i u Ze o e ZNd k j ?.

; f s r [o { i h B / ; kc e f j fd s k fe ; ko / n kg ' n kg D / fB : w f t Zu r s hP hb

j B . g kt B r [o p kDh f t Zu g qwkD{( n ?Nw) d h w j kB P e s h p ko /, f ; qP Nh

o u Bk p ko /, u zd K, s kfo n K, ; {o i K p ko /, fwZNh d / f J Ze I Zo / s 'Ab ?e /

p qf j w zv d h f t P kb s k s e , ; f s r [o { i h B / i ' n B [Gt e hs k, T [; ƒ o Zp hfb t f t u 'A, n e kb h p kDh d / o {g f t Zu , T [s ko f d s k. f i E 'As e j kb h

f t f r n kB d h n Zy B j hAt /y ; e h, r [o p kDh B / T [j ; G p j [s g f j b K j h

f t y k f d s k. ” n kX [fB e I w kB /d hn K ; ko hn K b 'V K g {o hn K e o B t kb k,

; w [u / ; z; ko ƒ f g n ko ^ e b kt / f t Zu b ?D t kb k. Gf t Zy d k i / e 'J h ; KMk

X o w j ' ; e d k j ?s K e /t b r [o { r qzE ; kf j p f t Zu d o ; kf J n k X o w j h j ' ; e d k j ?. ” f J j f t u ko ; z; ko g qf ; ZX f t d /P h f t d t kB n ?u n ?b

p qkv P kj d / j B . f J ; d h Gf t Zy w [y h ; 'u s / n kT [D t kb / I kw B / ƒ : 'r

n r t kJ h d /D d h ; w o E k d h f e X o / f w ; kb B j hAf w b d h. f c o n f i j /

r [DK e ko B w ?ƒ f ; Zy h s / w kD j ?.

Ghs f o n r f B p B k; g f s wT [b h ; kr o [ g zv ?g kf J n k]

u zd [; {o i [d [fJ x o j hGhs fo n ?; k fr n kB[B gkfJ n k] ( 1171)

w /o / ; f s r [o { i h B / g qt ko s / ; w ki d hn K ; ko hn K f I zw /t ko hn K

fB GkT [Afd n K t kf j r [o { ƒ ; d k : kd o Zy D t k; s / f e j k j ?. x o f s n kr

e / i zr b K g j kV K f t Zu GN e D d h I o {o s B j hA. ; B ks B h g qu ko n X hB

b 'e h f I zw /t ko hn K s 'AGZi o j / ; B . d /P T [i V fo j k ; h. f J Zi s o [b o j h

; h, p Zu / f t b e o j / ; B , x o b [ZN / i k o j / ; B s / fJ j g ZE o K ( w {o s hn K)ƒ g {i D t kb / b 'e f J zB / e m'o j ' u [e / ; B fe s V g o j / d /P t k; hn K, X o w

Go kt K G?D K d h e [o b kj N fJ j B K ƒ ; [DkJ h j h B j hA d /Ad h ; h. c ke /

e ZND/, s B B zr / o Zy D /, u b hj / e ND/ X {Dhn K, i b X ko / e o B /, i [Zs h d k

fs n kr n s / j 'o j o s o QK d / ; o ho e e P N K s 'A; f s r [o { i h B /w [e s e o



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f d s k. n ?b kB e o fd Zs k ; kX K, i 'r hn K, f s n kr hn K, ; fB n k; hn KB kb 'A

f J Ze f e o s h f J B ; kB j I ko d o i / T [s w j ?, u zr k j ?. y [d j h o Zp n Zr /

n o d k; e o ', i ' w zr Dk j ?t kf j r [o { i h s 'Aw zr ', fe ; / n v zp o d h b 'V B j hA

j ?. w /o / f g s k ; f s r [o { i h B / f J j Gh ; w Mk f d Zs k f e i zw Dk w o B k ; G

o Zp i h d / j ZE f t Zu j ?. o kw s /o kt D, e "o t ^ g Kv t , p q j w k f t P B { f e qP B

i K fP t i h t o r / Gh B j hao j /. f J ; b J h e d h Y f j zd h e b k f t Zu B j hA

i kDk u kj hd k. ; z; ko n y kV /f t Zu x 'b e o fd n K, t v /o hn K f I zw /t ko hn K

f B GkT [Af d n K, w /o / ; 'j D / g zE s / p j [s t ko h t Zv / t Zv / ; ze N n kJ /. r [o {

; kf j p kB d hn K b 'e e fb n kD f j s f j o d / t /X e P j kd s K j 'J hn K. S 'N /t Zv / x b {x ko / f ; o T [g o 'Ad h b zx /. i ?s ' f t y / s /B B e kDk ; kf j p f t y / f ; Zy K

d k e s b /n kw j 'f J n k. ; zB 19 8 4 f t Zu d o p ko ; kf j p s / I kb w K t b 'A

fc o w ko {j w b k e hs k f r n k. GkDk w zB fd n Kj o d [y d o d , i o fb n k.

“ n B zd [ Gf J n k w /o h wkf J ; f s r [o { w?g kf J n kHHHHHg V e / e V kj g qP kd

t o s kf J n k f r n k. r [o p kDh s 'A; /X g qkg s e hs h; /t e e h U Vfe fBp j h g qhfs ]

i ht s ; kfj p ; /ft U n g Bk u b s /o kfy U u hfs ] ( 1000)

n f i j / w j kB r [DK t kb / X o w ƒ w ?Afe T [Afg n ko B k e o K <

; 'B f u V h Gko s d /; 7 0 0 ; kb s 'A p d /P h i o t kfDn Kd / g ?o K d h

\ ke p D u [f e n k ; h. X B n s / o {g E 'e f t Zu p d /P h b [ZN e / p kj o f b i k

o j / ; B . ; s h ; f t s o hn K ƒ , e [n ko hn K e zi e K ƒ , r i B h d / p I ko hA

B hb kw e hs k i k f o j k ; h. w /o / ; f s r [o { i h B / w [o d k b 'e K f t Zu n Dy

r ?o s d h B t hAo {j c {e f d s h. i 'P i t kb k d / GKp V p kb f d s /. ; t ?w kD

o f j s f I zd r h B kb 'A; {o f wn K t kb h w "s e p {b e o B d h t zr ko g kJ h. E K

E K; o t g Zy h i ht B i ku f ; y kT [D t kb /e /Ad o y 'b Qfd s / r J /. i ' d /P d hn K

i [n kB hn K G/v K p e o hn K p D hn K j 'J hn K ; B , T [j fB wkDhn K f i zd K; f s r [o { i h d k E kg V k b ?e /, p Zp o P /o K t Kr d j kV d hn K, ; h; s b h s /

o Zy e /, j ZE Kf t Zu y zv /g e V e /, i ?e ko / r i kT [Afd n Kw?d kb f t Zu i {MD b J h

e [Zd g J hn K. w /o /; fs e ko : 'r p j kd o g [o fy n KB / j I ko Kwk; {w n p b kt K

ƒ , I kb w Kd /p / o f j w y {B h g zi / f t u 'A, w [e s e o t k e /, g zE d hn Kp /Nhn K



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p Dk e /, ; f s e ko ; f j s t kg ; x o ' x o h s 'f o n k. d /P d h b ZE u [e h

d ; s ko w [V s 'Af ; o s / p zB kJ h. Mzv / M[b kT [D /, x 'V / d h ; t ko h e o B h,

j fE n ko o Zy D/, wzd o ; e {b p DkT [D/, f t Zfd n k g V QBh, ; ko / ; y s h Bkb

w B k e o f d s / r J / ; B . w /o / ; {o w/ ; f s r [o { i h B / ; ko hn Kg kp zd hn Ks 'V

e /, b zw h i zr b V e /, n Dy n kB P kB w [V s 'A p j kb e o t kJ h. d /P

t k; hn K ƒ f c o s 'Af I zd r h f i T {D d k t Zb f ; y kf J n k. n f i j h r [De ko h

g o T [g e ko h f ; Zy h w?ƒ f e T [AB k b r / f g n ko h.

“ c kj / e kN/ fwN/ r t B c fs j GJ h wfB i hs ]

BkBe r [o s / fE s g kJ h fc o B fwN/ fBs Bhs ] ” ( 2 5 8 )f J Ze p zf B T [Ab zwh y {B h i zr b V e / y kb ; / B / d /P ƒ w [e s h f d t k

f d s h, g o ; w [zd o h o ; s / j 'o b [N /o k c o zr h n kD g [Zf i n k. f e ; / Gko s

t k; h ƒ T [; d k o kj o 'e D d h f j zw s B k g J h. T [; B /n kg Dh u s [o kJ h d h

n f i j h u kb u Zb h fe e [M j h ; w /An zd o , ; ko k Gko s T [; d h r [b kwh f t Zu

u b k f r n k. f p B K fe ; / t Zv / i zr s 'AT [j p j [f s n K d / w kb e p B D f t Zue kw : kp j ' r J /. i d 'An I kd h d k fp r b t Zf i n k w ?Ar 'fo n Kƒ d /P f t u 'A

e ZY D b J h f ; o X V d h p kI h b k f d s h. w ?Ae d h r d o h p kp k p f Dn k,

e d h e o Ks he ko h : 'X k p f D n k. e d h e 'J h p Zp o n e kb h p D e / p [Ze D

b Zf r n k. e d h p Zi p Zi d / x kN s / y {B d h j 'b h y /Y h. e d h j Z; j Z; e /

c K; h d / o Z; / r b g t kT [Ad k f o j k. i [o w kB / Go B / i kf J d kd K i p s

e o kT [Dhn K, T [i kV / s / ; o t B kP j [zd / o j /, g o w ?A n kg D/ f J o kd / s 'A

fg S Kj g ?o B k j N kf J n k. f j w kb k g o p s f i Zv hn K w [; hp s K w /o / s /

n kJ hn K. g o w ?A; f s r [o {d h p kDh g V f d n K, f p B k x kp o / n Zr / j h n Zr /

t X d k u b k f r n k. d /P f t Zu 2 # t ; 'Aj 'D d / p kt i {d Gh n ; hA8 6 #

e [o p kB hn K e hs hn K. B c / B [e ; kB d k e d h p j [s k f c e o B k e hs k. y {B

d k n ky o h e s o k s e b /y / b k f d s k. f J j fB o G?s k n s / f ; o V w ?ƒ; f s r [o { d h p kDh B / p y f P n k j ?. f c o w ?A fe T [A B n f i j h f ; Zy h s 'A

e [o p kB i kt K.

“ ; {o k ; ' g fj u kBhn ?i [b o ?d hB e /j /s ]

g [o i k g [o i k e fN wo ?e p j {B Skv ?y /s [] ” ( 1105 )



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n kI kd h s 'Ap kd w /o / t ho K B / d /P d / B t f B o w kD ft Zu ; G s 'A

t ZX : 'r d kB g kf J n k. ; zB 4 7 d / T [i kV / n s / p o p kd h s 'Ap kn d , w [V

g ?o Ks / y V / j 'Dk n k; kB B j hA; h. n ; hA; zGb /, i hn i kB b k e / fw j B s

e hs h. d /P d / G[Zy / f t b e d / b 'e Kb J h n ; hAn zB d / Gzv ko Go fd Zs /. n ; hA

t o Qd h n Zr s / f v Zr o j / e 'j o / d h g qt kj B K e o fd n K, o ks K i kr f d n K

; Zg K d hn K f ; o hn K fw ZX fd n K, y {B g ; hB k f J Ze e o d / o j /. f J s B k

n B ki g ?d k e hs k f e p d /P K s 'Aw zr t kT [D k s K p zd j 'f J n k j h ; h, ; r 'A

; KGDk n "y k j ' f r n k. f c o w?Afu ZN/ fJ B e b kp t Zb w {z j c /fo n k, s Kd [ZX

d hn k B d hn Kt r k fd s hn K. w ?An kg Dk i kD e / j o f J Ze s / fJ s p ko e ob ?Ad k f o j k. Gkt /An B /e t ko h w ?ƒ X 'y / fd s / r J /, n g w kB s e hs k f r n k.

f w j B s d k g {o k w [Zb Gh B k f d s k f r n k. e J h b [e t /AY zr K B kb p d B kw

s / ; kj ; j hD e o B d k g kg Gh e hs k i Kd k f o j k. w ?A; f s r [o { i h s 'A

f j zw s s / n r t kJ h b ?Af d n K v f o n k B j hA. MZy V M[Zb /, s {c kB t r / e kb h

p 'b h o ks n kJ hHHH. w ?b z[ f B P u k j ?n kg D / t kf j r [o { d / g f t Zs o f J B ; kcs /. T [j ; Zu d k g o u w I o {o p [b zd e o /r k. s / g kg d k f ; o I o {o B ht K

j 't /r k. f J ; P kB K w Zs / f t o ; / e ko B j h w ?ƒ f ; Zy j 'D s / w kD j ?.

“ d kBzg o k g {o p /D G[zu zs /wj hg s /]

fp g o hs p [XQzwko s b 'e j BkBe fu oze kb d [y G'r s /] ” ( 13 5 1)

w /o h t o d h d / g zi e e ko , n s / ; h; s / ; i h ; [zd o d ; s ko

r [o d /t i h t b 'Ap y P / n B w 'b s 'j c / j B . ; f s e ko : 'r p kDh d / o u ?s k

Gr s ; kf j p kB , r [o { B kB e ; kf j p s 'Ab ?e / d ; w g ks P kj j I {o s e d h

; ko h Gr s h, ; [zd o s k, g o T [g e ko K n s / f ; n kDg ; w /s ; {o w r s h w ?ƒ

p y P f d s h j ?. b zw / e /; K ƒ ; zt ko e / T [g o ; I kJ h d ; s ko , c Zp t hA

o 'j p d ko d kj V h t kb / ; o {g e ko B , j I ko K d h GhV f t u 'Aj h w ?AB t /e b k

g S kfDn k i k ; e d k j K. p o ks f t Zu ; i o j /b kV / t Kr , ; G d hn KB I o Kw /o / s / n k e / n Ne i Kd hn K j B . w /o / n zr ; zr ; KGh fe o g kB fB o G?s k

d k g ?} kw f d qV e o t k o j h j ?. n kg Dh ; t ?o Zf y n k d / B kb B kb r o hp

w I b {w n s / X hn K G?D K d h o Zf y n k Gh w ?Ae o B b J h ; d k f s n ko j K.

w /o / ; Zi / j ZE g f j fB n k b ' j / d k e V k, w ?ƒ Go w B k; e p Dk fo j k j ?. fe ; /



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w zr b p [ZX i KP Bh n kfd d k G?w?Ag o / t r kj w kfo n k j ?. b Ze g f j fB n k

e S f j o k i s ^ ; s d k g o s he j ?. d [B hn k d / b 'e J /v I t o r / f Gn kB e

o 'r K ft Zu r o e d / i k o j / j B , w ?ƒ ; f s r [o { i h B / j ZE d / e / p u k f b n k

j ?. g o kJ / o {g d h j t ; e ko B w j KGko s d h fGn kB e i zr j 'J h. f J ; /

o {g d h u e ku "AX e ko B o kw s / o kt D b V d / w o d / o j /. b Zy K b 'e f J ; /

e ko B w "s d k r qk; p D r J /. f J ; f t Gu ko e ko B f i E / s B o 'r h j [zd k

j ?, T [ZE / w B f t e ko h s / e w I 'o j ' i Kd k j ?. t Z; d / y [P hn K w kDd / x o

T [i V i Kd / j B . w /o / ; f s r [o { i h p j [s d {o s e d h ; 'u o Zy D t kb / ; B .

T [j B K ; \ s h B kb f J ; g kg e o w s 'At o i f d s k.“ fp zd [B o ky fj i s he j kt fj ] wkJ hwKr s s q?b 'Gkt fj ] ” ( 903)

B kb j h g o kJ h n "o s d k ; B wkB e o B t k; s / n kd /P f d s k

“ t /y g o kJ hn Ku zr hn Kwkt KG?DKXhn Ki kD?” ( GkL r [L)

w?As K E 'V Qk y kD f t Zu E 'V Qk ; "D f t Zu f t P t k; o y d k j K. f J ; /

f t Zu u zr h f ; j s d k o ki S [f g n k j 'f J n k j ?. r [o { d o ; kJ / ; 'j D/ wko rs / u b fd n K, f t e ko K s 'Ap u / o f j Dk j h n ; b h ; [u Zi h f I zd r h j ?. f J j B K

r [DK e ko B j h w?ƒ f ; Zy h s / wkD j ?.

“ ; fs r [o [ ; /t fB ; ' ; 'j D / j T [w?w?b [ r t kfJ ]

; p fd o s / ; / fBo wb / u b f j ; fs r [o GkJ h] ” ( 2 3 3 )

; [o s ; zGkb fd n K j h w ?ƒ d ; w g ks P kj j I {o d h y k; d /D y zv /

d h g kj [b S e D d k j [e w j 'fJ n k j ?. fJ ; f t X h o kj hAw ?Af ; Zy h wzv b f t Zu

g qt /P e o d k j K. s / n kg D/ f B o kb / g zE d k n zr p Dd k j K. w /o / n zd o

; zs t kb h fB wo s k s / f ; g kj h t kb k i 'P mkmKw ko T [Zmd k j ?. n zfw qs t /b /

i kr e / f J B ; kB e o e /, f B s B /w d h p kDh d k g km e o e / w /o k f d B P [o {

j [zd k j ?. w?Af I zd r h d h ; ko h n r t kJ h r [o p kDh s 'Ag qkg s e o d k j K.

u 'o h, mZr h, f B zd k, t ?o , f t o 'X n kf d s 'A; d k p u e / o f j zd k j K. i kd {wzs o , X kr /s t hs , g [ZS Dk d Z; Dk, N /t k g Zs o h, i 'f s P , fE s t ko , w j {o s ,

P r B , n g P r B , t o s n kfd b J h w /o / w B f t Zu e 'J h E K B j hAj ?. w ?A

f J Ze n e kb g [o y d / Go '; / j h P Ks f u Zs f I zd r h f p s kT [Ad k j K. f J j B K

w j kB r [DK e ko B j h w?ƒ f ; Zy h s / wkD j ?.



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“ fr n kB[fXn kB[; G[r [o s /j 'J h]

; ku ho j s ; ku k wfB ; 'J h] ” ( 831)

u ko p Zi o e [o f j s K d h s kV B k o kj hA; f s r [o { i h B / w ?ƒ ; \ s

j [e w e hs k j ?fe w ?Af t P / f t e ko K s 'A; d k p u e / o j K. e /; ; f s r [o { i h

t b 'Ap y P h y k; ( f B P kB h) w 'j o j B . w B [Zy t Kr f e ; / j 'o i ht d / f; o

s / b zw / e /; s / fu j o / s / d kj V h B j hAj [zd h. g qw /P o t b 'Afe ; / y k; w e ; d

b J h j h f J j g ?d k e hs / r J / j B . d kj V h e /; K B kb w o d kT { g [D/ t kb k

o 'j p , e J h r [DK t X i Kd k j ?. ; f s r [o { ; kf j p kB d k n g Dk i ' y k; o {g

; h d kj V h e /; s / d ; s ko t kb k, T [j h o {g f g n ko h fB P kB h y kb ; / ƒp y P fd Zs h. ; fs r [o {i h d h y [P h j [e w d h g kb Dk e o B f t Zu j h j ' ; e d h

j ?. f J ; p ko / p j [s j h Gkt g {o s p u B , ; z; ko g qf ; ZX f t d t kB , X o w K

d / y 'i h, n mko K f i b d K f t Zu ; z; ko d / X o w Kd k f J f s j k; f b y D t kb k,

n ko B 'b v N kf J B p h f ; Zy K p ko / f b y d k j ? “ n r o ; z; ko d k ; G s 'A

; [zd o wB[Zy fe ; /B/t /y Dk j 't /s Kr [o p kDh d k o ; hn k, o f j s Kf t Zug {o k, r [o { B kBe , r [o { r 'fp zd f ; zx i h t b 'At o '; kJ / j 'J / f ; Zy d /

d o PB e o b t '. g o j KT [j b r d / j ZE fJ j Gh fb y f r n k j ?fe f ; Zy h

s 'A Gr "V k, B P J h f t e ko h n s / g f s Zs f ; Zy , d [B hn k d k ; G s 'A e o {g

f J B ; kB j ?. f c o w ?Ae o {g n s / p d P e b k f e T [Ap Dk, ; 'j Dk f e T [AB k

p Dk < d ; w /; f g s k B / n kg D/ b y s / f i r o P j hd e o t k e / ; kƒ n kg D/

Xhn Kg [Zs o p DkfJ n k ; h. ; o d ko hn KB t kp hn Kp kd P kj hn Kp y P hn K

; B . “ y kb ; k w /o ' o {g j ?y k; ” e f j e / fB t kf i n k ; h. f J ; / b J h w ?ƒ

f ; Zy hs / w kD j ?.

t kf j r [o {i h e ' ; [s GfJ U y kb ; k ; [ Bhe k n fs ,

t kf j r [o {i h e h fwb c fs j ; [ p [b kJ h j ?.

g ho g kfs Pkj e o kwks h i ' n wo g zE,fj zd {n "o s [o e j {ze h e kD e ' fwNkJ h j ?.

s h; o k wj i p i r d /y e /n i p wj K,

p ?o h e ' r i p GfJ U ShB/me [o kJ h j ?.

X o w ; E kg p /e ', g kg B e / y kg p /e ',



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r [o {i kg p /e ', BJ h o hs : "Au b kJ h j ?.

( ; {o i g qe kP ^ GkJ h ; zs 'y f ; zx )

d [B hn k f t Zu T [s B / b 'e n Zi i zr K i [X K f t Zu B j hAw o d / f i zB /

B fP n K e ko B s p kj j ' i Kd / j B . ; ko h d [B hn k d / f t u ko t kB i t kB h ƒ

B P / t kb h v {zx h y kJ h f t Zu r o e f d n K t /y e / v kY / f c e o w zd B /. B P /

e ko B p o p kd h g ?; / d h, f; j s d h, fJ ZI s d h s / x o g fo t ko d h. ; z; ko

d k f J f s j k; g fV Qn K g s k b r d k j ?f e B P J h f t P J h b 'e K B /o ki , d /;

s / ; w [Zu / y kB d kB s p kj e hs / j B . B P / d k n kd h f J B ; kB n kg D/ n kg

ƒ j h B j hA; zGkb ; e d k, g qt ko B j hAg kb ; e d k, d /P i K X o w d k e h; zt ko /r k< f i B Kg [o ks B w j Kg [o y K i 'fX n K s / n Zi n ; hAw kD e o d / j K,

I o k ; 'u '. i / T [j B P / f t Zu n kg D/ n kg ƒ v 'p b ?Ad / e h g o T [g e ko t kb /

w j kB e ko i e o ; e d / ; B < n Zi d / I w kB / ft Zu f i t /An kd w h B fP n K

d h p [o kJ h d k f P e ko j ' u [f e n k j ?, I o k f d b s / j ZE o Zy e / ; 'u '. n r o

; kv hn K ; [n kDhn K, ƒ j K, X hn K Gh B P / d hn K n kd h j ' i kD, f c o f J ;; w ki d k f u j o k w 'j o k f e j ' f i j k j 't /r k < e h n kT [D t kb h B ; b

; [o Zf y n s o f j ; e /r h < g {o h w B [Zy s k d k ; o p B kP j h B j hAj ' i kt /r k

< ; 'u e / o {j e zp i Kd h j ?. w ?As K ; f s r [o { i h d h n zf w qs w J h p kD h d h

f ; Zf y n k s 'Ap ko ^ p ko e [o p kB i Kd k j K, f i ; d h p d "b s w ?Af J j j [e w

g qkg s e o d k j ?L^

d [o wfs wd [ i ' g ht s / f p y b h g fs e wb h]

o kw o ; kfJ fD i ' o s /BkBe ; u n wb h] ( 3 9 9 )

fJ s [ wfd g hs ?BkBe k p j [s / y Nhn f j fp e ko ] ( 5 8 7 )

f J j B K g f t Zs o T [g d /P K e ko B w ?Ap o p kd j 'D ' p u f r n k j K,

fJ j h p u kfJ n k g ?; k B /e e zw Ks / y o u e o d k j K. f J ; / e ko B w?ƒ f ; y h

s / wkD j ?.t kj ` ; w ki ; /t k d h e ?; h n B {mh f t X h p y P h j ?, ; f s r [o {

; kf j p i h B /. i d 'Af ; Zy r [o d [n ko / n k e / g km, e ho s B , e E k ; o t D

e o d k j ?, s K B kb ' B kb j E hA; /t k e o e / r [o { d hn K y [P hn K d k g ks o

p D d k j ?. f J E /n ks w k d / e fb n kD t k; s / P p d d k b zr o , s / ; o ho d h



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b 'V t k; s / G'i B g qP kd / d k b zr o f s n ko j [zd k j ?. n kJ / : ks o {n K b J h

r [o d [n ko k f J Ze o ?D p ; /o k j ?. wo hI Kb J h w [ZY b h ; j kf J s k d k e /Ad o

j ?. ; w ki f t Zu u zr / f J B ; kB p De / f t u o B d h f ; f y n k r [o d [n ko / f t u 'A

j h f w b d h j ?. b zr o f t Zu T [u / B ht /At Zv / S 'N / B kb e 'J h f t s e o k B j hA

e hs k i Kd k. f J E / t Zv / t Zv / s kI d ko p kd P kj Gh fB w kD/ ; /t e p De /

d ky b j [zd / j B . w j ko ki k o Di hs f ; zx s K f ; Zy j 'D d / B ks /, f J E /

fB wo s k ; f j s ; zr s KB kb b zr o S e d k j h ; h, ; r 'AP e s hP kb h w[; b wkB

p kd P kj , n e p o Gh r [o {d o p ko f t Zu ; zr s f t Zu p ?m e / g o P kd k S e e /

fB j kb j 'f J n k. i ks g ks d / e 'j V ƒ i V 'Ay s w e o B t k; s / b zr o d h; KMh g qDkb h ƒ ; ko h d [B hn k B / ; b kf j n k j ?. o ?v e o k; ; z; E k s Kj kb h

18 6 4 f t Zu j h p Dh j ?. i d f e r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h B / b zr o u b k e /

o 'r hn K d h ; /t k e o e /, f J j e ko i g zi ; " ; kb g f j b K n ko zG e o f d s /

; B . ; f s r [o { r 'f p zd f ; zx i h j I {o B / s K GkJ h e B QJ hn k i h o kj hA

d [P w D K d h ; /t k ; zGkb Gh e o t kJ h ; h.“ y s qh p qkj wD ; {d t ?; ; G J /e ?Bkfw s o kBE]

r [o [BkBe [T [g d /; [e j s [j ?i ' ; [B/; ' g kfo g qkBE] ” ( 1001)

i ht d k ; z; ko s / n kT [D k i kD k i zw D k w o B k g qw /P o d h o I k

f t Zu w zf B n k f r n k j ?. r [o p kDh d k ; g P N j [e w j ?fe t kf j r [o { d /

p DkJ / B /w Kd h g kb Dk e o fd n K o I k f t Zu o kI h o f j Dk j ?. i B w t e s

p j [s / T [u /u e o B d h I o {o s B j hA, Gzr V / g kT [D /, P o kp K t zv Dhn K, j 'o

n B /e y o u / e o B /, fJ j B K c I {b y o f u n K s 'Aw ?ƒ ; f s r [o { i h B / p u D

d k j [e w e hs k j ?. B kb j h n r o i ht d h w "s j ' i Kd h j ?, t ?D g kT [D /,

f ; n kg / e o B /, c [j V h ; ZE o s / p ?mD k, f J j B K s 'AGh ; kf j p i h B / w B Qk

e hs k j ?. w ?ƒ w 'J / g qkDh d hn K n ; E hn K j f o d [n ko i K e ho s g [o b ?e /

i kD d h e 'J h w I p {o h B j hAj ?. f e T [Af e f B p /V k e hs / e o wK s / j 'Dk j ?.i K t kf j r [o {d h : kd B kb fB GDh j ?. Gkt /Aj kb ks f e j ' f i j / j 'D, w ?As K

r [opkDh gVQe / fJ j f ; f y n k b J h j ?fe ; d k ; f j i n t ; E k f t Zu o f j Dk

j ?. o Zp d / GkD/ ƒ f y V / w E / ; t he ko e o B k j h r [o w fs j ?. c 'e / ; z; e ko

t kX { d / o hs h f o t kI , c I {b o ; w K f t Zu B k g ?Dk j h r [o f ; y h j ?. n B zd



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e ko i d h w fo : kd k Gh f ; Zy K f t Zu ; kd r h n s / r [o { f g n ko d h j h

b y kf J e j ?. f i ; f t Zu p / w kf j B / y o u / s / t kX { d hn K o hs K o ; w K s 'A

p u D d k j [e w j ?. f J j e ko i ; kd r h Go g {o s / n r zw h y [P h d /D t kb k

j ?. f c o f J ; ƒ r [o { j [e w K d h T [b zx Dk e o e / d {fP s fe T [Ae hs k i kt / <

; /y j : ks h i fr B e 'J h fEo o f j n k. .

f i ; [ n ; fD j w p ?m/ e /s / p /f ; r fJ n k. . ( 4 8 8 )

; t /o t /b / i kr D t e s f J P B kB e o e / p kDh g V QB B kb w /o k

i ht B P [o { j [zd k j ?. w?Af d B f t Zu f J Ze t ko h g f t Zs o r [o { r qzE ; kf j p i h

d / T [g d /P o kj hA d o P B e o d k j K. f d B Go ; ko / e zw e o fd n K,t kf j r [o {ƒ n zr ; zr i kDd k j 'f J n k fe ; /B kb X 'y k c o /p , u 'o h mZr h B j hA

e o d k. P kw h ; 'd o d k fB s B /w s / ; "D b f r n k ; 'f j b k i h d h p kDh g V Qhd h

j ?. r b e h ; t /o / s 'AP kw s e i B w s 'Aw o B s e , g qt ko d hn Ks / ; w ki

d hn K; G f I zw /t ko hn K fB GkT [Afd n Kw?Ar [o p kDh n B [; ko h i ht B fp s kT [D

d k i s B e o d k j K. r [o w fs f t Zu j o e ko i f J zB k ; "y k s / x ZN y o u hb k j ?s / n kX [f B e j ?, f e r [o f ; y h d h u ko / p zf B T [As ko hc j h s ko hc j ?.

s ho E K s / N [o / f c o B K, ; w K s / X B p o p kd e o B s 'Aw ?Ap u f r n k j K.

t kf j r [o { i h d k B kw s / fw Zmh : kd j h T [; d k j [e w f ; o w E / ; t he ko

e o B k j h n ; b s ho E j ?.

f J j [wB[e k; h ; fG s ho E f ; fwqfs ; f s r [o d hn k p [MkfJ ]

n m; fm s hoE[fs ; [; zfr o j fj fi B j fo fj o d ?o fj n k; wkfJ ] ( 491)

f J j B K ; [zd o r [D K e ko B j h w ?ƒ f ; Zy h s / w kD j ?.

fw b D t e s i K f t S V B t e s n kw f t n e s h o kw o kw i K

B w ; s /, r [Zv w ko f B zr i K fc o i ?f j zd p 'b d k j ?. f J j r Zb K f t n e s hr s

j B i K ; E kB t ku h j B . w ?ƒ ; f s r [o {i h B /d /P e kb d hn Kj Zd K s 'Ap j [s

n r /g j [zu k f d Zs k j ?. w ?Af t n e s hn Kd k g [i ko h B Kj ' e /n e kb d h c fs jr i kT [Ad k j K. f ; qP N h d / e o s k t kf j r [o { i h ƒ j h n kg Dh fB s d h i ht B

f e f o n k f t Zu ; B w [y o y d k j K. w /o / g ?r zp o ( ; f s r [o {) B / n kg D/ B kw

d k i ?e ko k b kT [D b J h B j hAn kf y n k. T [j j [e w d / ; e d / ; B f e f ; Zy '

n kf y n k e o ' “ p 'b r [o {BkBe d /t e h i ?, p 'b r [o {r 'fp zd f ; zx e h



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i ?. ” fe ; / i E /d ko f e ; / f ; Zy w j ko ki /, f ; Zy i o B ?b d h i ?i ?e ko Gh B j ha

e o hd h. f e ; / B kw h T [g e ko h i K ; kX ; zs d h i ?e o B d h Gh n kf r n k

B j hAj ?. f J E / s K ; w [u k i ht B t kb k y kb ; k g zE j h ; f s e ko d k g ks o

j ?. f J j B K b k; kB h r [DK d / x V B j ko / ; f s r [o { i h ƒ p ko zp ko g qDkw j ?.

x N x N f t Zu o w / j 'J /, i ht B d ks K p y P D t kb /, t kf j r [o { i h ƒ n B zs

p ko B w; e ko j ?. i d 'AGh f ; Zy ( f J ; s o h i K g [o P ) n kg ; f t Zu fw b d /

j B , ; f s e ko ; f j s , “ t kf j r [o { i h e k y kb ; k, t kf j r [o { i h e h

c fs j ” r i kT [Ad / j B . ; kv / i zr h B kj o / “ i ' p 'b /; ' fBj kb , ; fs f; o h

n e kb ” n s / t kf j r [o { i h e h c fs j , f i Zs d h i kw Bh ( r o zNh) p D r J h j ?. j ko o j hn K c "i K f t Zu i 'P Go B y ks o p j [s h t ko h r ?o f ; y K ƒ Gh

fJ j B kj o / r [zi kT [D b J h j [e w fd s k i Kd k fo j k j ?. g kt B r [o p kDh n s /

n f i j / p [b zd i ?e ko / w?ƒ n fs d hn Kn 'e V Kf t Zu Gh f j zw s p y P d / o j '.

w ?An v 'b n Zr / t X d k f o j k. f J j B K ; [u / r [DK e ko B j h s K w?ƒ f ; y h s /

w kD j ?.“ ; ' ; fs r [o [ XB[ XzB[ f i fB Go w r V [ s 'fV n k]

; ' ; fs r [o [ t kj [ t kj [ f i fB j fo f ; T [ i 'fVn k] ” ( 5 2 2 )

w ?Au kj z[d k j K fe f J j ; ' j D/ r [DKt kb h f ; Zy f t u ko X ko k w /o / j 'o

G?DK Go kt K ƒ Gh fg n ko h b Zr /. w?AB j hAu kj [zd k fe f J zB h T [s w t ; s {

w /o / s e ; hw s o j /. f J ; w j kB y I kB / ƒ s K ; kfo n K B kb ; kMK e o B k

p Dd k j ?. r [o w fs d h y [P p { n s / u kB D e [b e kf J B ks f t Zu c ?b Dk

u kj hd k j ?. r [o w fs p ko / f i B QK ƒ f r n kB B j hAj ?, B k ; w Mh e ko B i '

e [o kj / g ?r J / j B , w ?Au kj [zd k j K fJ j B K i ht B d kB d /D t kb / n ; {b K ƒ

g V Q; [D e / ; fs r [o {i h d h P o B ft Zu , f ; Zy h g fo t ko f t Zu P kw b j ' i kD.

r [o p kD h f t u 'Af I zd r h d k ; Zu n s / s Zs g qkg s e o b ?D . f ; Zy f J f s j k;

d /b k; kBh e ko Bkw/, r "o t t kb / t kfe n ks ; kv / ; kfo n Kd h ; KMh w kb e h j B f t o k; s j B . n kg D / n kg ƒ s t hn Ks / s k e /, ; h; e N t k e /, d /r K

f t Zu T [p kb / y k e /, g [Zs o P j hd e o t k e /HHHH; f s r [o { i h e 'b i ' e [M ; G

s 'Ae hws h ; h, ; kv h M'b h f t Zu g k fd s k. i / “ B kw i fg n k, t zv S fe n k,

d /r u b kJ h s /r t kj hHHHH” . o ki Gkr d / w kb e p D/ ; f s r [o { i h d h



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o f j w s , f ; f y n k ; d e k.

“ j w o [bs/fcos/e'J hpks Bkg{Ss kr [o ; fs r [o ; zfr e ho/j w Ekg /] ” (167)

; f s r [o { ; w o E j ?, fw j o t kB j ?, b 'V j ?s K ; f s e ko ; f j s

n o d k; e o B d h, n kg k G/N e o B d h, r [o {p kDh n B [; ko h i ht B Y kb D

d h. ; f s r [o { n kg D/ ; /t e K d h n t ZP p j [V h e o /r k, p Kj c V /r k.

n g [B /; f s r [o e ?p fb j ko ?]

n kr ?; [y [ g kS ?; [y ; j i k x fo n kB zd [ j wko /] ( 6 0 9 )

XzB[XzB[Gkr fs Bk r [o w[y K, i ' r [o f; y b ?wB fi Dfs n k. .

; G d {zt v /Gkr r [o f; y Ke /, i ' r [o u o Dhf; y g Vfs n k ( 6 49 )



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d ; t zX g qg zo k

( r [o { e kb ^ Gkr g f j b k)

; w [Zu / ; z; ko f t u n w ho h, r o hp h, e kb fp w ko h, i zr , G[u kb s /

j 'o e [d o s h n kc s K i ht K b J h ; ze N g ?d k e o d hn K o f j zd hn K j B .

f J j B K w [; hp s K t kb / f d B K f t u , b 'V t zd K d h ; j kf J s k t k; s /, w B [Zy h

j w d o d h o Zy D t kb / b 'e Gh s w kP kJ h p D e / B j hAp ?m i Kd /. T [j Gb /

f J B ; kB , ; w o E k n s / ; kX BK w [s kp e , ; /t k b J h i s B e o d / o f j zd /

j B . f J j g o T [g e ko h Gkt B k e /t b w B [Zy K f t u j h B j hAj ?. ; r 'Afe ; /

j Zd s Ze g P {n K g zS hn K f t u Gh, ; /t k d k e 'J h Mb e ko k f w b i kd k j ?.

f i t /Af i t /Aw B [Zy h ; 'u B / f t e k; e hs k, ; /t k Gkt B k j 'o Gh u zr /Y zr Bkb

fB Zy o e / ; kj w D/ n kT [D b Zr h. ; /t k d h P [o {n ks , f t n e s hn Kt Zb 'Ae hs h

i Kd h j ?, b /f e B j "b h j "b h i E /p zd e o {g Xko B e o i Kd h j ?. f e T [Afe

; zr mB o kj hAe hs h ; /t k, n B /e g Zy h t Zv / g ?wkB / s / e hs h i k ; e d h j ?.

f J ; ; /t k d k Y zr s / B kw e 'J h Gh j ' ; e d k j ?.

f J j B K ; hw s g ZX o s / e hs hn K i k o j hn K ; /t kt K B {zm'; s /

f t P kb o {g d /D b J h j 'o ; [X ko e o e /, p j [s ; ko / Xo w w[y hn KB / n g Dk

fb n k. n Zr 'Af J j p j [ g Zy h ; /t kt KX o w d k j h f J e n zr p D r J hn K.

: j {d h, fJ ; kJ h, i Kw [; b w kB ; ko / j h b 'V t zd Kd h ; j kfJ s k b J h e 'J h Be 'J h e ko i P [o {o Zy d / j B . f J ; kJ h X o w ft u d kB e hs h r J h w kf J n k

B kb r o hp K, n Dg V K, f p w ko K s / e kb g hV s K n kf d d h e hs h i Kd h

; j kfJ s k s 'A; ko h d [B hn Kt ke c j ?. f J ; b kw X o w t kb / n g Dh e w kJ h

f t u 'Ai e ks ( u kb ht Kf j Z; k) Xo w n o E e ko i Kb J h e ZY d / j B . f ; Zy r [o {

; f j p kB B / f J ; Gb / e ki B {zg Ze / g ?o hAe o B t k; s / f ; Zy K B {zn kd /P f d Zs kfe T [j n g Dh f e o s f t u 'Ad Z; t K f j Z; k X o w n o E i o {o d /D. f J ; /

d ; t /Af j Z; / B {z; w K g k e / d ; t zX ’ ’ f e j k i kD b r f g n k.

d [B hn K Go d hn K ; o e ko K n kg D/ P f j o hn K s /, f ; ZX / n f ; ZX /

n D fr D s N ?e ; b r kT [Ad hn K j B . f J e Zmh j 'J h o kP h B {zd /P d / f t e k;

e zw Ks /y o f u n k i Kd k j ?. ; o j Zd K d h o ky h b J h c "i s /p j [s g ?; k y o u



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j [zd k j ?. b 'V t zd Kd / B kw j /m e J h t ko h f J ; X B d h e [t o s 'AGh j ' i Kd h

j ?. i ' B [e s k fJ E /f t P /P j ?, T [ j fJ j fe N?e ; o kj hAfd Zs h r J h w kfJ n k

b 'e w B K ft u T [j g f t s o Gkt B k g ?d k e o B f t u n ; w o E o f j zd h j ?,

i ' ; t ?fJ ZS k B kb X o w e ko i K f t u fd Zs h w kf J n k g ?d k e o d h j ?. N?e ;

d /D f t u w i p {o h j ?. d {i / f t u ; p o ; p {o h j ?, w kB f ; e j [b ko k j ?.

f J ; / b J h n Zi Gh p j [s ; ko / b 'e n kg D / n zs ; w /A f i zd r h Go

f J e Zmh e hs h X B o kP h, X o w n o E e zw e o B t kb / n d kf o n K B {zd kB

t i 'Ad / i Kd / j B .

f ; Zy ; w ki f t u ; KM/ e ko i K t k; s /, ; o d k p Dd k f j Z; k g kT [Dd h f g o s , r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h d / ; w /As 'A j h g qu Zb s j ' r J h ; h.

e o s ko g [o d / b 'e K B / f J j t Zy o k j h e "s e t o f s n k t /f y n k. n kw

j kb s Kf t u b 'e h ; kX {w j ks w kt Kn Zr /G/Nk g {i k d / o {g f t u n zB p ; s o

n o g D e o d / ; B . o ki / w j ko ki / n w ho t i ho d kB d ZS Dk b ?e / fo P h

w [B hn K e 'b d o P B K b J h n kT [Ad / ; B . d {i / g k; / r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i hB /, f J E / n kg D h i w hB f t u y [d y /s h e o B h n o zG e o f d Zs h. g ?d k

j 'f J n k n zB d kDk, ; KMhn K b 'V K t k; s / t o f s n k i kD b Zr k. d o P B K B {z

n kJ / ; /t e s / : ks o {, ; f s r [o { i h d / g kt B p u B Gh r q j D e o d / ; o ho e

b 'V K b J h b zr o Gh S e d /. f J ; s 'Af J b kt k j 'o j o s o QK d hn K b 'V K

g {o hn Ke o d /. e [ZM b ?D d h E K; r 'Ae [M fd Zs k i k fo j k ; h. G?DKGo kt K

t o r h ; KM g ?d k j ' o j h ; h. f J j fB Zs d h ; KMh fw b t o s 'A, T {u B hu d h

j T {w ?d / w f j b B {zY kj o j h ; h. i ks g ks d / n i r o B {zy k o j h ; h.

b zr o f s n ko e o B t k; s / e hs h r J h w [P Ze s , ; /t k d / p hi w B f t u p '

o j h ; h. ; f s r [o { i h d h n kg Dh f t n s hr s fB r /j p kB h f t u , t hj e [

; kb , f J j ; zr s g zr s y {p f g n ko B kb ; i d h s / t X d h c [b d h o j h.

fJ ; f t X h B /N[ZN/ ; wki B {zfJ e ; Ku / f t u Y kb Dk P [o {e hs k. i o k n kg D /fd b s /j ZE o y e /; 'u ', f i ; g o t ko d /w?Ap o , fJ e Zm/p ?me /fg n ko

Bkb y kDk Gh Bk y k ; e D, T [ j BKd hn Kt Zy 'At Zy b 'VKs /n Zv ' n Zv

; [n kd j 't D s Kft u ko fJ e fe t /Aj ' ; e d / j B < t Zy o /ft u ko Kt kb /

b 'e K s 'A, fe ; / ; KM/n kd o P B{zg qkg s e o B t k; s /, fwb t /AT [d w d h,

d [y ; [y ft u GkJ ht kb j 'D d h, fJ Ze d {i /s 'Ai kB t ko B d h n k; fe t /



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Ae hs h i k ; e d h j ?< ; zr s g zr s f t u 'A; KMk GkJ hu ko k i Bw b ?Ad k

j ?. ; kfo n Kd hn K; KMhn Kb 'VKd h g {o s h t k; s /, ; KM/c zv d k j 'Dk

Gh n s h i o {o h j ?. j o w?Ap o B{zfJ j wf j ; {; j 't / fe w/o k Gh x ZN

i K t ZX f t u : 'r d kB j ?. fJ ; / Gkt Bk n XhB, r [o { e h r 'b e B{z

; o p Zs d / Gb / fj Zs , ; KM/ e ko i Kb J h, t o fs n k i kD b Zr k.

r [o { B kB e ; kf j [p d k n kg D / ; g [Zs o K B {z; KMh g zE e i kf J d ks

f t u 'Ae [M Bk d /Dk, ; ko / GkJ hu ko / n s / g qt ko B {zBko ki e o b ?Dk, f J ;

r Zb d k ; {u e j ?f e g zE e i kf J d ks , n s / r [o {e h r 'b e , ; KMh n w kB s

j B , fe ; / f t n e s h f t P /P d / w "i w ; s h e o B b J h B j hA. T [j Gkt /Ar [o {n zP , r [o {; g [Zs o j h fe T [AB k j 'D. i h j K! n kg D/ ; g [Zs o K B {zr [o{BkBe

; kf j p B / f J j n t ZP fe j k f e s [; hAi ht B fBo p kj t k; s /, fJ ; x o

ft u 'AXB b ?; e d / j '. fJ j : kd o Zy D k r [o {x o d / e [Zfs n K B{zGh

e 'J h e wh B j hAo j /r h. s [; hAs Kw/o /p /N/ j ' . r [o {r [o {i g Dk i Bw

; zt o /r k’ ’ . ( t kb kf J s t kb h i B w ; ky h g 'E h, i 's h i 's ; w kT [D d h)p kb / t kb h i B w ; ky h f t u ‘ ‘ T [FZg b y s o h B {zT [g d /P ’ ’ ; ky h d / s f j s r [o {

B kB e ; kf j p B / ; ko h ; zr s B {z s kV B k Go / p u B k o kj hAf J T [A; zp 'X B

e hs k ; h ‘ ‘ wod kfBn K! J /j g d ko E g {i k d k y kXk n ?; k j ?, i ?; /

fp y y kXh g u d h Bj hA. s ?; / j h g {i k d k XkB g u d k Bj hA. ’ ’

f t j b V ; zs K, b j { g hD/ i 'r hn K, t ZY hy 'o e kI hn K, g ky zv h

p qkj w Dk B {zr [o { i h B / b zw / j E hAf b n k. b 'e K B {zb [ZN e / y kD d h E kt /

Ad ; K B "j K d h f e o s e o e / S e D d k n s / n kg Dh e w kJ h f t u 'Aj 'o K B {z

t zv S e kT [D d k T [g d /P fd Zs k

f r n kB f t j {Dk r kt ?r hs . . G[y /w[b Kx o /w; hfs . .

wy N[ j 'fJ e ?e zB g V kJ /. . c e o [ e o / j 'o [ i kfs r t kJ /. .

r [o [gho [ ; d kJ /wzr D i kfJ . . s k e ?w{fb B b r hn ?g kfJ . .x kb y kfJ fe S[j Ej [d /fJ . . BkBe okj [gSkDfj ; /fJ . . ( 1245)

i d 'At /f y n k f e f J ; g {i k d / X B e ko B p j [s e b /P g ?fo j k j ?

s Kr [o {n zr d ; kf j p i h y v {o i k fp o ki /. e [M j h n o ; / p kd ; zr s Kd h

n kt ki kJ h t Zv / g ZX o s / j ' r J h. d ; t zX d h w kf J n k n s / n zB p ; s o

p j [s n kT [D b Zr f g n k. S /s h j h ; zr s K t k; s / f o j kf J P n s / d ht kB



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n ; E kB t k; s / T [; ko h ; zg {o D e o b J h r J h. b zr o i ' ; zr s b J h

fs n ko j [zd k ; h, f B o 'b n zfw qs w J h ; h. fe T [Afe f J ; f t u B kw o zr f t u

o Zs h, f ; n kDh w Kd h n r t kJ h s / ; /t k Gkt B k d k n fw U o ; ; h. f J ; /

b J h g kt B r [o p kDh f t u ‘ ‘ p b t zv y ht h B /e i B ’ ’ ‘ ‘ n ky e / ; f s e ko

e hs k f r n k j ?. f ; Zy g [Zs o X hn KB {zT [ j ‘ ‘ o ; [n zfwqs [y hfo fx n kb h’ ’

i ' S e kT [Ad / ; B .

p b t zv y ht h B /e i B fi ; [ p j [s h S kT [g s qkb h. .

b zr fo d T [b fs t zv hn ?o ; [n zfwqs y hfo f x n kb h. .

wks k y ht h ; j [ ; 'fJ f i fB r 'fJ T [mkb h. . ( 9 6 7 )s h; o / B kB e r [o {n wo d k; i h B / r [o {e h r 'b e t k; s / T [r o kj h,

n s / f ; Zy h g qu ko , b J h T Z[u / ; [Zu / i ht B t kb / r [o f ; Zy f B : [e s e o e / d {o

d o ki s Ze d / f J b kfe n K f t u G/i /. f J ; B /e n s / P o X k Gkt B k B kb

n o g D e hs h r J h w kf J n k B kb b 'V t zd K, f p w ko K, n g j ki K d h ; zGkb

e hs h i Kd h ; h. fp B Kf t s e o / s 'Ap j [s t Zv / g ?w kB /s / j o ; w /Ab zr o u b d /; B . B kb ' B kb r 'fJ zd t kb B r o d h T [; ko h j ' o j h ; h. X o w ; kb s kw ho

e hs h i k o j h ; h. g kDh d hn K b 'V K g {o hn K e o B t k; s / v {zx h p kT [b h

g [N t kJ h i k o j h ; h. f J j B K ; ko / w j Zs t g {o B e ko i K B {z, t v /o h T [w o

j 'D d /p kt i {d , ; fs r [o { i h y [d t /y d / ; B s Kfe fe X o /e [s kj h B k j ' i kt /

. ; ko k f ; b ; b k f J e u zr / t Zv / g qt ko t Kr , fB o f t x B u Zb f o j k ; h.

j o e 'J h n kg Dh j ?; hn s w [s kp e : 'r d kB g k f o j k ; h.

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n kg D/ g qt ko t k; s / d ' e w o / S Zs D/ j 'D s K ; G e [M f t e i Kd k j ?. e o i /

d hn Kg zv K f ; o u V Qi Kd hn Kj B . i o k ; 'u ' ! i d 'Ap ZMt h n kw d B h e 'J h

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MZb Dh, X o w T [[g d /P e o B k, g f t Zs o p kDh d h o u B k Gh B kb ' B kb

e o B h, ; G' e ko i ; fs r [o {d h ; [u Zi h n r t kJ h f t u u b d k fo j k, s / n Zr /

t X d k f o j k. n zf w qs ; o t o r k y {p ; {o s P f j o , f ; Zy X o w d k e /Ad o ,

t g ko n s / o 'i r ko ft u w ' j o h ; z; ko d / Be P /s / T [ZGo e / ; kwo s y g qr N j '



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fr n k.

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e o t k e / n g D/ B [w kf J fd n K o kj hA; p zX s d /P K f t u G/i Dk p Dd k j ?.



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n X [fB e w hv hJ / d / ; kX B n g Dk e / p j [s X o w g qu ko e hs k i k ; e d k

j ?. N hHt hH ; ho hn b s / f c b w K o kj hAfJ ; f ; Zy h d / w j kB f ; X Ks K B {z

; "f y n K j h x o x o g [u kf J n k i k ; e d k j ?. n c ; '; f e f J ; g Zy p ko /

; 'u D t k; s / s K ; kv / w [y h j kb h s Ze t e s j h B j hAe ZY ; e /. ; zr /w o w o

d hn Kn ke kP S ' j d hn Ke hw s h fJ w ko s Ks / p j [s f t P kb ; o 't o s Kp D

o j / j B f i j B K Y zr K s o hf e n K B kb f ; Zy h t X D h c [Zb Dh ; h T [j g qki ?e N

s Kj kb h f ; Zy K d / ; [g B / f t u Gh B j hAn kJ /. g s k B j hAfe zBh d /o j 'o ; [Zs /

o f j Dr /<

n Di kDg [D/ e ko B d ; t zX s KX o w n o E B j hAe ZY d /, e [M E 'V hf i zB h G/N K, r [o {x o n o g D e o e / f ; Zy n g D/ n kg B {z‘ ‘ d kBh’ ’ ; w M

p ?md / j B . d ' u ko d ; d w V / r [o { x o d /e / j ze ko f t u Go i Kd / j B .

n r o fe ; / B / e 'J h f i n kd k t Zv h o e w r 'b e t k; s / n o d k; e o kJ h j 't /

, f c o s Kw kB ' i w hB T [s / g ?o B j hAfNe d k. f ; o n ke kP B kb i KS {zj d k

j ?. p j [s t ko h n g D / B kw d hn K f ; b K f b y t ke / r [o { x o f t u f d ; Dt kb h E K s / b r t kJ hn K i Kd hn K j B . r [o { ; t kf o U . ; kt X kB j 'D d h

b 'V j ?. f ; Zy d kB h j 'D d k Go w B k g kb /, fJ j s KfB o 'b w Bw [y s kJ h j ?.

; f s r [o {s 'Ab 'e g qb 'e d hn K; G/ d ks Kw zr D t kb k T [; / d o s / d kB h j 'D

d k Go w g kb / < r [o t ke j ?^

‘ ‘ j w Ghy e G/y ko h s /o /s {fBi g fs j ?d ks k. ’ ’ ( 6 66 )

j ' j [d ?n kb Bkw[d / j [wzr s i B e zT [ ; d k o j T [o zfr o ks k. .

fJ E / s KfB o ; ze 'u ; G e [M n e kb g [o y s 'Aw zf r n k i k fo j k j ?

‘ ‘ ; ki B ' s {zwhs [w/o k f r qf j s /o ?; G[e /j [. .

wkB [wKr T [ s kB [wKr T [ XB [b y wh ; [s d /f j . . ’ ’

w [e fs i [r fs G[r fs g {o B, g o wkBzd g o w fBXkB. .

G?GkfJ Gr f s fBj kb B kB e , ; d k ; d k e [o p kB . .( 1 3 0 8 )

f ; n kD/ s / P o X kt kB r [o f ; Zy B / s K r [o { e k j [e w f ; o w ZE /

g qt kB e o e /, ; KM/ g zE e e ko i K t k; s /, n g Dh f e o s e w kJ h f t u 'A

n kw d B d k d ; t K f j Z; k ( d ; t zX ) n o g D e o B k j ?f e ; / s / n f j ; kB

B j hAi s kT [Dk j [zd k. i / : 'r Y zr B kb ; [u Zi h f t T [As p Dk e /, f J ; o e w



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B {z; KM/e zw Ks /y o fu n Ki kt /, s Kg zE d h e kfJ n k g b N ; e d h j ?. n ; hA

B k; w Mh e ko B , : s hw y kB / s / n B kE n kP o w y 'j b h i k o j / j K.

; f s r [o { ; kB {z; [w Zs p y P /. f i ; d h w K ; z[d o h i h j 't /, f g s k r [o { r 'f p zd

f ; zx ; kf j p j 'D ; ko k y kb ; k g zE T [; d k G?D Go k j 't /, f c o e 'J h p Zu k

p Zu h n B kE s / : s hw fe t /Ao f j ; e d k j ?< n f i j / P p d K d h t o s 'Aj h

; w [Zu / g zE n s / ; f s r [o { i h d h s "j hB e o B d / s [Zb j ?. f i j B K n g D/

n d kfo n K d / fJ ; s o K d / B kw o Zy / j B , T [j w [V s 'Af t u ko e o B . f ; Zy

p Zu / : s hB s / n B kE B j hAj 'f J n k e o d /.

: j {d h e "w f s zB j i ko ; kb s Ze d o ^ d o GN e d h, y [n ko j [zd ho j h. d {; o h ; z; ko i zr t e s i o w B d / s kB kP kj f j N b o B / : j {d hn K

d k ; o p B kP e o B d h g Ze h mkD b J h. p V h e o {o s k B kb T [; B / n ; f j

s / n e f j s ; hj / d / e / b r g r ; Zm b Zy : j {d hn K B {zw "s d / x kN T [s ko

fd Zs k. p V h x ks e ; ZN ; h fJ j ; ko h : j {d h e "w t k; s /. e [o p kB i kJ hJ /

T [j B Kd / f ; n kD/ s / d {o n zd /P b hv o Ks 'Af i B QKf J Ze e /Ad o h e zN o 'b p 'o vd h ; E kg B k e o e / ; z; ko d / X Bh b 'e K n s / ; o e ko K s 'A; j kf J s k w zr h.

f J ; f J e Zmh j 'J h o e w Bkb T [Zi V T [Zy V u [e /G?Dk Go kt KB {zw[V t ; kT [D

b J h w d s e hs h r J h. b r ks ko d h f j zw s n s / f ; n kDg ; d e k, p j [s

S /s h : j {d h e "w ; zGb r J h. d [B hn K d / B e P / s / f J e B t K w [b e

n i o kfJ b 19 4 9 f t u ; ke ko g qr N j ' f r n k. s /i h B kb f t e k; e o o j /

d /P K f t u 'An Zi N ?e B kb 'i h n s / y /s h f t u n i o kf J b w 'j o h o 'b f BGk

fo j k j ?. Gko s B kb 'Ad ' ; kb p kn d f t u n ki kd j 'e /, w ko {E b K f t u

t ; e /, g {o h e "w d k T [i kV k MZb e /, w zi b K w ko d k n g D h f ; n kD g s /

f j zw s ; d e k, p j [s n Zr / f B e b u Z[f e n k j ?. n ; hAT [j B K d h j 'Dh g V Qe /

p j [s e [M f ; Zy ; e d / j K.

n kU j [D r [o { j [e w K d h o "P B h f t u r [o { e h r 'b e i K d ; t zXp ko / e [M i kD b J hJ /. d ; t zX e ZY D k f e zB K i o {o h j ?s / d ; t zX d h t o s 'A

fe t /Ae o B h j ?f J ; p ko / f t u ko e o B k Gh n s h i o {o h j ?. f J ; p ko /

; f s e ko : 'r GkJ h ; kf j p ; Zs k p b t zv i h, GkJ h ; kf j p r [o d k; i h n s /

j 'o g [o ks B o f j s B kfw n K d h o 'P B h f t u t /y e / f t u ko e o b J hJ /.

r [o {x o d / g qw [Zy o p kp h e ho s B hJ / GkJ h ; kf j p ; Zs k s / p b t zv



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i h b zw / ; w /As 'Ag kt B r [o p kDh d k o ; f GzB k e ho s B ; zr s K B [z; o t D

e o t k o j / ; B . T [j B K d / w B f t u t Zv / r [Dt kB j 'D d k Go w g ?d k j '

f r n k. f i zd r h d hn K b 'V K t k; s / ; G g d ko E r [o { x o t b 'Afw b o j /

; B . T [j B K d h b V e h d / f t n kj t k; s / Gh g zu w g ks P kj B / b 'V hAd h

o e w d /Dh g qt kB e o b J h. g o T [j b kb u t ; j 'e / f i n kd k o [g ?b ?D

d h f i Zd e o B b Zr /. ; f s r [o { B / ; zr s K t b 'An kJ h w kf J n k B {z; ze 'u e /

t o s ' d / fy n kb B kb p j [s h o e w d /D s 'An ; w o E k i kf j o e hs h. T [ j B K

r [Z; / f t u Go e / r [o {B kB e ; kf j p n s / r [o {x o g qs h n g w kB i B e P p d

t o s /. T [j B K d h b kb u h f p o s h t /y e / n s / w b hD j 'J h p [ZX h w f j ; {;e o e / r [o { i h B / s [o zs u b / i kD b J h n kd /P d / f d Zs k. r [o { n o i D

; kf j p n Zr 'Ae ho s B d h ; /t k y [d e o B b Zr g J /, f ; Zy ; zr s K o b

f w b e / e o B b Zr g J hn K. ; Zs / p b t zv B {zi d 'Afe ; /w {z j B k b kfJ n k s K

e [ZM j h ; w /Af t u f i zd r h d hn Kb 'V K s 'An ks [o j ' r J /. fJ j B KGkJ h b ZX k

i h g o T [e ko h o kj hAg zu w ; f s r [o { s 'Af B w o s k ; kf j s w [n kc h w zr h.; f s r [o {B / fe j k ‘ ‘ j [D r Zb p j [s n Zr / fB e b u Z[e h j ?, s [; hAw [n kc hB kw k

fb y e / f d U . ’ ’ T [j B K g S s kt / d / j zM{ t o kT [Afd n K i ' w [n kc hB kw k

; f s r [o { i h B {z f b y e / f d Zs k T [j ; d k t k; s / r [o { r qzE ; kf j p f t u

; [o Zf y n s j ' f r n k j ?. b kb u h f p o s h t kb / f t n s hn K B {zf J ; s 'Ap j [s

; [zd o f ; Zf y n k fw b ; e d h j ?. f J ; w [n kc h B kw / ft u T [j g f j b K r [o {

; kf j p kB d h t f v n kJ h e o d / j B . f c o n g D/ t b 'Ae hs / s / g S s kT [Ad /

j B . g ze s hn K f J ; g qe ko j B ^

‘ ‘ b p [ ft Dkj /wkD; k f i T [g kDh p [o {. . HHH

t fo Qn ?d o r j r [o {e h e [d o s h B{o [. . HHH

fi s [ ; [ j kE B b GJ h s {zU j [ mo {o [. .

BT [fBfX Bkw[fBXkB[j ?s [X[f t fu Go g {o [. .fBzd k s /o h i ' e o / ; ' t zM?u {o [. . ’ ’ HHHH g zBk 9 6 7

X zB r [o { n o i B ; kf j p s K w B [Zy B {z; j h w ko r d o P B e o d /

j 'J / c [o w Kd / j B ^

T [d w[e o /Afd n Ki hT [s {ze wkt fd n K; [y G[u [. .

fXn kfJ fd n Ks {zg qG fwb [BkBe T [s o h fu zs . . wHg H 5 2 2



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j / GkJ h ` n kb ; h i K f t j b V B k p D T [d w f j zw s

e o e / f J Zi s t kb / i ht B t k; s / e 'J h g ?d kt ko h ; kX B n g Dk. f e ; / d {i /

d / j ZE K t Zb j h B k s e d k o j [. t kf j r [o { B {z f X n kT [Afd n K Gb / e zw

e o fd n K w B Z[y k i ht B ; c b k e o b ?.

f; Zy Kd /w j Kf t d t kB GkJ h ; kfj p r [o d k; i h g {i k d /XkB s 'At o i d /

j 'J /, f J ; B {zw ko { I f j o d h fB n kJ h d ; o j / j B . . t ke j ?

f i T [ fwo i kd k f j zd {n Kr kT [ wk; n y ki . .

w[; b wkDk ; {n o j [ ; "r zd f t n ki . .

; j [o k x fo i t kJ hn ?g kDh wd o ki . .; j k B y kJ h u {j V k wkfJ n k w[j s ki . .

f i T [ fwm?wy h wo ?fs ; j 'fJ n e ki . .

fs T [ X o w; kb d h Mke j ?ft j [ y /v {g ki . . 12 $3 4 . .

GkJ h ; kf j p i h i 'o d ko P p d K o kj hAs kV B k e o d / j B l f i t /A

f j zd {n Kf t u r T {w k; B j hAy kX k i Kd k. w [; b wkB Kb J h f t n ki b ?Dk g kge o w j ?. ; j [o k, X h i t kJ h d / x o d k g d ko E n zr he ko B j hAe o d k.

r o hp j 'D s / Gh u {j V k ; j / d k w k; B j hAy Kd k. i / w Zy h f Y Zb / r [V s / p ?m

i kt / s K E kJ / o f j i kB r [n k p f j zd h j ?. T [j fw mk i K ; [n d b k g d ko E

T [; b J h w "s d k g ?r kw p D i Kd k j ?. p ; T [g o t o f Ds T [d kj o DK s 'A

; g P N j ?fe f ; Zy b J h g {i k d k X kB ( X o w ; kb d h Mke ) w kB 'AfJ ; s o QK

j ?f i t /Ay zv f t u f b g N h e 'J h I f j o j 't /. r [o { x o d h ; /t k e o fd n K,

B kw i g fd n K, f J Ze j Zd n zd o o f j e /, n g Dhn K g qt ko e b 'V K r [o {x o

f t u 'Ag {o hn K e o B hn K : 'r j B . g qzs { g {i k d / X B B {zn ?P ' n ko kw d k

; kX B Bk p Dkf J n k i kt /. f J ; s o QK s / w B ft e ko K B kb Go i kt /r k.

GkJ h ; kf j p r [o d k; i h ; kt X kB e o d / j B ^

i ?; /s T [n o 'r G'r G'r t ?BkBk g qe ko ,fpo Ekt zs y kfBg kfB fo d ?B fj s kt J h. .

i ?; / wf j y h ; f j B ; hb e ?Xho i X[i k,

n f i n w?s Be e b /i ' B ; wkt J h. .

i ?; / i 'j o h fp ; kj ?p /u ?j ho k wkBe kfd ,

o ze g ?B o kfy U g o ?i 'r B i [r kt J h. .



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s ?; / r [o g o u ?g ft s o j ?g {i k g q; kf d ,

n g u [n g o u ?d [; f j d [y g kt J h. . ( GkL r [L 5 05 e fp s )

fw ; kb Kd /e / ; w MkfJ n k j ?l f i t /As zd o [; s f t n e s h i ' i h u kj /

y k b t / g u i Kd k j ?. g o o 'r h B {ze [M Gh j i w B j hAj [zd k. f i t /Aw ZM t Zv /

f i r o / t kb h j 'D e o e / S /s h x kp o d h B j hA. p Ze o h f t u ko h p V h e w I 'o

j 'D e o e /S /s h v o i Kd h j ?. f i t /Ai " j o h w B [Zy fB Zs ; 'B /u Kd h s / j hfo n K

d k t Di e o d k j ?, g o e zr kb f J B ; kB B {zn u B u /s h fe s 'Ap j [s k o [fg n k

fw b i kt / s K T [j ; zGkb B j hA; e d k. f J ; / s o QK r [o { x o d / ; /t kd ko

t k; s / ; ze 'u f t u o f j zf d n K, b 'V K g {o hn K e o B hn K i kf J i j B . r [o {B fw s n o g D e hs h w kf J n k B {zr [o {e h n w kB s ; w fMn k i kt /, b [ZN d k

w kb B j hA.

d ; w g ks P kj j i {o d / fB i h ; /t e GkJ h ; kf j p d /; k f ; zx i h

n g D/ o fj s B kw / f t u n ze s e o r J / j B ^

i / e ' f ; y g [i ko h n j ?. . ; ' Gh g {i k p j [s B b j ?. .s B fBo p kj wks o ; ' b /t ?. . n fXe j 'fJ s k i fj s f j d /t ?. .

( o f j s B kw k GkJ h d /; k f ; zx )

Gkt l i / e 'J h r [o f ; Zy r [o x o d h ; /t k e o d k j ?s / j 'o e 'J h

e w kJ h d k ; kX B B j hAj ?. s K n g Dh b 'V t k; s / r [o { x o f t u 'Aw kf J n k

d h t o s 'Ae o ; e d k j ?. e /t b s B d / fB o p kj t k; s / j h t o s /. i / r [o {

x o p j [s h wkfJ n k n kt / s Kb 'V t zd K f t u t o s k fd Zs h i kt /. j 'o t /y ' ^ 1

f i T [ i BBh fBi s B[i e ' fBwy i f j o B f j d /s . .

fs T [ g {i k e h n z; : f j ; o p d {y e ' j /s . .

( r [o f p b k; g kL d ; t hA)

Gkt l f i t / w K n kg D/ b kv b / p Zfu n K B {ze d h Gh i f j o B j hAd /

; e d h. p ; f J ; / s o QK fJ j g {i k d k X B , f ; Zy K b J h i f j o d h fB n kJ h j ?. f J ; / b J h ; f s r [o { B / fJ ; s 'At o f i n k j ?.

j 'o t /y ' ^ ‘ ‘ f i j Vh r [o d t ko /d h e "v h j ?; ' fp y t s j ?. n o

T [j f e ; /B{zB j hAg u d h. g o i ' n ks w?e fo e ?n Zm/g f j o g o w/P o

d k Gi B ; /t k e o /, n s /G'i B E 'Vk e o /s KT [; B {zg u d h j ?. i ' g {i k

d h u hi B{zp j [s k g Zb /p zB b t /, n o p j [s k y kt /, ; ' T [; B{zfp y t s j '



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Gk; d h j ?. ’ ’ ( f r n kB o s B kt b h GkJ h ; f j p w Bh f ; zx i h)

f J j i o {o h T [g d /P Gh j o r [o f ; Zy d / f i j B f t u v {zx k T [Zs o

i kDk u kj hd k j ?f e T [; B / ; KM/ g zE e e ko i K t k; s / n g Dh fe o s e w kJ h

f t u 'Ad ; t zX i o {o e ZY Dk j ?. B k f J ; B {z‘ ‘ d kB ’ ’ ; w fMn k i kt / s / B k

fe ; / s / ‘ ‘ n f j ; kB ’ ’ wzfB n k i kt /. f J ; g o E kJ / Gh o f j s B kfw n Kf t u

n B /e g o w kD j B . e [M j t kb / f J ; s o QK j B ^

‘ ‘ Xo w fe o s d / Bc / ft u 'Ar [o {n o E d ; t zX d /t /.

Xo w ; kb hn Kg ho n "o w[o hd Bk p D'’ ’ .

( o f j s B kw k GkJ h ; kf j p u "g k f ; zx i h)‘ ‘ d ; By e o i ' e ko e wkt ?. . s Ke o i 'XB x o wfj fb n kt ?. .

fJ ; s /r [o d ; "AX i ' d /J h. . f; zx ; [ i r p j [ i ; wfj b /J h. . ’ ’

( o f j s B kw k GkJ h ; kf j p B zd b kb f ; zx i h)

‘ ‘ i ' n g Bhfe S e o /e wkJ h. . r [o fj s d / j d ; t zX p BkJ h. . ’ ’

( r [o g qs kg ; {o i r qzE , 1^ 11)‘ ‘ d ; t zX r [o {Bfj d /t J hM{m p 'b i ' y kfJ . .

e j ?r 'fp zd f; zx b kb i h fs ; e k fe S Bk fp ; kfj . . ’ ’

( GkJ h ; kf j p B zd b kb f ; zx i h)

p kp /e /pkp o e /d 'T {. . n kg e o /g o w/; o ; 'T {. .

d hB Pkj fJ Be 'g fj u kB'. . d [B h g s h T [B e ' T [BwkB'. .

i ' p kp /e /d kw Bk d ?j ?. . fs B s /r fj p kp o e /b ?j ?. .

d ?d ?fs B e ' p v h ; i kfJ . . g [zB b ?j ?fr q j b {N pBkfJ . .

( r [o g qs kg ; {o i ^ n z; ^ 13 )

p kp o fe n KB {zg qw ks w k B / Gko s f t u b [N /o / p D k e / G/f i n k, g o

B kb j h p kp /f e n K ( r [o { ; kf j p kB ) B {zr o hp i zs k d h o ky h t k; s / ; z; ko

s / G/i f d Zs k. p kp / e / X o w d / o ky / j B , p kp o e / X o s h d / w kb e p Dp ?m/. i ' f t n e s h p kp /f e n K d h P o B f t u n k f r n k, T [j p kp o fe n K

d h w ko s 'A p u f r n k. i ' ; f s r [o { d h P o D B j hA n kJ / T [j B K B {z

p kp o f e n K B / b [Zf Nn k s / y {p e [Zf Nn k. n w ho b 'e KB {z; y s s ; hj / d / e /

x o K f t u 'Ad Zfp n k X B j ke w K B / e Y t k e / e kp { e o f b n k. f c o f e T [A

B k d hB d [B h d / o ky /, ; f s r [o { i h B {zd ; t zX d / f d Zs k i kt /.



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; z; ko g qf ; ZX o ?FZv e o k; ; w ki ; /t h ; z; E k, ; f t N I o b ?Av d /

f J e g q'c ?; o B / ; hw s f i j / ; kX B k B kb ; zB 18 6 5 f t u P [o { e hs h ; h.

j "b h j "b h f t e k; e o d h ; t k e [ ; " ; kb p kn d ; z; ko f t u f J j ; z; E k

n kg Dh B t /e b h n s / ; B w kB : 'r E K p Dk u [Ze h j ?. n w ho b 'e K d / d kB

n s / e [M ; o e ko K d h w d s B kb f J ; B / i zr K i [ZX K i K j 'o w [P e b K d /

; w /Ab 'e Gb kJ h d /p j [s e zw e hs / j B . ; f t N I o b ?Av t k; h i / ; G s 'At X

fe ; / r Zb s / w kD wf j ; {; e o d / j B s K T [j o ?FZv e o k; j h j ?. f e T [Afe

f J ; f e ; w d h ; /t k T [j B K B / P [o { e hs h.

n c ; '; f e n ; hA ; z; ko B {z B j hA d Z; ; e / f e n ?w B [Zy s k B {zfg n ko e o B t kf b U ` f J j w j kB e ko i s K r [o { B kB e d / x o T [; s 'A

; d hn K g f j b K s 'Aj [zd k n k f o j k j ?. ; zB 16 8 5 s 'As K p e kf J d k f J e

f t Gkr p D k e / GkJ h x B ZJ hn k i h B {zT [; d k w [y h E kg f d Zs k f r n k. r [o {

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; fB n k; h, fJ e B /e f J B ; kB j ' r [i o / j B . T [j B Kt b 'Afb y h g [; s e

“ ; o p 's w X o w r qzE r [o {r qzE ; kf j p @ f t u p u B n ze s j B “ f j zd {GkJ h d /t h d /t fs n Kd hn Kw{o s hn Kn Zr /o Zy e /, x o x o i ke /wzr d /

j B . y Kd /y [d j B wzr s /d /t f s n KB {zp DkT [Ad / j B . d {i / g k; / f; Zy

GkJ h j B . o [fg n k g ?; k, n zB d kDk fJ e Zs o e o d /j B, o b fwb e /

b zr o fs n o e o d / j B. ; ko /j h fp BKfGzB G/d s 'Ao b fwb e /S e d /

j B. fJ ; B{zr [o {d h p y fP P “ r [o {e k b zr o ” e f j zd / j B.



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c N / g [o kD/ e g fV n K t kb k, i K e w i 'o f i j h f d Zy t kb k e 'J h

wB [Zy wzr d k f c o /, T [; B {zp j [s h g qkg s h B j hA j ' ; e /r h. i d 'A n who

g qs hs j ' f o j k f t n e s h e [M w zr / s K i [n kp d /D d k j hn k B j hAg ?Ad k.

n f i j k f J B ; kB o e w Gh S 'N h f i zB h B j hAw zr /r k. u zr h u 'y h w kf J n k

g qkg s e o B b J h n ky /r k. X o w n ; E kB d h fJ wko s b J h. b zr o b J h,

; e {b e kb i b J h. n B kE n kP o w b J h. r o hp b V e hn K d / f t n kj

e o B / n kfd .

f J ; s 'Af J b kt k u s [o g [i ko h s p e / B /, ; kX ko D f i j / b 'e K B {z

“ g kg h” j 'D d k Go w g ?d k e hs k. f B Ze / f i j / e hV / d / w o B d k g kg Gh,e J h i B w s Ze fg ZS k B j hAS Zv d k. f B r {D/ f i j / j k; / mZm/ e ko B “ p V / p V /

B kw h f o ; ah w j ks w k ; s i B w B o e K ft u i kD d k ; o kg d /D s 'AGh r [o /

I B j hAe o d / ; B . @ T [; ; o kg d / g kg B {zT [s ko B b J h, x o i w hB

o [f g n k g ?; k, ; G d kB e o f d Zs k i Kd k ; h. i [n kB g s B h G?D i K p /N h

s e g [i ko h d / j t kb / e o e /, b zr 'Nh e ; e / g {i ko h d h ; /t k f t u T [w o Gob J h j ki o o f j zd k ; h s / n kg D/ g kg K d h B f t o s h e o t kT [Ad k ; h. n Zi

s kJ h p qkj w D d / i 'o d ko g qu ko e ko B , B k ; w M b 'e , n g D hn K p /N hn K

g [i ko hn Kd / j t kb / e o e /, g kg T [s ko o j / j B s / n r b k i B w ; zt ko o j /

j B . g zd o K b Zy s 'At ZX n "o s K d /t d k; h g qE k d hn K f P e ko j 'e /, B o e h

i ht B p s hs e o B b J h w i p {o j B .

fJ ; “ d kB ” t kb h b [ZN B {zr [o p kDh B /w {b 'Aj h o Zd e hs k j ?. fJ ;

d h E K e /t b o Zp h : kd B {zf j o d / f t u t ; kJ h o Zy Dk j h ; G s 'AT [s w

n ?b kfB n k j ?. r [o p kDh c [o w kB g V Q'

p kBko ; h s g e o ?T [b fN, s ho E wo ?,

n r fB d j ?, e kfJ n k e b g e hi ?]

n ; [w/X i r [e hi ?, ; 'Bk r o Gd kB d hi ?,o kw Bkw ; fo s T {B g {i ?]

n ; [d kB, r i [d kB[, f ; j i k Bko h,

G{fw d kB, n ?; ' d kB[ fBs fBs f j e hi ?. .

n ks w i T [ fBo wkfJ b [ e hi ?,

n kg po kp fo e zu B[d hi ?, o kw Bkw ; fo s T [B g {i ?. . (973 )



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j / B k; w M f J B ; kB ` s {zGkt /Ag f t Zs o n ky / i Kd / s ho E p B ko ;

( e KP h) f t u ; o ho B {ze ; N d /D t kb / s g e o d k o j [. f J j o Zp h o kj

B j hAT [b N k ( r b s ) o ; s k j ?. p /P Ze s {zs ho E K s / i ke / g qkD f s n kr d /

j , p /e ko fe fo n j ?. Gkt /A; o ho B {zn r B h f t u i b k d / j , e 'J h c kfJ d k

B j hAj 'Dk b Zr k. Gkt /AT [wo b zw h e o B d k i s B e o d k o j [, fe ; / n o E

B j hAj ?. n E kj g ?; k y o u e o e /, Gkt /As {zn ; w /X i Zr e o t k b t /A, f J j

Gh r b s o kj j ?. r [g s o {g ft u f i zB k wo i h ; 'B k n kfd d kB e o d k o j /,

; G c i {b f e fo n k j ?. o Zp i h d / B kw s [Zb f J j e {V f e fo n kt K B j hA

j B . j / w {o y f J B ; kB ` s {zGkt /Ax 'V / n s / j kE h Gh d kB e o d /t /Af e ; /b /y / f t u B j hAj B . s {zn f r n kB s k f t u n zB k j 'e /, Gkt /An kg Dh i [n kB

g s B h B {zr f j fDn K B kb fP zr ko e /, g [i o h d / j kt b / e o d /j , f J j p j [s

; o w B ke “ d kB ” j ?. Gkt /As {zn kg Dh ; ko h i w hB d kB e o d /t /, p ; s {z

b [ZfNn k i kt /Ar k g qkg s h e 'J h B j hAj 'D b Zr h. f J ; s o QKd /d kB fJ e t ko h

B j hAGkt /As {zfB Zs fBZs e o d k o j /. s K Gh ; wM b ?s {zn kg Dk ; G e [Mb [Nk fb n k j ?. i 'r hn Kt kb /n k; D e o e /, Gkt /Ag /N B {z; kc e o b t /AGkt /

An kg D/ ; o ho d / t i B p o kp o s 'b e / ; 'B k d kB e o d k o j /. e 'J h g qkg s h

B j hAj 'D b Zr h. g [i ko h s p e k s ?B {zt ZY t ZY y k f o j k j ?, p u i k, i / p u

; e d k j ?A.

e zu B f; T [ g kJ hn ?Bj hAs 'fb ] wB[ d / o kw[ b hn k j ?w'fb ] ( 32 7 )

j / GkJ h ; 'B /n kfd e e hw s h g d ko E KB kb o Zp B {zy qhfd n KB j hA

i k ; e d k. w B B {zf t e ko K s 'Aw [e s e o e /, r [D K B kb Go g {o e o e / o Zp

i h B {zn o g D e o hd k j ?. f J j h T [; d h n ; b h e hw s j ?.

s B[wB{n o g T [g {fi u o kt T [] r [o g q; kfd fBo zi B[g kt T [] ( 5 2 5 )

j /GkJ h s B n s /w B o Zp i h B{zG/N e o B k g ?Ad k j ?. j 'o e 'J h

u hi T [E /g qt kB B j hAj [zd h. f J ; s o QKr [o {d h fe o g k B kb , w?Ag qwks wkB {z g kf b n k j ?. j "b h j "b h g qu ko d / j f E n ko d [n ko k, g [i ko h s p e k

w f j b T [; ko B ft u ; c b j ' f r n k. n kg Dh n kw d D d / ; kX B ( n y "s h

X o w n ; E kB ) f t P kb n s / ; 'B / B kb Gh ; i kT [D ; zt ko B b Zr f g n k.

“ g kg h” b 'e KB {z“ g kg w [e s ” e o B d / p j kB / “ d kB ” o {g f t u ; /t e K s 'A

f J zB k X B j f E n k f b n k f e o ki / w j ko kf i n K B {zg [i ko h w ks d /D b Zr



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fg n k. n f i j hn K; j {b s K i Ks / o ki w f j b K f t u j [zd hn K; B , i KX o w

w zd o K f t u . n kw i zs K d ' t e s d h o 'N h s 'AGh n ks [o j ' r J h. i d 'A

w [j zw d r "o h s / w f j w {d r i B t h t o f r n K B {zg s k b Zf r n k f e f i zB k X B

o ki w f j b K f t u j ?, T [s B k j h w zd o K f t u w "i {d j ?. f i E 'Ab [ZNDk Gh p j [s

; "y k j ?. f J ; / b J h T [; B / ; 'wB kE d / wzd o t Zb X kt k p 'fb n k. f i E ' T [; B {z

n kg D / n zd ki / B kb 'AGh t ZX ; 'B k u Kd h, j ho / w 's h n s / ; [zd o o {g w s hn K

“ g o hn K” , f p B K p j [s h y /u b e hf s n K g qkg s j ' r J hn K. i / fJ j e f j

f b n k i kt / f e g [i ko h s p e / e 'b ; r 'A t ZX s ke s ; h. d /; d / o ki /

g [i ko hn K s 'Ag [ZS e / ( v o e /) g ?o X o d / ; B .i d 'Ae 'J h o ki k n kg D/ T [g e ko h e zw K e ko B b 'e K f t u w e p {b

j 'D b Zr k s K n kg Dh n ; h; , “ X o w P e s h” t o s e /, g [i ko hn K B / T [;

B {zr Zd h s 'AT [s ko f d Zs k, y [d o ki d k wkb e p D p ?mk. n kU f J ; d hn K

e [ZM T [d kj o Dk g V QhJ / ft u ko hJ /L^

fs B j o h u zfd fg qEwh g fs o ki ?, e kr fd e hw B g kJ h]n T [r D [i kD?s k g [zB e o ?fe T [, fe T [B/y kf; fp e kJ h] ( 13 44 )

j / ; z; ko d / b 'e ' j o h; u zd o p j [s B /e f J B ; kB ; h. X o s h

d / p j [s t Zv / f J b ke / s / T [; d k g o T [g e ko h s / f J B ; kc t kb k o ki ; h.

j o h; u zd o ( g "o kD e e j kD h w [s kp e ) b 'V t zd b 'e K B {z p j [s d kB d /

fd n k e o d k ; h. T [; d h g o i k f t u fB s f d B ; 'Gk t X d h i k o j h ; h.

p qkj wD B j h u kj [zd k fe e 'J h o ki k, g o i k f t u w e p {b j ' i kt /. s ke s t o

p D e / f e s / p qkj w D s 'Aj h p kr h B k j ' i kt /. d kB b ?D d k j Ze d ko e /t b

p qkj w D j ?. j o hP u zd o ; kf o n K B {zj h d kB d /J h i k f o j k j ?. g kr b

f e s 'Ad k, n f i j / o ki /B {zc "o B r Zd h s 'AT [s ko d /Dk j h g [i ko h d / f j s f t u

j ?. p qkj w D d h e mg [s b h f t ; B {zGr t kB i h B / f s b e i zi { X ko B e o e /

, p qkj w D d k t /; p Dk e /, fJ e fx o Dk: 'r ; kf i ; s f j s , ; ko k o ki Gkr“ d kB ” f t u b ?fb n k. ( f J ; g o E kJ / f t ; E ko B kb g V B k u kj ' s Kw /o h

fe s kp “ g "o kDe e E kt K d k n zs @ g V ; e d / j ') f t u ko k j o h; u zd o

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B fy ZX B "e o h s / b Zr f r n k. p j [s / d kB e o B d h n f i j h ; i k f d Zs h

r J hHHH.



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e o T [n Y kJ h Xo s h wKr h, p kt B o {g p j kB?]

fe T [g fJ n kb i kfJ fe T [Sb hn ?, i /p fb o {g g SkB?] ( 13 4 4 )

g "o kDe e j kDh d k j t kb k d / ; f s r [o { p qkj w D d h n s h e w hDh

; kf i P o kj hA ; w MkT [Ad / j B . n ? ; z; ko d / b 'e / ` p b o ki k p j [s

g o T [g e ko h ; h. g o i k d k j o s o he / fy n kb o y d k ; h. f c o b 'V t zd

b 'e T [; e 'b n ke / c fo n kd h j [zd /. i ' w zr d / d / fd n k e o d k. T [; d h d {o

d {o s e e ho s h c ?b r J h. p b o ki /d k “ r [o {” Gh p qkj w D B j hA; r 'Af J e

r ?o p qkj w D, P [Ze o B kw d k n fs n zs ; w Mkd o g [o y ; h. p qkj w D B /p b

o ki / d h b 'e Gb kJ h s 'Ar [Z; k y kX k. T [g e ko h o ki B {zp o p kd e o B d hmkD b J h. Gb / o ki / B {zr Zd hU b kj e / y [d o ki ; zGkb D d h ; kf i P x V

b J h. ( n y "s h) f t ; B {zGr t kB S 'N / f i j / ; o ho t kb k p D e /, p b o ki /

n Zr / n kD c fo n kd h j 'f J n k. ; kf o n K B {zd kB d / u [e D s 'Aw r o ', f J ;

B t /A n kJ / w zr s / B {z e [ZM w zr D b J h f e j k. T [; B / g f j b K e [M e ; w K

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; kt X kB e o B k u kf j n k. e ; w k u [Ze e / t u B d /D s 'A o 'f e n k. g o

fB o S b o ki k B K; w fMn k. n g D / r [o {d k j h n g w kB e o B b Zr fg n k.

B s hi / t i 'Ap q j w D d / G/y f t u n kJ / f t ; B {zB / Y kJ h e d w X o s h d kB f t u

wzr h. fJ j B KY kJ h e d w Kf t u o ki /d k ; ko k o ki j V Zg e o fb n k. o ki /

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s / t Zv / d kB h o ki / p b d k p qkj w D B / n zs e o fd Zs k. fJ ; / s o QKo ki / i B w /

i / B kb e hs h r J h. d kB e o B t kb / Gh b [ZN / r J /. j o /e Gb k w B [Zy Gh,

; kI ; h g [i ko h B / p o p kd e o e / j h ; kj f b n k.

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f t e k; j 'D' o 'fe n k. i / fe ; / d k fe De k w ks o n e b d k y kB k e 'J h p ke h

o f j f r n k s KT [; B {zo 'e D t k; s / f J e “ p Zi o j fE n ko P o X k” d h t o s 'A

e hs h r J h. b [ZN / i kD s 'Ap u D b J h i / e 'J h ; /t e s o e ; ahb s k B kb

; [n kb i [n kp e o B d h f j zw s e o p ?m/ s K T [; B {z “ Po Xkj hD j ?,



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Bk; s e j ?, g kg h j ?” n ky e / p /f J i s e o d /Dk. ; 'u e / n ze [o B {ze [u b

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s / j h fNfe n k j [zd k j ?. f i E / ; ao Xk Bj hAT [E/ Xo w Bj hA. ”

r [o { B kB e ; kf j p d h g kt B p kDh s K b [N /f o n K d / p y hJ / T [X /

V d h j h j ?. T [j B Kd / P p d K B kb ; p zX s e J h ; ky hn K i ' j o o 'i ; N /I K

s / ; [DkJ hn K i Kd hn K j B , T [j B Kt Zb s o d h f i j h fB r kj w ko b J hJ /.

; d hn K s 'Ap qkj wDh o hs w [s kp e b 'e h i zi { g ke /, p qkj wD B {zn g Dk r [o {

X ko B e o d / n k o j / ; B . r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h B /v ze / d h u 'N B kb f J ;

o ; w s 'Af J B e ko e o f d Zs k. Go / f J e Zm f t u X o w s 'Ap kr h j 'Dk p V ky s o B ke ; h. t /y D ; [DB t kf b n K d h “ P o Xk” B {zGkj h ; ZN t Zi h.

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e o e /, n kg D / y /s K B {zg kDh d /Dk P [o { e o f d Zs k. ” p V k t kt /b k w f u n k,

j i ko K b 'e K d h “ ; o X k” u e B ku {o j ' r J h. e [o {e [P /s o f t u ; {o ir qf j D ; w /An Zr p kb D d h ; y s w B kj h j ?. r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h B /

“ P o X k” d hn K p zX ; K s 'V e /, n Zr p kb b J h. d kb u "b d [X i K fy u V h

u [Zb Q/ s / B j hAo Zy h, ; r 'Af j o B d k wk; f o ZMDk fNe k f d Zs k. n Zr p b d h

t /y h, X {zn K T [md k f d Zf ; n k. f o ZMd / w k; d h w f j e d {o s e c ?b r J h.

g {i ko h N 'b / r [Z; / f t u T [p b d /, MZr ; [N d / w zd / p 'b p 'b d /, w ko B j h n k g J /.

; f s r [o { i h B / fB wo s k B kb r b p ks e o B b J h n kf y n k. b zw h f t u ko

u o u k j 'J h. ( f J ; g o E kJ / b zw k P p d r [o { r qzE ; kf j p d / g zB k 12 9 0 s /

g V ') ; [DB t kf b n K d h “ P o X k u {o u {o j ' r J h” .

; Zi D ( mZr ) d h mZr hn K wko B d h P o X k, wb e Gkr ' d h d kB

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t kb h P o X k. e b i [r h g Kv / d h u "e V k w ko e /, n Zy K w hN e / b [ZN D d h; o X k, B {o F; akj i kd {r o B h d h b 'e K B {z t k; B k r q; s e o e /, b [ZN D d h

P o X k. r f J n k d / ; E kB s / fg zv g Zs b d ht k fe fo n k n kfd d h P o X k.

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e o B d h P o X k. o Zp e /t b w Ze / f t u j ?, f J j w [Zb K e ki hn K d h P o X k.

p kp o t b 'AGko s B {zr [b kw p DkT [D d h P o X k. f J X o b / w {o y j ke w K



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n s / g [i o hn K d h X kr / s t hs K i kd { w zs o K s / P o X kHHHH. r [o { B kB e

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s o QKd h “ P o Xk” B {zs ko s ko e o ; [ZfNn k. fJ ; d / fg ZS / b [e h j 'J h g kg

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PoXk” g {o h s o QK j kt h j ' u [Ze h j ?. i / e 'J h s Zs r [o ws d k Xko Bh

f t n e s h, r [o { B kB e ; kf j p d h p kDh d k g o w kD ; kj w D/ o Zy e / Gh,

d b hb B kb r b e o B h u kj / s K f t P t kP s 'Vd k j ?, Po Xk B j hAo f j D

fd zd k, B k; s e j ?, e kwo /v j ?HHH” d /c s t / i ko h e o fd s /i Kd /j B.

i ' r [o {B kB e ; kf j p B /b 'e Kd h “ P o X k” B {zs 'fV n k j ?T [; p ko /e h e j 'r / <b 'N { f p o s h t kb / g [i ko h ( f ; Zy g [i ko hn K ; w /s ) N 'b / B / n kw b 'e K B {z

f t f d n k s 'A; Zy D/ e hs k. T [g qzs “ P o X k” t kb h w ko { d b d b f t u ; [ZN

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f t u y ' j b J /. T [E /w k; {w f i zd K e 'w b e b hn K, f B Ze hn Kp kb V hn KB kb ,

i kb w g [i ko hn K B / i ' i kB t o K B kb 'AGh r zd k f t j ko e hs k, T [; p ko /; 'u e / j h o {j e zp i Kd h j ?. fd b d h X V e D s /i j ' i Kd h j ?. n Zy K ft u 'A

n E o {n Kd h X ko k t f j N [o d h j ?. d [ZX g hd hn Kp Zu hn K, r [Zv hn Kg N 'fb n K

B kb y /Y D t kb hn K n DG'b , w b {e , ; 'j Dhn K fs s b hn K B kb , “ X o w

w zd o K” f t u ; c ?d u 'f b n K f t u f b g N /, g [i ko hn K B / p b ks e ko e hs /.

T [B Kd hn KfGn kB e u he Ks /Gh s o ; B k n kfJ n k. T [ j i ht B Go b J h

“ n g j ki ” e o f d Zs hn K. f J ; w ko { ; d w / B {z : kd e o e / T [j ; d k

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( d /t hn K) B {zt /P t kt Kd / e 'fmn Ks / g [u k fd Zs k f r n k. fe T [Af e j 'o w b {e

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; q'w Dh r [o d [n ko k g qp zX e e w/N h n zfwqs ; o , fd Zb h f ; Zy r [o d [n ko k

g qp zX e e w /N h n s / ; z; ko Go f t u c ?b / f t P kb s w r [o d [n kf o n K d hn K

g qp zX e e /wNhn K, w {b ' j h e [o kj / g ?u [e hn K j B . f ; Zy e "w d / b 'V t zsg qt ko K d h ; zGkb t k; s /, e 'J h e ko i B j h e o o j hn K. p ; g kr b Kt Kr

j 'o ; [zd o f J w ko s K, j 'o t ZX r [o d [n ko /, j 'o w kf J n k d hn K n g hb K.

j 'o n y zv g kmK d hn K b V hn K, j 'o o ?D ; p kJ h, n ks w o ; s / w j kB

e ho s B d o p ko . e "w o ; ks b f t u r o e r J h j ?. 8 0 # f ; Zy e /; e Nk

u [e / j B , d ; s ko K p zB Dhn K G[b k u [e / j B . B fP n K f t u i ht B p o p kd



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e o o j / j B . ; kv / ; ko / r [o d [n kf o n K d / g qp zX e , n y "s h ; zs ,

: [B ht o f ; Nhn Kf t u T [u f t fd n k g V e / T [u hn Ke [o ; hn Ks / fp o ki w kB

f ; Zy f t d t kB , g zE B kb d r k e w k r J / j B . g zE d h j ; s h f wND d / B /

V / g [Zi r J h j ?, f J j b 'e u ?B d h p z; o h t i k o j / j B . “ Bkw i g ke /

P Ks h p y P o j / j B. ”

f ; Zy Kd / ; N /i h g qu ko n s / ; kX N'b k, “ Bkw d kB fJ PBkB” B{z

f ; Zy h d / E zw r o d kB e /, i B ; w {z j B {z f r n kB d / u kB D t b 'A o 'e e /,

n f r n kB s k t Zb f j e d k f b i k f o j k j ?. r [o { c [o w kB j ?

f r n kB f t j {D k r kt ?r hs ] G{y / w[b k x o / w; hfs ]wy N{j 'fJ e ?e zB g V kJ /] c e o e o / j 'o [ i kfs r t kJ /]

r [o g ho ; d kJ / wzr D i kJ /] s Ke ?w{fb B b r hn ?g kf J ]

x kfb y kfJ fe S[j Ej [d /fJ ] BkBe okj [g SkD?; /fJ ] ( 1245)

j / GkJ h p j [s ; ko / g ky zv h b 'e e zB o ; t kb hn Kr b K ; [DkT [Ad /

j B . r hs e f t s kt KB ku ; ki n kfd B kb g o Gkt s e o d / j B . g o y [df J ; s Zs f r n kB s 'A; y D/ j B . Gkt /AX o w h p D / fd ; d / j B . x o K ft u

X o w g 'E hn K i K X o w n ; E kB p DkJ / ( fN e kJ /) j B . g o n ks w e s "o

s / G[Zy / b 'e j B . n ; b f t u fJ j t / j b V s /g ki h ( Gr "V /) b 'e j B . w [c s

d hn K o 'N hn K g kV B t k; s /, w [zd o K, i zi {, f e o g kB K, u 'b / n kf d g f j B d /

j B . T [AM X o w B kb f J j B K d k e 'J h f g n ko B j hAj ?. n g D/ n kg B {zp /

g qt kj , p zX B K s 'Aw [[e s d ; d /j B . n ; b hn s f J j j ?fe n f i j / b 'e f i zw /

t ko hn K s 'A Gr "V / j B . g qt ko ; w ki i K d /P g qs h f J j B K B {z e 'J h

j w d o d h B j hAj ?. f J j B K f t u 'Af e zB / ; ko / r [o { p D p ?m/ j B . e 'J h g ho

c e ho ; kX ; zs n y t kT [Ad / j B . X o w n ; E kB Kd / g [i ko h p D / j 'J / j B .

n ; b f t u f J j w zr s / j B . X o w d h n kV ft u b [ZN e / y Kd / j B . j /

GkJ h n f i j / b 'e KB {zw ZEk Bk N/e D k. e 'J h w kB s k g {i k f J j B Ke zw u 'o Kd h B k e f o U . i ' w B [Zy T [d w h j ?, w /j B s h j ?. n g D h B /e e w kJ h f t u 'A

i o [o s w zd K d h ; j kf J s k e o d k j ?, n ; b h Gb k w B [Zy T [j h j ?. i ' w B [Zy

r [o {d o ; kJ / f J ; B /e o kj s / u b fg n k, T [; B {zr [o w s n B [; ko h f i zd r h

f i T [D d h ; w M n k r J h.

i d 'Afe ; / d /; d hn Ki / j b Ke ?d hn KB kb Go hn Kj 'D, s d 'A; w M



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b ?Dk u kj hd k j ?, f J E 'Ad h e kB {zB h g o fe fo n k n s h fB e zwh j ?. i d 'A

n d kb s K f t u GhV B i o n kt / s K ; w M b ?Dk u kj hd k j ?f e f J E / Gh

fo P t s y 'o h d k p 'b p kb k j ?. i d 'Afe ; / d /; f t u g [fb ; w [e kp fb n Ko kj hA

B "i [n kB KB {zw kfo n k i k fo j k j 't /, s K ; w M b ?Dk u kj hd k j ?f e fJ E / b 'e K

d / w [Y b / n fX e ko K B{zd p kf J n k j 'f J n k j ?. j ; g s kb K ft u b h GhV s 'A,

d /; t k; hn K d h ; /j s p ko / n zd ki k b r i Kd k j ?. f J ; / s o Qk e p o K

w V hn K, s Ks f o e K, i 's P hn K, g ho K, ; kX K ; zs K n Zr / i B ; w {zj d hn K

t Zv hn K GhV K B {zB w; e ko Ke o fd n K, G/NK u V kT [Afd n K, w zB s K w zB fd n K

t /y e /, wkB f; e d t kb hJ /g D p ko / e 'J h P Ze B j hAo f j i Kd k . fp B K; w M/f t u ko / r [o d [n ko / i kD k, w ZE / o r V B /, w kfJ n k n o g D e o B h, u o B X {V

w ZE / B {zb kT [Dh, ; o 't o f J P B kB e o B /, e /t b X o w d k S b kt k j ?n ; b h

X o w B j hAj ?. r [o p kDh d h f ; Zf y n k e [M j 'o o kj d ; d h j ?, g o X o w

g 'E hn Kn s / fJ fs j k; e f J w ko s KB {zt g ko d / e /Ad o Kf t u s p d hb e o B

t kb / g [i ko h s / g qp zX e , ; kB { r [o w s f r n kB s 'Ae 'j K d {o o Zy o j / j B .b /y e B {zi o w B h f t u X o w g qu ko b J h i kD d k w "e k f w f b n k.

f t u ko t N Kd o / b J h f J e f ; Zy t ho w ?B {zn g D/ x o b ?f r n k. n f s n zs

y {p ; {o s t kd h f t u T [j B K d h w f j b B [w k e 'mh. u zw u zw e o d hn K

b zw hn Kd ' e ko Ky [Zb k t / j V k, c [Zb p {N / n s / n kb / d [n kb / t Zv / t Zv / ; o e ko h

n c ; o K d hn K e 'mhn K. ; o d ko i h B / p V h ; /t k e hs h. t kg ; G/i D

b Zf r n K; ": [o ' f b c kc / f t u g ke / w /o h i /p f t u g k fd Zs k. n kg D/ fNe kD/

s / g j [zu e /, w ?Ad {i / f J e t ho B {zf J ; t Zv / ; o d ko p ko / g [Zf S n k. g J h

T [j B K d / x o f J zB h w kf J n k f e E 'An k r J h e ko 'p ko e h j ?< e f j D b Zr /

f g S b / g zd o Ke [ ; kb s 'AT [ j ; o d ko i h, fJ e g qw [Zy r [o d [n ko / d / “ g qX kB

i h” j B . y h; k ( r 'b e ) p kp k B kB e i h d k j ?. f J j B Kd k j ZE j ?, f i t /

Au j [D T [; o g ?B {zt o s ; e d / j B . g f j b K; /t k e o e /fJ j BKB/p kp ki h d /y h; / f t u j ZE g kfJ n k ; h. j [D p kp k i h fJ j BKd /e kp {f t u

j B. wi kb j ?fe u {zu o Ke o i kD . i kD h i kD j 'D d / p kt i {d Gh,

n Zy Kp zd e o b ?Ad / j B. ; o p e b k ; wo E j 'D d /p kt i {d Gh p /p ;

j B. ; wM' n Zi f; Zy Kd k r [o {, g qXkBK, ; kXK, ; zs Kn s / i E/d ko Kd h

e ?d f t u i e fV n k j 'fJ n k p j [s T [d k; j ?. n kw f ; Zy d h d [o r s



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n s / Xo w s / e kp i XV / d hn KXKd b hn Kt /y e / j zM{p j k fo j k j ?.

p d /P f t u b / p j [s / r [o d [n kfo n K ft u 'Ai / ; g K; o g /g o g qkg s

e o B / j 'D s K u zr h w 'Nh o e w d /Dh g ?Ad h j ?. e J h t ko h g qp zX e ; Zi D,

n g D/ X hn K g [Zs o K n s / j 'o u j /s / f t n e s hn K B {z X o w g qu ko e i K

e ho s B h i Zf E n K d / e 'N / o kj hA, f t d /P f t u w zr t k b ?Ad / j B . T [E / g j [zu

e / i / s k t ki / s / d ' T [r b K o Zy e / i K Y 'b e e Z[N e /, ; zr hs e s o zr k g ?d k

e o ; e d k j ?, s K r [o d [n o / f t u e ho s B d h ; /t k e o B b r g ?Ad k j ?.

i / f J ; s o QK ; zGt B k j 't / s K T [; B {z“ e p {s o ” p Dk e / T [v k f d Zs k i Kd k

j ?. r [o d [n kf o n K d hn K fd ; d hn K fJ w ko s K Gkt /A p d /P K f t u p j [s j B . g o f J ; s 'Ad ; r [DK t X r [o d [n ko / “ r [g s n t ; Ek f t u ; /t k

e o o j / j B” . i kDh f e n g D/ x o d / i K d [e kB d / g s / s / r [o d [n ko k,

e b Zp , e b u o ; ?ANo fp o X n kP o w n kfd d / B kw s / o f i ; No v e o t k

fb n k i Kd k j ?. f c o ; o e ko s 'Ae o i k b t ', s / d /; f t u 'Ae ho s B h i E /

w zr t kT [. i hn i kB B kb X o w d h ; /t k e o '. o ; hd K S g t ke / T [r o kj he o '. b ?N o g ?v S g t k e / Gko s f t u 'Ap zd / w zr t kT [ s / b Zy K o [g ?e w kU HHH.

f J e B "i [n kB y /s h d / e zw K s 'An "f y n kJ h w f j ; {; e o e /, x o 'A

“ n b 'g ” j ' f r n k. e kc h d {o i ke / f J e B kw h v /o / f t u g [Zi e /, w [y h

“ ; zs @ i h B {zB w ; e ko e o e /, “ ; /t e ” p DB d h f J ZS k i kj o e hs h.

“ ; zs ” i h B / g o t kB r h d / f d s h. b zwk u 'b k f B Ze k g N e k g f j B e /, b Zr k

wZMKB {zg Zm/g kT [D , r 'j k e {V k u [e D s / y /s K f t u e zw e o B . t e s e ZY e /

; zs d hn Kb Zs K p j kt Kx Z[N Dhn K wkb ; K e o B hn K. B /V s k t X d h r J h.

f J T [An k; p ZM r J h f e n kT [D t kb / g zi d ; ; kb K s e , f J ; v /o / d k w ?A

w[y h p D j h i kDk j ?.

f J ; B "i [n kB d / f g zv s 'Af J e w kJ h n kg D h ; [Zy Dk b kj [D t k; s /

v /o / f t u n kJ h. w kJ h B /w ZEk N/fe n k, r 'b e f t u g ?; / g kJ /. b zr o b J hd kB e hs k. x o 'Af b n Kd k g zi f e b ' d [ZX d /r / f t u g kf J n k. ; q't o f t u 'A

“ g f t Zs o n zf wqs ” d k v 'b { Gf o n k. ; zs d / n Zr / o [g ?o Zy e /, f c o wZE k N /

f e n k. n zfw qs t kb / v 'b { B {z“ p kp k i h” d / j ZE S [ j ke / j 'o g f t Zs o e hs k.

n P ho t kd b ?e /, x o t b N [o B j h b Zr h ; h f e B t K p f Dn k “ ; zs @ fg zv

d k r Go { w z[v k, B i o h g ?f r n k. w kJ h p 'b h ^ g [Zs o s {zn kj e h ; Kr



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p DkfJ n k, ; kX K t kb / e g V / g kJ / B /<

B "i [n kB ^ w Ki h w?A; kb e [ j 'f J n k f J j B K; zs Kd / u o B Kf t u

j ki o j ' f r n k ; K. w /o / s / p V / y [P B /, P kfJ d r Zd h w?B {zj h fw b i kt /.

w ks k ^ t / g [Zs n kj s {ze h n kf y n k< ; [y B kb s /o / p kg { e 'b

r [i ko / i 'r h i w hB j ?. s {zi ZN K d k w [zv k y /s h e o . ; kX g [D k f e T [<

B "i [n B ^ w K i h ; kX p DB k y /s h t kb / n "y / e zw B kb ' p j [s

t X hn k j ?. u /b k p De / ; kb d ' ; kb w /j B s j ?p ke h s K w r o 'Aw "i K j h

w "i K. v /o / y 'j b D k ; zs p D B k, n Zi e b u zr k w [B kc / t kb k e ko 'p ko j ?.

wks k ^ g [Zs o T [j f e t /A<B "i [n kB ^ w K i h i d 'As [; hAf J E / n kJ / ; h e h b ?e / n kJ / ; h<

wks k g zi fe b ' ; Zi o ; {J h wZM d k d [ZX . e [M n kN k, e [M o [g ?r 'b e f t u

s / e [M p kp k i h n Zr /HHH.

B "i [n kB ^ w ks k i h f J ; / b J h w ?Ae f j f o j k j K fe v /o / p DkT [Dk B"e o h

i Ky /s h Bkb 'At X hn k e ko 'p ko j ?. s [; hAg zi fe b ' d [ZX d /r / f t u g kfJ n k.g zi kj i K ; " o [g ?Gh n o g D e hs /. t kg ; i Kd / j 'J / b ?u Zb / “ g f t Zs o

; q't o ft u 'An zfwqs i b d h e ?Bh Go e /. @ s [j kv / t o r hn K B k ; w M

w kJ hn K, i d 'As e d [ZX t ZN / g kDh y qhd d hn K o f j D r hn K, s d 'As e ; kX K

d / v /o / X V Zb / B kb u b d / o f j Dr /. u zr k w [B kc k e w kT [Ad / o f j Dr /. r Go {

w [zv / ; kX p Dd / o f j Dr /. ”

; f s r [o { i h s K v ze / d h u 'N B Kb n ?b kB e o d / j B ^

; f s r [o [ g [o y [ B wzfB U , ; p f d B b r ' f g n ko []

f J ; B kB d kB [i /s k e o f j , d {i ?Gkf J y [n ko [] ( 3 4 )

j /GkJ h ; f s r [o {d k j [e w w zfB n k B j hA. r [o p kDh ; p d Ko kj h

i ht B ; [n kf o n k B j hA. s ho E K s / fJ P B kB e o d k f o j k. g [i ko hn K d /

n ky / x o b [N kT [Ad k f o j k, d kB e o d k f o j k f J j e zw y [n ko e o B t kb / j B . f J j B K r b s e zw K o kj hAe 'J h u zr h g qkg s h B j hAj ' ; e /r h.

g [zB d kB i g s g i /s / ; G T [g fo Bkw]

j fo j fo o ; Bk i ' i g ?fs ; [ g {o B e kw[] ( 4 01)

j / GkJ h g [i ko hn K t b 'Ag kg d k Go w y V k e o e / i ' i g s g

n s / g [zB d kB e o t kJ / i k o j / j B . f J j f ; ZX h b [ZN e hs h i k o j h j ?.



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f J j B K d h E Kt /, f B o ze ko B {z: kd o Zy '. T [; d / r [DK B {zX ko B e o ' f i zd r h

d / ; ko / e ko i ; f j i s o he / g {o B j [zd / i kDr /.

r [o p kDh B {z; w Me / ft n kfy n k e o B t kb / f t d t kB g [o y , GkJ h

r [o d k; i h, f J ; s o QK ; w MkT [Ad / j B ^

i r G'r B J ht /d b y , r [o w[f y w[f y f J e d kD k g kf J n k]

r [o GkJ h; zs [; N e fo , r [o w[fy ; [y c b [fg o w u y kfJ n k] ( 7 ^ 13 )

j / GkJ h b Zy K j h i Zr e o e /, e o 'V K o [g ?y o u fd U , p /e ko r J /

; w M'. b Zy Kw {o s hn K s / g [i ko hn KB{zy t kT [Ad / f g n kT [Ad /o j ', e wkJ h p /

e ko r J h ; wM'. b Zy Kg ky zv hn KB{zfB t kb / ( t ZX s 'At ZX y kD/) f d zd /o j ',e 'J h g qkg s h B j hAj 't /r h. f J ; s 'Ap /j s o j ?fe g o T [g e ko h, B /e i ht B

t kb / r [o w [y i B B {z, n zB d kDk y [n f J n k i kt /. ; ko / e o w K B kb 'AT [s w

e o w j ?. r [o {d h f ; Zfy n k s / u b D t kb /, f t e ko KB {zfs n kr r [Dt kB p D

u [Ze /, r [o GkJ hn K d / T [E kB t k; s / i s B P hb j 't /. i Zr G'r B kb 'Aw B [y s k

d / Gb / b J h e zw e o o j / f ; Zy ; /t e K d h w Zd s e o B h, b Zy K r [Dk T [s w j ?. f J ; s o QK; w [u k ; w ki ; [y h t ; /r k. ; /t k e o B t kb / d h ; /t k p /e ko

B j hAi kJ /r h.

; f s r [o { i h d kB g [zB p ko / p k e w kb f b y d / j B ^

e fBe e kfwBh j ?t o r ?t o , p j [ fp fX d kB [d ks ko k]

n zB p ; s qG{fw p j [ n o g /, Bj fwb hn ?j fo d [n ko k] ( 6 4 2 )

j / GkJ h f i zB k w o i h ; 'B k d kB e o fd U . g s B h B {zr f j f Dn K

B kb b Zd e / g [i ko h B {zG/N e o f d U . j kE h x 'V / f i zB / w o i h d kB e o h

i kU . j 'o p j [s ; ko hn K f t X hn K o kj hA, n B /e g qe ko d k d kB e o d /

i kU . b 'e h s [j kB {zw j kB d kB h n ky D b Zr g ?D. n zB p ; s o i w hB Gh

d kB e o f d U . ; G p /e ko f r n k. b [N /o / g [i ko h b [ZN e / y k r J /, f t P /P

g qkg s h e 'J h B j hAj 'J h. i ht B B j hA; zt fo n k. o Zp i h d / d o s /, f J j B Ku hi K d h e 'J h e hw s B j hA j ?. f e T [Af e f J j s K ; ko hn K T [; / d hn K

fd Zs hn K j 'J hn K j B .

; f s r [o { ; y s ; p d K o kj hA; kt X kB e o d / j B , g V '

B Ghi ?o kr h Bkd h p /fd ] Bk Ghi ?; [o s h f r n kBh i 'f r ]

B Ghi ?; 'r h e hs ?o 'f i ] B Ghi ?o {g h wkb h o zr ]



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B Ghi ?s ho fE Gft n ?Bzfr ] B Ghi ?d ks h e hs ?g [zfB]

B Ghi ?p kj fo p ?fmn k ; [zfB ]

B Ghi ?G/fV wo f j fGfV ; {o ] B Ghi ?e /s / j 't f j X {fV ]

b /y k fb y hn ?wB e ? GkfJ ] BkBe Ghi ?; ku ?BkfJ ] ( 1237 )

j / GkJ h g o w /; o r hs ; zr hs B kb B j hAg s hi d k. t /d Kd / g km

n s / w zs o K B kb Gh B j hAw zB d k. ; {o s h f N e kT [D d k B kN e e o B t kb /

Gh p /e ko ; w Kr t k o j / j B . p j [s / f r n kB t kB s / f t d t kB j 'Dk Gh fe ; /

b /y / f t u B j hAg ?D b Zr k. T [d k; o f j D B kb , j zM{ e /o B B kb Gh o Zp B /

B j hAf wb g ?Dk. p j [s / X B wkb n s / ; [zd o s k B kb o Zp B {zg kT [Dk u kj 'B j hAg k ; e 'r /. B k s ho E K d / fJ P B kB fe ; / e zw n kT [D/ j B . B k j h B zr /

o f j Dk e 'J h X o w j ?. p /n zs X B g d ko E g [zB e o B s / Gh g qw ks w k B {zy [;

B j hAe hs k i k ; e d k. i / e 'J h p kj o p o c f t u p ?m e /, n kg D/ n kg B {z

; [zB e o b t /, s KGh c i {b f e fo n k j ?. X B d "b s i Ko ki g qkg s h t k; s /

b V wo Bk Gh o Zp B {zg o t kB B j hAj ?. fB wo s k d k ; Kr e o B k ( f t y kt k)Gh o Zp h d o s / wzi {o B j hAj ?. p ; s Zs ; ko d h n ; b f t u ko f J j j ?f e

s [ j kv / w B d h Gkt B k e h j ?. s [; hAfe ; w e ; d t k; s / T [g o t o fDs e zw

e hs / j B . i / s [; hA; Zu / o kj s / u b f d n K, ; Zu d k p 'b p kb k e o B k u kj [zd /

j '. n g D/ i ht B B {zr [o {n k; / n B [; ko Y kb f b n k j ?. f c o w [p ko e j ?.

t o B k t e s n s / g ?; k n i kJ h r [n kT [D d k e 'J h c kf J d k B j hA. ; o ho

B z{ fp B K y k; w e ; d d /, s ; hj / d /D/ p /e ko j B . B /e h d / o kj s / n v 'b

i ht B p s hs e o B k j h n ; b “ f ; Zy h@ j ?.

n ko hn B B ; b d / j w b kt o K B/ ( p qj kw D n s / y Zs o hn K d / t v /

o /) Gko s d / n ; b t ; B he , P Ks ; [Gk, f J B ; kB h r [D K B kb

b p o /i , d o kt V K B {zj o k f d Zs k. p /n zs i zr K ft u w ko / r J /. n B zs b 'e K

s 'AX B w kb i w hB n kfd y ' j b J h. i ht s p u /b 'e K B {z; d ht h r [b kwh f t ui e V fd Zs k f r n k. j o s o QK d / w B [Zy h n fX e ko y ' j b J /. i B t o Kd h g {i k

e hs h i kD b Zr h. f J B ; kB K B kb x 'o B c o s . g zi j i ko ; kb s 'A i '

“ wj K g kg k” t /d K B / f ; y kf J n k j ?. w zB { B / b kr { e o t kf J n k j ?.

p qkj w DK B / g o u kf o n k j ?. i ' p qkp o d / w B [y ; B , o Zp h f e o s ; B ,

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p qkj w D t Zb 'Afb y / s / g qu ko / r J / “ X o w @g qs h w B f t u B c o s Go i Kd h

j ?. f J ; / b J h ; f s r [o { i h B {zf b y Dk f g n k

p /d g Vfj j fo B kw[B p {Mfj . . wkfJ n k e ko fD g fV g fV b {Mfj . .

n zs fo w?b [n fr n kBh n zXk, fe T [e fo d [s o [ s o hi ?j /. .

p /d p kd ; fG n kfy t y kDfj . . B n zs o [Ghi ?B ; p d [g S kDfj . .

g [zB[g kg [; G[p /fd fd qVkfJ n k r [o w[fy n zfwqs [g hi ?j /] ( 104 9 )

j / GkJ h g [zB n s / g kg d k f t u ko t /d K B / f d Zs k j ?. p qkj wD B /

g qu kfo n k, s / y Zs o h o kf i n K B /n g Dh o ki ; h s ke s B kb f J ; B {zb kr {

e o t kfJ n k j ?. r [o w [y i B fJ ; g [zB g kg d / f t u ko d h g qt kj e hs /p r ?on zfw qs w J h p kDh g V e /, n zfw qs wJ h i ht B p s hs e o d / j B . “ i /fe Xo /

g kg j ?s K t /d Kd k Xo w wj Kg kg h j ?. ” w zB { f; fw qs h o kj hAp qkj w D

B ?i ' n f s n ku ko e hs / j B , d [B hn Kf t u 'AT [j ; G s 'AP o w B ke e Kv j ?.

w zB {zf; fw qs h t kb / w B [y d 'y h e kB {zB B {zb kr { e o B t k; s /, y Zs o h o kf i n K

B / n ; f j s / n e f j i [b w e hs /. d [B hn K f t u f J e ' f j zd { ; w ki j h j ?f ey kg zv , M{m n s / f ; o / d / i [b w K B {z“ X o w ” g qu ko d k j ?. n B zs g kg K d h

; i k f J j B K B {ze d 'Afw b /r h< “ g kg ” T [s ko B b J h f J j b 'e f e zB k e [

“ d kB ” g [zB e o B r /< n r o p j [i B ; w ki B {zT [j B K d hn K i kf J d ks K

t kg ; e o d /D. T [j B K B {zn g D/ p qkp o ; ko / n f X e ko d / d /D. g kg h

fb y s K B kb B Ze ' B Ze Go /, “ X o w r qzE K” B {zv {zx / N'J / g [ZNe / d c B e o d /

D. ; z; ko ; B w [y e hs /g kg Kb J h, y [Zb /n kw o Zp e 'b 'An s / p j [i B ; w ki

e 'b 'A, w [n kc h wzr b ?D. P kf J d f J j BK t b 'Ae hs /g kg Kd k Gko e [ZM x N

i kt /.

p kd P kj f ; e zd o B /d [B hn Kf i Zs D d k f J o kd k X kf o n k, s / b Zr k

y {B d hn K B d hn K p j kT [D . f e zB / ; ko / d /P K B {zr [b kw p D kT [D b Zf r n K,

b Zy K f J B ; kB K B {zw "s d / x kN T [s ko f d Zs k. w j ko ki k n P 'e B /, o kit X kT [Af d n K n Df r Ds b 'e K B {ze s b e hs k. w j KGko s f t u b h g "o kDe

e E K w [s kp e , d ' g qt ko K d h o ki s / e p i / B {zb ?e /, f Gn kB e i zr n o p K

p /d '; / b 'e w o t k fd Zs /. wko / r J / fJ B ; kB Kd h j Zfs n k d k “ g kg ” T [s ko B

b J h i Zr e hs / r J /. y [Zb / f d b p qkj w D K B {zd kB f d Zs / r J / w zs o g V Q/ r J /

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y [Zb hn K j B , T [j “ d /t f s n K d h X o s h” , w j kB Gko s f t u j h “ B o e ”

d / y [Zb / d o P B d hd ko / e o ; e d k j ?. i ' d [o r s f J ; d /; d h B I o n k

o j h j ?, f J j ; ko h “ p qkj w D g [i ko h” d h fe o g k ; d e k j h j ?. r [o p kDh

d k c [o w kB j ?

i hn p Xj [ ; [ Xo w[ e fo E kg j [, n Xo w e j j [ e s GkJ h]

n kg ; e T [w[fBt o e fo E kg j [, e k e ' e j j [e ; kJ h] ( 1102 )

p qkj w DKt b 'Afb y hn Ks /g qu ko hn K, p / f ; o g ?o d hn Ke j kDhn K

f t u 'Af J e , “ d kB ” p ko / fJ j Gh j ? “ d ; o E o ki / d k d kd k n i k o ki k

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b ?D b J h n fV n k f o j k. o ki / B / e o 'X f t u n ke /, n g D/ ; /t kd o o kj hA,

T [; d / p o s D f t u , x 'fV n K d h f b Zd g k f d Zs h. u /b / B / “ n P ho t kd ”

f d zfd n K n ky f d Zs k, “ i i w kB d k d kB j i ko K r [Dk t X /. ” u /b k i zr b

f t u , n g D/ t Zv / w j zs e 'b g [Zf i n k, ; ko h j 'J h p hs h e f j ; [DkJ h. ; zsB / d {o f J e p zB / f b Zd Y /o h e o t k f d Zs h. T [E / ; [ZNh j 'J h fb Zd , t X Dh P [o {

j ' r J h. f e Zb ' d ' f e Zb ' s 'At X e / T [j f b Zd p j [s t Zv k Y /o p D r J h. f J e

f d B f P e ko y /Y d k n i k o ki k T [E / g [Zf i n k. ; kX Kd h e [Nhn k b kr / fb Zd

d k t Zv k Y /o t /y e / j ?o kB j 'f J n k, s / g [Zf S n k s [j kv / e 'b x 'V / s K B I o

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d k n g w kB e o d k j ?. p ; s o i K n zB d kB e o B d h E kt /A, T [; B / ; kB {z

fb Zd “ d kB ” f d s h ; h. f i t /Afe d kB t X d k j h j ?. f b Zd t X e / j i ko K

r [Dk j ' r J h j ?. i d 'Aw o i h y kt / n i k o ki / B {zf J j fb Zd y kDh g t /r h. @

n i k o ki / d k ; [De / f ; o u e o k f r n k. g ; hB /S [ZN g J /. X kn e / ; zs d /

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p 'fb n k “ f J e ; "y k o kj d ; d / j K. f J ; f b Zd B {z; [e ke / n Zr b k f d Zs h

i kt /. ; [n kj p D e / fb Zd ; "t K f j ; k o f j i kt /r h. T [g qzs e [M y kD/ f t u

fw b ke /, e [M g kDh f t u x 'b e / y k g h b t h. f J ; s 'Ax ZN Bj hAj ' ; e d h.

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f J ; e [c o e E k B {zf ; Zy K d k y {B u {; o j hn K i 'e K ( ; kX ; zs )

r [o { r qzE ; kf j p d h j i {o h f t u , y {p b w e k b w e k e / ; [DkT [Ad hn K j B .

; q'f s n K d k s qkj e ZY f b n k i Kd k j ?. f c o g ; hB ' g ; hB k e o t k e /,

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B {z, “ d kB ” o {g h mZr h o kj hA, d 'j h j ZE hAb [ZfN n k i k fo j k j ?. fe s / e ko

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u Kd h d h ; /t k. v /fo n Kd h ; /t k, e 's o hn Kd h ; /t k. y kfb ; s kB b J h

; /t k, y kb ; k wko u Kb J h ; /t k. r [i o ks d /G[u kb b J h ; /t k. T [V h; k

d /s [c kB g hVs Kd h ; /t k. y /s Kf t u 'Ae De M'B/d hn Kp 'o hn Kd h ; /t k. ; p i h wzv h ft u 'A; p i h wzr D d h ; /t k. ; Ve Ks /y b 'e /d 'Xhn K

s 'Ad Z[X y ' j D d h ; /t k. fp o X ; o {g Kd h ; /t k, Bt /A; o {g p d /PKft u

g [u kD d h ; /t kHHH. b zr 'N e ; e /fi zB /b 'e ; /t k e o B d k BkNe e o o j /

j B. fJ T [Ag qs hs j ' fo j k j ?fe p j kd o K, fe o s hn Kg o T [g e ko hn K,

ft d t kB K d h f J j f ; Zy e "w, f Gy ko hn K i K wzr f s n K d h e "w p Du [e h j ?. “ d kB fd U, n r b k i Bw ; zt ko '. g ft s o r [o g [o p , g ft s o

wZf ; n k g [zfBn k s / g f t s o ; zr qKd B{zd kB d / e / i ht B ; c b k e o '

i hHH”

b r g r g zi kj e [ ; kb g f j b k w /o h f J e r b s h e ko B w /o / S 'N /

Go k d h o hV d h j Zv h, f Ne kD / s 'Af j Zb r J h. T [; d hn K d 't /Ab Zs K e zw

e o B ' o f j r J hn K. f J ; r b s h p ko / w ?B {zi K fe ; / j 'o B {ze 'J h f r n kB

B j hA; h. ; Zs n Zm ; kb d k w k; {w p kb e , b ku ko j ' e / w zi / i 'r k o f j

f r n k. “ f ; n kD/” p [b kJ /, j E "b / e o kJ /, X kr / s t hs g kJ /. e 'J h c kf J d k

B k j 'f J n k. f g zv d / ; G s 'A “ g f t Zs o s / f ; n kD/” f t n e s h s 'A g [ZS

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S kf J n k T [s ko B b J h, f J e g f t Zs o f d B , p qj w G'i e o t kU . g q /s u b ki kt /r k s / e ke k s zd o [; s j ' i kt /r k. ”

w ks k f g s k B / f J ; “ o Zp h j [e w @ B {zg qt kB e o f b n k. f g zv d /

; kj {e ko s 'A3 0 0 o [g J / f t n ki s / b J /. y zv n kN k d [ZX e Zg V k, ; [Ze / w /t /,

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j ' f r n k f e G{s g q/s e 'J h B j hAj B .

d {i / g k; / f t n ki s / b J / 3 0 0 o {g ?t X D b Zr /. j o S / w kj h d h

c ; b n kT [D s / ; kj {e ko , y kD i 'r / d kD/S Zv e /, ; ko / u [Ze fb i kfJ n k e o /

. o {g ?fc o Gh t X d / u b / i kD. f s zB e [ ; kb w r o 'A, x o f t u 'A; Zi o ; {J h

w ZM Gh, b kb k f t n ki f t u j h y ' j b e /b ?f r n k. n ; hA; ko k g qt ko G[Zp K

w ko ^ w ko o 'Ad / o j /. n zd o t V e / n g Dh “ f e ; w s ” B {ze '; d / o j //. w ?A

j b t kj [Dk f ; Zf y n k. p j [s h fw j B s e o e / e o i k T [s ko B d k, w K p kg {

B {zf t P t k; d [n kf J n k. B t K t f j V e k g f j b / ; kb j b i 'fV n k. w /o k

X o s h s / g Zp B f Ne /. g o n kT [Ad h S / w kj h B {z, ; kj {e ko n g D / p zf d n K; w /s n kf J n k. p kg { Bkb e [M r b K j 'J hn K. w /o hn K n Zy K d / ; kj w D/

w /o / f i r o d k N [e V k, w /o hn K n k; K d k p {o , t f j V e k ; /m y 'j b e / b ?

f r n k. w ?A i ko ' i ko o 'f J n k, j [D y /s h f e t /A e o Kr k< e h b ?e / y /s

i kt Kr k< w Kn s / p kg {B /p j [s fd b k; / f d Zs / g o w ?Aj c s k Go y /s B k i k

; f e n k. w K s / p kg {n b Zr o 'Ad / o j /, g o ; ko / p /p ; . f J j B K fd B Kf t ut v / Go k B / d ; t hAg k; e o b J h, c "i ( J /n o c 'o ; ) ft u Go s h j '

f r n k. T [; B / w /o k X o t k; p zB kf J n k, f e w ?AT [E / i k e / p j [s ; ko / g ?; /

G/i Kr k. f c o s {zt X hn k ; 'j D k p b d y qhd b t hA. HHH s / e o i k T [s ko hA.

Go k s 'A“ g q/s d k ; kf J n k” T [s ko B b J h, i ' “ g [zB d kB ” e hs k

; h, T [; d / f t n ki d k g q/s ; kv / f ; o u V e / e {e D b Zr f g n k. n Zm ; kb

s e e d h f t n kd f t u d kD/, e d h r K, e d h w ZM ; kv / e b /i / B {zu ho e /,

p kDhn k f b i Kd k f o j k. t Zv k Go k n kf J n k. w ?At hj ; kb d k j ' f r n k.

S 'Nk ( fp wko h t kb k) g zd o K ; kb d k j ' f r n k. g {o h t kj b kJ h g o e o i k

B k b ZE k. n y ho f t u j ko j zG e /, T [; i kb w “ g q/s ” ( p kD hn k) B {zu zr k

X w e kfJ n k b kj g k e hs h. ; o he k e p b hk s w kP k t /y d k f o j k. n ; hA

n g Dk “ MZr k j h u [Ze fd Zs k” , s Kfe s / ; kv k T [; g q /s s 'AS [N e ko k j 'fJ n k. j 'o p j [s ; ko / g qt ko n i /, g q/s K d h i e V f t u j ZE g ?o w ko o j / j B .

Ffe ; / ; w /A; o ko s h y /Y K y /Y f d n K p Zf u n K B / f p Zb h B {ze [E kJ /Ax /

o f b n k. p u fB e b D d h p V h e 'fP P e hs h g o p Zfu n k B / fp Zb h B {zw ko

w [e kf J n k. e [M f d B g f j b K “ g zf v s i h” B / e E k e hs h ; h f e f p Zb h

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j ?. p j [s r zd hn K i {B K f t u i B w b ?e /, e ; N ; j ko B / g ?Ad / j B . w 'J h

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s 'b e /, d kB e hs h i kt /. e E k f t u n Zr / f J j Gh d Zf ; n k ; h, n r o d '; h

w B {Zy f J s B k ; 'B k d kB B k e o ; e /, s K j b y V k e o e /, n B ki d k Y /o

b r kt /. s K g kg T [s o ; e d k j ?. p Zfu n K t b 'Afp Zb h w ko B d h y p o d /

D b J h, d 'V d / j 'J / e J h f t n e s h g zfv s i h e 'b i k c fo n kd h j 'J /. “ i h

c b K c b K f t n e s h d / g [Zs o B / f p Zb h w ko f d Zs h, g kg f e t /AT [s o /r k<

g [i ko h p 'f b n k ^ f J j ; ko / f e ; kB k e zw hn K d / g [Zs o j B .

f J j B KB kb B o w h t o s b ?Ad / j K. j b y V k e o e /, n B ki d k p o kp o Y /o b k e /, f i zB / d kD / j 'D d kB e o d /D . f J zB / B {zf J e f e ; kB B / p qkj w D

d k g [Zs o c V f b n Kd k. n ke / g [Zf S n k ^ g zf v s i h f p Zb h w ko B t kb /

w [zfv n K ft u s [j kv k g [Zs o Gh ; h, g [ZS ' fJ ; B {z.

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f t u e /; o h i K B hb k f B ; kB u [Ze '. f e ; / Gh t /j b h g J h E K s / Mzv k r Zv ',

s / n y zv g km P [o {e o fd U . i / f e ; /B / f t o 'X e hs k s K“ n y zv g km y zv s

j ' f r n k, r [o { r qzE ; kf j p d h p /n d p h j ' r J h” , d k T [u h T [u h Y 'b f g ZN

f d U . j c s k d ; f d B o 'b k g ?e /, w kw b k P Ks , g b kN s / e p i k g Ze k.

f t u / n g Dh fo j kfJ ; , ft u / d [e kB Ks / f t u / S 'N / f i j / e w o / f t u w j ko ki

i h. @ f i zd r h Go b J h o 'Nhn K y o hn K. f J ; / s o QK j o E K E 'e f t u

r [o d [n ko / o {g h j ZN hn K g kJ h d [e kB d ko p ?m/ t /y / i k ; e d / j B .

j kb ks d k d [y d kJ h g Zy f t u ko ' f e f i ; ; f s r [o { i h ; B w [y

“ P o X kt kB ” w kJ h GkJ h, n g Dk X B n o g D e o d / ; ze 'u B j hAe o d /; B . x o d / e zw fs n kr e /, g o T [g e ko h f ; Zy K : 'fX n K b J h b zr o

g e kT [d / s / j 'o ; /t kt Ke o B hn KX zB Gkr i kDd / ; B . f i ; ; f s r [o {n Zr /

n g D/ f i r o d / N 'N /, i [n kB g [s o K B {zX o w : [X ft u w o B b J h, G/i fd n K

e o d / ; B . T [; / r [o {d / f; Zy , n g D/ b J h g [Zs o K d hn K d ks K w zr d / j B .

g [Zs o K d h g qkg s h b J h b zw hn K n o d k; K e o kT [Ad / j B . r [o { B / n kg D/



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w'Nk BkT [Xo kJ hn ?, r fb n T [r D Gko k. .

wkD; d kfs B j 't J h, s {d ks k ; ko k. . ( 1009 )

j / GkJ h ` d kB n kf d e o e / Gkt /Ab 'e K s 'Af i zB h w o i h g q; z; k

e o t k b J hJ /. ; ko / p zB / b 'e h X zB j ?X zB e o d / f c o B . g o f J j e 'J h

t Zv kg D B j hAj ?. wB [Zy g kg e o w Kd [n ko k p j [s k X B fJ e Zmk e o d k j ?.

fc o T [; r zd h e w kJ h f t u 'A“ d kB g [zB ” e o e /, B /e h y qhd Dh u kj [zd k j ?.

b 'e Ks 'An kg Dh M{mh g q; z; k e o t kT [Ad k j ?. f J ; s o QKT [ j g [zB B j hA, ; r 'A

g kg e o d k j ?. n kT [r Dk d / wkB ' n g D/ r b f t u ; zr b g [n k f o j k j [zd k

j ?. w B [Zy d ks k j ' j h B j hA; e d k. i ' e [M Gh f J B ; kB e 'b j ?, T [ j ; ko kfB o ze ko t b 'Ap y f ; n k j 'f J n k j ?. n ; b d ks k g o w /; o n kg j h j ?, i '

; G B {zfo i e d / f o j k j ?. t ke j B ^

s {zg qG d ks k d kfB wfs g {o k, j w E ko / G/y ko h i hT [. .

w?Afe n k wkr T [, fe S[fEo [B o j kJ h, w?Ad hi ?Bkw[fg n ko hi hT [] ( 597)

g [o ks B r kE k j ?f e f J e ; zfB n k; h ; kX {, u /f b n K ; w /s d ; wg kf s P kj j i {o d / d o ; B e o B n kf J n k. g zi kp s 'Ad {o o f j D t kb k

; h. r [o {x o d h u V s ; [Dh, g o T [g e ko d /; X o w p ko /; fs r [o {d h g j [zu

e h j ?, ; [f Dn k. w zi b K wko d k n B zd g [o n k f r n k. f J E / g j [zu e /, j Ze k

p Ze k o f j f r n k. Gko s f t u b / “ ; ko /Xo w” w B [Zy B {zf s n kr d h g ZNh

g V kT [Ad / j B . x o i w hB g qt ko , w ks k fg s k X B g d ko E . f J E 'As e f e

e Zg V /Gh fs n kr fd U . t ?; / s KB zr /o f j Dk j h “ X o wh” g [o y b J h T [s w

e ko i j ?. i / P o w d k w kfo n k B zr k B k j ' ; e / s Kb zr 'Nh ( f b zr O U Nh e /

t b f b zr B {ze Zi D b J h f J e N ke h) g f j B ; e d k j ?. T [AR fJ e f c o e k

n f i j k Gh ; h i ' f b zr B {ze ZN e / ; [ZN f d zd k ; h. n f i j / t ks kt o D f t u ,

g qt kB u fV n k f J j ; kX , r [o { x o d h P kB ' P "e s t /y e /, j ?o kB o f j

f r n k. j kE h x 'V /, c "i Kfe b /, ; [zd o g f j o kt /. f e s / s ?o ke h d hn KwP e K,fe X o / B /i / p ki h, s ho n zd ki h. f e ; / g k; / w Zb n y kV /, f e ; / j 'o p zB /

e s ko K f t u p ?m/ f ; Zy i f r n k; {, ft f d n k b ?o j / j B . fe ; / g k; / B t hn K

T [; ko hn Ks / w [o zw s K j ' o j hn K j B . b zr o g Ze o j / j B . j o e 'J h f t s

n B [; ko e zw e o f o j k j ?.



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fJ ; d k w B p j [s g q /P kB j 'f J n k. w B k fJ j X o w n ; E kB B j hA

b r d k, fJ j E Ks K fe ; / u zr / o ki / d h g qs hs j [zd h j ?. ; /t kd ko KB {zp /B s h

e o e /, f J ; ; kX B / d ; w g kf s P kj i h B {zn k w ZE k N 'f e n k. n g D/ p ko /

; zy /g i kDe ko h f d Zs h. r b p ks K f t u n kg Dk s "y b k g qr N e hs k ^

“ ; f s r [o { i h ` X o w h g [o P s K g {o B fs n kr h j 'f J n k e o d / j B .

w kf J n k w 'j s 'Aw [e s . b r d ?s [; hAs K g {o h s o QK w kf J n k f t u r q; / j 'J /

j '. n kj f ; Zy ; /t e f e b / j kE h, x 'V /, n zB , X B , g qt ko p Zu /HHH. f J j e /

j k X o w j ?< ”

; f s r [o { i h n ky D b Zr / ^ “ w j ks w k i h fJ j ; w /Ad h b 'V j ?.g o i k n f r n kB s k f t u j ?, f t f d n k d /Dh i o {o h j ?. “ X o w ” g ?o K j /m

w X 'f b n k f r n k j ?, s [j kv / “ f s n kr ” B / T [; B {zmZb B j hAg kJ h. f J j d /

; p j kd o K d k B j hA, e kfJ o Kd k d /; p D f r n k j ?. i kb w o ki / g kg e o

o j / j B . g o i k f t b e o j h j ?, b [ZNh i k o j h j ?. “ X o w h ; kX ” i zr b K

p hn kp kB K f t u , “ Gr s h” e o o j / j B “ f ; w o D@ e o o j / j B . X o w hfJ B ; kB y [Zv K f t u t V e / B j hA p ?fmn k e o d /. n g D/ ; ko / ; [y n s /

i [n kB h s e , b 'e kJ h d / Gb / f t u t ko f d n k e o d / j B . n ; hA fJ ;

n ; E kB s / n f i j / j h e ko i B /g o / u kj V o j / j K. T [AR ; kB {zg e V fe ; /

u hi B kb B j hAj ?. w ?Ae /t b f J j B K d k o ky k j K. b 'V g ?D s / w B [y s k d /

Gb / f t u , ; G e [ZM b [N k f d n Kr k. f e b / j kE h x 'V / X B , f ; Zy , g [Zs o s /

n kg Dk n kg k s e GhHHH. ” d [B hn KB / t /f y n k fe ; f s r [o { i h B / ; G e [M

“ d kB @ ( t ko B /) e o f d s k. f e ; / t ; s { B kb w 'j B j hAo Zfy n k ; w /s

g qt kj d /HHH.

d ; w g kfs P kj n Zr /w ; zd Kd hn Kp ko p ko P e kfJ s Kn kJ hn K.

g V s kb e o t kJ h r J h i ' w ; zd K B {ze ; {o t ko f ; ZX e o d h ; h. ; kf j p i h

B / s [o zs f J j B Kb 'N{N 'fb n Ks 'A; ko / n fX e ko t kg ; b ?b J /. ; kfo n KB {z“ y kb ; /” p DB d k T [g d /P f d s k. Gkt f e i ' ; f s r [o {B kb f p B k f t u 'b /

s 'A, f ; ZX k ; p zX s j ?. T [j “ y kb ; k” j ?. d ; w r [o { i h “ P j hd ” j ' r J /

f ; zx K B {zf ; ZX / r [o { r qzE ; kf j p B kb i 'V r J /. b r g r ; "; kb s e , f; Zy

“ y kb ; /” p D / o j /. ; w /A d / c /o B kb g f j b K “ g kmh” n kJ /. f c o

e ho s Bhn Kd h P q/Dh g ?d k j 'J h. T [g qzs e E kt ku e g qr N j 'J /. i d 'Af J e



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f e Zs / d / s "o s / g qu ko e p DB b Zr g J /, s d 'As 'An kw f ; Zy , n t /; b k j 'D

b Zr f g n k. p kDh e 'J h j 'o g V e / ; [DkJ /r k. e ho s B e 'J h j 'o e o /r k.

e E ke ko r [o p kDh d / n o E e o e / ; [DkJ /r k. t ZN / f t u T [; B {zn zB X B

e Zg V k ; 'B k n kfd e d / e / “ ; B w kB s ” e hs k i kt /r k. w L o Di hs f ; zx

d / ; w /An s / w r o 'An w ho K t i ho K B /, o kr hn K g kmhn K B {zu zr h u 'y h

w kf J n k d /Dh n o zG e o f d Zs h. f J j B K ft u p j [s ; ko k p /o [i r ko b kDk

s / p qkj w Dh s p e k Gh P kw b j [zd k f r n k. f c o f ; Zy ; o d ko K d hn K B kw

b ?e / b zw hn K n o d k; K j 'D b Zr hn K. T [j B K t b 'A fd s / r J / “ d kB ” B {z

n o d k; f t u p 'b e / ; [Dkf J n k i kD b Zr k. f J e g {o k ; {o k g [i ko h N 'b kfJ ; s o K ft e k; e o d k, r [o { r qzE ; kf j p s / e kp i j ' f r n k. n kw f ; Zy

p kDh s 'Ad {o j [zd k u b k f r n k. p j [s k d kB e o e / p kDh d k w j ks w g qhd D

d / ( e [o kj /) o kj g ?f r n k.

g kt D p kDh g [e ko g [e ko e / g [i ko hn K s 'A, b 'N{w zr f s n K s 'A,

n g Dk n kg k p u k e / o Zy D d h j d kf J s e o d h j ?. GkJ h f ; Zy ' f J j e ko; /t k t kb /, T [r o kj hn K e o B t kb /, b zr o u b kT [D t kb /, ( b 'e K b J h)

g kmK d hn K b V hn K u b kT [D t kb /, n o d k; K e o B t kb /, w zs o i kg

e o kT [D t kb /, n P ho t kd K d /D t kb /, b zw / u 'f b n K t kb /, s o QK s o QK d /

( X ko w e ) ; Kr X ko B t kb /, mZr j B , i K w zr s / j B . f J j B K s 'Ap u e /

o f j Dk j ?. g kt B p kDh d k j [e w j ?^

c ; f b n j kV h J /e [B kw[, ; kt Dh ; u [B kT []

w?wj d {d [ ( g Nk) fb y kfJ n k y ; w?e ?d fo i kfJ ]

d [Bhn Ke / d o e /s V /, e /s / n kt f j i kf j ]

e /s / wzr f j wzr s /, e /s / wzf r wzf r i kf j ] ( 12 8 6 )

fBoze kfo i 'o j ?; wkfJ ] e kj /Ghfy n k wzr fD i kfJ ] ( 953)

j /GkJ h w?Aj kV h d h c ; b ( j kV h n g q?b w J h f t u f s n ko j 'Dt kb h c ; b n s / ; kt Dh ; s zp o n e s {p o f t u f s n ko j 'D t kb h c ; b )

B /e i ht B B {zp Dk f b n k j ?. ; kt Dh d h c ; b Gh w /o k ; t ZS i ht B j h

j ?. w ?f B o ze ko s 'Ag N k ( b kJ h; z; ) b ?f b n k j ?. f J ; s o QK y ; w d / d o

s / w ?Ag o t kB j ' i kt Kr k. d [B hn K f t u p V / b 'e j B . T [j B K d / p j [s

i ht B o kj j B . f J ; s o QK; z; ko d k i zw Dk w o Dk p f Dn k j h o f j zd k j ?.



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fJ ; d [B hn Kf t u w zr fs n Kd hn KX kV k j h s [o hn Kfc o d hn Kj B . e 'J h

w zr f g B e / g /N g {o s h e o f o j k j ?, e 'J h w zr f s n K t kb h f i zd r h f p s k

e / ; z; ko s 'Ae {u e o i Kd k j ?. n f i j / b 'e w B e o e / e d / Gh B j hAo i d /

. ; f s r [o { j 'o ; w MkT [Ad / j B ^

fe S[ g [zB d kB n B/e e o Dh, Bkfw s [fb B ; w; o /]

B kB e k f i B Bkw[ fwf b n k, e o w[ j 'n k X [f o e d /] ( 5 6 5 )

j / GkJ h ` b 'e h e J h s o hfe n K B Kb g [zB d kB e o d / j B .

n B /e g qe ko h X ko w e g f j o kt / g kT [Ad / j B . e J h ; ko hn K o ; w K o hs K

f ; y kT [Ad / j B . f i B QK f t n e s hn K B {zB kw ( r [o { d h w s ) f wb f r n k,T [j B K s / o Zp d h g {o h g o ; zB s k j ' r J h. w kB ' X [o d k g o t kB k T [j B K

B {zf w b f r n k.

r [o { ; kf j p i h B / j d kf J s e hs h ; h f e f ; Zy , f J B ; kB hn s d /

Gb / f j s , “ d ; t zX ” d /t /r k d kB B j hA. d kB d / f t u ko f g ZS /, g kg d k

; ze b g S [f g n k j 'f J n k j ?. Gkt f e “ g kg K d k Gko T [s ko B b J h d kBe o '. @ ; f s r [o { i h B / d ; t zX f t u 'A f e b / p DkJ /, c "i K o Zy hn K. y {j

b r t kJ / ; q't o g [N t kJ /. G[Zf y n K b J h b zr o u b kJ /, d t ky kB / y 'j b /.

b 'V t zd g qt ko K d h ; j kf J s k e hs h. X o w ; kb k B {zf t f d n k d / e /Ad o p Dk

fd s k, f i E 'Ai ht B d / j o g f j b {d h, ; [u Zi h f ; y b kJ h fw b d h o j /. r [o {

; kf j p B / d ; t zX t kb h “ n wkBs f t u fy n kBs ” B j hAj 'D fd s h.

x ZN f r Ds h x ZN ; kX B j 'D d /p kt i {d , f ; Zy e "w j ?o kB e [B s /i h B kb n Zr /

t X h ; h. ; w Kg ke / f i ZE /X o w g qu ko t b 'Af ; Zy w [y h e "w B {zw zMX ko ft u

v 'p D b Zr g J /. T [E / j h f ; Zy w [y h d ; t zX ( G/N k n kf d ) d h o e w B {zp V h

p /P o w h B kb v e ko B b Zr g J /. ; q'wDh e w/Nh t o r h p /i 'V ; z; Ek,

d [Bhn Kft u j 'o fe ; /e 'b Bj hAj ?. ; o Xk ; f j s fd Zs k g ?; k, n r o

; [: 'r s o he / g zE d h u V d h e b k b J h t o f s n k i Kd k, s K g zE d hn Zi t kb h d [o d Pk e d /Bk j [zd h. fs n kr d k Y"Ar e o B t kb / f ; Zy

; kX s /g qu ko e , i /g zi kj g qs hP s Gh fs n kr d k ; p {s d /e /wB[y s k

d / Gb / t kb / e ko i T [b he b ?Ad /, f ; Zy K d h ; fEs h fJ zBh e d / Bk

fBx o d h. i / g qp zXe g zi kj g qs h; s Gh fJ wkBd ko h Bkb g zEe

e ko i K s /g ?; k y o u d /o fj zd /, s K; kv h n t Z; u Vd h e b k j 'Dh ; h.



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i /e E kt ku e ( g qu ko e s /b /y ko h) 5 0# ; Zu p b d /s / fb y d /o f j zd /

, s K; [Zs / g zE B/ i o {o i kr g ?Dk ; h.

r [o { B kB e p kp k i h B / f J e ; o e ko h n c ; o w b e Gkr ' B {z

; y s fc Ne ko g kJ h ; h. fe T [Afe T [ j N?e ; o kj hAfJ e Zm/ e hs / g ?; /B {zb 'e

Gb kJ h s / y o u e o B d h E kt /A, n g Dh n ?; g q; s h b J h T [v kT [Ad k ; h.

f c o “ g kg ” T [s ko B b J h T [; X B f t u 'A, y [Zb / j ZE ‘ d kB ’ e o d k ; h.

; fs r [o { s 'A fJ j p qd kP s B k j 'fJ n k. r o hp Kd k y {B fB u 'V e /, d kB d k y /

y D e o B k d [i k t Zv k X 'y k j ?. j 'o p j [s f t u ko K j 'J hn K w b e Gkr '

B kb . f J e P p d f J ; g o E kJ / fJ T [Ad o i j ? j e g o kfJ n k BkBe k, T [; ; {n o [ T [; [ r kfJ ]

r [o [g ho [ j kwk s k Go /, i k w[o d ko [B y kfJ ]

r b h fG; f s B i kJ hn ?, S [N?; u [e wkfJ ]

wko D g kf j j o kw wf j , j 'fJ j b kb [ B i kfJ ]

BkBe r b h e {V hJ h e {V ' g b ?g kfJ ] ( 14 1) j / GkJ h ` g o kf J n k j Ze y 'j e / y kDk, w [; b w kB K b J h ; {o d /

w k; s [b j ?. f j zd {n K b J h r T { d / w k; y kD p qkp o j ?. e 'J h r [o { g ho

n fi j k w[o d ko ( g o kfJ n k j Ze ) y kD d h n fr n k B j hAd /; e d k. B /e i ht B

s 'Afp B K e /t b r b h p ks hA; [o r ( p f j ; s ) f t u B j h i k ; e hd k. g kg

e o w k s 'AS [N e ko k e o B k s / ; Zu d / w ko r s / u b Dk j h n ; b i ht B j ?.

j o kw t kb h e w kJ h f t u i / t X hn k w ; kb / n kfd g k e / fs n ko e o hJ /s K

T [ j j Ze j b kb B j hAp D i kt /r h. fJ ; s o QK c o /p e hf s n k e [M j ZE g Zb /

B j hAn kT [Dk. f J j ; G s K e [c o j h e [c o , s / j o kw d h e w kJ h w zfB n k

i kt /r k. n ?; z; ko d / b 'e '. mZr hn K w ko e /, M{m p 'b e /, r o hp K d k y {B

f B u 'V e /g kg d h e kwJ h f t u 'Ae [M d kB g [zB e o e /, e [M w zs o g km g V e /

, X o w h B j hAp D ; e 'r /. ; r 'As [; hAn g D/ j h ; w ki B {z, o ; ks b f t ur o e e o o j / j '. j 'o g V '

u {e k r T [D[fwfNk n zfXn ko [] r [fo fd y b kfJ n k w[e fs d [n ko []

p ?o fp o 'X S/d /G?Go wk] g qfG g [zfB n ks w?e hB/Xo wk] @ ( 1348 )

j / GkJ h n kt kr T [D s / GN e D w [Ze r J h j ?. n f r n kB s k d k

j B /o k y s w j ' f r n k j ?.



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; f s r [o { i h B / f r n kB d / e /, “ w [e s h d k o kj ” ; w Mk fd Zs k.

w B n zd o 'A t ?o f t o 'X n s / ; ko / v o G?y s w j ' r J ?j B . fB o ze ko i h

B / “ g [zB ” d h f t X h d ; fd s h. w B n ks w k f t e ko o f j s j ' r J /. n ; b h

X o w f e t /Ae w kJ hd k j ?. u zr h s o QK g s k u b f r n k j ?.

g [zB d kB n B/e fe fo n k, ; kX{; zf r ; wkfJ ]

s kg ; zs kg fwN/B kB e , p j [fV e kb [B y kf J ] ( 13 0 0)

j / GkJ h ` g [zB d kB e o e / X o wh j 'D d k Go w g kb b ?Dk, B

; w Mh j ?. n f i j / g ky zv e o w Gkt /Ae 'J h f i zB / wo i h e o b t /, f e ; / b /

y / f t u B j hAj B . ; kX {( r [o {) d h ; zr s ft u 'Ag qkg s j 'f J n k T [s w f r n kB j h w B [Zy b J h e f b n kDe ko h j ?. r [o {d h n B w 'b f ; f y n k B kb j o s o QK

d / o 'r ; 'r fwN i Kd / j B . n ks w e n t ; E k f J zB h p b t kB j ' i Kd h j ?f e

w "s d k v o Gh w [Ze i Kd k j ?.

n e b h ; kf j p [ ; /t hn ?, n e b h g kJ hn ?wkB ]

n e b h g V e ?p [Mhn ?, n e b h e hu ?“ d kB” ]B kB e n ky ?o kj [ J /j [, j 'o r b k ; ?s kB {] ( 12 4 5 )

; s h g j o h ; s Gb k p j hn ?g fV n k g kf ; ]

U E ?“ g kg g [zB[” p hu ko hn ?e {V ?x N?o kf; ]

U E?y 'N/ ; Nhn fj , y o / e hu f j ; kp kf; ]

p 'b D c kd b [ BkBe , d [y [ ; [y [ y ; w?g kf; ] ( 14 6 )

r [o { n Zr / s K f ; o ( n kg Dk n kg k) t ko B k g ?Ad k j ?. f i t /A

; f s r [o { j [e w e o B T [; / s o QKi ht B p s hs e o B k j [zd k j ?. r [o t ke j B ^

B kB e ; /t e [ ; 'J h n ky hn ?, i ' f ; o [Xo /T [s kfo ]

; f s r [o e k GkDk wzfB b J /, ; p d [o y ?T [o Xkfo ] ( 124 7)



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B / g ?d k e hs / j B , n ; hAT [; ƒ e [ZM Gh d / ; e D d / ; w o E B j hAj K. p ;

T [; d /, f g n ko f t u fGZi e /, s B w B B kb , r [D r kJ / i kD. ; [u Zi k i ht B

i hf t n k i kt /.

B ; {o ; f; wzv b '] B ; g s d hg Bj i b ']

n zB g T [D fEo B e {J h] J /e s {J h J /e s {J h] ( 144 )

w B [Zy w ks o d / i ht B f t u g b N k n kT [Dk P [o { j ' f r n k. n B /e

g {i k n s / n t s ko t kd d h r [b kw h t r kj w ko h. ; j h w kf j fB n K f t u

; o p e b k ; w o E ; o p P e s hw kB t kf j r [o {d / n B [n kJ h p DB d h w [Y b h

i ku f ; y k f d s h.“ ; 'b j e b k ; zg {o B c fb n k]

n Bzs e b k j 'fJ mke [o [ u fVn k” ( 108 1)

n r b k e zw i ' ; f s r [o { i h B / e hs k T [j f J j ; h, T {u B hu d h

b kj Ds ƒ , w B [Zy s k d / r b 'Ab kj [Dk. i ks g ks d / f t s e o / B / wB [Zy i ks h

d k p j [s B [e ; kB e hs k j ?. ; f s r [o { i h B / r o i t h n kt ki f t Zu B kj o kp [b zd e hs k ^

“ i ks h d ?fe n k j fE ; u [ g o y hn ?]

wj {o k j 't ?j fE wo hn ?u y hn ?] ” ( 14 2 )

f J ; d /; Gko s f t u g P {n Kg zS hn Kƒ g {f i n k i Kd k j ?. w zd o K

d / n zd o p Kd o K u {f j n K ; Zg K ƒ d ky b j 'D d h f J i ki s j ?. o Zp d / i kJ /

wB[Zy n y t kT [Ad / P {d o K ƒ , d ky b j 'D d h n kf r n k B j hAj ?. ; r 'Ao Zp d h

; zs kB wB [Zy Kƒ B c o s e hs h i Kd h j ?. i ks h g ks h d / d [P N s k Go / ft u ko

B /, w B [Zy h GkJ hu ko / ƒ b ho ' b ho e o e / o Zy f d s k. f J e p j [s t Zv / ; w ki

ƒ , w B [Zy w zB D s 'Aj h f J B e ko e hs k f r n k. T [j B K d h f J Zi s n kp o {s K

p o p kd e hs h j h r J h, p b fe ; ko /w B[Zy h n fX e ko y ' j b J / r J /. f i T [D

d / ; kX B j f E n k b J /, f t Zfd n k s 'At KM/ e o f d Zs / r J /. f p B k w I d {o hfd Zfs n K v zv / d / i 'o , t r ko K e o t kJ hn K. ; d hn K s 'Aj h X o w d / BK s /,

f J j x 'o n f s n ku ko j [zd k n k fo j k j ?. g f j b h t ko i r s r [o {p kp k i h

B /, f J j B K d / j Ze f t u n kt kI T [mkJ h. e p ho i [b kj /, B kw d /t S hAp k,

; ?D B kJ h, ; X B k e ; kJ h, o f t d k; i h u w ko s / ; /y c o hd w [; b w kB ƒ

n kg D/ B kb p Dd k : 'r ; f s e ko s K fd s k j h, ; r 'Ap qkj w Dk ƒ , f J j B K



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n y "s h B hf t n K d / B kb , f J Ze ' e s ko f t u f p mk f d Zs k. i d 'Ap qkj w D t b 'A

d [o e ko / w j Kg [o y K d h o Zp h o u B k ƒ n kg D / e 'b ; Kf Gn k, s K B kb ' B kb

g qwkBzd , o kwkB zd , i ?d /t i h n kfd p qkj wDKd h p kDh, n s /n kT [D t kb /

; w /Af t u f r n ko K GZN ( p qkj w D) Gh f J j B K d / B kb j h f p o ki w kB j 'J /.

; ko / f J Ze ' g qt ko d / w?Ap o , f J Ze ' fg s k d / g [Zs o , B /e h n s / fwmk; t zv D

t kb /. i B w i ks e o e / fe ; / ƒ t Zv k S 'Nk g qt kB B j hAe hs k f r n k. r [DK

d h e d o e hs h r J h.

; f s r [o { i h B / f J e B t /e b / ; KM/ GkJ hu ko / d h B hAj o Zy f d s h.

f i ; f t u i ks r 's i Kn w ho h r o hp h e ko B fe ; / B kb g Zy g ks B Ke hs ki kt /. i d 'Afg s k ; kfo n Kd k fJ Ze j 't / s Kn "b kd T [u / B ht / j 'D d k n ?b kB

fe t /Ae o ; e /r h <

i kfs e k r o p [B e fo w{o y r t ko k. .

fJ ; [ r o p s / u b f j p j [s f t e ko k. . ( 112 8 )

fJ Ze g k; / i kp o s ke s s /B P /f t u n zB / j ' u [Ze /, w [; b w kB j ke w; B . d {i / p zB /e kf J o s k f t u r o e j 'J / j Zd d o i / d / g ky zv h f j zd [; s kB h

; B . d 't KfX o K d h fJ e d {i /B kb e 'J h ; KM B j hA; h. fJ Ze e kc o s /d {i /

w b /S . f J e g {o p d k g [i ko h d {i k g ZS w t Zb f ; i d k e o B t kb k. f J e

g ZE o g {i e d {i k p [s fP e B ( s 'V B t kb k) . f J e r T [ o y P e d {i k r T {

Gy P e . f J e b [N /o k d {i k b Z[fNn k i kD t kb k. fJ e i kp o d {i k w i b {w .

n kg ; f t u e 'J h ; KM B j hA, B | o s j h B | o s . N [ZN / j 'f J n K ƒ i 'V B

t kb / w j kB ; f s r [o { i h B /, d 't K fX o K ft u e ko f J e g [b d k e zw e hs k.

d 't K ƒ ; f j B P hb s k d k g km g V Qkf J n k. d 't K d hn K y {p hn K d h g q; z; k

e hs h, n "r [Dk f t o [ZX MkVMzp e hs h. n w b h i ht B s 'Ay kb h, wB [Zy h i ht B

i KX o w d k f t y kt k fe ; / e zw B j hA. e k| h j Zd s e B | o s x NkJ h, f j zd {

w [; b w kB ; fs r [o { i h d /P o X kb {f ; Zy p D/. w o d kB k i h d h fJ e T [x V t hfw ; kb g o s Zy j ?. ; f s r [o { i h d / i 's h i 's ; w kT [D t e s d 't K fX o K B /

f t o b kg e hs k. w [; b w kB k n kf y n k ; kv k g ho ; h, f j zd {n K fe j k ; kv k

r [o { ; h. ; z; e ko d / w ; b / s / s b y h p j [s t X r J h. r [o {n zr d ; kf j p

i h d / “ i [r s h” t o s kT [D s / d 't /AfX o K B / f J e u kd o n ZX ' n ZX h g kV

b J h, s / n Zv ' n Zv s o hfe n K B kb n zs w o ; w K e hs hn K. d 't K fX o K B /



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; f s r [o { i h d hn K n g ZDs B kb : kd r ko K p D kJ hn K, i ' n Zi s he

e o s ko g [o f t y / ( g kfe ; s kB ) w "i {d j B . d [B hn K f t u n Zi s Ze f J j '

f i j k e 'J h w j Kg [o y g ?d k B j hAj 'f J n k, f i ; ƒ d ' f t o 'X h f t u ko K t kb /

n kg Dk i kDe / g {i D. f J j h s K j ?; f s r [o { i h d / ; G s 'At Zv k j 'D d k

g o s Zy ; p {s .

“ p kp k BkBe P kj c e ho . fj zd {e k r [o{w[; b wkB e k g ho . ”

d [B hn K f t u f e ; / w j Kg [o y B / g o T [g e ko d h Gkt B k s f j s ,

f J s B / b zw / g o u ko d "o / B j hAe hs /. ; f s r [o { i h B / g {o / J /P hn k w j Kd hg

d k Go w D e o f d n K b r Gr u kb h j I ko f e b ' w hN o ; | o s ?j e hs k.n kg Dh f I zd r h d k f p j s o hB ; w K n e f j s / n ; f j w [P e b K Mb f d n K

p s hs e hs k. u 'o K mZr K, v ke {n K b [N /f o n K s / i o t kD/ p kd P kj K ƒ , t Zv /

y s o / ; j /V e / Gh f ; ZX / o kj g kT [D d k T [g e ko e hs k. f p w ko h d h

n t ; E k f t u w o hi ƒ t ?d e 'b f b i kf J n k i Kd k j ?. n r o o 'r h t ?d $

v ke N o e 'b i kD s 'Aj h w [B e o j ' i kt /, n kg D/ n kg ƒ w o hi w zB D s 'A j h B Kj e o d /t / i K n kg D/ o 'r ƒ b kf J b ki w zB b t /, T [; j kb s f t u

f J b ki e o B k p j [w n "y k j ?. ; f s r [o {B kB e ; kf j p , t ?d K d / w j K t ?d ,

b kf J b ki o 'r hn K ƒ s zd o [; s e o B t k; s /, y [d u Zb e / T [j B K d / d o s /

r J /. T [j B K ƒ f g n ko B kb n f j ; k; e o t kf J n k f e s [; hAo 'r h I o {o

j ', g o o 'r b kf J b ki B j hA j ?. s [; hAd Z; hn K r J hn K f t X hn K o kj hA

fJ b ki e o t kT [ s / y [P hn Ky /fV n KGo g {o n o 'r i ht B i ht '. f i ZE / fe s /

Gh e 'J h w kB f; e o 'r h ; h, ; f s r [o { i h T [u /u / i s B e o e /, T [E / j h g [Zi /.

g f j b K f j zd {s ho E Kd k d "o k e hs k, f c o i 'r hn K t Zb , f j w kb k g o p s s /

g [Zi /. f J e j 'o f p y w : ks o k w Ze / t Zb d h e hs h. b ze k u hB o {; , f s Zp s

fB g kb n s / n o p w [b e K d k f t i J h g o u ko $g o T [g e ko h d "o k e hs k.

f J ; s o QK ; f s r [o { i h B /, j o b 'V hAd h i r Qk g [Zi e /, n kg D / g f t Zs o p u B ko kj hA, wB [Zy w ks o ƒ ; Zu X o w d / w ko r s / N[o B d h g q/o B k e hs h.

“ ; [D h n o d kf ; ; [n kwh w/o ?; o p e b k p f D n kJ h]

g qr N GJ h ; r b / i [r n zs fo r [o BkBe e h t fv n kJ h] (611 )

d [B hn K f t u ; f s r [o { B kB e i h g f j b / w j Kg [o y ; B , f i zB QK

n "o s d h g hV k ƒ w f j ; {; e hs k. n s / w B [Zy d / p o kp o n fX e ko



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f d t kT [D b J h n kt ki T [mkJ h. g f j b K i ' Gh X ko w e o f j p o ; z; ko s /

n kJ /, T [j B KGh fe ; / B k f e ; / o {g f t u n "o s d h r [b kw h ƒ j 'o g Zfe n K

e hs k. ; d hn K s 'Ag ?o K E Zb / fb s kV h i Kd h o j h, f ; ; e hn K Go d h o j h,

n g w kB Gfo n k B o e h i ht B f i T [D b J h w i p {o e hs h r J h. w B [y d h

i B B h w K G?D, X h n s / g s B h j 'D d / p kt i {d , T [; ƒ fc Ne kfo n k f r n k.

x o d h u ko d ht ko h f t u e ?d e hs k f r n k. f B Ze h p kb V h ƒ t Zv h T [w o

t kb / f t n e s hn K B kb B o f V n k f r n k. ; s h t o r h i kb w kB k o ; w

d [n ko k g s h B kb fu y k f t u ; V wo B b J h w I p {o e hs k f r n k. i / e 'J h

; s h j 'D s 'Ap u j h r J h s K f I zd r h Go d {i k f t n kj e o kT [D s 'At o if d Zs k f r n k. n D g V o Zy D h s / g V d k e o B k, f e ; / w B [Zy B kb r Zb p ks

Gh B k e o B d /Dh. f J j ; G i [b w fJ ; s o h f g zv / s / Mb d h o j h.

p kx D Bkr D v kfJ D s /g ?o d h i [Zs hs e n ky D' fe ; /Po w Bk

e hs h.

i kf J d kd f t u 'Ae 'J h f j Z; k Bk d /Dk, i d 'Ai h u kj / n kd w h, f e ; /e [Zs / f p Zb / t Kr , p Kj c V e / x o 'Ap kj o e ZY d /t /, d o d o d hn K m'e o K

y kD b J h. x N x N ft Zu t kf j r [o { d k i j {o t /y D t kb /, f d n kb { fg s k

r [o {B kB e ; kf j p f J j n f s n ku ko j [zd k t /y fe t / y kw 'P o f j ; e d / ; B

< T [j B K P /o r o i B kb w [p ko e p u B T [u ko B e hs k ^

Gzfv i zwhn ?Gzfv fBwhn ?, Gzfv wzr D[ t hn kj [. .

Gzv j [ j 't ?d '; s h Gzv j [u b ?o kj [. .

Gzv [w[n k Gzv [Gkb hn ?Gzfv j 't ?p zXkB[. .

; ' fe T [ wzd k n ky hn ?f i s [ i zwf j o ki kB. .

Gzv j [ j h Gzv [ T [g i ?Gzv ?p kM[ B e 'fJ . .

BkBe Gzv ?p kj o k J /e ' ; u k ; 'fJ . .

f i s [ w[f y ; d k ; kb hj hn ?Gkr k o s h u kf o . .BkBe s / w[y T {i b / fs s [ ; u ?d o p kfo . .

HHHwzd k fe ; ?B n ky hn ?g fV n y o [J /j ' p [Mhn ?. .

w{o y ?Bkfb B b [Mhn ?. . ( 4 7 3 )

b zw / ; w /As 'AX o w d / B kw j /m, g qu b s j ' u [Ze hn K o hs K o ; w K

ƒ , i 'o d ko s o he / o 'f e n k. x o d h u ko d ht ko h s 'Ap kj o n kT [D d h



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fJ i ki s fd Zs h. f J ; y [Zb h fc I k f t u ; kj b ?e /, f ; Zy n "o s Kw o d KB kb

e d w f w b k e / u Zb D d / ; w o E p D ; e hn K. B kw i g D, ; /t k e o B s 'A

b ?e / f ; Zy f J ; s o hn K P ; s o ; i ke /, x 'V / s / ; t ko j 'e /, d [P w D d / n kj {

b j [zd hn Ko j hn K. w B [Zy d h n ZX h n p kd h ( n "o s ) ƒ n Zr / t X D s 'Ao 'e D

d k w s b p j ?n kg Dhn K i V K n kg / t ZY Dhn K. Gf t Zy ƒ s p kj e o B k,

t o s w kB ƒ ; [n kj e o B k. w j kB ; f s r [o { i h B / s K g zi ; "; kb g f j b K

; hb ; zi w d h g [s b h, fr q; s d k E zw , fg n ko s /e 'w b s k d h ; ke ko w {o s ,

t c kd ko i ht B ; kE h ( n "o s ) d / j Ze f t u f J B e b kp h f t u ko ; z; ko

; B w [y o Zy / ; B . n Zi d / f t f r n kB e : [r f t u Gh, p j [s ; ko / B k ; w M,i kj b b 'e p kb e zfB n kt K ƒ i B w s 'AGh g f j b K e s b e o d /D d /, g kg

e o w e o o j / j B . ; f s r [o {i h d / T [g e ko K b J h f J ; s o h ƒ ; G s 'At X

T [j B K d k X zB t kd h j 'Dk u kj hd k j ?.

; /XBt zs fd ; fj x fo i kfJ ] BkBe i BBhXzBhwkfJ ] (1257 )

Bko h g [o y [, g [o y [; G Bko h, ; G J /e ' g [o y w[o ko /] ( 9 8 3 ); f s r [o { p kp k i h B / t kf j r [o { d / B t /AB kt K f t u “ e o s ko s /

e o s kg [o y ” p j [s t ko h t o s / j B . e o s ko d k n o E j ?, f ; q; Nh

p DkT [D t kb k. e o s k g [o y d k w s b p j ?e kf J B ks p Dke / f J ; n zd o

f t u o B t kb k. r [o { BkB e ; kf j p d / fJ j B K B kt K f t u 'A; kc B I o n k

fo j k j ?, fe g o w /P o f t j b k B j hAp ?mk. T [ j f ; qP N h p D k e / ; zGkb f o j k

j ?. o Zp i h f e fo n kP hb j B . i d 'Ag qG{ f t j b k B j hAj ?, s K f J B ; kB

f t j b k s / w y ZN { fe T [A o j / < f t j b / d k w kD ; f s e ko f e T [A j 't / <

p d fe ; w s h B kb f J ; d /; f t u e kfw n K fe o s hn K ƒ P {d o n ky e /

d [o e kfo n k i Kd k j ?. d {f i n K d h f e o s e w kJ h s / g b D t kfb n K ƒ

g {f i n k i Kd k j ?. f e ; kB y /s h e o d k, ; G d k g /N Go d k j ?. e g kj

p hi d k, r 'v h e o d k, g kDh b kT [Ad k, o ky h e o d k j ?, c ; b f s n ko j 'D s /x o f b n kT [Ad k j ?. T [; f t u 'A; [e k, t /b , f g zR e /, ; {s e Zf s n k s / e Zg V k

p [fDn k f r n k. e Zg V / d h o zr kJ h S g kJ h s / f ; b kJ h e hs h r J h. g f j B D

: 'r fs n ko j 'D s / f J ; ƒ s B s / ; i kT [D t kb k ( p qkj w D) T {u i ks h g {i D

i 'r p D p ?md k j ?. g o fw j B s w [P Ze s e o e / fJ E 'As Ze g [u kD t kb / P {d o

r o d kB / r J /, x 'o g kg . ; f s r [o { i h B / X o w d h f e o s y [d e hs h, s /



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f ; Zy Kƒ e o B d h j d kfJ s e hs h. f J ; / e ko B ; z; ko f t u f i E / f ; Zy r J /

j B , n kg Dh fw j B s B kb e kw : kp j 'J / j B . e 'J h f ; Zy f Gy ko h s K T [FZe k

B j hAfw b /r k. r [o w fs d / w [Y b / n ; {b K f t u d o i j ?f e f ; Zy B / B kw

i g Dk, X o w d h f e o s e o B h, s / t zv e / S e Dk j ?. ; kf j p i h B / i ks

e ko B fe ; / ƒ f t P /P ; B wkB B j hAfd s k, p b fe r [Dk d h e d o e hs h j ?.

f ; Zy X o w f e o s h e kfw n K d k X o w j ?, f t j b V K w [c s y 'o K b J h f J ;

X o w f t u e 'J h E KB j hA. “ fe o s ft o s e fo Xo w d h j E 'Ad ?e ?Gb k

wBkJ /” ] ( GkLr [) f J ; / b J h s K p kDh f t u d o i j ?L^

“ T [d w e o /fd n K i hT [s {ze wkt fd n K; [y G[zu []fXn kfd n k s {zg qG{fwb [ BkBe T [s o h fu s ] ” ( 5 2 2 )

r [o {x o f t u B kw i g Dk s / i g kT [Dk n s h T [FZs w w zfB n k f r n k

j ?. f ; Zy b J h B kw d k ws b p j ?r [o p kDh d h ; wM. r [o p kDh f t u ko fd n K

i ht B i [r s h g qkg s j [zd h j ?. p kDh g V f d n K e [d o s n s / e kd o p ko /

f r n kB g qkg s j [zd k j ?. r [o p kDh d [n ko k Gb / p [o / d h, j Ze ; Zu d h, B /e hp d h d h g S kD j [zd h j ?. n e kb g [o y B kb fb t b hB s k f t u 'A, ; f s r [o { i h

ƒ r [o p kDh n kt /; j 'J h. fJ ; X [o e h p kDh ƒ T [ j B Kn kg Dh j : ks h f t u

j h, e b w p zd e o e / ; KG fb n k. fw b kt N j 'D d / ; ko / y s f o n K s 'Ap u k

fb n k. t kf j r [o { i h d k B kw fJ e g kt o j kT {; d h fB n kJ h j ?, f i E 'A

i f r n k; {ƒ ; 'Mh n s / P e s h g qkg s h j [zd h j ?. w B d k u ?B s /n ks w k b J h

w [e s h, B kw j h d / ; e d k j ?. ; ko / d [y K s / t ; he o D, ; [y K d h g qkg s h,

y [P hn K y /V / B kw f t u 'Ay 'i hd / j B . i d 'AB kw i g fd n K, ; t ZS s / B /e

i ht B f i T [Afd n K, e 'J h f J B ; kB r [Dt kB j ' i Kd k ; h, T [; t e s ; f s r [o {

i h T [; ƒ B kw i g kT [D ( X o w g qu ko e ) d h f i zw /t ko h ; "Ag f d n k e o d /

; B . f J j B K Gb / g [o y K d h ; zr s , n s / T [FZs w T [g d /P ; [De / b 'e h t Zv h

f r Ds h f t u r [o w fs ƒ X ko B e o o j / ; B . g o T [g e ko d h Gkt B k f j Zsu zr /o h f ; Zfy n k d /Dh n f r n kB s k d k j B /o k e ZN d /Dk, r [o {u o B KB kb i 'V

d /Dk, p j [s t Zv h ; /t k j ?. n f i j / B /e s "o s o hf e n K d / i B w d ks k ; B

; f s r [o { i h.

“ T [fJ g [o y [g qkDh XzB[ i B j f j T [g d /P e o f j g o T [g e ko hn k]

j fo Bkw[fd qVkt fj j fo Bkw[; [Dkt fj , j fo Bkw/i r [fB; s kfo n k] ” (311)



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t o '; kJ / f ; Zy Kt b 'Ag k; k B j hAt ZfNn k f r n k. s Zs h s Zt h, fd Zb h d k u Kd Bh

u "e , b kj "o d h x kj wzv h, x b {x ko /HHHHHs / j 'o p j [s e [M ; o p Zs d / Gb /

f j Zs , p /r o i j 'e / e hs k. f J ; / b J h f J j w kD e o B i 'r n Zy o f ; y K d h

n o d k; d k n zr p D r J / ^

“ B kB e B kw u V d h e b k, s /o /GkD/ ; o p Zs d k Gb k” ( n o d k; )

; f s r [o {p kp k i h B / n f i j / B t /e b / X o w d h B hAj o Zy h, f i ; ƒ

j o e 'J h f p B k o 'e ; "f y n K j h n g Dk ; e d k j ?. g f j b K g qu b s X o w

p ; f J Ze o ; w p De / o f j r J / ; B . f J j B K ƒ X o w w zd o K s e w f j d {d

e o f d s k f r n k ; h. ; f s r [o { i h B / o Zp h f B n w K ƒ w zd o K d h t b r Df t u 'Ae ZY e /, f J ; ƒ ^

j fo e k wzd o [; o ho [n fs ; ' j Dk, j fo j fo Bkw[ fd V [. . ( 5 42 )

e kfJ n k wj b [wzd o [x o [j fo e k, fs ; wfj o ky hi 'fs n g ko [. . (1256)

“ x o x o n zd o Xo w; kb ” ^ d k d o i k f d s k. j o f J e d /

f j o d / s e X o w d / r [D g [i d / e hs /. i ht B f t u ; ko / e ko i e o fd n Kf J w kB d ko h, B /e h t u B g kb D k, f e ; / ƒ d [Zy B k d /D k, j Ze B k

wko B kHHHHHfJ j h s Kj B X o w d / r [D. p [o k e zw e o B b Zr /w B [Zy ; 'u /, fe

w ?ƒ t kf j r [o {t /y fo j k j ?, T [; d h ; Zu h n d kb s f t Zu , fJ ; d k i t kp d /Dk

g t /r k. r [o { B kB e f g s k i h B / n kg D/ u b kJ / X o w f t u P kw b j 'D s /

f e ; / b J h o 'e B j hAb kJ h. n w ho r o hp , i K T {u h B ht hAi ks d k e 'J h

G/d B j hAo Zfy n k. f J ; s o h g [o y ; ko / j h p o kp o GkJ ht kb j B . p 'b h

d /; r 'o / e kb / d k e 'J h Go w B j hAo f j D fd Zs k. e 'J h p zd ; B j hAb kJ h

r J h. f J ; d k g qs Zy ; p {s j ?, j o /e r [o d [n ko k, r [o {x o u ko d o t ki /,

u 'Aj t o B k b J h y [Zb /j B . ; zr s g zr s ; kfo n Kb J h j ?, fJ e ; w kB . r [o {

r qzE ; kf j p f t u ; ko hn K i ks K ƒ ; w {b hn s p y ; e /, ; f s r [o { i h t Zb 'A

fJ Ze p j [s T [u h fw ; kb e kfJ w e o fd Zs h r J h. d Zp / e [u b / b 'e , i K; wkid h “ o f j zd y {z j d ” , f i B Kƒ ; d hn Ks 'Ag ?o Kj /m fb s kfV n k i k fo j k ; h.

; f s r [o { i h B /n f i j k e ko B kw k e hs k fe ; o d ko hn Kp kd P kj hn Kp \ P

f d Zs hn K. ; h; s / s ki ; i k f d Zs /. f i B k d h ; d hn K s 'Afe ; / p Kj B j hA

c V h ; h, T [j B K ƒ t Zv / o [s p / n j [d / g qkg s j 'J /. p r ?o f e ; / f t s e o / s 'A,

; G ƒ f J e ' f i j k T [g d /P , f J e ' f i j k w kD s / Xo w f t u g qt /P e o B d k,



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n zf wqs S e D d k p qkp o n f X e ko f d s k.

“ J /e fg s k J /e ; e / j w p kfo e s {zw/o k r [o j kJ h] ” ( wHõ 6 11)

fp ; o r J h; G s ks g o kJ h] i p s /; kX ; zr fs w'fj g kJ h] (1299)

f i ; ; ZfGn s k f t u n ; hAf t u o o j / j Kn Zi Gh T [; f t u “ ; G

n ZSk” B j hAj ?. wB [Zy n kg D / Go k wB [Zy s 'AB c o s e o /, B ht K ; wM/

f J j x 'o g kg j ?. f J E / s K w B [Zy w ks o d / g o S kt / i K T [; d h f d qP N h s 'A

Gh b 'e h fGZN / i Kd / j B . n Zi s Ze f J ; g ho K n t s ko K fo P hn K w [B hn K

d / Gko s f t u , X o w w zd o ( < ) Gh e [M f t P /P i ks h d / b 'e K b J h y [Zb /

j B . i B ; kX ko D b J h w zd o K f t u d ky b j 'D s / ; y s g kp zd h j ?.o ; ks b f t u r o e e o f d Zs / r J /, ; {d o p Dk f d Zs / r J /, w B [Zy K ƒ X o w

T [g d /P ; [DB p d b /, f g x f b n k r o w f ; Ze k e zB k f t u g [n kDk g ?Ad k ; h.

w zd o d / n zd o d ky b j 'Dk s K f e s / f o j k, B /f V T [ b zx f d n K ƒ Gh w ko

w ko e / n X w 'J / e o f d Zs k i Kd k ; h. f J Ze p j [s w j kB n ks w k B kw d /t

i h ƒ f p B k e ; {o s 'Aw zd o f t u 'AX Ze / w ko e / e ZY f d Zs k ; h. f t n ke [b s kf t u B kw d /t i h B /o Zp n Zr /c fo n kd e hs h f g s k g o w /; o i hU . s [; hA

t /y o j / j ' B k, w ?As [j kv k f B w kD k f i j k p /N k j K. f J j j ze ko h g ky zv h

i ks h r o {o f t u , w ?ƒ “ Y /v ” n ky e / i b hb e o o j / j B . w ?As [j kv k

; /t e j K, i / w ?ƒ w o B s 'Ap kd w [e s h Gh f wb r J h s K f e ; e zw < w ?

s K j [D/ f J ; / i B w f t u f J j B K ; ko / p zX B k s 'Aw [e s h u kj z[d k j K. B j hA

s K ; [D b T [ f g s k i hT [, f J j p /f J I s h w /o h B j hA; r 'As [j kv h j ?, f e T [Af e

w ?As K s [j kƒ n kg D k f g s k ; t he ko e hs k j ?.

“ w{J / j {J / i T [ w[e fs d /j [r / w[e f s B i kB ?e 'f J b k]

J /g zv hn k w'e T [Y /Y e j s s /o h g ?i fg SzT [v h j 'fJ b k] ( 1 2 9 2 )

; f s r [o { B kB e f g s k i h B / B kw d /t s / T [; d h T [FZw s ƒ

r b t e V h f t u f b n k. ; f s r [o { i h B / ; w MkfJ n k “ w /o / t ho B kw d /t( n ks w e t b t b /) G[Zb e / Gh T [; E KT [ j B K g kg h b 'e Kf t u B Ki kt hA, f i E /

f c Ne ko K g ?D, X Ze / w ko / i kD . n k s ?ƒ f J e w j kB o [s p k f d n K, w?AGh

s /o / f t u ko K d k j kw h j K. n kg K f J e B t /A; w ki d h f ; o i Dk e o Kr /.

B kw d /t i h d h g kt B p kDh p kp k i h B / n kg D/ e 'b T [s ko k e o e / ; KG

b J h. o f t d k; , e p ho s / B kw d /t i h ƒ w kD p y P fd n K, T [j B K d h



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g f t Zs o p kDh ƒ f ; Zy X o w d / w j kB r o zE f t u ; f s e ko : 'r n ; E kB

f d Zs k f r n k. f i B K P {d o K ƒ w zd o K d / B /f V T [ b zx D k Gh w B k ; h, T [j B K

ƒ b Zy K b 'e h fB s f d B B w ; e ko K e o d / t /y / i k ; e d / j B . f J ; e o e /

j o w kJ h GkJ h ƒ , f p B k f t s e o / g zr s s / ; zr s f t u , P kw b j 'D d k

n fX e ko j ?. ; o 't o K ft u j o e 'J h f J P B kB e o ; e d k j ?. r [o { B kB e

p kp k i h B / f J e ' g o t ko d / w ?Ap o ; kf o n K ƒ p Dk f d s k.

“ j 'fJ fJ e s qfwb j [ w/o / GkJ h, d [fp Xk d {fo e o j [ fb t b kfJ ]

j fo Bkw?e / j 't j [ i 'V h r [o w[fy p ?; j [ ; c k f t S kfJ ] ” ( 1 1 8 5 )

g [o ks B ; fw n Ks 'Ab ?e /n Zi s e fJ j h t o s ko k t /y D ƒ fw b d k j ?fe f i ; f e ; / B / J /e s k d / ; {s o f t u g o 'J / i k e / n kg Dh s ke s t X k

b J h, T [j h d {f i n K ƒ r [b kw p D kT [D, X kt k p 'b D u Zb f g n k. i d 'An Zr 'A

e 'J h w [e kp b k e o B t kb k Gh B k j 't /, f c o b [N /fo n k d / j 'o Gh j "A; b / t X

i Kd / j B . f e ; / fJ b ke k g q; s h e o e /, f e ; / y kB d kB h P kB d / p j kB /, s /

fe ; /B /X o w d /B kw s /, i E /p zd h w I p {s e hs h, T [ j h d fo zd k j ' fB p f V n k.o ki / o Zs g hD/, n f j b e ko w k; y kD/, s / i zs K w k; {w G/v K p Ze o hn K d h

fB n kJ h. d /; h n s / p d /; h d 't /As o QK d / j ke w , r o hp i zs k s / i [b w Y kj

o j / ; B . fp B Ks ke s s 'Af J B k y {Bh N'f b n Kƒ i [b w e o B ' o 'f e n k i kDk

; zGt B j hA; h. ; f s r [o { f g s k i h B / B kw i g D t kb / X o w h b 'e K d k,

; zr mB p DkfJ n k. f J j B K X o w h ; {o f w n K B /, f j Ze v kj e / i [b w d h

j B /o h ƒ mZb g kJ h, i kp o K d k w{zj GzfBn K. i [b w d k o ki B j hA,

“ j b /wh o ki ” d k ; ze b g ; z; ko d / b 'e K ; B w [Zy g /P e hs k. n f i j k

o ki s / ; wki f i E / j o e 'J h ; B wkB Bkb i ht B p s hs e o /. fe ; /ƒ e 'J h

p zf d ; B K j 't /, T [FZu k B ht K B k j 't /. i 'o i p o e 'J h B k e o ; e /. f J ;

“ ; zs f ; g kj h” B /, B t /Ag {o B /g kJ /. ; d hn Ks 'AGko s b [ZfNn k g [ZfNn k

s / p o p kd e hs k i k f o j k ; h . ; f s r [o { i h B / f J ; “ ; a; as o X ko h ; zsf ; g kj h B {zn f i j h f ; Zf y n k s / s ke s f d Zs h f e i kb w K ƒ Gki V k g [n k

fd s hn K. f J j “ p /r w g [o k” r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h d h f e o g k ; d e k

g qkg s j 'f J n k.

; w[zd f t o 'fb ; o ho [ j w d /fy n k, fJ e t ; s n B{g fd y kJ h]

r [o {r 'fp zd , r 'fp zd r [o {j ?BkBe G/d [B GkJ h] ( 4 4 2 )



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; d hn K s 'As e V k e w I 'o K s / i [b w e o d k n k f o j k ; h. i [b w

e o B t kfb n K d k f J zB k j "A; b k f J ; e o e / t fX n k j 'f J n k ; h, f e T [Afe

n Zr 'Aw [e kp b k e o B t kb k e 'J h B j hA; h. i 'r h ; f B n k; h p qkj w D s /

e ki h, n kg ' n kg D/ s o he /, i zs k ƒ X o w d / B K s / b [ZN o j / ; B s / o ki /

t i ho n c ; o u "X o h B zp o d ko n kg D/ Y zr y {B g h o j / ; B . i zs k v o h

; f j w h j 'J h T {u h n kt ki s Ze B j hAe ZY d h ; h. ; f s r [o { i h B / f J e B t K

f ; X Ks g /P e hs k. n kT [ X o w h b 'e ' j [D i [b w d / y ks w / t k; s / s [; hAj ZE

f t u f e o g kB g e V '. p /y "| j ' w ?d kB f t u f B Zs o ', i [b w d / f t o [ZX i zr

e o B k, “ X o w : [ZX ” j ?. f J j B K f r n kB hn K, ; zs K Gr s K s / r [o w [y KB / i [b w ft o [X s /r K ; {s b J hn K, p zd {e K fs n ko e o b J hn K, s ho K

e w kB k ƒ ; i k fb n k, x 'fV n Ks / ; t ko j ' w "s ƒ t zr ko B b Zr g J /. f J e

b zw / ; w /As Ze s /r t kj [Dh g J h, i zr b h t k; e o B k f g n k. n e f j s /

n ; f j e P FN G'r D/ g J /. g o f J j “ Gr s K d h c "i ” , f i Zs j k; b e o B

s Ze , i [b w d / y ks w / s Ze , s /r t j [zd h o j h. Gr s ; {o w/ p D r J / s /f ; g kj hn K ƒ X o wh f i T [V / p Dk fd Zs k. s Kf e e 'J h f t n e s h i K

i E /p zd h, f e ; / ƒ v o kt /B k, e 'J h fe ; / s 'Av o / B k. s ke s t o b 'e e w I 'o K

s / n f i j / i [b w e o d / ; B , f i B K ƒ g V Q; [De / s q/b hn K S [Nd hn K j B .

g [P s d o g [P s p d s 'Ap d s o i ht B f i T [D b J h w I p {o e o f d Zs k i Kd k

; h. ; ko / w B[Zy h n fX e ko y s w , s / r [b kw p Dk b J / i Kd / ; B . r [b kw K

d / p Zu /n s / fJ ; s o hn KGh r [b kw . fJ j B Kr [b kw Kƒ i d 'Ai h u kj / t /fu n k

i k ; e d k ; h, e [ZfNn k s / e s b e hs k i k ; e d k ; h. e 'J h d kd c fo n kd

f e s / B j hA. ; f s r [o { i h B / w kB ; e n s / ; o ho e p b X ko B d k j [e w

f d Zs k. b zw h i zr s 'Ap kd r [o {e / b kb KB / r [b kw h ƒ r b ' b kj fd Zs k. ; ko /

v o G?w [e k f d Zs /.

i T [s T [g q /w y /b D e k u kT [] f; o [Xfo s b h r b h w/o h n kT []f J s [ wko f r g ?o [ X o hi ?] f ; o [ d hi ?e kf D B e hi ?] ( 14 12 )

d [fy n ko / b 'e Kd /Gb /b J h ; fs r [o {B kB e i h ; z; ko f t u n kJ /.

T [j BK o Zp h f r n kB j o g qkDh wks o s Ze g [u kD d k T [g e ko e hs k. f J ZE /

s K i B w s 'Aj h p qkj w D B / ; kf o n K d k r [o { j 'D d h r Zd h ; KGh j 'J h ; h.

P {d o K f t u Gh Gkt /Ap j [s t Zv / r [Dh i B , f t d t kB f r n kB h j 'J / ; B ,



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p qkj w D B / j o j o p k t o s e / T [j B K ƒ f b s kV f d Zs k. p Dd k w kD s K

f e ZE / d /Dk ; h, ; r 'A; d k x 'o n g w kB e hs k. f e T [Af e p qkj w D d / t v /o /

T [; ƒ w zƒ f ; fw qs h, n s / s [b ; h o kj hA, n f i j h w Zs d /e / r J / ; B . e p ho

i h B /; kc e fo fd s k, w ?Ap qkj w D g ky zv h b [N /o /ƒ n g Dk n kr {fe ; / ; {o s

Gh ; t he ko B j hAe o Kr k.

“ e p ho p kwB[ r [o { j ?i r s e k Gr s B e k r [o [ Bkfj ]

n o f M T [o f M e ?g f u w{n k u ko T [ p /d j [ w kf j ] ” ( 1 3 7 7 )

r [o { B kB e f g s k i h B / i ks n s / ; o ho K B kb 'Ar [DK d h e d o

e o B d h f g o s g kJ h. r [o { ; o ho B kb 'A, r [o p kDh ƒ T [FZu k o [s p kp y f P n k. f ; Zy Kƒ f t n e s h i Kw {o s h g {i k B j hA, f B o ze ko t kf j r [o { d h

n o kX B k e o B d h i ku f ; y kJ h. f J ; / ; /X w [s kp e g zu w r [o d /t B /, ; qh

d o p ko ; kf j p n zfw qs ; o f t y / g 'E h ; kf j p ( g f j b k B kw ) d k g qe kP

e hs k, e 'J h w {o s h B j hA. B k j h d /t h d /t s / s / B k j h f e ; / r [o f t n e s h

d h. i ' f ; Zy P o X kb { n kT [Ad k, r [o p kDh f t u 'A; o p g Zy h f r n kB j k; be o d k. f J ; / f t u ko X ko k ƒ n r /o / N 'o f d n K, d ; w g ks P kj j i {o B /,

f r n kB d / n E kj ; kr o ƒ , r [o { j 'D d k n ?b kB e o f d Zs k. f J j f r n kB

r [o { ( P p d r [o {) ; d ht e kb t k; s / f ; Zy K d k o f j p o p D f r n k. d ; w

g ks P kj B / i ' e hs k, T [ j r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h d / n kP / w [s kp e j h ; h.

; r 'Af J j e f j Dk f I n kd k t ki p j 't /r k f e d ; w / i kw / f t u r [o { B kB e

; kf j p i h B / j h f r n kB d / ; 'w / ƒ ; d ht e kb t k; s / r [o {j 'D d k b k; kB h

e "s e t o s kf J n k.

“ p kDh r [o {, r [o {j ?p kDh ft fu p kDh n zfwqs [; ko /]

r [o [p kD h e j ?; /t e [ i B[ wkB?, g o s fy r [o {fB; s ko /] ” ( 9 2 2 )

; kv / n kb / d [n kb / n B /e E kJ hAe {V / n kf d d / t Zv / Y /o b Zr / j [zd /

j B . f J j B K o kj hAw ZS o w Zy h n s / e J h f p w ko hn K c ?b i Kd hn K j B .i ' i kB b /t k Gh j ' ; e d hn K j B . f ; n kD/ w B [Zy T [; e {V / e u o / ƒ y /s K

f t u y kd o {g f t u t o s b ?Ad / j B . f J ; y kd s 'Ac [Zb c b s / c ; b e J h

r [DKt ZX MkV fd zd h j ?. p Z; ; c kJ h Gh j ' r J h s / e J h fB j w s KGh fw b

r J hn K. f J ; / s o QKw BZ[y n zd o p j [s ; ko / n "r [D B e kB Ze Go / g J / j B .

f J j B Kf t e ko K e ko B wB [Zy k i ht B s p kj j ' i Kd k j ?. i / n ; hA; f s r [o {



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B kB e ; kf j p i h ƒ g [ZS t /y hJ / f e “ r [o { f g s k i hU ` fe o g k e o e /

; w MkU , e kw e o 'X b 'G w 'j j ze ko n kfd f t e ko K ƒ t ; f t u f e t /A

e o hJ / < ” s Kfg s k ; fs r [o { i h c [o w kB e o d / j B , “ f r q; s d / p zX B f t u

p ZMe / “ J /e k B ko h i s h” t kb h i [r s h n g DkU , e kw e kp { ft u o j /r k.

i / f t n kj B k e o t kf J n k s K w B p /e kp { j ' e / y [n ko e o /r k. f e T [Af e

f e n k r b kfJ U G{S g o t /fb B i 'j / e zs s {z. .

B kB e c [b K ; zd h t kfV f y fV n k j G[ ; z; ko f i T [. ( 10 9 5 )

“ i s B e o ?fp zd [fe t ?B o j kJ h] wB{n k v 'b ?Bo e /g kJ h” ( 9 0 6 )

f J ; / s o QK e o 'X ƒ p ho s k f t u p d b f d U . b 'G B kw XBfJ e s o e o B d k, ; /t k e o B d k e o B k j ?. w 'j j 't / s K r [o {O t kf j r [o {

i h B kb , T [g d /P e w kT [D d k. j ze ko ƒ p d b d /Dk j ?; t ?w kD f t u .

fBzd k u [r b h d h E Kr [o p kDh ; [DB t b o [Zu h p Dh j 't /. n Zy KB kb g o kJ /

o {g s / b [Gkf J w kB j 'D d h E kt /A, j o i ht f t u g qG{ i 's t /y D d k ; [Gk

p DkU . f t j b / w B , n s / ; o ho ƒ f i zw /t ko hn K ft u o [MkJ h o y '. f J ;s o K j ZE e ko ( f e o s ) t Zb f u Zs e o s ko t Zb . f J j h Y zr j ?f t e ko K ƒ

o u Bks we g Zy t Zb w 'V Bk d k.

“ wB[ j kb h fe o ; kDh e o Dh ; o w[g kDh s B[y /s []

B kw[ p hi [ ; zs 'y [ ; [j kr k o y [ r o hp h t /; [] ”

GkT [ e o w e fo i zw; h ; / x o Gkr m d /y . . ( 5 9 5 )

X o w d / B kw j /m n kw b 'e K ƒ , f J e b zw / u Ze o f t T { f t u

T [b MkfJ n k j 'f J n k ; h. ; kX ko B f t n e s h n f r n kB t ; c 'e N e o w

e Kv K ƒ j h X o w w zB p ?mk ; h. r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h B /, g f j b K f J j

T [g e ko e hs k f e n y "s h, d /t p kD h ( ; z; f e qs ) ƒ B e ko e / g zi kp h f t u

n kg Dh p kDh f b y h, s / X o w T [g d /; e hs k. f J ; s o QK e o B B kb t /d K

d h T [FZu s k s /p qkj w DKd h b zp V d ko h u ko / y kB / f u Zs j ' r J h. b 'e h n kg D/X o w e o w y [d e o B d / : 'r j ' r J /. f i B QK g ky zv e o w K o kj hAb 'e K ƒ

b [ZfN n k i Kd k ; h, T [ j B Kf t u ^ t o s , ; o kX , s ho E , fJ ; B kB , Bzr / g ?o h

o f j Dk, w 'B X ko B e o B h, u b hj / e ZND/, g ZE o ( p [Zs ) , g {i k j 'w i Zr ,

w o B / i zw D/ f t n kj n kfd t e s p qkj w D h g {i k w kB s k, ; w /s g ; {g zS hn K

n s / o [Zy K d h g {i k d /. ; f s r [o { i h B / f e o g k e o e / f ; ZX k ; g ZP N T [g d /P



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d / e /, fJ e t kf j r [o { i h d / b V s Kb kfJ n k j h, s / p ke h ; ko / n v zp o K s 'A

w [e s h fd t k fd Zs h. f J j g ky zv e o w t kf j r [o { i h d / d o s / g o t kB B j hA

e hs / i kD/. T [E / e /t b B kw i f g n k s / B /e e zw j h ; j kJ h j 'Dr /.

e o w X o w g ky zv i ' d h; f j f s B i w i kr ks h b {N?. .

fBop kD e hos B[r kt j [e os /e k, fBwy f; wos fi s [S{N?. . ( 747)

f i ; ; o t 's w e ko i b J h ; fs r [o {p kp k i h, i r s f t u s ; o hc

fb n kJ / ; B , T [j ; h fB o w b g zE d h ; ki B k d k w j kB e ko i , fJ ; d h

; w Kp ZX ; zg {o B s k. ; f s r [o {d / u o B k d / G"o /, r [o { f g n ko f t u f J e Zs o

j [zd /r J /. ; kf j p i h n kg Dh i ht B f t X h s /g f t Zs o p u B k o kj h, f t e ko Kd h w ?b e ZY , f B o w b s k p y P o j / ; B . r [DK B kb Go g {o e o o j / ; B .

; f s r [o { i h d k g Zb k c V e / f g ZS / N [o B t kf b n K d k f J e e kc b k p Dd k

f r n k. f J ; ; kX / j 'J / r [o w [y K d / fJ e Zm ƒ , n r 'A“ fBo wb g zE ” i K

f ; Zy g zE fe j k i kD b Zfr n k. fJ j B kw i g D t kb /, g o T [e ko h “ f; g kj h”

; B , s / P ; s o X ko h, i [b w d hn K i V k T [y kV B t kb / “ ; kX{” ; B . j ZE hAfe o s e o e /, t zv S e D t kb / f r q; s h ; B . f J j B K d h e o B h s 'Ab [N /o /

e zp d / ; B , w I b {w k ƒ X o t k; fw b d k ; h. f J j f J e ' g qG{ ƒ fX n kT [D

t kb /, f J e ' f t u ko X ko k ƒ w zB D t kb /, f J e ' o kj d / g KX h, f J e ' w zf i b s /

g [Zi D b J h T [FZd wP hb . f J j fBo wb g zE i ' r [o {p kp k i h B / g ?d k e hs k,

r 'd f y v kf J n k, p ke h ; f s r [o {n K B / j 'o g V kJ h f b y kJ h f ; y b kJ h

e o t kJ h. *s / g o y e o e / d ; w g ks P kj j i {o B /, y kb ; k B kw d /e /,

; zg {o B s k d h w 'j o b k f d Zs h. i K f J j n ky ; e d / j K fe r [o { B kB e

; kf j p i h B /, d ; t /Ai kw / ft u , f B o w b g zE ƒ y kb ; k g zE d / o {g f t u

s p d hb e o f d s k.

HHHHHHHHHHHb j D/d h c /o kJ hn ?BkBe k d ' j h y Nhn ?. .

“ i 'fs U j k i [r fs ; kfJ ; f j e kfJ n k c /fo g b Nhn ?] ” ( 9 6 6 )p j [s g [o ks B ; fw n k s 'Aj h s ke s t o w B [Zy e w I 'o K s / fe ; / B

fe ; / o {g f t u i 'o i p o i KX Ze k e o d / n kJ / j B . e 'J h S 'N / f i j / ; kX ko D

f t s e o / j 'D s Kp o d k; s e o Gh b J / i kD, fJ E /s KX o w d / B kw s / x 'o

n g o kX n s / b [ZNKy 'j Ke hs hn Kr J hn Kj B . j 'o f ; s w fJ j g J h f J e

t Zv / w B [Zy h GkJ hu ko / ƒ P {d o n ky e / B kw i g D, f t Zf d n k j k; b e o B ,



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I w hB i kf J d kd y qhd D u zr h ; t ko h e o B , f; o s / g r V h ; i kT [D, n s /

u zr k y kD g f j B D s / Gh ; y s g kp zd h n kf J d e o f d Zs h. M{m/ f J b i w k

b k e / i hG e ZN d /Dh, n Zy K e ZY d /Dhn K, e zB K f t u f ; Ze k f g x b ke / g k

d /Dk. ; z[d o ƒ j K X hn K B kb i p o f i B kj e o B k, fc o f e s / e 'J h

; [Dt kJ h B k j 'D d /Dh f J e n kw t o s ko k ; h. x o f t u n "o s d h d P k

Gh ; {d o K t kb h j h p Dk f d Zs h r J h ; h. f g s k ; f s r [o { i h B / ; 'u w zv b

d / ; ko / g [o i / j h X ' f d Zs /. T [j B K j o g qkDh w ks o , f J ; s o h g [o y , p Zu /

p [Y /ƒ , g q /w k Gr s h e o B d k y [Zb k n fX e ko d / fd Zs k. fJ ; / e ko B p qkj w D

d / ; s kJ / b 'e p V /T [s P kj B kb , f ; Zy g zE f t u P kw b j 'D b Zr g J /. ; Go [e kt N K j N k f d Zs hn K r J hn K. B hf t n K f t u 'A ; f s e ko / r J / e [M e [

p i [o r r [o f ; Zy Kd h c fo P s t /y ' ^ GkJ h wo d kBk i h, b kb ' i h, ; hj K i h,

j Z; { i h, f p X h u zd i h, i ?s k i h n kfd e u w e d / f ; s ko / j B . j 'o p j [s

; ko / w kJ h GkJ h i ' i kb w ; w ki t b 'Ag S kV f d s / r J / ; B , f ; Zy h w zv b

f t u g qt /P e o e /, wkD g kT [Ad / o j /. r [o {r qzE ; kf j p f J ; r Zb d h ; G s 'At Zv h f w ; kb j B , f i B k n zd o n y "s h P {d o K d h o ; B k s 'AT [u ko B e hs h

j 'J h o Zp h p kDh, ; fs r [o {; kfj p i h d /Bkb j h ; 'GB he j ?. b Zy K b 'e h f i ; ƒ

fBZs ; h; M[e kT [Ad / j B.

“ ; kX ; zf r BkBe p [fX g kJ h j fo e ho s B n kXko ']

Bkw d /T [fs qb 'u B e p ho d k; o ' w[e fs GfJ T [u fwn ko '] ( 4 9 8 )

f r q; s d hn Ks w kw f i zw /t ko hn Ks 'AGr "V /, n y "s h X ko f w e b 'e K

B/, f r q; s ƒ p V h p /P o wh Bkb Gzfv n k. f r q; s d k w{b X [o k, wK G?D

g s B h p /N h d k P o /n kw n g w kB e hs k. f J ; s o h i ks h, i Zr i B Dh ƒ

“ B o e d [n ko h” n ky f c N e kfo n k. p Zf u n K s / n "o s K ƒ e [o b Kd /

S Zv e /, fJ j wy ZN { b 'e , i zr b Kg j kV Kt b B Z; r J /. x o T [i V d /o j /, p Zu /

f t b e d / o j /, n "o s K n g w kB s n t ; E k f t u j T [e / Go d hn K o j hn K.f j zd '; s kB p d /; h i kp o K d / g ?o K j /m fb s kV hAd k f o j k. f J j B K i 'r h

; fB n k; h f s n kr h ; kX {n K d h n Dy r ?o s e d h B k i kr h. r [c kt K w ZmK

w zd o Kf t u n s / d {o d o ki i zr b K f t u , Gr s h s g Zf ; n k ( < ) e o d / o j /.

r c b s d h B hAd f t u x {e ; [Zs / o j /. n Zi f ; Zy K f t u v /o /d ko E [Zb E [Zb

e o d hn Kr 'r V K t kb /, B kw i g D d k f J j h g ky zv e o ^ e o t k o j / j B .



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i [b w d / f t o [X fJ j B K e d h f J e n Zy o i p kB s / B j hAn kT [D f d Zs k.

X o w n ; E kB Y f j zd / o j / b 'e K d k i p o h X o w f g qt o s B j [zd k f o j k.

fJ j b 'e ; o ho s / ; [n kj w b e / Gzr n kfd g he /X o w ( < ) e w kT [Ad / o j /.

n kw b 'e K ƒ w 'j w kf J n k d / i kb f t u 'Ae ZY e /, “ w[e s h d k wko r ”

f t y kT [Ad / o j /. j ZE hA fe o s e o B h, y /s h t kg ko b 'V t zd K n s / n kg D/

g qt ko K d h ; zGkb e o B h f J j B K ƒ B k GkJ h. d /; o Zf y n k f j s i kb w K

B kb d ' j ZE e o B t k; s / f J j B K e d h ; 'f u n k s Ze B j hA. ” fJ j ; z; ko

n s / g qt ko ; G S b kt k j ?“ f J j B K d k g qu ko ; h. “ n p d [y n r b /

i Bw ; [y ” d / ; p i p kr f t y kJ / i k o j / ; B . ; fs r [o { i h B /v ze /d h u 'NB kb r Zi e / n ?b kB e o f d Zs k, g qG{ g qkg s h t k; s / x o g qt ko f s n kr e /

i zr b K f t u GN e D d h I o {o s B j hA j ?. ; r 'An kg D/ f j Z; / d hn K ; G

f i zw /t ko hn K g qt ko f t u o f j zf d n K fB GkJ hn K i kD, g o w /P o ƒ u /s /

o Zf y n k i kt /. p [o kJ hn K s 'Ap f u n k i kt /. y /s h B "e o h f ; g kj hr ho h B /e

B hn s B kb e 'J h e zw e o ' g qt kB j ?. p ; x o p ?fmn K j h t kf j r [o { i hd h g qkg s h j ' i kt /r h. fJ j n ; b Xo w j ?, fe s /p kj o GNe D d h I o {o s

B j hA.

BkBe ; fs r [fo G/fNn ?g {o h j 't ?i [r fs ]

j ; zfd n Ky /b zfd n Kg ?Bzfd n Ky kt zfd n Kft u /j 't ?w[e f s ] ( 5 2 2 )

i ht B p s hs e o f d n K p j [s ; ko / T [s o k u V kn n kT [Ad / j B .

e w I 'o w kB f ; e p D s o t kb / f t n e s h s K j 'o Gh t X v o g 'e j [zd / j B .

u kb ke f p o s h t kb h ; q/Dh B /, wB [Zy d h f J ; e wI 'o h d k p /n zs b kj k

y ZfNn k. T [; d / n Zr / fJ e g k; / ; t o r d / ; [g B w J h fu s o g /P e hs / r J /,

s / d {i / p zB / B o e d h f Gn kB e s k o Zy h r J h. p qkj D B / n kg D/ n kg ƒ

p qj wk d / w{zj s 'Ag ?d k j 'f J n k d Z; e /, ; G s 'AT [Zu k x 'fP s e o fd Zs k. s /

f c o o Zp s e g j [zu f J ; / “ o Zp d / ft u 'b /” o kj hAj h ; zGt ; h. f t u 'b /d h y [P h j k; b e o B t k; s /, T [; ƒ o [g ?; 'B k n B ki i w hB s / n kg Dhn K

p /N hn K s e d kB ( < ) e hs hn K i k o j hn K ; B . f J ; i B w f t u i ' Gh

d kB e o 'r /, n r b / i B w f t u j i ko K r [Dk g qkg s j 't /r k. n kg Dh f J e

b V e h d kB e o 'r /, s / fJ zd o d / n y kV / d hn K j I ko K ; z[d o n "o s K g qkg s

j 'Dr hn K. f J j ; ko k e [M ; [o r f t u j h fw b /r k. i / fJ ; s o QK d / d kB



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g [zB B j hAe o 'r / s K j I ko K i B wk s e B o e K f t u d [y G'r D b J h ; [ZN /

i kT [r /. f J ; / g o Gkt n X hB b 'e h n kg Dhn K fB Ze hn Kw k; {w p kb V hn K,

d kB d / o {g f t u f J j B K t f j P h b 'e K ƒ ; "Ag f d zd / ; B . s / T [j d f o zd /

fJ j B Kw k; {w e b hn Kƒ w ; b fd zd / ; B , fI zd r h p o p kd e o fd zd / ; B .

wzd o Kf t u fJ ; o hs d h o f j zd y {z j d n Zi Gh b [e t /AY zr B kb g qu b s j ?.

i /e 'J h d [fy n ko k j ?, r qhp j ?, fp wko j ?, s Kfg Sb / i BwKd /g kg K

e ko B j ?. i / e 'J h n who j ?, XB g d ko E j B, s / T [j fg S b / i Bw

ft u e hs / d kB e ko B j ?. f J ; / b J h d kB g [zB d / Go w i kb f t u

c ; e /, n g D k ; G e [M “ p Bko ; d / mZr K” j t kb / e o fd n Ke o d /; B . e [M e /; Kf t u s Kn g Dk ; G e [M b [Nk e /e KP h f t y /, X o w d /

BKs / ; t o r d /b kb u f t u n kg D /n kg ƒ e o t Zs o ( n ko k) Bkb

fu o t k b ?Ad /; B. n b kj kp kd ft y /p ' j V s 'Afv Zr e /i kB r t k b ?Dh,

s /r zr k Bd h ft u v [Zp wo B ƒ , t Zv k g [zB fe j k f r n k. ; f s r [o { ; Zu /

g ks P kj i h B /, Bo e d k v o s / ; t o r d k b kb u w {b 'Aj h o Zd e o fd Zs /.; [o r p k; [ B p kS hn ?, v o hn ?B Bo f e f Bt k; [. .

j 'Bk j ?; ' j 'J h j ?, wBf j B e hi ?n k; . . ( 3 3 7 )

e t B[B o e [ fe n k ; [o r [ fp u ko k, ; zs B d 'T [o kd /. .

j w e kj {e h e kfD B e Y s / n g B/ r [o g o ; kd /. . ( 9 6 9 )

B k ; [o r d k b kb u , s /B k B o e d k v o o f j D fd Zs k. i / p [o / e zw

e o 'r / s K e 'J h s [j kƒ p u k B j hA; e /r k, u zr / e zw e o 'r / s K e 'J h s [j kv k

B [e ; kB B j hAe o ; e /r k. B kw i g Dk f e o s e o B h t zv S e Dk s / g qG{

ƒ ; d k u /s / o Zy Dk. n f i j / y s o B ke n s / p j [s j h t Zv / Go w i kb f t u 'A,

; w ki ƒ w [e s e o f d Zs k. j i ko p ko B w; e ko j ?n f i j / w j kB p kp k

i h ƒ .

n zX e {g wfj d hg e [p fb U r [fo fo d ?e hU g o r k; k]e j [Bkb e d o ; [g /fy ; [y [g kfJ n k ; G g {o B j 'J h n k; k( 1 2 1 2 )

U g o / p 'b K B kb Gkt /An B /e f t n e s h e f j d /Ad / j B fe n ; hA

o Zp h o I k f t u o ki h o f j zd / j K, g o n f i j k B j hA j ?. p j [ f r Ds h

f J B ; kB o 'w K d h p /n d p h e o d / j B . e h f J j o Zp d h o i k d h g o s Zy

T [b zx Dk B j hAj ?< e o s ko B /e [d o s ƒ p j [s ; [zd o p DkfJ n k j ?. wB [Zy



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n s / n "o s K Gh g o w /; o B / n s h ; [zd o p DkJ / j B . b /f e B wB Z[y ƒ

n kg Dh n e b s / e [M/ f I n kd k j h w kD j ' f r n k. f J ; / b J h j 'o ; 'j Dk

p DB b J h ( o 'wK) d kV h e /; Kd h p /n d p h e o d k j ?. d kV h e /; Kt kb / ; o {g

d h f J e n kg D h f B o w b f d Zy j ?, B {o kB h g o Gkt j ?. ; d k s 'Aj h X o w h

w j Kg [o y d kV h e /; K d h ; zGkb e o d / n kJ / j B . f e T [Afe T [j ; j h

w kf j fB n K f t u o Zp h o I k f t u o ki h ; B . ; ko / Gr s ; kf j p kB , d ; /

g kfs P kj hn K, ; kp s ; {o s ft u ; B . ; f s r [o {B kB e ; kf j p s 'Ab ?e / ; d k

s 'A f ; Zy , r [o { j [e w K w [s kp e d kV h e /; K d h ; zGkb e o d / o j /. d ; w

g ks P kj j i {o B /, d kV h e /; Kƒ B [e ; kB g ku kT [D t kb / f ; Zy ƒ f; Zy h f t u 'Ay ko i e o f d Zs k. n "o s t kf j r [o { t b 'Ap y ; / ; o {g f t u j h ; 'j Dh b r d h

j ?. i / e 'J h w B u b h n "o s B e b h d kj V h e /; fu j o / B kb fu g e k b t /, s K

e h T [; ƒ e 'J h u zr h n ky /r k < ; r 'A; kfo n Kd / wi ke d h g ks o p D/r h.

f J ; / s o QK w B [Zy d kV h e /; e N t ke /, n "o s p DB d k B ke kw i s B e o

fo j k j ?. f J ; s o QKe o B B kb T [j n "o s p D B j hA; e /r k, s / g [o ; o f jB j hA; e /r k. f J ; / ; [zd o ; o {g ƒ ; f s r [o { i h B / wkD t f v n kJ h p y P h

; h.

y {p [s /o h g r o h whm/s /o /p 'b [. . ( 7 2 7 )

“ ; kp s ; {o s d ; s ko f; o k] ” ( 1 0 8 4 )

j o f J B ; kB fe ; / B k f e ; / p zX B f t u p ZfMn k j 'f J n k j ?. n kg /

; j /V h e ?d e ZN fo j k j ?. t kf j r [o { i h d k B kw i g D t k; s /, w B [Zy k ; o ho

g qkg s j 'f J n k ; h. fJ ; d k t X hn k c kfJ d k B k T [mke /w B[Zy p zX B k d hn K

p /V hn K ft u p ZM f r n k. f i ; f e ; / s 'Aw [e s j 'D d k Y zr g [ZfS n k, T [; B /

; r 'Aj 'o p zX B k f t u i e V f d Zs k, e [o kj / g k f d Zs k. “ s /o / e hs / d k c b

j ?, ; i k G"r Dh g t /r h. d kB e o ' s ho EKs / i kT [” n kfd . g o p zX B k

s 'Aw B [Zy ƒ w [e s h B k fw b h. ; d hn Ks 'Aw B [Zy s k d h X o w d / B kw s /b [ZNI o {o j [zd h n k o j h j ?. g ?o K E Zb / f b s kV / n y "s h ; {d o K B / f e ; / d k e h

f t r kfV n k j ?< f i B K ƒ j I ko K ; kb K s 'Aw[e s h B j hAfw b h. p d B ; hp h

G[Zy w o h n s / i j kb s B / T [j B K d k f g ZS k B j hAS Zf v n k. n "o s , w B [Zy d h

w K G?D g s B h n s / X h j ?. w o d d h p o kp o d k n ZX j 'D d / p kt i {d Gh,

T [; ƒ g {o k ; B w kB B j hAf w fb n k < T [; B / fe ; / d k e h f t r kfV n k ; h <



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T [; ƒ f e s B / i B w k s Ze f J ; / s o QK B o e h i ht B fp s kT [Dk g t /r k <

; [e o kB k j ?n e kb g [o y i h d k f i B QKfe o g k e o e /w B[y w ks o ƒ f I zd r h

d h ; j h ; 'Mh d /D t k; s / ; f s r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h ƒ X o s h s / G/f i n k.

T [j B Kn ke / i ht B w [e s d k g km g V kfJ n k, M{m/ b kfo n Ks / ft P t k; B k

e o B d h s ke hd e o f d s h.

; ' w[e s k ; z; kfo f i r [o T [g d /f ; n k]

fs ; e h r J h p b kfJ fwN/ n zd /f ; n k]

fs ; e k d o ; B[ d /fy i r s [ fBj b [ j 'fJ ]

i B e ?; zf r fBj kb [g kg Kw?b [X 'f J ]fi ; [x fN t f; n k BkT [fs ; [p zXBk e kNhn ?]

r [o g q; kfd fe B/ft o b ?j fo XB[y kNhn ?] ( 5 1 9 )

n s / ^

w[e s / ; /t /w [e s k j 't ?] j T [w?wws k ; p d /y 't ?] ( 1 1 6 )

ft fu d [Bhn k ; /t e wkJ hn ?] s k d o r j p ?; D[g kJ hn ?] ( 2 6 )f J ; g f t Zs o p u B d [n ko k ; f s r [o { i h f p B k f e ; / y [d r o i h s 'A

; /t k e o B d h j d kf J s e o o j / j B . ; /t k fp B k f t e s o / s 'Aj o b 'V t zd

g qkDh w ks o d h. ; ko / i ht K f t u f B o ze ko d k t k; k j ?, f J ; b J h o Zp h

B d o d / g ks o p DB t k; s / ; /t k d k o ; s k ; G s 'AT [s w j ?. f J ; B kb

; o ho f o P N g [P N j [zd k j ?. j T [w ?x N d h j ?, w B g f t Zs o s k t b t X D

b r g ?Ad k j ?. f i B k d h ; /t k e hs h i k o j h j ?, T [j B K d hn K f g n ko

n ; h; Kg qkg s j [zd hn Kj B . fJ ; y /s o f t u ; u / ; f s r [o { i h B /y [d g {o B /

g kJ /. X o w g qu ko o kj h d /; f t d /; f t u G[Zb / GN e / b 'e K ƒ g o w /; o d /

o kj g kfJ n k. p [o kJ hn K f t e ko f s n kr e / B /e h d / o kj N 'f o n k. b zr o

d h ; /t k, e ho s B d h ; /t k, o 'r hn K fp w ko Kd h ; /t k. ; G s 'At Zv h ; /t k

; h r c b s d h Bhd f t u 'AT [mk p /fJ B; kc h f t o [ZX b VB d h f j zwsg ?d k e o d /Dh. mhe r b s ; Zu M{m Xo w n Xo w, i Bw wo B Bo e

; t o r HHHHH; ' j Dh f I zd r h f i T [D b J h j o s o QKd h ; 'Mh e o t k fd s h, s K

f e n "y / o kj s / N [o f d n K w B [Zy f E V e B k i kt /. fe ; / G[b / j 'J / ƒ o kj

g ke / wzf i b s / g [u k d /D k, f t e ko K d / j wfb n K s 'A; [o Zfy n s e o

d /Dk, t v /o h ; /t k j ?. fg s k ; fs r [o {i h B / f J j ; /t k e hs h j h B j hA, ; r 'A



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n kT [D t kb / ; w /Af t u n kg D/ T [FZs o n fX e ko hn Kƒ ; d k ; /t k i ko h o Zy D

d h s ke hd e o f d s h. i / e d h b 'V g J h s K r [o { ; kf j p B / ; d k j h x o

x kN , ; [Zy n ko kw g qt ko s / n kg Dk n kg k s Ze , w B [Zy s k d / Gb / f j Zs , b /y /

b k f d Zs k. f i ; ; /t k e hf s n K j ze ko g ?d k B k j 't /, f e ; / s / n f j ; kB B k

i s kfJ n k i kt /, T [ j ; /t k ; c b j ?T [FZs w j ?. f i ; ; f s r [o { i h B / fB Zi s 'A

T [mke / f t P kb f d qP N h t kb / p D k f d Zs k, B w ; e ko j ?T [; w j kB p kp k i h

ƒ . ; /t k e o B t kb k w zr d k e [M B j hA, g o n e kb g [o y n B zs p y f ; ; K

B kb M'b hn K Go fd zd k j ?.

o '; B e kj {; zfr e o j [ n kg B n kfg p hu kfo ] j 'fJ fB wkB k i fr o j j [ BkB e Bd o h g kfo ] ( 2 5 9 )

j o f J B ; kB fe ; / ; 'u f c e o f t u j ?, p V / Mw /b / j B , f d B d k

u ?B s /o ks Kd h B hAd T [FZv u [Ze h j ?. fJ ; f t n ke [b s k f t u P Ks h b ZGf d n K,

G[Zfb n k w B[Zy B fP n Kd k ; j ko k s e d k j ?. d [Zy K s 'AS [Ne ko k g kT [Ad k ; r 'A

t Zv h d b d b f t u X Z; d k u b k i Kd k j ?. B P k T [s o B s / g f j b K Bkb 'At Xg q/P kB h n k x /o d h j ?. f J ; s o QK e [o kj / f g n k i ht , g f j b K g ?; k, f c o

f ; j s s / n zs f J Zi s n kp o {Gh r t k b ?Ad k j ?. B P k i K s /, i t kB h d k i K

f c o g qG{ d / B kw f ; w o D d k j h p j [s j [zd k j ?. s o ; n kT [Ad k j ?T [j B K

d h j kb s s /, i ' i [n kB h f t u B P / d k ; j ko k b Gd / j B . T [j e d h f e ; /

ƒ ; j ko k B j hAd / ; e Dr /. ; r 'Ae [M j h ; w /Ad / n zd o T [j B Kd h f I zd r h

o [b i Kd h j ?. n w b s Kg qP kd / d k j h e k| h j ?. B /e hn Ku zf r n kJ hn Kd k

p V k wkD j [zd k j ?. B f P n K f t u 'A e d h Gh y [P h B ; hp B j hA j [zd h.

i B w; ky h f t u c [o w kD j ?^

g '; s Gzr n c hw ; G T [s o i kfJ Go g ks .

Bkw y [wko h BkBe k u Vh o j /fd B o ks .

X zB t kd j ?; f s r [o { i h d k f i B K j o f t e ko s 'Aj ZE d /e / p u kfb n k.

“ fJ s [ wd [ g hs ?BkBe k p j [s / y Nhn fj fp e ko ] ” ( 5 5 4 )

d [o wfs i ' g ht s / fp y b h g fs e wb h. .

o kw o ; kfJ fD i ' o s / BkBe ; u n wb h. . ( 3 9 9 )

r [o f ; Zy h B / ; f s r [o {B kB e ; kf j p i h d /x o i B w fb n k. fg s k



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r [o { i h s 'Ar [o p kDh o {g h b 'o hn Kr hs ( r [o p kDh) f ; Zy /, T [Ar b c V e / fB Ze /

e d w K B kb f g s k i h d / f g ZS / N [o /. n Zm r [o { ; kf j p kB B / f J ; ƒ g o t kB

u V kT [D f j s n Df r Ds x kb Dk x kb hn K. d ; w g kf s P kj j i {o B / r [o

f ; Zy h ƒ f t e k; d h f ; y o b h u 'N h s / g [u k f d Zs k. f i t /Ai t kB j ' u [e / g [Zs o

ƒ f g s k ; ko hn k f i zw /t ko hn K : 'r i kD e / ; zGkb f d zd k j ?. c "i f t u

o zr o {N ƒ f ; g kj h d h t o d h d /D t e s , f ; Zf y n k g {o h j 'D s /, t c kd ko h

d h e ; w u [e t kJ h i Kd h j ?. f i t /Au [D/ r J /MLA MP ƒ n j [d k ; zGkb D

s 'Ag f j b Kj b c b ?Dk I o {o h j ?. fJ ; /s o QK; ko hn Kwj Zs t g {o B f I zw /t ko hn K

; "g D s 'Ag f j b K, d ; t /AB kB e i h B /, o f j s K fd qV e o t kJ hn K. r [o w fsd / ; ko / g Zy ; w Mke /, fJ j t u B f b n k f e u ko t Zv hn K r b s hn K ( p Zi o

e [o f j s K) B j hAe o B hn K. d kV Qh e /; K d h p /n d p h B j hAe o B h. s zp ke {

; w /s e 'J h B P k B j hAt o s Dk. j b kb i K e [Zmk w k; B j hAy kDk. g o s B

r kw h B j hA j 'Dk. i / e 'J h f ; Zy f J j B K t Zv hn K e [o f j s K f t u 'A, f J e

e [o f j s Gh e o d /t /, T [; ƒ r [o { e / g qt ko ( f ; Zy h w zv b ) f t u 'A y ko iw zf B n k i kt /r k. f J j w /o k j [e w j ?, ; f s r [o { i h B / u zr h s o QK j d kf J s

e o fd Zs h. fJ j B Kp u B k d h f ; Zy KB / i hn i kB Bkb g kb Dk e hs h. f ; Zy

i zr K i [X K d / fGn kB e ; w /A f t u Gh, g kg e o w e o B ' p u / o j /, s /

; c b s kt K f J j B K d / e d w u [zw d hn K o j hn K. n Zi d / i w kB / f t u J /v I

t o r h B kw [o kd fp wko h, “ g o s B r kwhn K” ƒ r kb ; [Nd h j ?. f J j B K

w ko { o 'r K s 'Ae /t b o f j s t kB r [o { e k f ; Zy j h p fu n k o f j ; e d k j ?.

B P / n s h w ko { j B , ; w ki ƒ n zd o / n zd o y k o j / j B . j b kb w k; d k

; p zX ; t ?w kD B kb j ?. f ; Zy d h n kg Dh n kI kd j ; s h j ?, f J ; B / fe ; /

d k p /b 'V k d p kT [ g qt kB B j hAe o B k. i [b w ƒ mZb g kT [D t k; s / f ; Zy

fe o g kB I o {o o y /r k. f J j B Ke hs / e T [b e o ko K e ko B , ; f s r [o { i h d /

fB o w b G?f t u o f j zf d n K, f; Zy f t e ko K d hn Ky Zv Kf t u r o e j 'D' ; d kt k; s / w f j c {i j ' r J /. f J j B K f B n w k n s / ; 'j Dh d ; s ko ; i h j 'D

e o e / f ; Zy b Zy K f t u g S kf Dn k s K i Kd k j h j ?, ; z[d o s k f t u Y /o ; ko k

t kX k Gh j [zd k j ?.

“ y kb ; k w/o ' o {g j ?y k; ]

y kb ; /wf j j T [e o T [AfBt k; ] ” ( ; o p b ' j )



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f ; Zy ; d k j h d [Zy ; Z[y ; w /Ao Zp h o i k f t u o ki h o f j zd / j B . g o

B kb j h T [Zd w Gh f ; Zy e o d k j ?. f J ; ƒ i kd { w zs o K, r ?p h P e s hn K s /

e 'J h f t P t k; B j hA, f J j n e kb g [o y s / Go '; k o Zy e / f w j B s e o d k

j ?. ; f s r [o { i h d / f r n kB n s / ; o ho e s ke s o kj h, ; ko / d [y K d k B k;

s / ; [Zy Kd h g qkg s h e o d k j ?. f J ; d /; d h f J j t Zv h p d fe ; w s h o j h j ?

fe f J E / f t j b V Kb [N/fo n Kd k ; B wkB e hs k i Kd k j ?, e kfw n Kfe o s hn K

d k n kg w kB . f J ; / b J h j ZE hAfw j B s e o B d h o [u h j h y s w j ' r J h.

fe ; ws d h n k; b kJ h o Zy Dh, i k fe ; /r ?p h P e s h t b 'An u B u /s h

; ZG e [ZM f w b i kD d / ; [g B / b ?D/, ; f s r [o { i h ƒ w zi {o B j hAj B . ; f s r [o {i h y [d ; t /o / i b d h i kr d /, f J ; B kB e o , B kw f t u i [V d /, ; zr s h o {g

f t u e ho s B e E k e o d /. T [g d /P j [zd k, y /s K f t u e zw e o d /, b zr o

fs n ko e o t kT [Ad /, fJ ; / f t X h B kb ; ko / ; /t e f; Zy Gh ; w Kb /y / b kT [Ad /.

d ; w B kB e j i {o s Ze f t e k; e o d /, w zi b K s ?j e o d /, f ; Zy “ ; zs n s /

f ; g kj h” p D u [Ze / ; B . ; f s r [o { i h d h ; o ho e w "i {d r h f t u s K; | b s kt K j k; b e hs hn K j h ; B , T [j B K d / i 's h i 's ; w kT [D s 'Ap kd ,

f ; o K s / y Zc D p zB e /, ; " ; kb s Ze i kb w K B kb b 'j k b ?Ad / o j /. n I kd h

fp B k T F[Zd w e hfs n KB j hAn kJ h. y /s h B "e o h d [e kB T [FZd w e o B s / j h

; c b j ' ; e d h j ?, f e ; / e o kw ks h P e s h B kb B j hA. n Zi b 'V j ?, f e

f j zw s e o e / r [o p kD h d k n o E K ; w /s g km n ko zG e o hJ /. n zf w qs S e D

s 'An kb ; B Ke o hJ /. X o w g qu ko e o B f t u f j Z; k g kJ hJ /. f J j ; w ki

s / ; z; ko T [Zd w d / p b p [s / j h ; 'j Dk j ?s / o j /r k. n kb ; h b 'e K B / e d h

; w ki d k e [ZM B j hA; zt kfo n k. T [Zd w h b 'e d /P d k w {zj w ZE k ; zt ko fd zd /

j B . f J ; / b J h f ; Zy w kJ h GkJ h B / T [FZd w P hb j 'Dk j ?. f J j f t X hn K

s o he / i ht B i ku , ; f s r [o {p kp k B kB e ; kf j p i h d h f e o g k B kb g qkg s

j 'J hn K j B .f r n kB [ fXn kB [ fe S [e o w[B i kDk, ; ko Bk i kDk s /o h]

; G s / t v k ; fs r [o [BkBe [, f i fB e b o ky h w/o h] ( 7 5 0 )

w?w{o y e h e /s e p ks j ?, e 'fN g o kXh s fo n k o /]

r [o[BkBe [fi B ; [fDn k g /fy n k, ; /fc fo r oGkf; B g fon k o /] ( 6 1 2 )



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“ fd B o ?fD ; G ; [j kt D /fg n ko /”

; f s r [o { ; kf j p kB i h d h P \ ; hn s ƒ n B /e p ko B w ; e ko j ?,

f i B QKn fs n zs g S V / j 'J /w ZX e kb hB ; w/Af t Zu , wB [Zy w ks o d h e kf J n k

e b g e o B b J h, B t hB f t Zu ko g qr N e hs /. i ' T [Zs w T [g d /P n Zi Gh

i w kB /d h i zr kb h ; 'u Bkb 'Ap /n zs n Zr / j B . T [ j B Kg [o ks B ; fw n Kf t Zu

fe zB / e [ b 'e K ƒ ; w M n kJ / j 'Dr / < i ' f J B ; kB hn s , n Zi Gh i V Qg {i k

ƒ j h X o w w zB h p ?mh j ?, s d 'Af J e fBo ze ko p ko / f d s / r J / f t Zu ko f e zB /

e [ b 'e K d / f d w kr f t Zu g J / j 'Dr / < f J f s j k; f t Zu T [x V t /AB Kt K t kb /

f ; Zy K d h i ht B P ?b h g V Qd / j K, s K T [j B K d h e o B h n Zr / f ; o M[e d k j ?.

fJ j w [y h f ; Zy T [ j b 'e ; B , f i B QKƒ ; u w [Zu j h ; f s r [o {i h t b 'Af s n ko

e hs h Gf t Zy d h o {g o /y k ; w M n k r J h ; h. f J j B K B / ; f s r [o { i h d /

j [e w s /, s B w B X B ; G e [M fB S kt o e o B d h mkD b J h ; h. f i B K

f I zd r h d / ; ko / ; [Zy n o kw f s n kr e /, w B [y s k d / p zX B e ZN D t k; s /,n kg Dk n kg k n o g D e hs k ; h. p j [s w kw {b h “ r J hn K r [i o hn K”

r Zb K f t Zu i / T [j T [b M i Kd /, s K e h ; kv k e [M ; zt o ; e d k ; h < ; r 'A

n Zi d k f ; Zy ; w ki T [j B Kd h e hs h “ e wkJ h” j h y k f o j k j ?. n Zi d /

f t f r n kB e i [Zr f t Zu , f ; Zy w kJ h ( f t o f b n Kƒ S Zv e /) GkJ h, n Df r Ds

p zX B k Go w K f t Zu r q; s j ?. f i B K c i {b e zw k s 'A r [o p kDh B / ; g P N

o 'f e n k j 'f J n k j ?, T [j h w B w s h e zw , f ; Zy n y t kT [D t kb / e o h i k o j /

j B . f i B QKo hs Ko ; w Kd k e 'J h f t f r n kB e n kX ko B j hAj ?. f i B QKg {i k

f t X hn Kd h r [o p kD h f t Zu e 'J h w kB s k B j hAj ?. f i j V / e zw f I zd r h f t Zu

f e s / b kG B j hAg [u k ; e d /. T [j h e zw n Zy K s / n f r n kB s k d h g ZN h p zB

e /, f ; Zy w kJ h GkJ h e o h i k o j / j B . g ky zv e o w t kb / w ; b / p j [s j B ,

g o fJ ; fb y s f t Zu e /t b “ ; zr qKd ” d h n ; b hn s g kme K; B w [Zy o Zy h

i kt /r h.

“ ; zr qKd ” n ; b f t Zu ; z; f e qs d / P p d “ ; ke qKs h” s 'Ap d b e /

p fDn k j ?. f J ; d k n Zy o hAn o E j ?fe “ f p e o w h ; zw s d / j o w j hB /

d h g f j b h s o he ƒ , ; {o i n kg Dk o kj p d b e /, g f j b K y s w j 'J / w j hB /

t kb / o kj s 'A, B t /Aw j hB / t kb / o kj s /, u Zb D k P [o { e o f d zd k j ?. f J ; d k



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w s b p f e ; {o i b J h ; ko h T [w o ( i ' y o p K ; kb j ?) f J j B Kp ko K ( 12 )

o kj K s / u Zb Dk j h I o {o h j ?. f p e o w h ; zw s p D/ ƒ 2 0 6 6 e [ ; kb j 'J /

j B . r q /r /o hn B e b zv o p D/ ƒ 2 0 0 7 ; kb j ' r J /. f J ; / s o QKw [; b w kB K

d k f j I o h ; B , T [; s ko hy h x N B k B kb ; p zX s j ?, i d 'Aw [j zw d ; kf j p

n s / T [j B K d / ; kE hn K ƒ , w Ze k S v e / w d hB / i ke / f B t k; e o B k f g n k

; h. r b e h f p e o w h ; zw s , ; ke k ; zw s , J h; kJ hn K t kb k J h; t h,

e b zv o , w [; b w kB K t kb k f j I o h ; kb , s / j [D f ; Zy K d k “ B kB e P kj h

e b zv o ” . Gb k ; 'u ' e h f J j B K; ko / b 'e Kd /p DkJ /e b zv o K d hn Ks o he K

n kg ; f t Zu fw b d hn Kj B < i h B j hAfJ j B Kd k n kg ; f t Zu p j [s c o es / w s G /d j ?. n zr q /I h w j hB /d h g f j b h s o he ƒ T [j B Kd h “ ; zr qKd ” n k

r J h. f j I o h t kb h w [; b w kB Kd h g f j b h s o he fe ; / j 'o B kb w /b B j hA

y Kd h. f p e o w h, ; ke k, ; zw s , n s / B kB e P kj h e b zv o d h g f j b h

s o he n kg ; f t Zu B j hAf w b d h. j [D ; 'u e / f j ; kp b kT [ fe ; {o i

fe ; d k e f j Dk wzB/r k < fe T [Afe ; kfo n K d hn K “ ; zr qKd K” f J e 's o he ƒ Bj hAn kT [Ad hn K. f t u ko k “ n D g V ” ; {o i fe ; d h r Zb

wzB/< ; {o i B/s Kj o wj hB/d h fJ e s o he ƒ n g D k o kj p d b D k

j [zd k j ?. T [ j f t Zu ko k fJ e ƒ y [P s /pke hn Kƒ Bko ki fe T [Ae o /r k

< f j zd {n K, w [; b w kB K, f J ; kJ hn K i K fc o f ; Zy K d h f t X h w [s kp e u b /

r k< g o : kd o y ' X o s h T [s / g qu b s g V kJ h f b y kJ h i K f j ; kp f e s kp

X o s h d / b 'e K d h n kg D h I o {o s j ?. f J j B K B / ; f e zN , f w zN , x zN /, f d B

o ks , w j hB /, ; kb s / ; d hn K, n kg D/b J h p DkJ hn Kj B , ; {o i ƒ fJ j B K

d h e 'J h b 'V B j hA; h. f J j “ ; {o i w j ko ki ” X o s h d / b 'e K s / g [ZS e /

g qr N B j hAj [zd k. fe GkJ h f ; Zy ' s [; hAd Z; ' s [j kv h “ ; zr qKd ” e d 'Aj ?, s K

fe w ?AT [; f d B n g Dk o kj p d b b t K. T [j s K p ; u b d k i k f o j k j ?,

f J e p ZMt /AfB n w f t Zu e o 'V K n o p K ; kb K s 'A, fB o fp x B . T [j E kt KGh f J ; / X o s h s / w "i {d j B , f i ZE / S / S / w j hB / ; {o i f t y kJ h j h B j hA

f d zd k. T [j B K d h ; zr qKd d k e h g qp zX e o hJ / Gb K < B kb / ; kv / f J E / f d B

j ?, X o s h d / d {; o /g k; /, n w qhe k e ?B /v k f t Zu o ks j ?. j o d /P d k N kJ hw

n Zr / fg ZS / j ?. ; {o i s K n g Dk e zw e o f o j k j ?, T [; ƒ ; kv / p DkJ / fd B K

w j hfB n KB kb e 'J h ; o 'e ko B j hAj ?. X o s h ; {o i s ko / ; G t kf j r [o {i h



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d / p DkJ / j [e w f t Zu e ko e w k o j / j B . r [o { c [o w kB g V Q' ^

w[e kw fs ; B' n ky hn ?fi ; f ; f ; B j 't h b /y ]

n ; wkB[Xo s h u b ; h w[e kw[T [j h J /e []

fd B o ft u b ?, fBf; ; f; u b ?, s kfo e k b y g b 'fJ ]

w[e kw T [ j hJ /e j ?BkBe k ; u [p [r 'fJ ] ( 6 4)

wj hf B n K d / B kw w B [Zy K B / o Zy / j B , o Zp B / B j hAo Zy /. f d B K d /

B kw wB [y KB / x V / j B , g qw ks w k B / f e ; / f d B d k B kw e o B B j hAe hs k.

u zr /wzd /fd BKd k r V p V x 'Nkb k g [i ko hn KB/y V Qk e hs k j ?, g qwks wk

B/; ko / fd B fJ e ' f i j /p DkJ /j B. fe T [Afe u zr /wzd /fd BKwj hfBn Kd /Go w y V/e o e /, g [i ko h u zr h “ u Kd h” p D b ?Ad / j B. n kw b 'e h

g [i ko hn K ( f J j B K f t Zu f; Zy f j zd [ w[; b wkB ; ko / j h) d / g qu ko

e ko B n g Dk ; G e [ZM b [NkJ h i Kd /j B. fe T [Afe fJ j g [i ko h “ wkV/

fr q j Kd k Gko ” T [s ko B d /p j kB/u zr h w'Nh e wkJ h i [e o b ?Ad / j B.

p ke hn K d k f c e o S Zv e / n kT [ n kg K f ; Zy X o w ƒ w zB D t kfb n K p ko /f t u ko e o hJ /. r [o p kDh f e ; / f d B w j hB / i K t e s ƒ u zr k w zd k B j hA

w zB d h. e ; t ZN h p V h b k i [n kp o Zy h j ?; f s r [o { i h B /. g V ' c [o w kB ^

XzB[; [t /b k x Vh XzB[, XzB[w{o s [g b ; ko []

XzB[ ; [ fd B; [ ; zi 'r Vk fi s [ fv mk r [o d ko ; ko [] ( 9 5 8 )

n o E L T [j t /b k, T [j x V h ( N kJ hw d k f J e S 'N k f j Z; k) , T [j

w j {o s , s / g b ( n Zy Mg e D f i zB k ; w K) ; ko / j h X zB s k : 'r j B . T [j

fd B p j [s ; zi 'r t kb k u zr k j ?, i d 'A; fs r [o {d h f ; fy n k b ?e / ; w K; c b k

e o hJ /.

n kw s "o s / r [o { x o K f t Zu w Zf ; n k g [zfB n k, d ; t hAfJ e kd ; h

n s / ; zr qKd , “ t Zv / T [s P kj ” B kb w B kJ hn K i kd hn K j B . w B kT [D s 'A

Gkt j ?f e r 'b e f t Zu wkf J n k f e zBh e [g ?Ad h j ?. r [o p kDh d h f ; Zf y n k,fJ fs j k; d k f r n kB , o f j s d h g qg Ze s k, f t e ko K i KB fP n Ks 'AS [Ne ko k,

f e ; / d k j 'f J n k j ?f e B j hA, e d h B j hA; 'f u n k i Kd k. f J j h j 'e k f d Zs k

i Kd k j ?, “ ; kX ; zr s i h n kT [, d /r Ke o ke /r [o {e hn Ky [; hn Kj k; b

e o 'HHHH. ” i d 'A r [o p kDh ; w M e / g V Qd / j K, s d 'A g s k b r d k j ? f e

; d hn K s 'Au b h n k o j h p j [ g o s h b [ZN ƒ ; f s r [o { i h B / p V h p /p ke h



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B kb , p /g V d e hs k j ?. g [i ko hn K d / e o {g f u j o / s / d [P N e o w i zs k d /

; kj w D/ B zr / e hs / j B . i 'f s P N /t k, i B w e [zv b h y Zp k ; Zi k, X kr k s t hs

j E "b k, ; f s r [o { i h B /g o / t r kj w ko /. f ; Zy K ƒ e /t b f J e fB o ze ko d k

f B o w b G?, w B f t Zu X ko B d k j [e w e hs k f r n k j ?. g qw ks w k ƒ ; kv h

n o g D e hs h j 'J h, e 'J h u hI B j hAu kj hd h. fe T [Afe T [ j s Ky [d j h ; ko /

g d ko E K ƒ g ?d k e o B t kb k j ?. w B [Zy w zr s K o Zp ƒ e h d / ; e d k j ?<

; f s r [o { n w o d k; i h p V k ; z[d o T [g d /P e o d / j 'J / ; w MkT [Ad / j B ^

n kfd s t kfo n kfd g [o y j ?; 'J h] n kg /t o s ?n t o [B e 'J h]

; 'wt kfo ; fu o fj n k ; wkfJ ] fs ; e h e hws e j h B i kfJ ] HHwzr fb wkfJ n k w' j [T [g kfJ n k. . n kg /f; fo f; fo XzX?b kfJ n k. .

p [Xt kfo n kg /p [fX; ko [] r [o w[fy e o D h ; p d [t hu ko []

t ho t kfo ; G Go fw G[b kJ /] g q /s G{s ; fG d {i /b kJ /]

; [e qt kfo g qG[o f j n k ; wkJ h] n kfg T [g kfJ ; G e hwfs g kJ h]

S fBu o t kfo ; kT [D ; k; s p hu ko [] j T [w?w/o k Go w?; z; ko []( 8 4 1 )

n o E ^ n kf d s t kfo e h j ? < n kfd ( w [ZY ) s 'A s K e /t b

n e kb g [o y j h j ?. b 'e hAn ?s t ko ƒ o t ht ko Gh n ky d / B / “ o t h” d k

n o E j ?; {o i . i / o t ht ko ; {o i d k fd B j ?fc o p ke h fd B fe ; d / j B <

; f s r [o { ; w Mk o j / j B f e T [j f J Ze t kf j r [o { n kg / n kg j ?. T [; d /

p qkp o j 'o e 'J h B j hAj ?. ; 'w t ko u zd o w k d k f d B f w E fb n k f r n k.

; ; h w kf j B /u zd o w k. e J hn K j kb s K f t Zu : 'o g hB e b zv o s / fp e o w h

e b zv o t Zb 'A ; [MkJ / f d B w j hB / ; KM/ Gh fd ; d / j B . fw ; kb b J h ^

o t hO ; {o i , n ?s t ko , ; {o i d k f d B .

: 'o g hB ^ (Sunday) ; zv / ^ ; B O v /, Gkt ; {o i d k f d B .

; ; h u zd o w k, ; ; h s 'Aj h ; 'w p f Dn k j ?, Gkt u zd d k f d B .: 'o g hB ^ w zv / (Moon+Day) n o E j B u zd o w k d k f d B .

(Monday)

f J ; / s o QKp ke h f d B w j hB / Gh f e ; / d /t h d /t s / i K j 'o P e s hn K

B kb ; p zX s e hs / r J / j B . f J j B Kd k u zr / wzd / j 'Dk, X B g d ko E f J e Zm/

e o B t k; s / g [i ko hn K d k d [; N g qu ko j ?, T [AR ; ko / f d B , w j hB / u zr /



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j B . ; 'w t ko s d 'Au zr k j ?i / w B [Zy ; Zu d / w ko r s / u b d k j ?. T [;

e o s kg [o y d hn Kt fv n kJ hn Kd h E kj B j hAg kJ h i k ; e d h. wzr b t ko ^ i /

w kf J n k f t Zu v [Zp / o j / f c o w zr b f e t /Au zr k j 'f J n k < t kf j r [o { i h B /

n kg j h ; ko / i ht Kƒ X zfd n Kf t Zu b k fd Zs k j ?. p [ZX t ko ^ t kf j r [o { ; kv h

p [ZX h g qe kP e o / f r n kB d /t /. r [o w [y p D i kJ hJ /, P p d d h t hu ko e o e /

( r [o p kDh ; w Me /) T {u k i ht B p Dk b J hJ /. t ho t ko ^ fJ ; fd B ƒ u zr k

fe t /Aw zB hJ / i / w B [Zy Go w K ft Zu g ?fr n k < w B [Zy g q/s p [ZX h t kb k, G{s

p [ZX h t kb k p D f r n k. u kj hd k s KfJ j ; h fe fJ ; fd B g q /s p [ZX fs n kr

e / Go w K s 'Aw [e s j ' e / ; t ZS i ht B p s hs e o B k f ; Zy hJ /. ; [e o t ko ^f J ; f d B wB f t Zu f J j n f j ; k; j 't / f e t kf j r [o { j o i ht f t Zu

; w kf J n k j 'f J n k j ?. ; ko h e kf J B ks T [; / B / g ?d k e hs h j ?, s / n kg Dh

e hw s n kg j h i kDd k j ?. P fB u o t ko ^ f J ; fd B b 'e hA; 'fBe p qkj wD

d / fb y / r qzE t kb / g ky zv e o w e o d / j B . “ ; kT [D ; k; s ” , d k n o E j ?

; 'fB e d k f b f y n k P k; s o . ; B ht ko e h ; zt ko /r k, i d 'Afe ; ko / b 'e hA j T [w ?n s / w ?Aw /o h f t Zu r o e j 'J / g J / j B . ; ', j / GkJ h w ; b k f d B K

d / u zr / p [o / d k B j hAj ?. f d B o ks ; d hn K s 'Af J e ; ko j h u b / n k o j /

j B . wB [Zy B / u zr h wZs b ?e / f I zd r h n kg Dh ; [Xko Bh j ?.

; f s r [o { i h B / r [o p kDh f b y fd n K p V / Y zr s o he / t o s / j B .

f i t /Afe f I zd r h d / u ko f j Z; / t zv e /, w Zs d /D t k; s / “ g fj o /” p kDh f b y

fd Zs h. fc o d ; d ; ; kb d /d ; Gkr e o e / t Zy o /n zd kI B kb ; w MkfJ n k

j ?. f J ; d k f J j w s b p B j hAfe n ; hA“ g f j f o n K” n s / “ d j kf e n K”

d / g [i ko h p D i kJ hJ /. f J ; / s o QK “ r T [V h f E zs h” p kD h f t Zu J /e w d {i

s hi t kb hn K f E s K” ( s o he K) f r Dfd n K r [o w s ; w MkJ h r J h j ?.

; f s r [o { i h B /s K“ t ko ; s ” f ; o b /y n X hB Gh p kDh T [u ko B e hs h j ?,

f i ; d h t hu ko T [g o n k u [Ze h j ?. n k; k o kr f t Zu r [o { B kB e ; kf j pn s / r [o { n w o d k; ; kf j p i h d hn K “ g Nhn K” f b y hn K j 'J hn K j B .

Gkt r [o w [y h d / n Zy o e o w n B [; ko f J Ze f J Ze n Zy o ƒ ; B w [y o Zy e /

Gh ; f s r [o { i h B /T [g d /P fb y / j B . j ?e 'J h n f i j k f ; Zy i ' p Zu / ƒ ; e {b

G/i D t kb / g f j b / fd B , f J ; p kDh d k g km e o / ; [D/ < ; z; f e qs f b g h s /

n X ko s “ p kt B n y o h” p kDh Gh r [o { r qzE ; kf j p f t Zu w "i {d j ?. f J ;



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f t Zu Gh r [o w s t kb / T [FZs w T [g d /P j h j B . f J ; s 'Ap kd n k i Kd h j ?

r Zb “ p ko KwKj ” d h. p ko K wKj f ; o b /y n X hB s [y ko h o kr f t Zu f J Ze

g kt B p kD h r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h d h T [u ko h j 'J h j ?. d {i k p ko K w Kj

g zu w r [o d /t i h d k r T [V h o kr , g zBk 133 s / ; [Gkf J wkB j ?. r [o {BkBe

; kf j p t kb k p ko K wkj Kn "y h p 'b h f t Zu j ?. f J ; / b J h T [j r [o d t kfo n K

f t Zu g V Qh B j hA i Kd h g qu b s B j hA j 'J h. r [o { n o i B ; kf j p i h d k

T [u ko B e hs k p ko Kwkj ; "y h p 'b h f t Zu j ?fJ ; / b J h fJ j g qu b s j ' f r n k

j ?. f I n kd k ; h g [i ko h f e ; w d / b 'e K d h n kg Dh fB Zi h b kb ; k. ” ; kX

; zr s i h fJ e s o he ƒ r [o {x o n ke /d /r Ke o kT [. j ki o h b r kU ,wj hB/ d k P [ZG Bkw ; [D ', ; ko k wj hBk y [P hn KGfo n k p hs /r k. j o

; zr qKd s 'Ad ' u ko f d B g f j b K ; g he o K s 'A, e zB g kV t hn K n kt kI K o kj hA

; [DkJ h fd zd k j ?. r [o ws T [g d /; s K e d / d k G[Zb u Z[fe n k j ?.

f J ; Go w i kb ƒ s ko s ko e o B b J h r [o w [y f g n ko /, T [FZu

e 'N h d / ft d t kB , GkJ h r [o d k; i h p V k ; [zd o f t u ko d /e / ; wMkT [Ad / j B ^; T [D ; r B t hu ko B /, BT [fr qj “ p ko Ko kf; ” f t u ko k]

e kwD ^ N{D/n T [; hn K, e D; 'J h g k; ko g ; ko k]

r d j [e [s / fp b hn KfJ b wb kb h f r d V Sko k]

B kfo g [o y g kD h n r fB, fS e g d f j v e h t o s ko k]

“ fE fs t ko ” Gd o k Go w, fd ; k ; {b ; j ; k ; z; ko k]

t b Sb e fo ft ; t k; b y p j [u [y h fe T [o t ?Gs ko k]

“ r [o w[fy ; [y c b [g ko T [s ko k] ” ( 5 $8 )

n o E ^ e [M n f r n kB h b 'e P r B n g P r B d h f t u ko e o d /

j B . B T [ f r qj K d h u kb p ko / n zd ki / b kT [Ad / j B . “ p ko K o k; hn K f t Zu

f t P t k; o Zy d / j B . ” p ko K o kP hn Kl f J e i d 'A; {o i f J Ze o kj s 'Ad /; h

w j hB / d h g f j b h s o he ƒ d {i / o kj f t Zu g qt /P e o d k j ?. d {i hl w B [Zy Kd / Bkt Kƒ p ko Ko kP hn Kf t Zu t zv e /, f s B QK p ko / n zd kI / b kT [D/. f J j ; G'

n zd kI / n f r n kB s k f t Zu g J / Go w G[b /y / j B . e [M B k ; w M n "o s K g s h

ƒ t ; f t Zu e o B b J h N {D/ e o d hn K j B . e [ZM j t k f t Zu 'Ag ; { g zS hn K

d hn K n t kI K d h e zB P 'j b ?Ad hn K j B . f e ; / b J h y 's k j hr DK p [o k j ?.

f e ; / b J h e [Zs / d k o 'Dk y s o B ke j ?. f J ; / s o QK f J Zb K w b kb hn K ƒ Gh



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f t Zu o Zp t b 'Ae hs h r J h “ } b s h” g [i ko h ; [Xko f o j k j ?. g [i ko h o Zp

j h B j hAp f Dn k, ; r 'Ao Zp Bkb 'AGh s ke s t o j 'D d k Y 'b t i k f o j k

j ?. ; f s r [o { i h s K ; g P N ; w Mk o j / j B ^

wkj k o {s h ; G s {x Vh w{o s t hu ko k]

s {zr Ds ?fe B / B g kfJ U ; u / n b y n Xko k] ( 14 0)

n o E j / fe o g k fB X kB , w j hB /, o [Zs K, f d B s /w j {o s ; G s /o /

f B n w e kƒ B f t Zu p D/ j 'J / j B . w {o y f J B ; kB f r Ds hn K f w Ds hn K

B kb i ht B ; c b k e o B k u kj [zd k j ?. i ' f e B j hAj ' ; e /r k.

; fs e ko : 'r Gr s e p ho i h p V k ; [zd o T [g d /P d /o j / j B . n kT [g V 'Q

n kfd s e o ?Gr fs n ko zG] e kfJ n k wzd o wB; k EzG]

; 'wt kfo ; f ; n zfwqs [ Mo ?] u ky s p /f r ; r b fp y [ j o ?]

wzr b t ko /b /wkj hs ] g zu u 'o e h i kD?o hfs ]

p [fXt kfo p [fX e o ?g qr k; ] fj o d ?e wb wfj j fo e k p k; ]fp qfj ; g fs fp fy n k d /fJ p j kfJ ] s hfB d /t J /e ; zfr b kfJ ]

; [fe qs [ ; j ko ?; [fJ j p qfs u V?] n Bfd B[n kfg n kfg f; T [ b V?]

Ekt o fEo e fo o ky ?; 'fJ ] i 'fs d ht Nh x N wfj j 'fJ ] ( 344)

n o E Gkt ^ n ?s t ko ƒ ( S [ZNh B j hA e o B h) g qG{ d h f ; c s

; b kj , B /e o kj s / u Zb D b J h g f j b k e d w , P [o {e o f d U . n kg Dh fJ ;

d /j h ƒ X o w w zd o p Dk b U , fN e / j 'J / w B d hn K fJ ; ; o ho w zd o f t Zu

E zw hn K( fg Zb o ) b k fd U . ; 'w t ko u zd o w k d k ; hs b fd B j ?. fJ ; fd B

s [; hAn zf wqs B kw d / r Nke g hU . i d 'AB kw n zf wqs g hT [r / s [o zs ; ko /

f t e ko B Z; i kDr /. w zr b t ko ƒ s e V / j ' e / j zGb k w ko /. i ' “ g zu

u 'o K” B / n zd o w i p {s fe b k p Dk fb n k j ?, T [; fe b / s / e kp i j ' i kT [.

f J j B K g zi f t e ko K t Zb 'Ae hs / i k o j / B [e ; kB ƒ ; w M'. p [ZX t ko ƒ p [ZX hn e b f r n kB j k; b e o '. Gkt f r n kB t kB , r [Dt kB p De / ; 'j Dh

f I zd r h p s hs e o '. f j o d / o {g h e w b f t Zu ; d k t k; s / fB o ze ko i h d k

t k; k j ' i kt /. t ho t ko ƒ n zd o 'Ai f j o o {g h f t P / ft e ko , fB zd k, u [r b h,

X 'y k c o /p n kf d ; G e ZY e / p kj o ; [ZN fd U . p qj w k f p ; ƒ s / f P t ƒ

w zB D d h E kt /Ae /t b f J e o Zp i h s / n v 'b Go '; k o Zy '. P [e o t ko d k



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w s b p j ?fe ; [fe qs B /e e w kJ h e o '. b 'e hAp qs n kfd o Zy d / j B , s [ j kv k

t o s f J j h j ?f e f e ; / d k j Ze B j hAw ko B k s / t zv S e Dk. j o o 'i b 'e K

B kb Mr V k B k e o ', ; r 'An zd o g b o j / t X o j / f t e ko K B kb i zr e o '

s / f i Zs j k; b e o '. ; B hu o t ko s e w B n v 'b n t ; E k f t Zu g j [zu

i kt /. f I zd r h f t Zu f e ; / s o QK d / T [s o kn u V Qkn n kT [D, n v 'b p D/ o j '.

f J T [AwkB ' s [j kv / n zd o f r n kB d h b Nb NKd h i 's i r g t /r h f r n kB d /

u kB D B kb b p o /I j ' e /, f c o s [; hA e kw : kp f I zd r h p s hs e o 'r /.

s [j kv k i B w b ?e /, ; z; ko s / n kT [Dk ; c b k w zf B n k i kt /r k.

j o w kJ h GkJ h ƒ f J j f r n kB j 't / f e ; ko h g kt B p kDhf J e ; ko j ?. ; ko h p kD h f I zd r h d k X [o k j ?. f ; Zy g zE f t Zu g ; o /

e o w e Kv , t f j w Go w , i V Qg {i k, f t n e s h g {i k d k w [ZY e ko B fJ j j ?

fe n kw i f r n k; {p kDh s 'Ad {o j ?. e [M o ; w K d h g {o s h s K I o {o e hs h

i k o j h j ?, g o “ Xo w e wkfJ n k” B j hA i k f o j k. p i ko f t Zu 'A

b 'V hd hn K ; G u hi K g ?; k d / e / y qhd hn K i k ; e d hn k j B . g o X o wy qhfd n k B j hAi k ; e d k. s [; hAfe s kp r [N e k g 'E h r [o {r qzE ; kf j p y qhd

b T [r /, g o X o w d / n ; {b y o hd / B j hAi k ; e d /, T [ j s Kf B GkT [D / g ?Dr /.

w j ko ki k o D i hs f ; zx f i zB h d /o s e X o w h p f Dn k fo j k, ; G fB n w s K

e d w K f t Zu ; B . i d 'Ai ht B f t Zu “ Xo w” B k f o j k, e /t b X o w d k

r b /c o fj f r n k s Ke [ZM j h ; w /An zd o y [d o [V f r n k g qt ko f r n k, B kb

; zr h ; kE h Gh v [Zp r J /. f ; Zy g zE n X 'r s h f t u r 's /y kD b Zr f g n k.

; f s r [o { i h s K ; g P N c [o w kB e o o j / j B , g V 'Q

f e o fs e o w e / t hS [V / e f o fe o g k w/b j [ o kw]

u kfo e [N d j f d ; Gqw/E fe n kJ / g qG e h ; kw ] (13 3)

n o E ^ ; f s r [o { i h ; w Mk o j / j B , j / GkJ h n kg D hn K

r b s hn K d / e ko B , w kb e g qG{ s 'Af t S 'V k g ?f r n k j ?. T [; d h n kg Dhf w j o j ' i kt / s K fw b kg j ' ; e d k j ?. n ; hAs K u ko / e [zN K d ; / fd P kt K

x [zw fc o e / t /y b J hn K j B . f e s / ; [y P Ks h g qkg s B j hAj 'J h. n y ho

j ko j zG e / g qG{ i h s /o h j h P o D f t Zu n kJ / j K, p y f P P e o d /D h.

; f s r [o { i h n Zr / j 'o ; w MkT [Ad / j B ^



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d '; [B d hi ?e kj {b 'r ] i ' e wkt B ; 'J h G'r ] ( 8 8 8 )

d '; Bkj he kj {e T [whs k] wkfJ n k w' j [p zX[gqG e hs k] ( 257)

i d 'Ae 'J h d [y n kT [Ad k j ?s Kn kg Dhn Kr b s hn Ke ko B n kT [Ad k

j ?. e [ZM x zN / fd B w j hB / i K e [M ; kb g f j b K e hs h r J h r b s h d /

n B [g ks B kb ; i k G[r s Dh g ?Ad h j ?. e J h t ko h s K fg S b / ; w /A( f i ; ƒ

b 'e hA f g S b k i B w w zB h i k o j / j B ) f t Zu p I [o r K d hn K e hs hn K

r b s hn Kd h e m'o ; I k, T [ j B Kd / T [Zs o n fX e ko hn K( t z; i ) ƒ G[r s Dh

g ?Ad h j ?. r [o p kDh g qw kD g V Q' ^

; [y [ d [y [ g [o p i Bw e /e hJ /] ; ' i kD/f i fB d ks ?d hJ /]fe ; e T [d '; [d /fj s z{g qkDh ; j [ n g Dk e hn k e o ko k j /] ( 1030)

r [o p kDh s K ; kc P g P N n ky o j h j ?t kf j r [o { i h e d h e 'J h

r b s h B j hAe o d k. T [j i ' e [ZM e o d k j ?, P kf J d T [; d h ; kƒ ; w M B k

n kJ h j 't /. s [; hAy [d j h t /y ; e d / j 'l e [ZM f t n e s h w hAj g ?D s / y [P h

wBkT[Ad / j B . d {i / e J h b 'e p ko P f t Zu g q /P kB h w fj ; {; e o d / j B . f J js K ; kv h ; 'u s / fB o Go j ?, n ; hAfe ; ƒ u zr k s / fe ; ƒ w zd k wzB d / j K.

r [o p kDh fJ ; / b J h n ky o j h j ?^

fBzd T [Bkj h e kj {p ks ?, J /j [y ; w e k e hn k]

i k e T [fe qg k e o hg qfG w/o ?fwfb ; kX ; zr fs BkT [b hn k] (611)

n Zi f ; Zy n y t kT [D t kb / p qkj w Dh y ko / ; kr o f t Zu , f J zB / p [o h

s o QK r o e j ' u [Ze / j B fe ; ko k t o s f o j k t o s ko k t /y e /, o {j e zp

T [md h j ?. j K i h n kT [ ; o ; o h f i j h Mks r [o {x o K ft Zu u Zb o j h f BZs

fe fo n k t Zb w ko b J hJ /. d ht kb h, b 'j V h, j 'b h, t o s , s ho E : ks o k

; qkX fe fo n k n kfd s Kr [o {x o Kf t Zu fe ; /B k fe ; / o {g f t Zu u Zb j h o j h

j ?. n kg K f J Ze j c s / d / f d B K d k b /y k i 'y k e o hJ /, s K e kc h u kB D j '

i kt /r k. B k ; w M b 'e K t k; s / ; 'w t ko d k f d B u zr k j ?, f J ; b J hr [o d t ko / i ke / “ Xo w e o w” f B GkT [D/ I o {o h B j hAj B . n r b k f d B

w zr b t ko “ Gko k fd B” j ?, w zr b d /t s / i K j B {w kB d k fd B j ?. i / f e s /

f J j B ko kI j ' r J / s K e 'J h ; w Zf ; n k g ?d k j ' ; e d h j ?. f J ; b J h

r [o d t ko / i k e / “ d kB g [zB” e hs k i kt /. f J j B Kd / B fw s t o s o Zfy n k

i kt /, P kf J d f c o f J j “ d /t s /” B ko kI B k j 'D. y [P j ' e / w {zj w zr hn K



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w [o kd Kp \ P d /D. e w kb f J j f e f J j B Kc o I h d /t fs n Kƒ , r [o p kDh

B / o Zs h w k; k ; f s e ko B j hAf d Zs k. ; r 'Af J j B K d hn K w zd e o s {s K y {p

B zr hn Ke hs hn K j B . f ; s w fJ j fe r [o d t ko / f t Zu j h r [o { r qzE ; kf j p

i h d h j i {o h f t Zu j h r [g s i Kg qr N fJ j B Kd h g {i k w kB s k j 'J h i k o j h

j ?.

n r b k f d B n k f r n k p [ZX t ko ` fJ ; f d B fe ; / g qkDh s / e 'J h

“ w [; hp s ” B j hAn kT [Ad h. f e T [Afe “ p [ZX e zw ; [ZX ” , b 'e KB / ; t he ko e o

fb n k j 'f J n k j ?. f J ; b J h r [o d t ko / i kD d h b 'V B k o j h. b /y e e J h

t ko p d /; K f t Zu X o w g qu ko t k; s / i K u [Zf e n k j ?. f J Ze t ko h ; zr qo Kdt kb / f d B t ?B e {t o f t y / e [M ; {Mt kB r [o f ; Zy K d h f J ZS k ƒ ; B w [Zy

o y fd n K fJ j f t u ko K e hs hn K r J hn K ; B , s K ; zr s K B / n s h g q; zB s k

g qr N e hs h ; h. j K i h “ p [ZX t ko p j [s u zr k f d B j ?” , f J ; b J h e 'J h

f t o b k w kJ h GkJ h r [o d t ko / i Kd k j ?, t o B Kn kw ; zr s B j hAi Kd h. i '

e ho s B hJ / e E kt ku e n s / g kmh f ; zx r [o d t ko / ; /t k s / j [zd / j B , ; w Mb T [ f e T [j B K b J h p [ZX t ko d k f d B p V k “ wBj {; ” p D i Kd k j ?. T [j

fJ ; s o Qk fe fJ ; fd B d Z[X , w Zy D, c b , v p b o 'Nh n o d k; b J h w kfJ n k

B j hA, GkJ h i h d h g [ZS g qs hs e 'J h B j hA. i d 'A r [o d t ko / e 'J h B j hA

n kt /r k s K ; /t kd ko K d hn K b 'V K fe E 'Ag {o hn K j 'Dr hn K < e d h e d kJ hA

u kj d [ZX t Zb 'A y kb h G[Zy / f Y v j h o f j i kJ hd k j ?. f e zB k e [ u zr k j ?

“ p [ZX t ko ” ; /t kd ko K b J h < t ho t ko ƒ e kc h “ e o V k” f d B fw ZE f b n k

f r n k j ?. fJ ; fd B g hb /o zr d hn Kwfmn kJ hn Kn s /g hb /o zr t kb / c b

b ?e / w kJ hn K e s ko K p zB h n k o j hn K j [zd hn K j B . f J Ze s K p qj ; g s h

d /t s / d h e o 'g h s 'Ap u D b J h, s / d {i / “ b kb Kt kb / g ho ” d k f d B Gh

t ho t ko j h j ?. f J j d 't /A fj zd { d /t s k s / w [; b w kB g ho t ho t ko ƒ

r [o d t ko / n ke / g qe kP w kB j ' i Kd / j B . r [o d t ko / f t Zu f ; Zy h d k d wGo B t kb /, fJ j B Kr [o ws f t o 'X h e kb g fB e d /t f s n Kg ho K d h g {i k e o

o j / t /y / i k ; e d / j B . j ?B k j B /Qo r o d h, r [o d t ko / n zd o p /r kfB n K

d h w kB s k <

P [e o t ko d k f d B u zr k j ?, f J ; f d B P o X kb {b 'e , n y zv g km

P [o { e o t k e / x o u b / i Kd / j B . g o r [o d t ko / wkf J n k o ; d n kfd e



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n kT [D b Zr g ?Ad h j ?. f i ; B kb g kmhn K; /t kd ko Kd hn Kb 'V K g {o hn Kj 'D

b Zr g ?Ad hn K j B . n r b k f d B n kD g j [zf u n k ; fB Zu o t ko ` j K i h f J j

Gh pVk “ y 'Nk” f d B j ?. f J ; n y "s h “ d /t s /” d k r qf j b 'e K ƒ p V h

S /s h i e V f t Zu b ?b ?Ad k j ?. f J ; d h g {i k p V / ; f s e ko B kb r [o d t ko / d /

n zd o e hs h i Kd h j ?. f J ; ƒ y [P e o B t k; s /, w Kj ; kp s i K w Kj d h

d kb , n s / y kb ; ; o 'Ad k s /b . p ; i h, P B h d /t s / d h y [P h g qkg s e o B

t k; s / P B ht ko ƒ Y /o ; ko / e kb / w Kj n s / ; o Q'Ad k s /b r [o d t ko / n k

i Kd k j ?. f J ; f d B f i t /Aj 'o e 'J h u hI g qt kB B j hAj 't /r h, e /t b w Kj

n s / s /b j h g qt kB u V /r k. d ; w g ks P kj j i {o B / t /d t / p qkj w D ƒ P B hB f w s e [ZM d kB d / e / f ; Zy K d h g o y e hs h ; h. i d 'At /d t k p qkj w D w Kj

n s / s /b b ?e / i k f o j k ; h s K f ; Zy K B / ; ko k e [M t kg ; b ?fb n k. T [j

p V k e b fg n k “ n y / P B h d /t s / B fw Zs f d Zs k d kB s [j kv / j i w B j hA

n kT [Dk. ” f ; Zy K fe j k “ g zf v s i h g kt B r [o p kDh g V Qt hu ko e / ; kv /

j ki w / p j [s w I p {s j ' r J / j B . P B h B fw Zs f d Zs k d kB j h B j hA; r 'An ; hAs K ; p {s / ; B h d /t s / ƒ y k e / j i w e o ; e d / j K. ” f ; Zy K w Kj d k

n kN k p Dk e / b {D f w o u w ; kb / g k e /, s /b f t Zu s b e /, t V / g e "V / p Dke /

S e / S e kJ /. P B h B fw Zs fd Zs / r J / b ' j / s 'A, e V / p D t k e / j ZE K f t Zu g f j B

b J /. n r b / fd B d ; w g ks P kj ƒ ; ko h j 'J h p hs h d k g s k b f r n k.

T [ j B Kp j [s y [P h i kj o e hs h. n ?w /o / b kv b / p Zfu U ` s [; hAt f j w KGo w K

d h t Zv h S ZN f ; o s 'Ab kj f d Zs h. s [; hAP f B u o ƒ f ; zr K s 'Ac V e / g N e

fd Zs k j ?. fJ j e V k s [ j kƒ ; d k u /s k e o kJ /r k fe f ; Zy e /t b n e kb g [o y

d k g [i ko h j ?, f e ; / P B h n kf d d h N ?AB j hAw zB /r k. ” n c ; '; f e e V /

g kT [D t kb /, f ; Zy n y t kT [D t kb /, r [o { r qzE ; kf j p i h ƒ ; h; M[e kT [D

t kb /, P B h t o r / e b g s d /t s / ( fe o ky ; < ) d h g {i k e o d / g qs Zy t /y / i k

; e d / j B . T [j Gh r [o { r qzE ; kf j p d h j i {o h f t Zu r [o d t ko / d / n zd o .g qp zX e s / g qu ko e f p ZN f p ZN t /y d / o f j i Kd / j B . f e s / f e s / “ e [ZM e [

; wMd ko ” g qp zX e K B /, B 'fN ; p 'o v s / fJ zB Ke [ fb y e /b k d /D d h f j zw s

e hs h j ?^ “ ; kX ; zr s i h ; o 'Ad k s /b s / wKj r [o d t ko / p j [s n k

u [e / j B. fe o g k e o e / j 'o ; hXk n o g D e o '. wKj n s /s /b b ?e /

Bk n kT [. ” f J j B K E kt K s / f b f y n k j 'D d / p kt i {d w o u [Ze hn K



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n ks w kt K t kb / n f r n kB h f e ; w d / n zB /QP o X kb {, n i / Gh ; o Q'Ad k s /b

s / e kb / w Kj u [Ze h t j ho K x Zs h r [o d t kf o n K t Zb i k o j / j B .

fJ e i kDe ko wzd o d /g [i ko h ƒ b /y e B/g [ZfS n k “ g zfv s

i h s [; hAn kg D/ wzd o t Zv / y [Zb / fe T [ABj hAp DkT [Ad / < f i E/ ; zr s

p ?m ; e / T [g d /P j ' ; e /HHHH” . T [j Nkb k t Nd k fo j k, p j [s k i 'o

g kT [D s /n ky D b Zfr n k “ fr n kBh i h p [o k Bk wBkfJ U ` n kj i '

n o p K y o p K o [g ?y o u e / s [; hA “ r [o d t ko /” p Dk o j / j ', s [; hA

; wMd /j ' fJ j r [o d t ko /B/< e d h n zd o t o s fo j k t o s ko k fXn kB

Bkb n Zy Ky 'j b e / t /fy n k j ?< n zd o ; ko k g qu ko “ ; kv k” j h j 'fo j k j ?. n ; hAg kr b Bj hA j K fe g ?; k y o u hJ / i d 'A fe s [j kv /

r [o d t ko / j h wzd o Kd k o {g j B . p ; fBPkB, r [o { r qzE s / fe o g kB

t kb k ; /t kd ko t /y e / G[b /y k f i j k g ?Ad k j ?fe fJ j r [o d t ko k j ?,

t o BkHHHH.

n ?s t ko t kb k f d B p V k j h “ Gkr K Gfo n k” j ?. f J ; f d Br [o d t kfo n K f t Zu g kmK d / G'r g ?Ad / j B . e ho s B , e E k, Y kv h, e t hP o

n kg ' n kg Dh e b k d / i 'j o f t y kT [Ad / j B . d /r Kn o d k; K ; /t e Kg kmhn K

ƒ w kfJ n k d / r Zc /, g qp zX e Kb J h r 'b e Kd k Be k Be Go i kDkHHHH. fe zB k

u zr k j ?n ?s t ko d k f d B , f J ; f d B ; G s 'A t X hn k j [zd k j ?b zr o .

; f s r [o { i h s K fJ ; s o QK c [o w kB e o o j / j B , n r o f ; Zy K ƒ ; w M n k

i kt / s K ^

g zd o j fE zs h s ?; s t ko ] wkj k o [s h n kt f j t ko t ko ]

f d B ; [ o ?f D f s t ?; z; ko [] n kt k r T [D [ e hn k e o s kf o ]

fBj u b ; ku [ofj n ke b Xkfo] BkBe r [ow[fy p[M?e '; pd [t hu ko[] (842)

n o E ^ j / GkJ h g zd o K f E s K ( u zd o w k w [s kp e ) ; Zs / f d B ,

p ko K j h w j hB /, u ko / o [s K, f J j w [V w [V e / n kT [Ad hn K o f j zd hn K j B .f i t /Afe e d h o ks e d h f d B n kT [Ad / o f j zd / j B , f J ; / s o QK ; z; ko Gh

u b kf J w kB j ?. t kf j r [o { i h B / f J j n d G[s y /Y p Dk f d Zs h j ?. n N Zb

n S Zb f J Ze ' t kf j r [o {j h j ?, f i ; B /n g Dh n fd Zy P e s h B kb ; ko / fB i kw

ƒ p zf B Qn k j 'f J n k j ?. j / B kB e ` e 'J h f t o b k ; /t e r [o { d k f r n kB

j k; b e o e /, fJ ; t o s o j / t o s ko / ƒ ; w M ; e d k j ?. P p d d / o kj hA



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( r [o p kDh d [n ko k) e [d o s n s / e kd o d k f r n kB g qkg s j ' i Kd k j ?.

; f s r [o { i h s K ; g P N n ky o j / j B f e u zr k e zw e o B b J h

r [o {d h u zr h w Zs b ?D b J h e 'J h f d B w j {o s g [ZS D d h b 'V B j hAj ?. i d 'A

Gh u zr / g k; / b Zr 'r / f J j h u zr k f d B t /b k w j {o s j 't /r k. p [o / e zw e o 'r /,

f B o ze ko ƒ G[b k f d T [r / ; ko / f d B w j hB / p [o / j B . Gkt /As [; hAu "t h x zN /

r [o d t ko /d / n zd o j h fe T [AB k p ?m/o j '. B o ?D d k; g kg h ; kX r [o d t ko k

B B e kDk ; kf j p d k w [y h ; h. o 'I g km e o d k s / ; [Dd k ; h. r [o { B kB e

; kf j p i h d / g qe kP n ; E kB d k w kb e . g o t Zv k e [e o w h u zv kb , f J e

; "n Z; h f ; Zy K d k y {B v he K b k e / g h f r n k. n Zi d / n Df r Ds g qp zX es / g qu ko e p kDh p j [s g V Qd / ; [Dd / j B , g o e h T [ j ; ko / X o w h g [o y B /e

f J B ; kB p D r J / j B < e h r 'b e K y ks o , u "X o K b J h r 'b hn K B j hA

u b d hn K < f ; o B j hAg kN d /, g Zr K B j hAb ZE d hn K, w [e Zd w / B j hAG[r s /

i Kd /, e h r [o { e / ; /t kd ko B / f J j b 'e < r [o t ke g V '

f i fB fi fB Bkw[ fXn kfJ n k fs B e / e ki ; o /] j fo r [o g {o k n ko kfXn k d o r j ; fu y o /]

wkj fd t ; w{o s Gb / fi ; e T [ Bd fo e o /]

BkBe wzr ?d o ; d kB[ fe o g k e o j [ j o /] ( 13 6 )

n o E fi B QKf t n e s hn KB / r [o {d h n ky h r Zb wzBh, T [j BKd /

; ko / f t r V / e zw ; j h j ' r J /. f e T [Afe T [j B K B / g {o / ; f s r [o { i h s 'A

f B o ze ko d k f r n kB j k; b e o f b n k. o Zp h n d kb s f t Zu T [j ; [o y o {

j ' i kDr /. T [ j B Kt k; s / ; ko / w j hB / u zr / j B . ; ko / w j {o s Gb / j B , ; ko /

f d B u zr / j B . f i B QKs / t kf j r [o { i h d h ; t Zb h B I o j 't /r h. B kB e fJ j '

d kB o Zp i h s 'A wzr d k j ?, f e f e o g k e o e / n kg D/ u o B K B kb i 'V h

o Zy Dk.

; f s r [o { i h ; zr qKd ƒ g f t Zs o B j hAw zB d /, ; r 'Af J j c [o w kBe o d / j B f e GkJ h j o t e s u "t h x zN / n Zm/ g f j o , B /e h e o ' o Zp i h ƒ

: kd o Zy '. r [o { d / T [g d /P w [s kp e f I zd r h f p s kU ^

T [mzfd n Kp j zfd n K; t zfd n K; [y [ j 'fJ ]

BkBe B kfw ; b kf j n ?wB[s B [ ; hs b j 'fJ ] ( 32 1)

g zu w r [o d /t i h d k f J e P p d g V 'Q, f J ; f t Zu ; f s r [o { i h B /



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f B o ze ko d k i ' ; o {g ; kv / ; kj w D/ o Zf y n k j ?, T [j p V k b k i [n kp j ?.

i / n f i j / f t o kN o {g t kf j r [o { p ko /, ; 'Mh n k i kt / s K ; ko k e u o k e {V k

t f j w Go w e o w e Kv r b 'AQb kj f d n Kr /. P p d d / d o P B e o ' ^

Bk T [ j wo s k Bk j w v fo n k] Bk T [ j fp B ; ?Bk j w e fV n k]

Bk T [j fBo XB Bk j w G{y /] Bk T [; d {y B j w e T [d {y /]

n t o B e T {wko B t ko k] i hn T [j wko k i hT [d /Bj ko k] o j kT []

Bk T [; p zXB Bk j w p kX/] Bk T [; XzXk Bk j w X Kd /]

B k T [; w?b B j w e T [ w ?b k] U ; n B zd s j w ; d e /b k]

BkBe r [fo y 'J /Gqw Gzr k] j w UfJ fwfb j 'fJ fJ e ; zr k] (391)n o E ^ j / GkJ h n e kb g [o y ƒ e d h w "s B j hAn kT [Ad h, s K

n ; hAT [; d h n z; T [; ƒ B w ; e ko e o B t kb /, w "s s 'Afe T [Av o hJ / <

f i t /Ai B w b ?D t kb h j o t ; s { s / i ht f p y o i Kd k j ?, f B o ze ko e d h

B j hAf p y o d k. n ; hAT [; ƒ f g s k w zB D t kb / f e T [AG?w kB j 'J hJ / <

t kf j r [o { n E kj Gzv kf o n K d k w kb e j ?, o Zf i n k g [Zf i n k j ?.f J B ; kB fe T [AG[Zy f t y kt / T [; d / d o s 'A; G e [M f wb d k j ?. g o w /; o

; d k ; Ks fu Zs “ B t s B ” n s / n v 'b j ?. f c o w B[Zy n v 'b f e T [AB k j 't /

< g qkDh wks o d [y K ; [y K s 'AT [g o f e T [AB k T [Zm i kt /. f e ; / f t n e s h s 'A

v o B d h b 'V B j hA, f e T [Af e j 'o e 'J h w ko j h B j h ; e d k, e /t b t kf j r [o {

w ko s / i B w d / ; e d k j ?. g qw ks w k ; ko / p zX B K s 'Aw [e s j ?T [; d h ; zs kB

p zX B K f t Zu f e T [Ag t /, w [e s f e T [AB k j 't / < o Zp c i {b Mw /f b n K f t Zu

B j hAg ?Ad k, s Kw B [Zy c i {b Mw /fb n KX zfd n Kf t Zu fe T [A; w Kp o p kd e o /

< t kf j r [o { i h ƒ f t e ko Kd h w ?b g ' j B j hA; e d h, n ; hAf t e ko K d h w ?b

f t Zu f e T [Av [Zp hJ / < o Zp i h ; d k n B zd n t ; E k f t Zu j B , n ; hAT [; d h

P o D f t Zu n k e / n B zd f e T [AB k w kDhJ / < j / B kB e w j kB ; f s r [o { i h

B / ; kv / ; ko / Go w d {o e o f d Zs / j B . ; kƒ ; f s r [o { i h B /g o w /; o p ko /p j [ g Zy h f r n kB d / e / T [; B kb f J e fw e e o f d Zs k j ?. j [D i d 'An ; hA

e /t b f B o ze ko ƒ w zB D t kb /p D r J / j Ks Kfe ; /Go w f t Zu fe T [Ag J hJ / <

r [o p kDh d /g qf ; ZX f t n kfy n ke ko , r [o f ; Zy GkJ h ; kf j p r [o d k;

i h, f d B K w j hf B n K d h “ g f t Zs o s k” p ko / n kg D / f t Zu ko f J e e f p Zs

f t Zu f J ; s o QK f p n kB e o d / j B ^



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n kfd s n T [ ; 'w G"w p [X j { p qj ; g fs ,

; [e o ; Bhu o ; ks ' p ko p KN b hB/ j ?]

fE fs g S wk; o [f s b 'r B w?b 'r ku ko ,

J /e J /e ze ko e ' B e 'J h fd B d hB/ j ?]

i Bw n ; Nwh, okw BT [wh, J /e kd ; hGJ h,

d [n kd ; hu s [o d ; h i Bw J /e hB/j ?]

g o i k T [g ko i B e 'B e 'T {g kt ?fd B,

n i 'Bhi Bw fd B e j "e ?; /u hB/j ?] ( GkLr [H484)

GkJ h ; kf j p i h w s d / o j / j B fe GkJ h r [o f ; y ' n ?s t ko s 'Ab ?e / ; Zs / f d B f e ; / B f e ; / d /t h d /t s / Bkb i 'V fd Zs / r J / j B . i d 'Afe

f J ; s o QK e o B k t ki p B j hAj ?. t zv e o f d Zs h r J h ; Zs / f d B K d h.

; ko hn K u zd o w K t kb hn K fE s K, w j hB / d k g f j b k n ZX s / d {i k n ZX ,

( g Zy ) ; ko / w j hB /, ; ko hn K o [Zs K, u zr hn K j B . g o b 'e K B / b 'e ku ko h

t k; s / fJ j B Kƒ Gh t zv f b n k j ?. f J Ze fB o ze ko t k; s / o ky t K fd B s Ke 'J h Gh B j hAo Zfy n k. Gkt f e d /t h d /t f s n Kƒ j h w ZE /N /e h i k o j / j ',

g ?d k e o B t kb / ƒ f o i e d /D t kb / ƒ e [Zb f ; q; N h d / w kb e ƒ T [Ze k j h

G[b k fd s k j ?. fe qP B d k i B w fd B i B w n P Nw h w zB fb n k, o kw u zd o

d / b /y / b k f d Zs h o kw B T [w h. f e ; / d / f j Z; / J /e kd ; h f b y f d Zs h s / f e ; /

ƒ ; zGkb f d Zs h d [n kd ; h. u s [o d ; h ƒ n kw p 'b h f t Zu u "d /An ky d / j B ^

f i t /A “ u "X t hA d k u zd ” . f J j u "X t hA Gh o Zp t k; s / B k o j h. f i ;

fB o ze ko i h B / ; ko h g o i k, i ht i zs g ?d k e hs / j B , T [; ƒ e 'J h f d B

B j haf d Zs k. j Kmhe j h s K j ?, i / j V k j ?J h “ n i 'B h” , T [; d k i B w fd B

s [; hAfe t /Aw B kT [r / < fJ ; b J h f i B QK d / i B w fd B wB k o j / j ', f J j

f B o ze ko B j hAj B . i B w w o B d / r /V f t Zu g J / j 'J / j B . ; ' n ?r [o f ; Zy '

t kf j r [o { ƒ ; d k ; t k; ; t k; : kd o Zy '. ; ko / f d B w j hB / o [Zs K T [;g o w /; o d / p DkJ / j 'J / j B , fJ ; b J h ; ko / j h T [j d / n kg D / j B , n s /

p j [s j h u zr / j B . p [o / ; kv / p [o / e o w j ' ; e d / j B fd B Kf t Zu e 'J h y 'N

B j hA j ?.

s [y ko h o kr d / p ko K wKj f t Zu ; f s r [o {B kB e ; kf j p f J T [ ; /X

p y P o j / j B ^



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p /, d ; , o [s h, fEs h, t ko , Gb /]

x Vh, w{o s [ g b , ; ku / n kfJ ; f j i fwb /] ( 113 6 )

n o E p ko K w j hB / ( p /O d ; ^ d ' n s / d ; , : kB h p ko K w j hB /)

; ko hn K o [Zs K, ; ko hn K s o he K ( fE s K) ; ko / f d B , n f s n zs u zr / j B .

t e s d k S 'N k f i j k f j Z; k “ x V h” p j [s u zr k j ?. ; ko / w j {o s j h P [G

j B . f J E 'As e f e n Zy d / g b e ko / f i zB K ; w K“ g b ” Gh p j [s u zr k j ?.

g o f J j ; ko / s K u zr / w zB / i kDr / i / ; f j i n t ; E k f t Zu n k r J /. w B

fNe f r n k, ; u / o Zp i h f t Zu ; [o s h f p o s h i [V r J h, B /e e ko i e o B

b Zr g J /. ; fs r [o { i h d h f ; Zfy n k f t Zu i ht B p s hs e o fd n Ke [d o s d /fB n w K d h ; w M n k r J h. j 'o c [o w kB fJ T [Aj B ^

! ; G/o [s h u zr hn Kfi s [ ; u / f; T [B/ j []

; k XB e zs [ g S kfDn k ; [fy ; [s h fBf; v / j ] ( 1015 )

! fg o h fwb kt k i k Ehn ?; kJ h ; [ j kt h o [fs ]

x Vh w[ j s [B t h; o ?BkBe o t hn ?fBs ] ( 5 2 2 )! BkBe [ i ht ?i fg j o h d 'y ; G/ j h j zs []

f d B [ o ?fD fi ; B t h; o ?; ' j fo n k j 't ?i zs [] ( 13 7 )

! ; r B n g ; r B fs ; e T [b r ?fi ; u hfs B n kt ?]

fs ; [ i w B/fV B n kt J h i ' j fo g qfG Gkt ?] ( 401)

! ; G fp fX s [w j h i kBs / fg n ko /, fe ; [g f j e j T [ ; [BkfJ ]

s {zd ks k i hn ; GB k e k, s /o k f d s k g f j o f j y kf J ]

i ' s {ze o kt fj ; ' e o h fg n ko /, n t o [ fe S[e o D[B i kfJ ]

fdB[o?fD ; G ; [ j kt D/fg n ko/, fi s [i ghn ?j fo BkT [] H(432)

! j fo f; wo B e h; r b hp /b k] j fo f; wo B[p j [wkfj fJ e /b k] HH

BkBe e T [g qG fe o g k Xkfo ]

; kf; ; kf ; j fo d /j [ fu s kfo ] ( 115 0)! e [o p kD i kJ h T [; [ t /b k ; [j kt h, f i s [ s [wo ?d [n ko ?n kfJ n k]

BkBe e T [g qG GJ / fe qg kb k, ; fs r [o [g {o k g kfJ n k] ( 74 9 )

! n km g j o g qG[n g Bk fXn kJ hn ?, r [o g q; kfd GT [s o hn ?]

n kg [ fs n kfr j 'J hn ?; G o /Dk, i ht fs n KfJ T [ wo hn ?] ( 750)

! ; k t /b k, ; ' w {o s [, ; k x Vh, ; ' w[j s [ ; c b [ j ?w/o h f i zd VhJ /,



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f i s [ j fo w/o k fu f s n kt ? o kw] ( 5 4 0)

! i / t /b k t y s [ t hu ko hn ?s k fe s [ t /b k Gr fs j 'fJ ]

n Bfd B[ Bkw/ o fs n k ; u / ; u h ; 'fJ ]

fJ e [ fs b [ fg n ko k t h; o ?Gr fs fe B/j h j 'fJ ] ( 3 5 )

; ko z; L^ i B w s 'Ab ?e / ; ko h T [w o r [o { d h f ; Zf y n k r [o p kD h

n B [; ko i ht B p s hs e o hJ /. p ke h t f j w Go w fd B u zr / w zd /, ; zr qKd K

w Zf ; n k g [zfB n k, ; G fJ e ' f i j / j B . i / w B [Zy y [d p [o k j ?T [; t e s u zr k

fd B e h e o /r k < i / fJ B ; kB y [d Gb k j ?s Ke 'J h n y "s h p [o k fd B T [; d k

e [ZM B j hAf t r kV ; e /r k. r [o f ; Zy B / n e kb g [o y s / Go '; k o Zy D k j ?.; f s r [o {d h g kt B p kDh g V Qe /, f t u ko e /, ; w M e /, f J ; w [s kp e i ht B

p s hs e o B k j ?. r [o t ke j B ^

wfs g qr k; GJ h j fo fXn kfJ n k, f r n kfB s s [ fb t b kfJ ]

n zs fo i 'fs g qr Nh wB[wkfBn k, j fo ; f j i ; wkfX b r kfJ ]

f j o d ?e g N[ fBs e g N[ e wkt f j , w[y j [ j fo j fo ; [DkfJ ]n zs fo b 'G[wj k r [p ko k, s [j e [N?d [y y kfJ ] ( 119 9 )

i / ; ' ; kb s e f i zd r h j 't /, n B /e g qe ko d /g d ko E S Ze ; [y G'r

e / ; w K f p s kJ hJ /. s K Gh ; ko h T [w o ; w M' p /e ko u b h r J h. i d 'A

fB o ze ko d k j [e w ( fB n w ) ; w M n k f r n k, T [j h f d B g qt kB j 'J n k

wzfB n k i kt /r k. g V Q'

i / ; T [ t fo Qn Ki ht D y kD[. .

y ; w g S kD ?; ' fd B[ g o t kD [. . ( 3 5 0)



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Xo w ft fd n k i o {o h fe T [A<

fJ j ; t kb p j [s t ko T [mkfJ n k i Kd k j ?fe fJ B ; kB b J h X o w

( X o w d k f r n kB ) f e T [Ai ao {o h j ?. fJ ; i ao {o h ; t kb B {ze J h t ko ‘ Y [Zu o

i K j [Zi s ’ n ky e / Nkb D d h e 'f ; a; ae hs h i Kd h j ?, i ' f e ; o k; o r b s

j ?. i / y [d B {zg s k B k j 't / s K ; g Z; aN ; t he ko e o b ?Dk u kj hd k j ?f e

w ?Af J ; v {zx / ; t kb d k i [n kp d /D s 'An ; w o ZE j K. f i t /Aw "; w w [s kp e

e Zg V /g kJ hd / j B . f i t /Ae zw d h f e ; w n B [; ko g f j o kt k g f j B hd k j ?.

f i t /A d /; ^ e kb ^ ; fGn s k w [s kp e g f j o kt / d h i ao {o s g ?Ad h j ?. d {i /B zp o ’ s / n ; hA; o ho B {zu b d k o Zy D b J h g "; af Ne n kj ko e o d / j K.

y kDk g f j B Dk ; o ho d h b 'V j ?. f J j b 'V ; w /A ; w /Ap d b d h o f j zd h j ?.

fJ ; / s o QKw B i Kn ks w k d hn Kn kg Dhn Ke [M b 'V Kj B . d [fB n kt hAs "o

s / e kw: kp h g qkg s e o B b J h b zw/ ; w/As Ze f t fd n k g V QB h g ?Ad d h j ?.

f i azd r h d / n B /e K j 'o s i o p / j k; b e o B / g ?Ad / j B . f J j ; ko / e zwe o fd n Kw ks k fg s k p Zfu n k d h X o w f t fd n k t b 'An t /; b / j ' i Kd / j B .

j o e ko i d k i / mhe ; w KfB ; afu s B k e hs k i kt / s K j ZE g Zb / e kw : kp h

B j hA b r /r h. ; [b M/ j 'J / r [DK B kb Go g {o , f w mp 'b V / g o T [g e ko h,

r [o w [y h ; {o s n s / ; ho s t kb / fJ B ; kB p B kT [D f t Zu X o w f t f d n k d k

; G s 'At ZX g qGkt g ?Ad k j ?.

f J Ze s k n kw f ; Zy w ks k f g s k, X o w s 'A y [d n Di kD j B .

T [B QKd / GkD/ E 'V Qh f i zB h e d h e d h ( fp B K; w M/ j h) r [o p kDh g V Qb J h,

e d h ; w K b Zf r n k s K r [o d [n ko / i k e / w ZE k N /f e n k, d /r e o kJ h, b zr o

S fe n k s / t kg ; n k r J /, j ' f r n k X o w g {o k. f e ; / f t n kj ; akd h i K

j 'o d [Zy ; [Zy d / ; w /Ag km e o t k f d Zs k. e [M ; w K e ho s B j ' f r n k.

n o d k; , j [e w Bkw k, b zr o s / ; w kg s h, p Z; j ' f r n k X o w u Ze o g {o k.f J ; ; ko / t o s ko / B {z; ao X k d k f J Ze f j Z; k s K w zf B n k i k ; e d k j ?g o

f J j Xo w e d kf u s B j hAj ?. w ks k f g s k e /t b ; ao X kt kB j B g o T [B QK

fJ j b /y : {He /Hc /o h ; w/Ar [od t kok f; zx ; Gk ; b 'n ( b zv B) d / g qp zXe Kd h f; c ko ; s /

fb fy n k ; h. T [ j BKfJ ; dhn Ke kghn Ke o t k e / ; zr s Kft u t zv hn K. ^ b /y e



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B {zX o w d k f r n kB B j hAj ?. B "i t kB s p e k ( p Zu /) f r n kB t kB j B g o

X o w g Zy 'A; Zy D / j B . T [B QK B {zX o w d k f r n kB B j hAj ?, ; z; ko h f r n kB

j ?s / ; ao X k t h B Kj d / p o kp o j ?.

; kv k n kw X o w g qu ko e n zr o /i ah n kf d f t Zu r [o w f s d h

f t n kfy n k e o B ' n ; w o ZE j ?. i / T [j g zi kp h f t Zu e [M f t f y n kB e o d k

t h j ?s K f e ; / b V ht ko s o s hp f t Zu B j hA. n e kb s y s ; kf j p t Zb 'A

g qw kDs n s / P 'qw Dh r [o d [n ko k g qp zX e e w /Nh t b 'A g qe k; as , ‘ f ; Zy

o f j s wfo : kd k’ d / d kf J o / f t Zu o f j e /, g qu ko B j hAe hs k i k f o j k

; r 'An B /e g qe ko d h v /o /d ko h B {zT [s ; akj s e hs k i k f o j k j ?. g zi kpf t Zu n kg ' n kg D / ; zs K d h w f o n kd k j ?, T [B QK d hn K p o ; hn K, T [B QK

d hn KfB Zi h f e ; w d hn K e j kDhn K B {zj h r [o w fs w zB D d h f i Zd g [r kJ h

i k o j h j ?. p j [f r Ds h g qp zX e K B {z X o w d k e 'J h f r n kB B j hA s /

p j [f s n K B {zX o w B kb f g n ko t h e 'J h B j hA. r [o { d h r 'b e B {zB e ' B Ze

f e t /A Go B k j ?, p Z; f J j h f J Ze Nhu k w [Zy j ?. B t hA f J wko s , b zr o ,; a j hd h c zv , y kfb ; s kB d h g qkg s h b J h c zv g zi kp ft Zu ( i Kfe s / t h) u Zb

o j / ; e {b , e kb i , j ; g s kb K d / B kt K s / n E kj X B f J e Zmk e hs k f r n k

j ?g o p j [s g ?; k ; j h E kt Ks / B j hAg [Zf i n k. p d /; K f t Zu r [o d [n ko k e w /

N hn K d / w [y h g zE d h u V Qd he b k t k; s / e 'J h ; KMk ; ko E e e d w B j hA

u [Ze ; e /. fB i h ; [y ; j {b s K Gkt /Ae J hn K B / r [o {x o K d h ; j kfJ s k B kb

g qkg s e o b J hn K j 'D.

f J X o g V Qh s / g qt kB u V Qh f ; Zy g B ho h T [g o t o Ds e zwK s 'A

e d kfu s ; zs [; aN B j hAj ?. i d 'Ae d h f J B QK p Zf u n K i t kB K B {zg [ZS b J hd k

j ?fe s [j kB {zr [o d [n ko / ; G s 'At X hn k f e j V h r Zb b r d h j ?s K i t kp

j [zd k j ?‘ i h b zr o ’ fe T [Afe e ho s B i Ke E k g km T [B QKd h ; w M s 'Ag o Q/

j ?. ; e {b f t Zu g f j b h i w ks s 'Ab ?e / e kb i d h g V QkJ h g {o h j 'D s Ze j oi w ks d k f t ; ak n b Zr j [zd k j ?, w k; N o n b Zr j [zd k j ?. j o p Zu / d h

fd b u ; g h d k y k; f y n kb o Zf y n k i Kd k j ?. g o p V / d [Zy d h r Zb j ?f e

; kv / b r Gr ; ko / r [o d [n kfo n K ft Zu B t i B w/ p Zu / s 'Ab ?e / ; " ; kb d /

p I [o r s Ze ; kf o n K d k g km^ e o w fJ e ' j h j [zd k j ?. f J B QK ; kf o n K d k

i d 'Aw kB f; e g ZX o f J e ' f i j k B j hAs K ; b /p ; f J e ' f i j k f e t /Ae hs k i k



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; e d k j ?<

B t i B w / p Zu / B {zb ?e / g s h g s B h v ke N o e 'b g [ZS D u b / r J /

^ ‘ i h n ; hAn kg D/ p Zu / B {zu zr h f ; Zfy n k fe ; T [w o s 'AP [o { e o hJ /< ’

‘ i B w s 'Af J Ze ; kb g f j b K. ’

v ke N o d k i [n kp ; h. Gkt f e i ' e [M p Zu / B {z f ; y kT [Dk

g V QkT [Dk u kj [zd / j ', fJ Ze ; kb g f j b K y [d g V Q', f s n ko h e o ', fc o p Zu / B {z

g V Qk ; e 'r /.

; w /Af ; o f d Zs h ; j h f ; Zy n k d [n ko k j kE h x 'V / ; a/o n kf d t h

T [s w d o i / d / e o s Zt f t y kT [D i 'r j ' i Kd / j B . ; o e ; f t Zu ; kf o n Kt /f y n k j ?f e f J Ze f ; n kDk f o zr w k; N o f e t /Ay s o B ke i kB t o Ks 'At h

p zf d n K t o r / e zw e o t k b ?Ad k j ?. f c o u zr / T [; s kd ; kv / B "i t kB K s 'A

u zr / e zw fe T [AB j hAe o t k ; e d /< B "i t kB K ft Zu mkmK w ko d k n E kj i '; a

n s / n zB h s ke s j [zd h j ?. i / T [; ; ae s h B {z; j h w 'V B k f d Zs k i kt / s K

U j h s ke s e [o kj / g ?e / p o p kd h d k e ko B t h p D i kf J n k e o d h j ?.p o ; ks d k g kDh j V Qd k o {g X ko e / s p kj h w u k f d n k e o d k j ?. T [; /

g kD h B {zp zB w ko e / B f j o K o kj hAi ao {o s t kb hn K E kt K s / g j [zu kf J n k

i k ; e d k j ?. f J E 'Aj h v ?w T [; ko e / fp i b h g ?d k e hs h i k ; e d h j ?, i '

n B /e e zw ; [n ko d h j ?.

i / f J Ze u zr / f e ; kB B / y /s h e o B h j 't / s K T [; B {zi ao {o h s "o s /

t hj ; kb K t k; s / ; e hw fs n ko e o B h g t /r h s K fe y /s h s 'At ZX w [B kc k

fb n k i k ; e /. i / p kr b kT [Dk j 't / s Kg zi kj ; kb k ; e hw fs n ko e o B h

j 't /r h s K f e t X s 'At ZX e w kJ h e hs h i k ; e /. f J ; / s o QK i / e "w d k

Gf t Zy , w {zj w [j Kd o k ; t ko B d k ; Zu / f d b 'Ad o d j ?s K x ZN ' x ZN ; " ; kb k

; e hw f s n ko e o B h g t /r h f e f e B QK Y zr K s o hfe n K, ; kX B K d [n ko k

B "i t kB K B {zn kg D/ X o w i K f t o ; / B kb i 'fV n k i k ; e / B t /Ai w kB /d hn Kb 'V K w [s kp e , B t /A i w kB / d / ; kX B t o s e /, f t f r n kB e b hj K s /

u b fd n KX o w d / T [s w n ; {b KB {zp Zf u n K s Ze g [Zi d k e hs k i kt /. t o B k

p j [s d /o j ' u [Ze h j 't /r h.

r [o { B kB e ; kf j p B / f e ; / B {zd '; aB j hAf d Zs k, f e ; / d h T [v he

B j hAe hs h. p ; b zw /X o w g qu ko d "o / s 'Ap kn d e o s ko g [o t ; k e / s [o zs



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n w b h e zw P [o { e o f d Zs k. T [B QK f J j p j kB k B j hAb f J n k f e j e {w s

p V h i akb w j ?, f p B k g [Zf S n K f e ; / B {zt h e s b e hs k i k ; e d k j ?. T [B QK

f J j Y [Zu o t h B j hAv kj h f e n kb / d [n kb / g ky zv h X o w hn K d / p j [s N 'b /

X o w n ; E kB K ’ s / e kp i j B . g ky zv f t o [ZX n kt ki ap [b zd e o B ’ s / T [ j

w /o k e 'J h t h B [e ; kB e o ; e d / j B . T [B QK fJ j f ; ae t k t h B k e hs k f e

n kw b 'e h p V / B k; w M j B . f r n kB d h v {zx h f t u ko f J B QKd / ; w M f t Zu

j h B j hAg ?Ad h. f J j b ku ko b 'e ; o e ko t b 'Ad f j ; as i d k j B . X o w d /

m/e /d ko K t b 'AG?n ^ Ghs e hs / r J / j B . n ko E e g Zy 'Ae zr kb j ' u [Ze / j B .

; ao Q /p i ako f J B QKd hn KfJ Zi as K o 'b hn k i k o j hn K j B , fc o t h f J B QKf t ZuT [FZu k ; kj b ?D d h i [n o Zs B j hAi kr h. n f i j / fp y V / j kb ks f t Zu w ?Afe t /

A; c b s k j k; b e o ; e Kr k< g o T [B QK n e kb g [o y d k U N n k; o k b ?

e /, b zw h : 'i B k f s n ko e o e /, e o s ko g [o ; kf j p f t y /, B t /A; w ki , B t /

AfJ B ; kB , B t hAe "w d h T [; ko h n ko zG fd Zs h.

f J f s j k; r t kj j ?f e ; w K Gkt /Ap j [s b Zr k, n "e V K t h p j [sn kJ hn K. g o T [B QK B / wB [Zy s k B {z ; g {zo B s k d hn K p [b zd hn K s / g [u k

fd Zs k. f ; o ; [ZN e / w [o d k f i j h f i azd r h f i T [D t kb / b 'e , f; o T [FZu / e o e /

f j Ze K s kD e / y b Q' r J /. i kb w j e {w s d k s y s k g b N fd Zs k. g ky zv h

X o whn Kd k i {b k r b 'Ab kj fd Zs k. n B g V Qs k e kfJ o s k, n f r n kB s k g o Q /

t r kj w ko hHHH. e h n Zi n ; hAX o w g qu ko e i K X o w n ; E kB Kd / w [y h

p hs / d hn K fJ B QK T [s w f ; f y n kt K s 'A e 'J h ; ko E e ; /X b ?e / e ko i

n ko zG e o ; e Kr /<

f e ; kB d k p /N k f p B k p j [s h f ; y b kJ h s 'Ay /s h e o B h f ; Zy i Kd k

j ?. p kDhJ / d k g [Zs o fp B k y k; y /u b s 'Ad [e kB d ko h f ; Zy i Kd k j ?. t e hb

d h n "b kd p j [s e [M fg s k s 'Af ; Zy b ?Ad h j ?. B {zj K X hn K, wkt K ; Z; K s 'A

f p B K w [; ae b d / p j [s ; ko / e zw f ; Zy b ?Ad hn K j B . u zr / t h s / p [o / t h.f c o f J Ze f ; Zy d k g [Zs o X h f ; Zy f e T [AB j hAp D ; e d k< e h f ; Zy p DB k

e 'J h p [o k e zw j ?i K p j [s j h i 'y w Gf o n k e zw j ?< B k p j [s k n "y k j ?

s / B k j h p [o k j ?< p ; g f j b K w ks k f g s k B {zn kg r [o w fs d / X ko B h

p DB k g t /r k, g ky zv ^ X o w h B j hA. r [o w fs d / f r n ks k p DB k g t /r k,

n f r n kB h i K n zX f t ; at k; h B j hA. n kg D/ x o B {zX o w ; kb d k o {g d /Dk



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g t /r k, e b j k e b /; d k n Zv k B j hA. r [o w [y Kt kb h fe o s , r [o w [y Kt kb k

n ku ko f t j ko X ko B e o B k g t /r k s K j h p Zfu n K s / n ; o g ?; e /r k.

; kv / f B s d / p [o / f e o d ko s / f t j ko B {zt /y e / p Zu / f ; Zy h w zv b f t Zu B j hA

n k ; e Dr /.

; f s r [o { ; kf j p kB d k fB i h i ht B b kfw ; kb ; h. f i zad r h d / j o

y /s o f t Zu T [BQK B/ B t /Ae ho s hwkB ; E kg s e hs /. T [BQK d / T [s w T [g d /

; an s / g o T [g e ko h i ht B t /y e / b 'e h G"f o n K g s zf r n K d h s o QK T [B QK

d [n kb / n k i [V d / ; B . T [B QK t o r / s K n ; hAB j hAp D ; e Kr / g o T [B QK d /

f ; Zy K t o r / f ; Zy s K p D i kJ hJ /. f c o ; kv / p Zu / ; kv k i ht B s / ; kv kT [g d /; a; [D t /y e / i ao {o j h f ; Zy h X ko B e o B r / s / n r 'A j 'o B K b J h

Bw {B k p D i kDr /.

; fs r [o {i h g kt B p kDh f t Zu X o w ft fd n k p ko / e [M fJ T [AT [g d /

; ae o d / j B L^

1H w /o /o kw, j w p kfo e j f o g qG e / j ?f J n kD /. .XzB[XzB[r [o {r [o [; fs r [o [g kXk, fi fB j fo T [g d /; [d /e hJ /f; n kD/. . ( 168)

2 H n kg / u kN; kb n kfg j ?g kXk, n kg / u kNV /g V B e T [ n kD/. .

n kg / f g s k wks k j ?n kg /, n kg / p kb e e o / f; n kD/. . ( 5 5 2 )

3 H ; f s ; zr f s ; f s r [o u N ; kb j ?f i s j f o r [D f ; y k. .

XzB ; [o; Bk, XzB e o, XzB ; [gkXk; fs r [o{fi s fwfb j fo b /y kfb y k. . (1316)

g {s k wks k e h n ; h; . .

fBwy B fp ; o T [ s [w e T [ j fo j fo , ; d k Gi j [ i r d h; ( 4 9 6 )



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g 'Eh g o w/; o e k EkB[

d [B hn KGo f t Zu X o w B /w B [Zy s k B {z; d k j h g qGkt s e hs k j ?.

f i j ' f i j h fJ j d [B hn Kn Zi B i ao n k o j h j ?, fJ ; B {zfJ ; n t ; E k f t Zu

fb n kT [D b J h X o w f; X Ks KB /, X ko we w [y hn KB /n s /X ko w e r qzE KB /; [u /

s w [y h d k fe o d ko fB Gkf J n k j ?. g o w ks w k Gkt /An E kj r [Dk t kb k j ?,

‘ e o s k Go s k s / j o s k j ?’ , n ; hw j ?f e T [Afe o Zp f Bo n e ko j ?, f J ;

b J h n kw w B [Zy d h ; 'u g j [zu s 'A T [g o j ?. f e ; / e w i a'o h e ko B

n Df r Ds b 'e , n kg D/ X o w w [y h B {z j h o Zp n ky f d n k e o d / ; B .f J B ; kB B {zn B /e p [o kJ hn K, f t e ko K s 'Aj 'V e /, X o w w [y hn K B / B /e h,

g o T [g e ko d / Gb / w ko r s / u Zb D d h t ko ^ t ko g q/o B k e hs h. ; ko / s K

Gkt /AB k ; j h g o f c o t h p /n zs b 'e ; ao X k Gkt B k ; f j s n kg D/ X o w

w [y h d / j [e w B {z; t he ko e o d / j B . f ; Zy K B {zf J ; r Zb d k f t ; /a; aw kD

j ?f e T [B QK e 'b n kg D/ w j kB X o w w [y hn K d / g f t Zs o T [g d /; a, ; j hn t ; E k f t Zu fp B Kfwb kt N s 'Ag j [zu r J / j B . ; fs r [o {B kB e f t u ko X ko k

p j [g Zy h j ?. f i zad r h d / j o g f j b { b J h n r t kJ h e o B d / : 'r j ?. ; z; ko

B {zf J Ze f J e kJ h p DkT [D f t Zu fB Zr o : 'r d kB g kT [D b J h ; w o ZE j ?. fJ ;

g kt B p kDh d hn K ; ko hn K y {p hn K fe ; / fJ Ze b /y f t Zu n zf e s e o B hn K

s K ; zGt B j hAj B , f c o t h ; w ki d / Gb / f j Zs , fJ ; s 'An r t kJ h b ?e /

f i azd r h p s hs e hs h i kt / s K ; w ki d k f u j o k w 'j o k j h B j hA, w B n s /

n ks w k f t Zu t h e qKs he ko h p d b kU n k ; e d k j ?. ; f s r [o {B kB e ; kf j p

d k ( n E kj ; kr o f t u 'A) e /t b fJ Ze ; b 'e g kme K; B w [Zy o Zy D d h y [; ah

b ?fo j k j KL

; ab 'e w j b k g f j b k ( ; ko zr e h t ko w j b k 4 ) g zB k 12 4 0

1H ‘ BkBe u [b hn K; [u hn Ki /Gfo i kD/e 'fJ . . ’f J ; ; z; ko e g ; ko / f t Zu , j o f J B ; kB ; o ho B {zg f t Zs o i K

fB o w b o Zy D b J h : s B ; ahb t /fy n k i k ; e d k j ?. y k; fw E / j 'J / s ho E K

’ s / f J ; aB kB e o B k, T [g o zs ; kX {n K, r o hp K B {zG'i B S e kT [Dk, o [g J /,

e Zg V /d kB e o B /, X o w d k w j Zs t g {o B n zr w zfB n k i Kd k ; h. fJ j e d h

f e ; / ; kX { i K X o w w [y h B / d kB e o B t kb / s 'AB j hAg [Zf S n k f e ‘ GkJ h s /



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o / e 'b f J j d kB e o B : 'r g d ko E n kf J n k f e t /< ’ f i ; g kg d h

B f t s o h b J h s {zfJ ; aB kB e hs k, d kB e hs k j ?, T [ j fe j V k g kg j ?< g kDh

f t Zu y b ' e / ; {o i B {zj ki ao i kD e /, g o w ks w k d hn Ke ; w Ky k e / r o hp K

B{ze [M XB g d ko E d kB e o B Bkb e h ; Zu w[Zu s {zg f t Zs o j ' f r n k j ?<

X o w h p D f r n k j ?< f J j ; [n kb e d h f e ; / X ko w e w [y h B / n kg D/ ; /

t e K B {z B j hA e hs / ; B . p ; g [i ko h d hn K d Z; hn K e [M o hs K o ; w K

g {o hn K e o ' s / X o w h j 'D d k g qw kD g Zs o g qkg s e o b U . ; f s r [o {

B kB e ; kf j p B {zf J j g qt kB B j hA; h. T [B QK ; g Z; aN e hs k ‘ n ?; z; ko d /

b 'e ' i / g f t Zs o j 'Dk u kj z[d / j ' s K e /t b g kDh B kb ; o ho X 'f J n K B j hA j ' ; e 'r /. n zd o 'Aw B e o e / ; t ZS j 'Dk g t /r k. n kg Dh f BZs d h i ht B

fe fo n k P [ZX e o B h g t /r h. f i ; : 'r s [; hAj ', f i ; o [s p / s / fp o ki e /

f i zaw /t ko hn K f B Gkn o j / j ', T [; t o s 'A f t j ko B {z P [ZX p D kU . f J Ze

; X ko B f t n e s h s 'Ab ?e / ; f s r [o { i h B / p kd ; akj s Ze B {z, p V h p /p ke h

B kb B /e h d / o kj s / u Zb D d h s ke hd e hs h j ?. n r b h g ze s hL2 H ‘ ; [o s / u [b h fr n kB e h i 'r h e k i s [ j 'fJ . . ’

( T [ j h) j / GkJ h fX n kB B kb ; [D, ; ao X kt kB w B [Zy e 'b , f r n kB

s / f t u ko d h ; 'Mh j 'Dh u kj hd h j ?. f J j B j hAfe T [j ; ao X k s K p V h

o Zy d k j 't / g o f r n kB t b 'Ay kb h j 't /. n zBQh ; ao Xk wB [Zy B {ze [o kj / g k

d /Ad h j ?. fJ B ; kB w {o s hn K, o [Zy K, g P {n K g zS hn K n s / w B [Zy K s Ze B {z

g {i D b Zr g ?Ad k j ?. r [o {x o f t Zu n f r n kB s k t kb h g {i k B {ze 'J h E K B j hA

j ?. ; r 'A‘ e [p [fX fwN?r [o ; p d [p hu kfo . . ; fs r [o[G/N?w'y d [n ko . . ’

( 9 4 4 ) f J j j ?n ; b h ; [o s i [V i kD d h fB ; akB h s / f J j h j ?; Zu h u [b h

i K g f t Zs o s k. j 'o ; [D ' i 'r h n s / j 'o p j [s ; ko / ; kX ; zs x o f s n kr

e /, f i azw /t ko hn Ks 'AGZi y b 'Ad / j B . X hn Kg [Zs o g s B h w ks k f g s k n kf d

B {zf t b e d / s V g d /S Zv e /, r [c kt K f t Zu i k p ?md / j B . e h fJ j h X o w j ?<fJ j h w e ; d j ?f i azd r h d k< fc o g fo t ko KB {ze hj d / j t kb / e hs k j ?< e h

fJ j h ‘ o kwB kw’ x o o f j e /, y /s h e o e /, ; wki e f i azw/t ko hn KfBGkT [Afd n K

B j hAi f g n k i k ; e d k< e h i s h o f j D B kb g qw ks w k f w b i Kd k j ?<

‘ f p zd [B o ky fj i s he j kt fj . . wkJ hwKr s s ?qb 'Gkt fj . . ’ ( 903)

e 'J h i ht fp zd B{ze kp {Bj hAo Zy ; e d k. s [; hAs K; r 'Ai d 'Ax o K



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f t Zu g /N g {o s h b J h n zB d kDk wzr D i Kd / j ' s K ; z[d o n "o s KB {z‘ wks k

i h’ n ky e / y ?o t h wzr d / j ' s / wB n zd o e kw mkmK wko f o j k j [zd k j ?.

e J h t ko h t k; B k r q; s j ' e /, e [e o w t h e o i Kd / j '. f J j h f p j s o

B j hAfe x o f t Zu o f j e / j h, B /e i ht B p s hs e o '. i s h s Kn ; b f t Zu

U j h f J B ; kB j ?i ' n kg D/ g s h$g s B h g qs h t c kd ko o f j zd k j ?. f J ;

n ; {b s 'AGNfe n K wB [Zy , f i zB h w o i ah g f t Zs o s k o Zy D d k f t y kt k e o /,

u [b hn K Go /, f e ; / n o E B j hA. T [j n g f t Zs o j h w zfB n k i kt /r k.

3 H ‘ p qkj wD u [b h ; zs 'y e h fr o j h e k ; s [ d kB[. . ’

( T [j h) g [o ks B ; fw n K f t Zu p qkj w D d k ; w ki T [s / p j [s d p d p k ; h.

o ki / w j ko ki / t i aho u "X o h ; ko / j h p qkj wD s 'Ag [ZS e / u Zb d / ; B . wB [Zy

d / i B w s 'Ab ?e / wo B s Ze , i ht B d h j o fJ Ze fe fo n k g [i ko h ( p qkj w D)

d / n X hB ; h s / j ?. f i ; f e ; / B / i ao k T [Gk; o B d h f j zw s e hs h,

g [i ko hn K d hn K t X he hn K f t o [ZX w {zj y 'f b Qn k, T [; B {zn g w kB s e hs k

f r n k. B k; s e n ky e / Gzfv n k f r n k, B o e Kd k n fX e ko h r o d kfB n K

f r n k. i / fc o t h f t o 'X h fN e kD/ f; o B k n kf J n k s K f; o e b w e o

f d Zs k f r n k. p qkj wD d / c s f t n K s 'Aw [e s h d k f J Ze ' f J Ze g qw [y ; kX B

; h ‘ d kB ’ . n ; b f t Zu fJ j d kB B j hA; h p b fe ‘ v kB ’ Gkt v zv i K; i ak

; h. f J ; B {z; i ak p DB s 'Ag f j b K j h n kw ; /t e p qkj w D n Zr / d 't /Aj ZE

i 'V e /, n f s n X hB r h f t Zu y [d j h d kB e o d k o f j zd k ; h s K fe f J j

v zv B k p D i kt /. n kg D/ ; /t e K B {zB o e K s 'Ap u k e / ; t o r K ft Zu G/i D

b J h, p qkj w D f t u ko k T [B QKd / “ g kg ” n kg D/ f ; o b ?b ?Ad k ; h. g o fJ ;

d / ‘ fw j B s kB /’ d h c h; ( d kB O v zv ) t k; s / n zB , X zB , ; 'B k, u Kd h, p ; s o

s / i aw hB s 'Af J b kt k n kg Dh i t kB g s B h i K i t kB p /N h t h p qkj w D d h

; /t k f t Zu j ki ao e o B h g ?Ad h ; h. i / e 'J h ; /t e f ; ZX / f i j / s o he / r Zb B k

; w M/ s d 'A‘ o ki e 'g ’ ( o ki ; h s ke s ) o kj hAn kg Dh r Zb wzB t k b J h i Kd h

; h. f J ; / b J h ; fs r [o {i h B /T [u /u / s "o s / n kfy n k j ?fe j / g zv s , fe qg k

e o e / X o w d / B K ’ s /, fJ j n Dw B [Zy h I [b w Bk e o '. i ht B B {z; zs 'y h

p DkU , y kj ; aK ’ s / e kp {g kT [. s [ j kv / b J h f J j h j ?n ; b h g f t Zs o s k n s /



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u {b h Go B h.

r qf j ; E h wB [Zy B {z; f s r [o { i h B / j [e w f d Zs k GkJ h s {z; u kJ h i K

B /e h d /w ko r s / u Zb Dk j ?. n kg D/ g f o t ko d h g kb Dk t k; s /XB e wkT [D

b J h r b s o ; s k n y fs n ko B j hAe o B k. Gkt /A; kd / i j / y kD/ B kb i ht B

fB o p kj e o B k g t /, g o d {i / d k j Ze B j hAy 'j Dk. d ; B y d h Gb h

fe o s e o B h j ?. f J ; d / B kb j h t zv e / S e Dk j ?f e T [Afe s /o / e 'b n zB

g ?d k e o B d h ; w o ZE k j ?, i [r s h j ?. f J ; b J h f i ZE / fe s / fJ j t /y /A g J h

e 'J h G?D^ Go k, p Zu k p [ZY k w [; ae b f t Zu j ?, T [; d h n "e V d {o e o B d h

e 'f ; a; ae o hA. n kg D /g f o t ko i K p Zf u n K B {zg P { g zS h t h g kb d / j B , s {z

n kg D/ g fo t ko s Ze ; hw s B k o f j e /, ; w ki s Ze ; GB K d h ; /t k f t Zu

s Zs g o o f j Dk j ?. j 'o f e X o / fJ ; aB kB e o B b J h s ho E K ’ s / GN e D d h

s ?B {ze 'J h b 'V B j hAj ?. s /o k f J j h n ; b h s ho E j ?, ; w ki d / e w i a'o

s p f e n K d h ; j kf J s k e o B h. i / s {zf J ; s o QK i ht B p ; o e o /Ar k s K

; w M b ?s ?B {z; [Zu hn K u {b hn K Go B d h i ku n k r J h, s ho E f J ; aB kB j '

f r n k, f t e ko K d h w ?b b f j r J h. t ke j B L

j fo i b [fBo wb [wB[fJ B; kBh wi B ; fs r [o [GkJ h. . ( 505 )

4H ‘ o ki / u [b h fBn kt e h g fV n k ; u [ fXn kB[. . ’

( T [j h) ; f s r [o { i h B /fe o g k e o e / g o w /; ao d /x o 'Ap /n zs e hws h y i akB/

fb n Kd /n s / d ' j hAj ZEhAwB[Zy s k f t Zu t o s kJ /. i / e 'J h f t n e s h ; fs r [o {

i h s 'Ae [M b ?Dk j h B k u kj / fc o s KT [; d h B k ; w Mh j h n ky h i k ; e d h

j ?. ; f s r [o { i h e k p u B j ?L

T {AX?GKv /fe S[ B ; wkt ?; hX?n zfwqs [g o ?fBj ko . . ( 5 03 )

d /; ad / o ki / d h p j [s t Zv h f i azw /t ko h j [zd h j ?, n kg D / o ki f t Zu

i kB wkb , n kB ; akB ; G d h p o e o ko o Zy /. ; kfo n KB {z; w /Af ; o fJ B ; kc

d /t /. e 'J h f J Ze f t n e s h t h o ki f t Zu G[Zy k B zr k B k j 't /, e 'J h f e ; / d k

j Ze B k y ' j t /. o ki d h g [fb ; b 'e K d h ; /t e j 't /, X Ze V j ke w Bk p D/.

; ko / w f j e fw n K d / e o w u ko h s / n c ; o , b 'e K d / e zw fJ w kB d ko h B kb

e o B . n d kb s K f t Zu f J B ; kc afw b /, p j [s j h B /e n s / w kf j o w B [Zy B {z



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fJ j t v /o h f i azw /t ko h ; "Ag h i kt /. i Zi n s / n d kb s d k B K ; [Dfd n K j h

e zpDh Bk fSV/, ; r 'AwB B {zs ; Zb h j 't / f e mhe c ?; b k e hs k i kt /r k. c "i K

d /; B {z p kj o h y s fo n K s 'A p u kT [D b J h s B d /j h B kb ; /t k e o B .

v ke N o n kg D h ; /t k B {zg o T [g e ko d h Gkt B k B kb e o B . f J B QK ; GB K

s 'Ae zw e o t kT [D t kb k j ?o ki k. i / d /; d k w [y h B k n f j b j 't /, n : k; a

j 't /, fo ; at s y 'o j 't /, ; ko / t o r KB kb f J Ze ' f i j k fg n ko Gfo n k t o s kU

B k e o d k j 't /, f c o T [j o ki k B k o f j e / e ; kJ h d k o {g X ko B e o b ?Ad k

j ?. T [; p ko / ; fs r [o { d k c [o wkB j ?L

o ki / ; ahAj w [e d w e [s /. . i kf J i r kfJ fB p?m/ ; [s /. .

u ke o Bj d k g kfJ B x kT [. . o s [fg s [e [fs j 'u fN i kj [. . ( 1288)

; ko / d /; t k; h o ki / b J h n kg Dh n "b kd t Kr j 'D. ; GB K d h

f ; j s d h s zd o [; s h, n B /e g qe ko h f t f d n k, T [g i ht e k d / ; kX B ,

B t hn K ; [Zy ; j {b s K g ?d k e o B b J h f t f r n kB hn K B {zT [s ; akj s e o B k,

y /s h, t g ko , e ko y kB / n s / B "e o hn K n kf d b J h g kJ /d ko fB i akw d h

w i ap {s h B kb x kV s x V B h, f J j ; G f i azw /t ko hn Kp kd ; akj d hn K j h s K

j B . i / o ki g qw [Zy B k; w M, p /J hw kB n s / j 'o f t e ko K B kb b p o /i aj ?

s K d /; t k; hn Kd h f i azd r h d [y d kJ h j h j 't /r h. n Zr / o ki / B {zB /e ; b kj

d /D t kb / f t d t kB i B j 'f J n k e o d / j B . i / o ki g qw [Zy e [o kj / g ?i kt /

s Kf t d t kB Kd k g qE w c o i aj ?fe b 'e f j s f t Zu , fB v o j ' e / o ki / B {zw zd

e kfo n Ks 'At o i D. i / n f i j k B j hAe o d / s KT [ j f t d t kB B j hAw zB / i k

; e d /. i /T [ j ; Zu d h n kt ki a; w /Af ; o p [b zd B j hAe o d /s Ke kfJ o j B .

g V Q / fb y / f ; n kD/ g [o y KB / j h ; w ki d / f J ; s o h w o d B {zi kr o s e o B k

j [zd k j ?. p j [g qe ko h f t f d n k g V Qk e / ; j h w kf J f B n K f t Zu d /; , X o w s /

; w ki B {zT [g : 'r h p DkT [Dk j [zd k j ?. i / f t d t kB i B b kb u h, B ; aJ h,

f t e ko h, fo ; at s n kfd n "r [DK f t Zu r o e j ' r J / s K ; w ki B {ze "D ; [w Zs

d /t /r k< ; j h n o E K f t Zu f t d t kB j h T [j j ?i ' f t f d n k o kj hAw B [Zy s k

d k Gb k e o d k j ?.

5H ‘ g kDh fu s [ B X'g J h w[fy g hs ?fs y i kfJ . .



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g kDh fg s k i r s e k fc fo g kDh ; G y kfJ . . ’ ( 12 4 0)

j / GkJ h, i b f t Zu f J ; aB kB e o B B kb ; o ho X 'f J n k i k ; e d k

j ?. g kDh g h b ?D B kb f g n k; f wN i Kd h j ?g o w B n zd o b / f t e ko s /

g kg e o w t Zv / s ho E K ’ s / B Qkf s n K t h B j hAT [s o d /. : kd o Zy ', g kDh d h

p {zd ( fp zd ) f t Zu 'Aj h i ht g ?d k j [zd / j B . f c o g kDh j h T [B QKB {zr b D f t Zu

; j kf J s k e o d k j ?. T [g o t o f Ds i ht B u Zb D B kb ; w ki ; 'j Dk p D/

r k. u ko ; " ; kb k g f j b k g qe k; af d t ; w B kfJ n k s K j h ; c b j 't /r k,

i / r [o p kDh n B [; ko h i ht B Y b /r k.

g 'Eh g o w/; o e k EkB[. .

; kX ; zfr r kt fj r [D r 'fp zd g {o B p q j w fr n kB[. . ( 12 2 6 )



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wkb k d h e o kwks

; z; ko g qf ; X f t d t kb y b hb f i p o kB B /p V hn Kg s /d hn Kr Zb K

f b y hn K B /. X o w d k r b /c u V Qk e / X ko w e g [i ko hn K t Zb 'A, i ' n X o w

c ?b kfJ n k f r n k ; h. i ' X o w d /u 'b /g f j B e /, b 'e Kd h b [ZN e hs h i k o j h

; h. T [; t o s ko / d / y b hb i h B /g o y u /T [V k f d Zs /. g [i ko hn Kt b 'AXow

g [; s e K d h e hs h r b s f t n kf y n k ƒ , f b y s K s / p u B Ko kj hAi zs k s e

g [u kfJ n k. f i B QK d h o 'I h o 'N h n s / w kD f J Zi s f J ; g ky zv fe fo n k B kb

i [V h j 'J h ; h, T [j f s b w b k T [m/. f J ; f t d t kB d h w K: 'o g hn B r 'o h; h, s / fg s k c b ; s hB h w [; b w kB . i d 'AfJ ; B / f J ; b kw i r s d k e [c o

Bzr k e o Bk P [o {e hs k s Kw"b kfDn KB / “ p Vh v {zx h ; 'u f t u ko ” w r o 'A

f J ; ƒ f J ; b kw f t Zu 'A y ko i e o f d Zs k. s K fe n f i j k “ g kg h”

f t n e s h g f t Zs o X o w ƒ , e b ze s B k e o /. e [M j h ; kb p hs / ; B fe

f J ; kJ h g kd o hn K d h B hAd T [Zv r J h. fJ ; d hn Ke o Ks he ko h fb y s KB /: 'o g f t Zu j b u b w u k f d Zs h. “ t Zv / f ; n kD /Xo w w[y hn KB /” o b

e /, n f i j / B k; s e p zd / s 'A f J ; kJ h X o w ƒ p u kT [D t k; s / y b hb

f i p o kB ƒ f J ; kJ hn s f t Zu 'AS /e fd Zs k. ; wKn kg Dh u kb /u b d k f r n k,

y b hb Gh n kg Dh ; 'u w [s kp e b /y g [; s e Kfb y d k fo j k. t hj ; kb p hs

r J /, ; z; ko g ZX o s / f J ; d h f t d t s k ƒ p j [s ; b kf j n k f r n k.

f t d t kB Kd hn Kw f j c b Kf t u j o t e s fJ ; / d hn Kfb y s Kd k f I e o j 'D

b Zr k. e [ZM j h ; w /An zd o f J ; ƒ f J ; kJ h X o w w [y hn K n s / w [; b w kB

X o w w [y hn K B / n kg D/ n kg D/ X o w f t Zu t kg ; b ?D d k n ?b kB e o

fd Zs k.

fJ ; d h fb y s f t u 'A; zy /g f i j / d ' j t kb /g kme K; B w [Zy o Zy f o j k

j K, s K fe g [i ko h P q/Dh d h “ y k; hn s ” ; "f y n K ; w Mh i k ; e /.

“ w ?Aw j ks w k p [ZX ƒ ; [f Dn k, f : ; { w ; hj d / T [g d /P ; [D /, t /d K

ƒ g f V Qn k, r hs k d k n f X n ?B e hs k. w [j zw d ƒ f ; i d k e hs k, ( r [o {)

B kB e d / g qt u B ; [D/. f t d t kB K d hn K w f j c b K f t Zu f r n k, t Zv / t Zv /

X o w w[y hn Kƒ ; [fDn k. w?As ; hj /MZb /, wko Ky kXhn K, e ?d K e ZNhn KHHHHH.

g o w ?An i /Gh g f j b Kf i j k j h j K; [X fo n k B j hAs /B k j h ; [X o Kr kHHHH. ”



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“ w?Ad [Bhn Kx [zw e /t /y h i zr b Ks 'AP fj o Kt Zb , M[Zr hn k s 'A

wfj b K t Zb . w?Ae "wK ƒ t Xfd n K s / v [p fd n K t /fy n k. w?Ao ki

Gt Bk, e kb i K, wzd o K, p b h p /d hn Ks / f r n k. w?Ag o y e hs h fe

wI p {o ( e wI 'o ) n who d k r [b kw j ?. n who n kd wh f ; g kj h d k

r [b kw j ?. f ; g kj h i o B?b d k r [b kw j ?. i o B?b p kd Pkj d k r [b kw

j ?. p kd P kj g [i ko h d k r [b kw j ?. s /g [i ko h fJ Ze fBo f i zd w{o s h d k

r [b kw j ?. w{o s h i ' fwZNh d h p Dh j 'J h j ?. f i ; ƒ P?s kB B/wB[Zy h

y {B f t Zu r [zB e /, w[o d k y 'g o hn Kd /Y /o T [g o fNe kfJ n Kj 'fJ n k

j ?. wo hn Kn ks wk t kb /g kg h wB[Zy , fJ j BKw{o s hn Kn s /g [i ko hn Kd h g {i k e o d / j B. ”

; f s r [o { i h B / n e kb g [o y d / n B zs y I kB / f t u 'A, w B [Zy s k d /

e f b n kD t k; s / f ; X / ; kd / T [g d /P , r [o p kDh o kj hA; kv / s e ; [o Zf y n s

g [u k fd s /. f J j B Kr [o t ke Kf t Zu i ' w [Zy f ; X Ks T [x V e / ; kj w D/ n kT [Ad k

j ?, T [j f J T [Af p n kB e hs k i k ; e d k j ?.; ' w[e s k ; z; kfo f i r [f o T [g d /f ; n k]

fs ; e h r J h p b kfJ fwN/ n zd /f; n k]

fs ; e k d o ; B[ d /fy i r s [ fBj kb [ j 'fJ ]

i B e ?; zf r fB j kb [g kg k w?b [X 'fJ ]

n zfwqs [ ; ku k BkT [ T [E?i kg hn ?]

wB e T [ j 'fJ ; zs 'y [G[y k Xqkg hn ?]

f i ; [ x fN t f ; n k BkT [ fs ; [ p zXB e kNhn ?]

r [o g q; kfd fe B ?ft o b ?j fo XB[y kNhn ?] ( 5 19 )

n o E L^ ; f s r [o { d h f ; Zf y n k s / u Zb D t kb k w B [Zy , ; z; ko d /

p zX B K s 'Aw [e s j ' i Kd k j ?. ; G s o QK d / f c e o M'o / r [o { f ; Zf y n k B kb

y s w j ' i Kd / j B , f e T [Afe w B [Zy r b s hn K e o d k j h B j hA. n f i j / B /ef J B ; kB d / g o T [g e ko h ; [Gk B {zt /y e /, j o e 'J h y [P j [zd k j ?. d {f i n K

ƒ u zr h w Zs d / e /, r [o w [y i B , T [ j B Kd / f t e ko Gh e ZN fd zd k j ?. ; fs r [o {

d k n zfw qs t o r k T [g d /; j h i ht B d k n k; o k p D i Kd k j ?. ; d k w B

; zs 'y n t ; E k f t Zu fN fe n k o f j zd k j ?. ; ko hn K GZ[y K d h B f t o s h j '

i Kd h j ?. f i ; r [o f ; Zy d / f j o d / f t Zu ; fs r [o {d k T [g d /P t ; f r n k. T [ j



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j o s o QK d / p zX B K s 'Aw [e s j ' f r n k. r [o {d h fe o g k d [n ko k fe ; / f t o b /

w B [Zy ƒ n f i j h T [u h w kB f ; e n t ; E k g qkg s j [zd h j ?. f J j j f o X B

r [o { d k T [g d /P j h j ?.

w{b [wfs g o t kDk J /j ' BkBe n kfy ; [DkJ /]

e o D h T [g f o j 'fJ s g kt ; [ i / e ' e j ?e j kJ /] ( 12 3 8)

n o E L^ n ?r [o f ; y ' ; ko hn K f t u ko K d h w {b f t u ko f J j j ?

f e s [j kv / e hs / u zr / w zd / e zw K ƒ g o y e /, f B o ze ko B / c ?; b k e o B k j ?.

T [; t Zv h n d kb s f t Zu e 'J h fo P t s i KfP | ko ; B j hAu b d h. fJ j y o h

f t u ko B kB e ; kf o n K d / ; B w[y o y f o j k j ?.i /s / i hn fb y h f ; fo e ko ] e o Dh T [g fo j 't f r ; ko ] ( 116 8 )

n o E L^ fB o ze ko i h d k n N Zb fB n w ; kfo n K T [g o b kr { j '

f o j k j ?. T [; s 'Ae 'J h p u e / B j hAb zx ; e d k. ; ko / i ht T [; d / p DkJ /

p zX B f t Zu i ht B p ; o e o o j / j B . f J B ; kB f i j ' f i j / e o w e o d k

j ?( B /e h p d h) T [; d k c ?; b k T [; / n B [; ko j 't /r k.B kB e n T [r [D i /s V /s /s / r b h i zi ho ]

i / r [D j 'fB s e Nhn fB ; / GkJ h ; / p ho ] ( 5 9 5 )

n o E L^ j / GkJ h w B [Zy i ' p [o / e zw e o d k i Kd k j ?, T [j ; ko /

T [; d h f I zd r h b J h o [e kt N K ( Gko ) p Dd / u b / i Kd / j B . w kB 'Ai e V B

t k; s / r b f t Zu i zi ho K g ?r J hn K. n T [r [D S Zv e / r [DK ƒ Go k i kDe /

; f j : 'r h p D kJ hJ /. Gkt n t r [D f s n kr D/ s / r [D X ko B e o B / I o {o h

j B , f J ; / ƒ ; | b i ht B n kf y n k i k ; e d k j ?.

n Zi i d 'Af ; Zy g zE d h d P k t Zb fX n kB i Kd k j ?s Kf ; o f g ZN e /

o f j i kJ hd k j ?. f r n kB j k; b e o B k, B /e s / g ke i ht B p D kT [Dk p hs /

d h r b g qs hs j [zd h j ?. p ; c "o h s "o s / n Zy d / c 'o f t Zu ; ko hn K

w B 'e kw B kt K g {o hn K j ' i kD, ; ko / d [y e b /P e ZN / i kD X o w h j 'D d k MZNg o w kD g Zs o fw b i kt /. e zw T [j h e o hJ / i ' ; kv k w B e o /. f J ;

n f r n kB s k t kb h f p o s h d k b [N /o / g [i ko hn K B / y {p b kj k y Zf N n k j ?.

n D G'b ; /t e K ƒ u zr h w s d /D d h E kt /A, f J j g [i ko h f J ; / s ke f t Zu

o f j zd / j B fe i /p K f t u 'Aw kfJ n k f e t /Ae Y kJ h i kt /. i d 'An kw f ; Zy

r [o d t ko / i Kd k j ?s Ke [M X B r 'b e f t Zu g kT [Ad k j ?. d ' u ko d w V / ; N /i



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s / p ?m/ i E /B fw Zs Gh o y d k j ?. f c o d /r Gh e o t kDh j 'J h. b zr o t k; s /

n b Zr g o u h, fp b fv zr c zv b J h n b Zr w kfJ n k. p kd f t Zu fe ; / n B kE

r o hp d h ; j kf J s k b J h n g hb , fe ; / f t X t k, fp w ko i K o 'r h d h

; j kf J s k t k; s / n g hb . f c o f t ; /a; ag [o p K b J h T [r o kj h t Zy o h. f J Ze

t ko h n kd w h r [o d t ko / u b k i kt / s K n kg D/ n kg ƒ b [ZfN n k g [ZfN n k

f i j k w f j ; {; e o d k j ?. X ko fw e P o X k t ; , e [ZM p 'b Gh B j hA; e d k.

s Zs r [o w s d h e 'J h T [u /o h f ; Zfy n k Gh g Zb / B j hA g ?Ad hHHHHH. fJ j h

t o s ko k b zw / ; w /A s 'A t o s d k n k f o j k j ?. n f r n kB s k f t Zu v [Zp /

P o X kb {n K e 'b 'A, w kf J n k p N 'o B d / e [M j 'o Gh Y zr s o he / j B . f J Ze j ?e ko ; /t k t kb h T [r o kj h. f J ; n y "s h e ko ; /t k o kj h f J j B K t Zv /

; /t kd ko K B/ ; ko hn KfJ fs j k; e fB P kB hn Ks p kj e o f d Zs hn KB /. f ; Zy K

ƒ e zr kb e o S Zfv n k j ?, s /o ki ; E kB t kb /g ZE o K d / wkb e K ƒ , wkb kwkb

e o fd Zs k j ?. p kfp n Kd hn Kn kg Dhn Ks Kg zi / f x T [ f t Zu j B j h. T [w o

Go d hn K o 'N hn K y o hn K ^ “ e ko ; /t k ft Zu 'Ae ko KGhHHH” .r [o { B kB e ; kf j p i h d / g o w ; /t e GkJ h w o d kB k i h B / s K

f ; Zy h e w kJ h, f ; Zy h i ht B i hf t n k, T [w o Go ; f s r [o { d h j i {o h f t Zu

o f j e / ; zr s K ƒ r [o T [g d /P ; o t D e o kf J n k. T [; B / n g D k i ht B

; c b k e o f b n k. T [; d h n T [b kd Gh e [ZM ; w K p kd f t Zu f J j ; /t k

fB GkT [Ad h o j h d ; hd h j ?. d ; w g kf s ; kj j i {o s 'Aw r o 'Afw ; b K d /

fGn kB e ; w /A; G fe ; w d / “ e ho s Bh i E /fs Zs o ” j ' r J /. f J ; ; "

; kb d / ; w /Af t Zu , b 'V w [s kp e fw ; b Kf t u b / f ; zx KB /y [d j h g km e hs k.

y [d j h e ho s B s / y [d j h e E k f t u ko e o fb n k e o d / ; B . t y o h e 'J h

P q/Dh B j hA; h. w j ko ki k o Di hs f ; zx d / ; w /A, i d 'At /f y n k f ; y K d h

u V s j ' r J h j ?, s K j 'o B Kf p w ko hn K t Kr f J j “ e ho s B d h fp wko h

Gh f; o ƒ u V Qr J h. ” fXn kB d /Dk e ho s , e ho s h, e ho s B, i ;t fv n kJ h, ; 'Gk, T [; s s , f ; fy n k, T [g d /P , j [e w, ; G ; wkB

n o EKft Zu t o s / r J / j B . o Di hs f ; zx d / o ki w r o 'Aw o d kB / d h

n z; t z; g o r N j ' r J h s / b Zr / “ e ho s B ” d hn K s o zr K S /V B . f J j B K

d / g [o f y n K B / i d 'At /f y n k f e “ f j zr b r / B c N e V h s / o zr Gh u 'y k

n kt /” d / b 'e n y kD w [s kp e u [e b J / ; ki . r [o {B kB e ; kf j p d h f ; y h



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s K X ko B B k e hs h, T [j B K d h p kDh d [n ko k wkf J n k p j [s f J e Zmh e o

b J h. n r 'At X d / t X d / e J h ; ko / i E / p D r J / i ' d /; f t d /P d / f ; y K ƒ

“ s ko B” b J h u Zb g J / j B . y [d f J j e ho s B hJ / e /; K s 'Ao f j s j B ,

s zp ke { d h t o s 'A Gh e o d / j B . f J ; b kw d hn K ; ko hn k P o s K ƒ

; t he ko d /, g Ze / w [; b w kB j B . n Zr 'Aƒ f J j B K d / f e ; / f J Ze Gh w ?Ap o

d k f ; Zy h X ko B e o B p ko / e 'J h f J o kd k B j hA. f c o Gh f ; Zy K ƒ e ho s B

; [Dke / p [ZX { p Dk o j / j B . u zr h w 'N h e w kJ h e o e / f b i Kd / j B s / f ; Zy K

d h e w n e b h s / y {p j ; d / j B .

g zi kp f t Zu f ; Zy h ; o {g X ko B e hs / p j [s e ho s B h i E / t /y / i k; e d / j B . f J j B K f t Zu 'Ap j [s / f w o k; h w [; b w kB fg S 'e V t kb / j B .

e ho s B d h p d "b s f J j B K B / Gkt /Ae o 'V K o [g ?e w k b J /. e ko K e 'mhn K

t kb / p D r J / f I zd r h d hn K ; ko hn K ; [y ; j {b s Kw kD o j / j B . f c o Gh

n kg D/ fg S b / w[; b w kB K t kb / ; z; e ko o ; w ' f o t ki n Zi s e f J j B K B /

B j hAfs n kr /. j 'o s K j 'o n kg D/ g o t ko d / w o / g qkDh ƒ n r B G/N B j hAe o d /, ; r 'Ae p o f t Zu d Zp d / j B . r [o d t ko k ; N /i s / n kT [D b J h e /t b

p kj o h G/y ( d kj V h e /; ) X ko B e o f b n k. n zd o f ; Zy h n ; {b s K d {o

d h r b ; r 'A f J ; b kw e ; o Qk w [s kp e i ht B p ; o e o d / j B . f ; Zy

w [y hn KB /e d h “ s hi k B /s o ” y ' j b e / t /y D d h e 'fP P B j hAe hs h. p ke h

e ho s B h i f E n K, Y kv hn K, e E kt ku e K r qzE hn K s / g qp zX e K d / x o K s e

g j [zu e o e /, g [ZS g V s kb e hs h i kt /, s K ; G e [M i kD e / G[Zp K f B e b

i kDr hn K. e 'J h f t o b k g o t ko f ; Zy h ; o {g s / f ; Zy h u b D t kb k Gkt /A

b ZG i kt /, t o B k “ X o w [ g zy e f o T [v f o n k” t kb h j kb s n kw t /y h

i k ; e d h j ?. j K e ho s B d o p ko K f t u b / f J e ZmK ƒ t /y e /, Gkt /Ae 'J h

c [Zf b n k f c o / f e f ; Zy h d h u V Qd h e b k j ' o j h j ?. b r g r 9 0 # f ; Zy

n y t kD t kb / e /; e N t k u [e / j B . d ht kB k f t Zu d ; s ko K x ZN s /o [wkb Kf ; o K s / p j [s hn K B I o n kT [Ad hn K j B . d [B hn k d k “ Bzp o fJ Ze

; o kp h d k g Nk” f ; Zy r b f t Zu g [n k u [e / j B . r [o p kD h d / T [FZs w

n ; {b K s 'Af ; Zy g {o h s o QK n Di kD j B g o e ho s B d / t ki / y {p t Zi o j /

j B . d /r K s / b zr o p V / ; i o j / j B . n o p Ky o p Ko [fg n k o 'j V e /

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i d 'A “ w o d kB / f e n k” ƒ w kf J n k d hn K g zv K p zB Qe / t kg ;

g o s d / t /f y n k s K ; kJ hAw hn K w ho d / t kf o ; K d / w {zj f t Zu Gh g kD h Go

n kf J n k. i d 'AT [j B K B / o kJ / e Zb k d / t kf o ; u "X o h n B kf J T [b k y kB ƒ

w kfJ n k d / n zp ko s / p ?mk t /f y n k s K f ; o u e o k f r n k. w B k f J j s K

e ho s B hJ / j B , e ho s B f ; Zy Dk j ?Gh n "y k. f c o i / n ; hAd ' ; [o K t ki /

s / e ZY Gh b J hn Ks Ke b e b "D ƒ “ wo d kB /fe n KB /; kv h g 'b y ' j b d /Dh

j ?. f e f J j n ; b h e ho s B hJ / B j hAj B . ” f e T [Af e T [j B K d h n kg Dh

d [e kB d ko h ƒ B [e ; kB g [i D k j ?. T [X o n B kf J s T [b k y kB B / f J Ze b 'N /

f t u 'A j h n o p K e w k b J / ; kv / e 'b s K n f i j k b 'N k Gh e 'J h B j hA.fJ e kr o f u Zs j ' e / d ; t Kd [n ko y 'j f b n k. “ r [o u o B Kf t Zu e hs h r J h

n o d k; ; [Dh r J h. ” T [ j B Kv ze /d h u 'N s /n ?b kB e o f d Zs k “ ; fs r [o {

n o i D ; kf j p i h d / y k; fw Zs o ( P o X kb { B j hA) f ; Zy K d / g qw [y X o w

n ; E kB , ; qh d o p ko ; kf j p n zf wqs ; o d h f J w ko s d h g f j b h f J ZN ,

n kg D/ d ; s / w [p ko e d [n ko k o Zy D t kb /, n e p o n s / i j Kr ho d / o kid o p ko s e o ; {y o Zy D t kb /, j i ko Kw [; b w kB Kd / fd b Kd h X V e D, ; w /A

d h X ko w e ; \ P hn s , w j kB ; {c h c e ho , ; kJ hAw hn K who d h n z; p z;

t kf b n K ( ; kƒ ) ƒ f J Ze g f t Zs o w kb k g qkg s j 'J h j ?. f J j “ w [p ko e

s ; p h” f e ; / y [P hn K Go / n kb w f t Zu g ho i h ƒ r [o { n o i D ; kj f p B /

n o g D e hs h ; h. ” fJ ; w kb k s 'Ap kn d T [ j B KfJ j Gh n ?b kB e o fd Zs k

fe w ks k r zr k i h B / fJ Ze p j [s e hw s h j ko n kg D/ e o e w b K B kb g ho

i h ƒ G/N e hs k ; h. f J j d 't /A“ g f t Zs o f J f s j k; e f B P kB hn k” ; kv /

e 'b j B , n Zr 'A n ; hA ; zr s K ƒ f J j B K d / d o P B e o t ke / fB j kb e o

fd n Kr /. ”

; KJ h w hn K w ho i h u zr / Gi B p zd r h t kb / B /e c e ho ; B .

; f s r [o { i h B kb T [j B K d k fw b kg Gh j 'f J n k d o [; s j ?. g o f e ; /g [o ks B r qzE f t Zu f J j ; p {s B j hafw b d k fe ; kJ hAi h B /d o p ko ; kf j p

d h B hAj o Zy h j 't /. f J ; r [o { x o d h B hAj y [d r [o { n o i B ; kf j p i h

B / o Zy h ; h. GkJ h e kj B f ; zx i h B kGk n B [; ko ^ f J ; g f t Zs o X o w

n ; E kB d h B hAj f J Ze w kx ; zw s 16 45 ( ; zB 15 8 8 ) ƒ r [o {n o i D d /t

i h B /o Zy h. ; zw s 18 18 ƒ n p d kb h B / fJ ; X o w n ; E kB ƒ p ko {d Bkb



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i Z; k f ; zx n kj b {t kb hJ / B / B hAj o Zy h. ( w j kB e 'P g zB k 7 6 ^ S kg 1 9 8 1 )

; kJ hAw hn K w ho p ko / GkJ h e kj B f ; zx i h f J T [Afb y d / j B ^

w ho P kj ( ; /ay w [ j zw d ) i ' e o B h t kb k d o t /P ; h. f J j ; qh r [o {

n o i B d /t i h n s / ; qh r [o { j f o r 'f p zd ; kf j p d k g o w ; B /j h ; h.

( “ w hn Kw ho i [X ho r zGho . ; [B e o T [u o s t u r [o s ho , ” r [o g qs kg

; {o i ) w hn Kw ho y b hc k T [w o d h t z; f t u 'A; h. f J ; d k i B w ; h; s kB

f t Zu ; zB 15 5 0 ƒ j 'f J n k. f J ; B / T [w o d k p j [s k f j Z; k b j "o

fp s kfJ n k. n o T [; / E Kn r ; s f r n ko K, ; zB 16 35 ƒ d / j Ks j 'f J n k.e p o j kfP wg [o ^ b j "o d /g k; j ?. whn Kw ho g qkD: kw d k t Zv k n fGn k; h

; h. f J ; d k g qf ; ZX u /b k w [b KP kj ( P kj w [j zw d ) P kj I kd k d ko k f P e 'j

d k g ho ; h. ( w j kB e 'P g zB k 9 7 3 S kg 19 8 1 )

i d 'Aw kb t / d / fJ b ke / d / o kf i n KB /n zr q/I Kƒ w Zd s t k; s / ; Zd k

fd Zs k s KT [ j B Kb [f X n kD/ n kg Dk fJ Ze d | s o y ' j b fd s k. f J ; d k w [y hf J Ze n zr q/i e ?g N B w o / ƒ E kf g n k f r n k. w o / B / f ; Zy K d k ; [Gk i kB D

t k; s / f J Ze w [; b w kB p {N / P kj ƒ f ; Zy f J f s j k; f b y D d / e zw ’ s / b k

fd Zs k. f i E /p {N /P kj B / fJ fs j k; B kb j 'o p j [s ; ko h p /f J B ; kc h e hs h,

T [E / T [; B / f p B k f e ; / g [o ks B fb y s h ; p {s s 'A, g f j b h t ko f J j f b y

f d Zs k f e “ d o p ko ; kf j p n zf w qs ; o d h B hAj ; kJ hAw hn K w ho B / o Zy h

; h” . p ; f c o e h ; h, f J ; s 'Aw r o b / j o fb y ko h B /p {N /P kj t kb h r b

w [V w [V d [j o kJ h. i d 'A fe f J j ; Zu B j hAj ?. f J ; d k f J j w s b p

j o f r I B j hAfe f J T [Ae o B B kb r o { n o i D ; kf j p i K ; kJ hAw hn K

w ho d h P \ ; hn s e [M x ZN j ' i kt /r h. j 'o n Df r Ds r [o d t ko / j B

f i B QK d h B hAj f e ; / w [; b w kB c e ho B / B j hAo Zy h. e h T [j x ZN ; 'Gk

g kT [Ad / j B <f J ; s 'A p kn d n kT [Ad / j K w kb k d h “ f J f s j k; e s k” t Zb .

; fs r [o {; f j p kB d hn Kw B x V s c 'N 'n Kfu Zs o , i ' n Zi p ki ko Kf t Zu 'Ae [ZM

d w V / y o u e / n kw fw b i Kd / j B . i ' r [o p kDh s 'A; Zy D/ f ; Zy Kd /

“ x o Kd k fP r ko ” p D/ j 'J / j B . f J j B Kf t Zu i ' s o QK s o QK d hn K wkb k,

c 'N 'n K f t Zu B I o n kT [Ad hn K j B , f J j f ; o c f u Zs o e ko d h e b g Dk



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w ks o j B . r [o p kDh d / g kt B n ; {b KB kb f J j B Kd k d {o d k Gh t k; s k

B j hAj ?. i ' f u zB Q; fs r [o {i h d h f t u ko X ko k s 'Aj h T [b N j B . T [ j h u hi K

i K fu zB s 'j c / d / s "o s / r [o { i h ; KJ h w hn K w ho ƒ f e T [Ad /Dr / < f i ;

wkb k d h r [o p kDh f t Zu j I ko K t ko h f B y /X h e hs h r J h j ?, e h T [ j h wkb k

r [o {n o i D ; kf j p n kg D/ r b f t Zu g k e / o y d / ; B < s 'j c / Gh f J j B K

w kb kt K d / f d n k e o d / ; B < n kg D/ T [g d /P s 'Aj h f t o [X ; f s r [o { i h

t o s 'Af t j ko f e T [Ae o B r / < f e ; / g [o ks B r qzE f t Zu w hn K w ho ƒ w kb k

n o g D e o B d k o kJ h w ks o f I e o s e B j hA j ?. GkJ h ; zs 'y f ; zx

( ; {o i g qe kP ) r [o ; 'Gk ; ?B kg s h, i B w ; ky hn K, f r n kB h f r n kB f; zx ,i K G kJ h o s B f ; zx Gzr { o f u s g qku hB g zE g qe kP , f e ; / f t Zu w kb k d k

B kw ' f B P kB B j hAj ?. n Zr 'Aj 'o f ; s w t /y ' f J j B K w kb k d h B [w kf J P

b kT [D t kb / GZd o g [o ; K B / w ks k r zr k i h ( r [o { n o i D ; kf j p i h d h

; [g s B h) ƒ Gh y {p j ko fP zr ko e o d / r f j D/ g f j B d / g o u kfo n k j ?.

f g qE h u zd B / b zw / ; w /A s e , d ; t zX d h w kf J n k ƒ n kg D/ e kp { f t Zuo Zfy n k. n kJ hn K; zr s Kb J h b zr o g Ze D' Gh p zd j ' f r n k. G[Zi /S 'b / u Zp

e / ; zr s K ƒ r [i ko k e o B k f g n k. y [d r [o { i h n s / T [j B K d k g qt ko Gh

f J ; / s o QK o [Zy h ; [Zy h y k e / ; p o P [e o f t Zu f d B e N h e o d / o j /. B kb

j h f J j Gh f X n kB o j / ; zr s K t Zb 'An kJ h d ; t zX d h w kf J n k, n Zi e Zb Q

t kb / g qp zX e K t Kr , r [o { i h n ?P g q; s h t k; s / B j hAt o s d / ; B . f i ;

P o X k n s / f t P t k; B kb ; zr s Kn zB X zB G/Nk e o d hn K; B , i / ; f s r [o {

i h T [; d h d [o t o s 'Ae o B b Zr g ?Ad /, n kg Dh g s B h b J h e hw s h j ko ( n s /

j 'o r f j D/) p Dt k b ?Ad /, n Zr 'Aw kfJ n k d /D t kb / e h ; 'u d / < e h r [o { i h

n w kB s f t Zu f y n kB s e o B d / Gkr hd ko B j hAp D i Kd / < i / ; f s r [o {

i h y [d n s / T [j B Kd k g qt ko d ; t zX f t u 'A; [y Kt kb h f I zd r h p s hs e o B

b Zr g ?Ad /, s K n kT [D t kb / ; w /Ab J h T [ j e h ; zd /P d / o j / j [zd / < f J j h B kfe s [; hAg qp zX e s /g [i ko h Gh d ; t zX ƒ fi t /Ai h u kj / fB i h ; [y Kb J h t o s

fb n k e o ' <

fs zB e [ ; kb g f j b k e ?B /v k d /d ' r [o d t kfo n Kd /g qp zX e Kd h e [ZM

e ko B Ke o e / ; y s w [e kp b / p kI h j ' r J h. f J Ze fX o B / p j [s h w kf J n k

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t Zv k i 'V w /b k j 't / fc o d {i h fX o fe t /Afg ZS / o f j ; e d h ; h < g o T [j B K

e 'b y o u b J h P kf J d w kf J n k f J s B h B j hA ; h. T [j B K d {i k o kj

n ky f s n ko e hs k. d o p ko ; kf j p n zfw qs ; o s 'A, j ZE f b y s p hV ( r [o {

r qzE ; kf j p ) w zr t kJ h. ; zr s Kƒ d Zf ; n k f r n k f e f J j p hV p kp k d hg

f ; zx t b 'Af b y h j 'J h j ?. GkJ h f p X h u zd d k B kw n kg D h ; zg o d k b J h

t o s D t kb /, d f J n k f ; zx ; kX d k f J Ze u /b k e [ZM P P s o s / “ g zi

fg n ko /” b ?e / Gh t Zv h P kB B kb g [Zi f r n k. g o u kfo n k f J j h f r n k fe

fJ j g kt B “ f J f s j k; e ” j fE n ko j B . i ' GkJ h fp X h u zd i h n s / S /t /A

g kf s P kj r [o { j f o r 'f p zd ; kf j p i h d / j B . f J j B K d 't K “ f J f s j k; e ”t ; s Ke ko B ; zr s K j [zw j [zw k e / d o P D k b J h n kJ hn K. u zr h r 'b e Go

r J h, u zr / w zs o h s / n c ; o n kD Y [Ze /. g qp zX e Kd h “ fJ Zi s ” o f j r J h.

g o n ; b ft Zu Bk fJ j g kt B p hV “ fJ fs j k; e ” ; h Bk j h ; ; s o K

d h e 'J h “ fJ fs j k; e ” e hws ; h. f J j B K ƒ f b n kT [D t kb / “ g zi

f g n ko /” Gh t kg ; B j hAg o s /. d kn w ko e / e ?B /v k f t Zu j h n b 'g j 'r J /. e ?B /v k n s /g zi kp d / n y p ko K f t Zu , f ; Zy Kd k u zr k “ w "i {” p f Dn k.

f ; Zy K d h e /Ad o h e w /N h ( SGPC n s / f d b h e w /N h) e [o kj / g ?

u [Ze h j ?. n kg Dhn K T [fu s f I zw/t ko hn K s 'Ap V h p /o f j wh B kb w{zj w 'V

u [Ze h j ?. X ko w e n d kfo n K f t Zu p j [ f r Ds h g qp zX e , r [o d t ko / ƒ

d [e kB d ko h t kb k o {g d / u [e / j B . r [o d t ko k g ?; / e w kT [D s / u "X o K

u we kT [D t k; s / t o fs n k i k fo j k j ?. g zE d h u V Qd h e b k t k; s /, fp r V /

Gf t Zy ƒ ; zt ko B t k; s /, v /o /d ko h r [o { v zw ƒ i V 'AT [y kV B b J h, t f j w K

Go w K *u 'Af ; Zy K ƒ e ZY D t k; s / r [o { d h p kDh d k f r n kB d / e /, w B K ƒ

o "P B e o B t k; s / e 'J h i s B B j hAe hs k f r n k. f J ; x 'o n f r n kB s k

d k, n zB Qh P o X k d k, n D fr D s b [N /o / c kf J d k T [mk o j / j B . f ; Zy w kJ h

GkJ h d h j Zv GzB t hAe wkJ h ƒ , n B /e p j kB / x V x V e / d 'j h j ZE hAb [ZNo j / j B . y kfb ; s kB d / B k ’ s /, y kV e {n K d / g qt ko K d h ; j kf J s k d /

p j kB /, ; e {b K e kb i K d / B kw ’ s /, j ; g s kb K d / B kw ’ s /, e ko ; /t k, i K

v /f o n K d / B kw ’ s /, w zs o i kg K s / n y zv g kmK d / B kw ’ s /, n o p K y o p K

o [f g n k G'b / f ; Zy K d k u b k f r n k. g o o kj f t u b / f t u 'b / j h w kf J n k

v e ko r J /. mhe E K s / b 'V t zd K s e T [; g ?; / d k ; "t K f j Z; k Gh B j hA



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w kb k p V h c /o d k j ?. g o o 'N h ( n zB d kD k) n w ho K d / x o K u 'Aw zr e /

y Kd k j ?. f J ; s o QK f e ; / d k g ko f B ; s ko B j hAj 'Dk.

3 He ki h j 'fJ e ?p j ?fBn kfJ ] c /o / “ s ; p h” e o / y [d kfJ ]

t Y h b ?e / j e [ r t kJ /] i / e ' g [S ?s k g fV ; [DkJ /] ( 9 5 1)

n o E L^ s {z i Zi d k n j [d k g k e / f J B ; kc e o B p ?md k j ?A.

w kb k c /o d k j ?A, y [d k y [d k p j [s i g d k j ?A. g o ; Zu k f J B ; kc e o B d h

E kt /Af o P t s b ?e / f e ; / r o hp d k j Ze w ko e / T [; ƒ ; I k ; [Dk d /Ad k j ?A.

4 He p ho “ i g Bh e km e h” fe n k fd y b kt f j b 'fJ ]

f j o d ?o kw B u /s j h fJ j i g B h fe n k j 'fJ ] ( 13 6 8)n o E L^ e p ho i h n ky d / j B , GkJ h e km d h w kb k B kb b 'e K

’ s / X o w h j 'D d k c i {b g o Gkt g k o j / j '. f j o d / f t u 'As K e d h o Zp ƒ

: kd j h B j hAe hs k, f J j w kb k s K f e ; / n o E B j hAj ?.

5Hfwqr n k; D[s [; b h “ wkb k” ] e o T {i b fs b e [e g kb k]

fo d ?e {V [e zfm o [d qky z] o /b zg N fe q; B[ n Gky z] ( 13 5 1)n o E L^ j / B k ; w M f J B ; kB ` Gkt /As {zf w qr d h y Zb d k n k; D

p D k b t /A, s [b ; h d k b /g D e o /As / Gkt /Ar b w kb k g k b t /A. fJ j B Kd k e h

c kf J d k < f j o d / f t Zu M{m c o /p j ?, wkb k Gkt /Ao [d o ky ( p j [s e hws h)

Gh g f j B b t /. j / b 'Gh g ky zv h o p ƒ s K s {zu /s / j h B j hAe o d k.

6 He p ho p ?; B' j {n k s fe n k GfJ n k wkb k w/b h u kfo ]

p kj fo e zu B[p ko j k Ghs fo Go h Gzr o ] ( 1372 )

n o E L^ j / GkJ h i / s {zt ?; B ' ; kX p D f r n k s K e h j 'f J n k <

s {z; ' j D h w kb k o Zy b J h s K e h j ?< p kj o 'As {zt /y D ƒ p V k ; 'j Dk fd ; d k

j ?, g o s /o / n zd o s K f B o h f t e ko K d h ; [n kj Go h j 'J h j ?.

7 Hr i ; kY /s ?s ?X's hn Kfs j o / g kfJ fB s r ]

r b h f i B Qk i g wkb hn k b 'N/ j fE fB p r ]UfJ j fo e / ; zs B n ky hn fj p kBko f; e /mr ] ( 4 76 )

n o E L^ j / X ko w e n y t kD t kfb U . s [; hA; kY / f s zB fs zB r i

d hn K ; c /d X 's hn Kg f j B b J hn K. “ f t X h g {o t e ” f s n ko e o e / fs zB

b V hn K t kb / i B /T {g k b J /. r b K f t Zu ; 'j Dhn K w kb kt K ; i k b J hn K.

j ZE K f t Zu u w e d / b 'N / g e V b J /. g o e h f J ; s o QK d / p kj o h G/y B kb



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s [; hAXo wh p D r J / j ' < B j hA B j hA` s [; hAG'b /Gkb /b 'e Kƒ mZr D b J h

f J j g f j o kt k X ko B e hs k j ?. s [; hAf B o / p B ko ; h mZr j '.

e fb n kD e o B t kb h wkb k f J j j ?L^

1H j fo j fo n y o d [fJ fJ j “ wkb k” ]

i g s i g s g J /d hB d fJ n kb k]

e o T [p /Bs h ; fs r [o n g [Bh[]

e fo fe og k oky j [; oDkJ hw'e T [d / j [j o /j fo i g Bh] o j kT []

“ j fo wkb k” T [o n zs fo Xko ?] i Bw wo D e k d {y [fBt ko ?]

fj o d ?; wkb ?w[fy j fo j fo p 'b ?] ; ' i B[fJ s T [s e s fj B v 'b ?]e j [BkBe i 'oku ?BkfJ ] “ j fo wkb k” s k e ?; zfr i kfJ ] ( 388)

n o E L^ j / ; f s r [o { w ?Ap /B s h e o d k j K fe w ?ƒ ; d k n kg Dh

P o D ft Zu o Zy . n kg D / B kw o {g h w kb k w ?ƒ p y P d k o j [. w ?ƒ j 'o f e ; /

w kb k d h I o {o s B j hAj ?. o j kT [.

j o h d k B kw o {g d ' n Zy o j h w /o h n ; b h w kb k j ?. f J ; s o Ks [ j kv k B kw i g fd n Ks [; hAd hB Ks / fw j o t kB j ' i Kd / j '. f J j B kw o {g h

w kb k f j o d / f t Zu X ko B j ' i kt /. i B w s 'Aw o B s e d / ; ko / d [y K s / f J ;

s o QK e kp { g k b J hd k j ?. w B e o e / n zd o B /e r [D Go i kD o ; B k s 'A

j o h B kw ( f w Zm/ p u B ) T [u ko d k o j K. f J ; s o Qk d / i ht B u b D t kb k

w B [Zy n v 'b f I zd r h p s hs e o d k j ?. j / B kB e ` i ' f J B ; kB g qG{d / B kw

o zr f t Zu o zf r n k i Kd k j ?s KfJ j h B kw d k ; j ko k T [; B kb n zs ; w /As e

fB Gd k j ?.

2 Hu /s j [p k; [d T [p B t kb h] o kw[ fo d ?“ i g wkb h” ] ( 5 03 )

n o E L^ j / r [o f ; y ' f ; q; N h d / w kb e j o h ƒ fX n kT [. f J j h

n ; b h w kb k j ?.

3 H; u [ t o s [ ; zs 'y [ s ho E [fr n kB[ fXn kB[ fJ ; BkB[]d fJ n k d /t s k fy wk “ i g wkb h” s / wkD; g o X kB] ( 12 4 5 )

n o E L^ f i B QK w B Z[y K B / ; u w ko r ƒ t o s p DkfJ n k, ; zs 'y h

i ht B j h s ho E p Dk f b n k, f r n kB j k; b e o B k s / j o h u o B K f t Zu

; [o s h i 'V h o y Dh, f J j h s ho E d k f J ; B kB p Dk f b n k. d /t s / d h g {i k

j 't / d f J n k e o B t kb k ; [Gkn , f y w k e o B d h f p o s h j h w kb k p D



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i kt /. f i B QK w B [Zy K f t Zu f J j r [D n k i kD T [j ; G s 'AGb / w B [Zy j B .

4 H n ?; k i kg i g T [ “ i g wkb h” ]

d [y ; [y g o j fo Gr fs fBo kb h] ( 13 4 2 )

n o E L^ t kf j r [o { d h : kd j h w kb k p D i kt /. d [y ; [y f t Zu

o Zp h : kd f t Zu w B fN f e n k o j / f J j h n ; b h Gr s h j ?, f J j h n ; b h

w kb k j ?.

5He p ho w/o h “ f ; woBh” o ; Bk T [g fo o kw]

n kfd i [r kd h ; r b Gr s s k e ' ; [y [ fp ; qkw[] ( 13 6 4 )

n o E L^ e p ho n ky d k j ?, w /o h w kb k w /o h i p kB s / t kf j r [o {d k B kw j h j ?. n kd s 'An zs s e j o ; w /Ad [y ; [y f t Zu , o Zp d h : kd

j h Gr s K d h f I zd r h d k n k; o k j ?.

w kb k c /o B h f t j b V b 'e K d k e zw j ?, f ; Zy s K j o e ko i

e o f d n K f i zw /t ko hn K fB GkT [fd n K t kf j r [o { ƒ ; d k u /s / o Zy d k j ?.

f t j b V w kb kX ko hn K B / Gko s ƒ e zr kb p DkT [D f t Zu t Zv k : 'r d kBg kf J n k j ?. f t j b V ; kX K B / d /P ƒ r [b kw p D kT [D f t Zu Gh g {o k f j Z; k

g kfJ n k j ?. i / ; ko / b 'e e /t b w kb k c /o B b Zr g ?D s Ke Z[M fd B Ks 'Ap kd

T [j X o s h s / B I o B j hAn kT [Dr /. f I zd r h d hn K b 'V K fe t /Ag {o hn K

j 'D r hn K < G [Zy B kb w "s j h j ' i kt /r h.

; fs r [o { i h s K t kf j r [o {ƒ j o d w : kd o Zy D d k T [g d /; d / o j /

j B ^

T [mzfd n k p j zf d n K ; t zf d n K ; [y [ ; 'fJ ]

BkBe B kfw ; b kf j n ?wB s B ; hs b j 'fJ ] ( 32 1)

n o E T [mfd n Kp ?mfd n K; "Afd n K i kr fd n Kt kf j r [o {ƒ ; d k

: kd o Zy '. j / B kB e f J ; s o QK e hs h f ; c s ; b kj B kb s B wB P Ks j '

i kt /r k.d /; d h o ky h w kb kX ko h B j hAe o ; e /r k, P P s o X ko h e o /r k.

y /s K f t Zu y /s h w kb k g e V e / p ?mD t kb k B j hAe o /r k, f w j B s h f e ; kB

e o /r k. c ?e N o hn K w kb k d / w Dfe n K B / B j h u b kT [Dhn K, T [E / ; y s

f w j B s e o B h g t /r h. : 'o g hB w [b y K B / i ' p /n zs s o Ze h e hs h j ?, f J j

w kb k d h fe o g k B kb B j hAe hs h. n e b n s / fw j B s B kb f t e k; e hs k



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j ?. w kb k c /o B t kb /, f J j B K w kb k s 'Ao f j s d /; K f t Zu o 'i h o 'N h d h

s b kP f t Zu p V hn K n "e V K MZb d / j B w kb k B / o 'N h B j hAd /D h. j K w kb k

d / B kw s / mZr h y {p t Zi o j h j ?. s o QK s o QK d / u 'b /, r 'b g N e / B zr hn K

b Zs K, o zr p o zr hn K wkb kt K d [n ko k G'b / f ; Zy K ƒ b [ZNe / I o {o y kX k i k

fo j k j ?. i / f J j B K f t j b V Kƒ y /s K f t Zu c ?e No hn Kf t Zu , n Zm d ; x zN /

; \ s fw j B s e o e / o 'N h e w kDh g t /, ; G w kb k d / wDe / fp y o i kDr /.

p fmzv / f i b /Qd k fJ Ze f e ; kB r [o {n o i D ; kf j p i h d k B kw h f ; Zy

j 'f J n k j ?. f J ; d k B kw ; h GkJ h i Zb QD i h. f J j B Kd / fg zv d h i { j f t Zu

e Z[M “ o zr p o zr /” ; kX n k T [s o /. T [j B Kf t Zu 'Ae 'J h u "Ae V k wko e / wkb kc /o f o j k j ?. e 'J h X {D hn K s kg f o j k j ?, e 'J h f J Ze b Zs d / Gko y b 'e /

“ Gr s h” e o f o j k j ?. i Zb D i h n kg Dk r Zv k p b d b ?e / i d 'Ay /s K t Zb

i kD b Zr /, s K o ; s / f t Zu f J j B K e "s e h ; kX K ƒ t /f y n k. w kJ hn K

p hp hn K d [ZX , y ho g q; kd / b ?e / t j ho p Dk e / ; kX K d h ; /t k f t Zu j kI o

j ' o j hn K; B . fJ ; g q /w h r [o f ; Zy B /n kg Dk r Zv k fJ j B K; kX Kb kr / i ke /o 'e f d s k. f J Ze g j hn k T [s ko e / T [u / E Kt / b ?f r n k. T [u h E K s 'AT [j

g j hn k B ht /Ap zB / o 'j V f d Zs k. o kj b zx d / B "i t kB K ƒ n ky e /, B kb b k

fb n k. f c o g j hn k o 'j V e / T [g o ƒ b ?r J /, s / B ht /Ag k; / m/b f d Zs k.

f J ; i Zb QD i h d / s w k; / ƒ t /y D t kf b n K d h GhV i [V d h r J h. ; kX Gh

fJ ; ƒ f d b u ; g h B kb t /y D b Zr /. n y ho f J Ze ; kX p kp / B / g [ZS j h

fb n k “ GkJ h r [o w[y k ; kv h Gr s h f t Zu Gzr Dk f e T [Ag kT [Ad k j ?. s {zi '

s w k; k e o B b r k j ?Afe s / j 'o i k e / e o b ?. ”

i Zb QD B / i [n kp f d Zs k “ p kf p U w ?e 'J h s w k; k B j hAe o fo j k,

w ?s K Gr s h e o f o j k j K, w kb k c /o f o j k j K. s [j kv h w kb k d / w De /

p j [s S 'N / j B . ; kv k ; [Gkn e [M y [Zb k v [Zb Qk f i j k j 'f J n k e o d k j ?f g zv

t kf b n K d k. w /o h w kb k d k w De k Gh t kj t k j h t Zv k ; ko k j ?. t ?; / s Ki d 'Aw ?Ax o 'Ar Zv k b ?e / f B e b d k j K r Zv / d / d ' g j hJ / w kb k p D u b g ?Ad /

j B . fc o w ?y /s f t Zu i k e / y { j i 's d k j Ks Ky { j f t Zu 'Ag kDh e ZY o j hn K

f N zv K d h “ w kb k” f d B Go u b d h j ?. y /s K ƒ g kD h i Kd k j ?, c ; b j [zd h

j ?i ht i zs {g kDh g hAd / j B n zB y Kd / j B . i / ; kv h fe ; kB Kd h fJ j ' f i j h

w kb k u b Dh p zd j ' i kt / s K s [; hAn ; hA; ko / G[Zy / w o i kt Kr /. i b QD i h



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B / r [o p kDh d h g ze s h fJ T A[ ; [DkJ h ^

! i ?; / j o j N e h “ wkb k” fNzv b r s j ?, fJ Ze ; y Bh j 'o c /o

Go hn s j ?.

s ?; ' j h fJ j [ y /b [ y ; w e k f i T [ T [; e h t fv n kJ h] ( 13 2 9)

! e o j o j N wkb fNzv g o 't j [ fs ; [ Ghs fo wB[ i 't j []

n zfwqs f ; zu j [ Go j [ fe n ko / s T [ wkb h e / j 't j [] ( 117 1)

n f i j / r [o p kDh g o w kD s / u Ze k o 'j V B d h i [r s h i d 'Af J j B K

f t j b V b 'e K B / ; [D h t /y h s [o zs n kg D k v zv k e o w zv b u Z[f e n k s / u b /

i kD ft Zu j h Gb kJ h ; w Mh. f e T [Afe T [j ; w M r J / ; B f e f i E / i Zb QDi h t o r / f r n kB t kB r [o f ; y w "i {d j B , T [; E K ; kv h mZr h B j hAu b

; e /r h.

; ' r [o f ; Zy h f e o s hn K d k X o w j ?, f J E /n kb ; hn K s / f t j b V k

b J h e 'J h E K B j hAj ?. r [o { ; kf j p kB B / y [d e d h w kb k B k o y h j ?B k

w kb k ƒ g o t kB r h f d s h j ?. ; r 'Ar [o p kDh f t Zu E K E K w kb k d k f t o 'X j ?, fB y /X h j ?. f c o w kb k f t y ke / ; kƒ f e T [ e 'J h e [o kj / g kt /, f e T [A; kƒ

b [ZN e / fb i kt / < : kd o y ' f J j i ' w kf J n k ; o X k t ; w kb k i K b 'fN n K

( r zr k ; kr o ) t kfb n Kƒ b [NkJ h i k o j h j ?. fJ j r [o {B kB e d / y kB d kB

f t Zu 'Af e ; / d / p ?Ae y ks / f t Zu B j h i Kd h. d ; w g kf s P kj i h d / g qt kf o e

w ?Ap o K d / Gh e 'J h p ?Ae y ks / B j h y [b t kJ / j 'J /, f i B K f t Zu f J j e o 'V K

o [f g n k i w K j ' f o j k j 't /. ; f s r [o { i h B / s K p ko p ko n kf y n k j ?

“ r o hp d k w {zj r [o { d h r 'b e j ?” .

B k ; [fu ; zi w[ s [b ; h wkb k] r 'g h e kB [B r T [ r t kb k]

s zs [ wzs [ g ky zv [ B e 'J h Bk e ' t z; t i kfJ zd k] ( 103 5 )

n o E L^ i d 'At kf j r [o {B / f ; qP Nh ; ki h ; h s d 'Ae 'J h ; Z[u w n kfd

d k g ky zv B j hA; h. B k i s h o f j D d k n v zp o e 'J h e o d k ; h. B k s [b ; hd k b /g D B k w kb k c /o B h e 'J h X ko w e f e f o n k ; h. B k r 'g hn K ; B B k

fe qP B n kfd e n t s ko d /t s / ; B . B k g {i k b J h s d 'Ar T {n K ; B . e 'J h

w zs o i zs o [ d k g ky zv B j hAe o d k ; h. B k j h e 'J h “ p z; h t kb k” p z; o h

t i k e / r 'g hn K s / r T {n K ƒ f J e Zmhn K e o d k ; h. s d 'Ae /t b t kf j r [o {

n kg j h n kg ; h.



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; 'J h ; /t e i / ; fs r [o ; /t / u b ?; fs r [o GkfJ ]

; u k ; p d [ f ; c s j ?; u h ; u k wzfB t ; kJ /] ( 7 5 3 )

; / i B ; u / fBo wb / f i B ; fs r [o B kb fg n ko []

; fs r [o e k GkD k e wkt d / fp y [-j T [w?s fi f t e ko [] ( 6 5 )

w kb k n kfd d / Go w i kb s 'V e / ; f s r [o { i h d h p y fP P e hs h

g kt B r [o p kDh w [s kp e ; zi w t kb k B /e i ht B p s hs e o hJ /. f J zB /

f r n kB t kB p D i kJ hJ / f e e 'J h b [N /o k ; kƒ b [ZN B k ; e /, e [o kj / B k g k

; e /. n kg r [o p kDh d k n o E K ; w /s g km e o hJ / r [o p kDh T [g d /; ƒ

; w MhJ /. j 'o B K i f r n k; {n K ƒ g q/o B k e o e / f J ; Gb / o kj N 'o B d he 'f P P e o hJ /. r [o { p j [V h e o /r k p Kj c V /r k. g zE d h u V Qd h e b k

j 't /r h, f ; Zy h d k p 'b p kb k j 't /r k.



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d ht kb h d h o kfs d ht / p kb hn fB

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; w MD s / b 'e K B {zfJ ; d k f r n kB t zv D. fe T [Af e f ; Zy f J ; g kt B p kDh

B {zn kg Dk o f j p o r [o { ; t he ko e o d / j B . n f i j k r [o { i h d k j [e w t h

j ?. f i t /Ab zw / ; w /As 'Au b / n k o j / t o s ko / B {z, i ao k n Zy K y 'b Qe / t /y D d k

i s B e hs k i kt / s K 9 0 , 9 5 g qs h; as f ; Zy ; w ki , r [o p kDh d / j [e w s 'A

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e p o K d h g {i k, n Df r Ds ; kX p kfp n K d h i hn j I {o h, X kr /, w zs o ,

p [s g {i kHHH n s / n f i j k j 'o p j [s e [M j ' f o j k j ?.

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f d B f s T [j ko s / w B "s K B {z, n kg D / f j o d / f t Zu p V h Y hms kJ h B kb , r [o { j [e w K B{zT [b zx e /, f p o ki w kB e o fb n k j ?. f t n e s hr s s "o s /, e 'J h

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f t o b / i B j h o f j r J / j B . p ke h b kDk ; w {j e o {g f t Zu , ; w /s “ g zE e

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i k f o j k j ?. f i B QK n kr {n K B / o kj d ; /o / p DB k ; h, f ; Zy ; w ki B {z

w Bw s Kd h d b d b f t u 'AT [Gko B k ; h, T [j y [d j h GN e u [Ze / j B , e [o kj /

g ? u [e / j B , r [o p kDh f r n kB s 'A ; y D/ j B . f ; Zy K d / e /Ad o h X o w

n ; E kB , f i E 'Af ; Zy K B {z; [u Zi h i ht B ; /X g qkg s j [zd h ; h, f i ; d h n kB

; akB p o e o ko o Zy D p d b / f ; Zy K B / y {B d / d fo n k t r k f d s /, y 'g o hn K

d / w hB ko f u D f d s /, n Zi T [j B K d h X o w n ; E kB K B {z ; kv / n y "s h

n kg f Dn K B /, f Gq; aN e o f d s k j ?. g {i k d / e /Ad o p Dk f d Zs k j ?. ; zr s K

f J j b /y n e s {p o 2 0 0 2 B {zf J zr b ?v s 'AS g d / g zi kp h n y p ko d /; ag qd /; af t Zu

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w B kf J n k. b /y e B {ze J h s o hf e n K B kb g q/; akB e hs k f r n k.



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i akj o j ?fe ; f s r [o { i h 2 6 ; s zp o , 16 19 J h; t h B {zr t kb hn o s 'Au b

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n kT [Ad h j ?.

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e [ZM j h ; w /Ap kd c [b s 'V b J / i Kd / j B i K w [o Mk i Kd / j B .

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5H j fo u zd T [o h Mkfs t ; kfJ T [u kb hn fB. .

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o j / n B 'y / e ko i K d k f t ; E ko B kb t o B D e hs k f r n k j ?. f i t /Afe ^

g f j b / g zi / r [o { X o w ; kb f t Zu fN e e / T [g d /P e o d / ; B . g o S /t /A; f s r [o { o 'i kB k ; c o f t Zu o f j zd / j B . g f j b K ; kX { ; [Gkn i kDe / o ki /

w j ko ki / ; f s e ko ; f j s B w ; e ko e o B n kT [Ad / ; B , g o f J j y [d

p kd P kj p D p ?m/ j B , fe b / p D k b J / j B , i zr i [X e o B b r g J / j B .

; zr s Kd o P B e o B n kT [Ad hn Kj B , g o n r 'Ag s k b r d k j ?; f s r [o { i h

s K f e s / d {o r J / j 'J / j B . f J j B K ƒ v o j h B j h n kt zd k f e ; / s 'A.g f j b K ; f s r [o { i h w zi h s / fp o ki w kB j ' e / ; zr s K ƒ X o w T [g d /P e o

o j / j B . f J j B K B / x 'V / o Zy b J /, f ; e ko h e [Zs / g kb b J /, f B s fP e ko

e o B i Kd / j B . g f j b / g zi r [o {p kDh g V d / r kT [Ad / ; B , j 'o p kDh f b y d /

; B , g o f J j s K p kDh B j hAT [u ko d /, ; r 'Ap ho o ; h t ko K d k g o u b D

e o t k f d s k. g f j b K ; /t e f ; Zy j i {o h f t Zu o f j zd / ; B , f J j B K B / s K

i j Kr ho t o r /g kg h o kf i n KB kb w /b fw b kg P [o {e o fb n k j ?. g o ; Zu

b [e kf J n k b [e d k B j hA, f ; n kD/ f ; Zy i kDd / j B f e S /t /A; f s r [o { i h i '

e zw e o o j / j B , T [j B K d h ; w /An B [; ko I o {o s j ?. ; f s r [o { r b s h

B j hAe o d / f J j B K f ; Zy K ƒ j h Gb /y k b r f r n k j ?. r [o { j f o r 'f t zd

; kf j p p j [s w j kB j B , fg s k d h P j hd h ƒ o Zp h o i k e o e / ; t he ko

e hs k. b 'e K d h p zd y b k; h e o B t k; s / n kg D/ n kg ƒ y s f o n K ft Zug k fb n k. g o T [g e ko f t u ; d k j h o [ZM/ o f j zd / j B . n kg Dk n ko kw ; [y

; G f s n kr f d s k j ?. f c o Gh f e ; / ƒ w f j ; {; B j hAj 'D f d zd /, f e w ?A

s [j kv / b J h s e b hc MZb f o j k j K. g T [V h g V Q'

X o w; kb e fo p j hd k, f J e s E kT [AB fNe ?fNe kfJ n k]

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T [wfs w j b B g kt d h Bmk fc o ?B v o ?v o kfJ n k]

wzi h p f j ; zs 'y d k e [s /o y f ; e ko [ f y b kf J n k]

p kDh e fo ; [fD r Kt d k, e E?B ; [D?B r kt ; [DkfJ n k]

; /t e g k; B o y hn f B d 'y h d [; N n kr {w[zf j b kf J n k]

; u [B b [e /b [e kfJ n k, u o D e t b f ; y Gt o b [GkfJ n k.

( t ko 2 6 g T [V h 2 4 )

f J ; / 2 6 t hAt ko d h 3 4 t hAg T [V h f t Zu f c o S /t /A; f s r [o [ p ko /

f b y s w "i {d j ?^

j fo r 'f t zd [r [o [n o i Bj [n kfd g [o y n kd /P e o kfJ n k]t ko n mZs h d h t hj t hAg T [V h f t Zu r [o { j f o r 'f t zd ; kf j p p ko /

w [V ; ko h t ko s k fb y h j 'J h j ?. ; zy /g ft Zu f ; o c d ' b kJ hB k g o wkD b J h

g V Q' ^

j fo r 'f t zd r [o [ n o i Bj [ r [o [ r 'f t zd [ j 'J h]

r [o [r 'f t zd j [p kf j o k d {i k Bj h e 'J h] ( 3 8 ^ 2 0)i ' w j kB e ko i S /t /A; f s r [o { i h B / e hs / ; B , f J ; ko / w ks o

; zy /g f t Zu GkJ h r [o d k; i h B / ; ko / fb y fd s / j B . T [ j B Kd h u V s , i zr

b V B /, c "i K o Zy Dhn K, f P e ko y /b Dk f ; Zy K ƒ wk; y kD d k j [e w d /Dk,

; ko hn K t Zv hn K x N B kt K d k ; [zd o Y zr B kb t o B D e hs k j ?. j kb h Gh

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e f j ; e d / j K ^ “ t kf j r [o { T [; ƒ ; [w Zs d /t /. ”

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d ; s r ho j [fJ g zi g ho j fo r [o [ j fo r 'f t zd [ n s 'b k]

d hB d [B h d k g kf s ; kj [ g kf s ; kj Kg kfs ; kj [ n v 'b k]

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fe ; / j 'o B k ; w M GkJ h r [o d k; f ; zx ( d {i k) d h j ?. fJ ; t ko f t Zu p j [s

; ko hn Kr [o ws s 'AT [b N r b K j B . P q'w Dh r [o d t ko k g qp zX e e w /Nh t b 'A

B k ; w Mh e ko B , f J ; t ko ƒ B kb j h S kg f d s k f r n k j ?, i ' t Zv k

n g o kX j ?. f J j d {i k GkJ h r [o d k; ; kf J d fw ; b K t /b / j 'f J n k j ?.

r [o { n o i B ; kf j p s 'A b ? e / d ; w g kf s P kj s e , r [o { r qzE

; kf j p ƒ n kfd r qzE i K g 'E h ; kf j p e o e / n kf y n k i Kd k ; h. t ke j B

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; kX ; zfr r kt fj r [D r 'fp zd g {o B p q j w fr n kB[] ( 12 2 6 )f r n kB t X kT [D b J h t ko Ks /e fp Zs GkJ h r [o d k; i h g V B/u zr /

j B . b /f e B r [o p kDh g qE w d o i / s / j ?. r [o p kDh s 'AN [ZN / j 'J / f ; Zy n Zi

N [e fV n K f t Zu t zv / ; kc B I o n k o j / j B . r [o { r qzE ; kf j p i h ƒ S Zv e /

p j [s k b kDk d 'd fV n KB kb , Y Zv o hn KB kb , w e ; {d V / B kb , fGzv o KB kb ,

j o hn K g hb hn K t /b K B kb , p kp / p [Y / d / r zf Y n K B kb , d [Zy Gzi B h p /o hB kb , Ne ; kb K B kb , i fE n K B kb i [V / j 'J / t /y / i k ; e d / j B . p kp k r [o {

B kB e ; kf j p d h f ; y h B kb i [fV n k j 'f J n k fu o kr b ?e / Y {zfv n KP kfJ d

e 'J h g q/w h i B fw b i kt /. g zE d 'y h s ke s K fJ o h u j [zd hn KB / e kP f; Zy

i kr g ?DHHHHH. r [o { r qzE ; kf j p d h g kt B p kDh n o E K; w/s g V Bh P [o {

e o d /DHHHHH.

f t P /P B 'N ^ e [M y [d r o i b 'e , j T [w ?j ze ko d / o 'r h r [o { d h

p qkp o h e o B t o r k p Zi o g kg e o B t kb /, n kg {z p D/ “ ; zs p qj w

f r n kB h, i K 10 8 ” , ; N /i K s / e [c o s 'b d / j B , “ t /y ' i h p kDh j o f e ; /

ƒ ; w M B j hAn k ; e d h. f J ; ƒ i kB D t k; s / g qw ks w k ; zs K wj Kg [o y K

d / ; /t k b kT [Ad k j ?. r [o p kD h f t Zu ; f s r [o { i h B / y [d Gh ; zs K d h ; 'Gk

p /n zs E kJ h f b y h j 'J h j ?. r [o p kDh d h u kp h ( e [zi h) Gh ; zs K d / j / j ZE d /fd s h j ?. t ke j B ^

n Bj s p kDh g {zi h] ; zs B j fE o ky h e {i h] ( 8 93 )

n o E s K ; g P N j B fe f J j g f t Zs o r [o p kDh “ n B j d B kd ”

Gkt n ; hw y [P hn K d /D t kb h ; f s r [o { i h e 'b j ?. y [P h Go h f I zd r h

f i T [D d k u Zi n u ko r [o { i h f ; y kT [Ad / j B . f J j r [o p kDh o {g h e {zi h



( ; zs ) ; f s r [o [ d / e 'b j ?. n r / i ke / f J j h r b j 'o ; g P N j ' i Kd h j ?i d 'a

p kDh f t u 'Af J j g ze s hn K g V d / j K ^

f i ; e k f r qj [ f s fB d hn Ks kb k e {zi h r [o ; T [g kJ h]

n fBe T [g kt e o /Bj h g kt ?fp B[; fs r [o ; o DkJ h] ( 2 05 )

f J j h f t u ko f J Ze j 'o E KfJ ; s o Kfb fy n k j 'f J n k fw b d k j ?

r [o [e {zi h g kj { fBt b [wB[ e 'mk s B[S s []

BkBe r [o fpB[wBe k s ke B T [x V?n t o B e {zi hj fE] ( 1237)

; ' ; ko hn Ku kp hn Ks / ; ko / n fX e ko ; f s r [o { ; kf j p e 'b j B .

fe ; / ; kX ; zs ( < ) ƒ e 'J h n fX e ko i Ke {zi h ; f s r [o { i h B /B j hAfd s h.GkJ h r [o d k; i h B kb fJ j e {zi h t kb h ; ky h s Kj h i 'V h r J h j ?fe g f j b K

e {zi h i / GkJ h r [o d k; e 'b j 't /r h, w r o 'An ; hA; zs r ho h d k u 'b k g f j B

e / n ?b kB e o f d n Kr / f e j [D GkJ h i h s 'Aw r o 'Af J j e {zi h “ ; zs K” e 'b

j ?. ; f s r [o [ i h d h p kDh f t Zu ; ko / s o K d / i ht B ; /X K d /D t kb / T [Zs w

ft u ko w"i {d j B b 'V j ?; wM e / r [o p kDh g V B d h ; fs r [o { ; ko / f ; Zy K

dhan daswandh ja vapar - prof. inder singh ghagga

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