DDT

DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane

Rana Audi

This presentation talks about:1.Introduction:

A. Definition B. Insecticidal MOA C. Production & use statistics

2. Uses3. Effects:

A. Environmental impactB. Effects on wildlifeC. Effects on human

1.A- Definition:- * Organochloride * Has insecticides property.-Solutions, granules, aerosols … - Trichloroacetyldehyde (CCl3CHO) + Chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) in the presence of Sulfuric acid as a catalyst.- First synthesized in 1874.* Swiss Chemist Paul Hermann Müller (1939).

1.B- Insecticidal MOA:- -Open Na+ channels in neuron spasms and eventually death. - DDT resistance.

1.C- Statistics:- - 1950 – 1980 < 400,000 tonnes/year were extensively used in agriculture.* In US: - Production Peaked in 1963 at 82000 tonnes/year> - <600,000 tonnes were applied before ban (1972).* 2009: 3314 tonnes were produced.- Why it was so widely used? 2- Uses:- - Against Malaria and Typhus(malaria: 40,000 (1946) to virtually none in 1950).- In agriculture for variety of food crops.- Barbiturate poisoning ( very rare ).

3.A- Environmental Impact:- - Resistant Organic pollutant (t(1/2) = 22 d – 30 Y …. 2Y to 15 Y).- Hydrophobic =< absorbed by aquatic organisms. - Lipophilic =< high potential to bioaccumualte , and stored mainly in body fat.- Routes of loss and degradation: - Runoff - Volatilization - photolysis - aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation.- Marine microalgae: reduce soil toxicity by up to 80% within 6 weeks.

3.B- Effects on wildlife:-

- Toxic to wide range of living organisms.- Liver tumors- Reproductive or birth effect: - Rats become sterile - Eggshell thinning --< severe population declines specially in : birds of prey - waterfowl - song birds.- Biological thinning mechanism isn’t entirely known. - Inhibit Calcium ATPase (dose-dependent)

- Disrupts female reproductive tract development.

3.C- Effects on Human:- - Endocrine disruptor - xenoestrogenic effect - antiandrogen (metabolites).- Human Carcinogenic (Reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen “NTP” ).- Moderately toxic (NTP) & Moderately hazardous (WHO) based on rat oral LD50 of 113 mg / kg.Is it still Used?

- It was cancelled - China have ceases production in 2007.- Still legally manufactured in US(only exception use: public health emergencies involving vector (insects) disease and control of body lice).- India is the only country still manufacture and use it (largest consumer).

REFERENCES:-Wikipedia- npic.orst.edu